Strategic Policy Options
|
|
- Gervais McKenzie
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Asia-Pacific Environmental Innovation Strategies (APEIS) Research on Innovative and Strategic Policy Options (RISPO) Strategic Policy Options I. Title of sub-theme: Development of environmentally sustainable transport systems in urban areas II. Title of strategy: Reducing emissions from vehicles III. Title of strategic policy option: Introducing vehicle fuel standards IV. Brief description of the policy option (Summary) Vehicle fuel standards are set to limit the levels of components in fuels that cause air pollution. Reduction in emission is due primarily to the application of pollution control technologies in vehicles and the role of fuel quality is to facilitate the use of such technologies. However, emissions of some pollutants depend on the fuel quality, i.e., on the level of pollutants in the fuel. Such substances in the fuel may undergo little or no transformation during the combustion process. Lead in gasoline and sulphur in gasoline and diesel belong to this category of pollutants. Roadside and ambient air quality deteriorates due to the increasing concentration of pollutants such as lead, hydrocarbons, and sulphur from vehicles and setting fuel standards could reduce these emissions. In cities where the above noted pollutants are a major threat to air quality, fuel standards as an environmental policy could mitigate the problem. This needs to be carried out with the close cooperation of national or local government, oil manufacturers and distributors, and end-users. This option has been shown to be effective in combating air pollution in many Asian countries, for example, Thailand, Bangladesh, China, and Singapore. - Objectives (What): To improve the urban air quality by reducing ambient concentration of key pollutants - Environmental areas: Air pollution Urban environment - Applicable geographic area and socio-economic conditions: Geographic conditions: Cities, where emission from vehicles is the primary source of pollution - Socio-economic conditions: Strong commitment on the part of the government Cooperation among the relevant stakeholders - Stakeholders: By whom: National government, oil refineries, oil dealers and distributors For whom: Vehicle drivers/riders and the general public, particularly those who are directly exposed to the exhaust from the vehicles. 1
2 - Time span (By when): Generally, it takes some time to implement fuel standards. A step-by-step approach allows adequate time for all the stakeholders involved to make necessary adjustments. However, it also depends on the political and socio-economic conditions, which are country as well as city specific. For example, the program to shift from leaded to unleaded gasoline in Thailand took five years ( ), while it was virtually done overnight (in one year) in Bangladesh. In some countries, only selected cities may be targeted initially. For example, in India leaded gasoline is banned in the capital city Delhi, while unleaded gasoline is available in other cities. In China, leaded gasoline was first replaced by unleaded in Beijing, and unleaded gasoline was made available in Shanghai, Guangzhou, and several other major cities later. - Expected impacts: Fuel standard reduces ambient concentration of the pollutants, which has considerable impact on the health of the urban population. V. Background (Rationale) The high economic growth experienced in many part of the world Asia and elsewhere has resulted in worsening air quality caused by high emission of pollutants, primarily from the transportation sector. In cities, for example, Bangkok, Beijing, and Shanghai, tailpipe exhaust from motor vehicles has become a major contributor to local air pollution. To improve the air quality in these cities, development of pollution control strategies from such mobile sources becomes a priority. Among the various options, implementation of an improved vehicle fuel standard can help in reducing the ambient concentration of major pollutants, (such as lead and sulphur) and thus leading to improved air quality in cities. Lead does not exist naturally in gasoline but must be added to it. Since the early 1970s, however, there has been a steady movement towards reducing lead in gasoline and increasingly, the complete elimination of lead. Figure 1 shows the timing of lead phase-out in different markets. All modern gasoline-fuelled vehicles being produced today can operate satisfactorily on unleaded fuel, and approximately 90 per cent of these are equipped with a catalytic converter that requires the exclusive use of lead-free fuel. Source: ADB, 2003 Figure 1: Phase-out of lead in different markets 2
3 Among a variety of approaches to reduce automobile fuel consumption, fuel standards have been widely implemented in many countries. They include, fuel taxes, fiscal incentives, research and development (R&D) programs, technology mandates and targets, and traffic control measures. While some of these measures are designed to promote fuel efficient vehicles, others are designed to curb travel or vehicle demand (Sauer and Feng, 2004). (For additional information, please refer to analytical background paper II-1) An evaluation of diesel fuel in Europe shows that reduced sulphur in diesel can lower particulate emissions. For example, lowering the diesel sulphur level from 2,000 parts per million (ppm) to 500 ppm reduced the overall particulate from light-duty diesels by 2.4 per cent and from heavy-duty diesels by 13 per cent (ADB, 2003). Figure 2 shows the current and proposed sulphur levels in diesel in Asia, Europe, and the United States. Gasoline specifications for vehicles in Asia and Europe have been compiled in analytical background paper II-1 (for examples of gasoline quality standard in China, please refer to analytical background paper II-2). A variety of other approaches to reduce automobile fuel consumption have been introduced in different parts of the world such as the fuel economy standards in China. Figure 2: Current and Proposed Sulphur Levels in Diesel in Asia, European Union and United States Source: ADB, 2003 Note: a Under consideration, b Marketed. 3
4 VI. Critical instruments Design, planning and management: Overall program management An agency or body should be responsible to take into consideration the different aspects of implementation of fuel standards, such as, advantages of improving the fuel standards, problems to be tackled, financial issues, infrastructure requirements, distribution, price regulation, developing the plan and time frames, etc. Strong political commitment is a prerequisite for the success of the program. The success in Thailand was due to the Energy Policy and Planning Office (EPPO), which spearheaded this strategy and worked in close collaboration with other stakeholders. The participation of various other stakeholders such as government agencies, automobile companies, oil companies, and the general public, ensured their consensus in support and implementation of phasing out leaded gasoline (please refer to GPI in Thailand). The National Environment Council of Bangladesh adopted a resolution to switch to unleaded gasoline (in 1998), and subsequently, the Ministry of Energy made the decision to go lead free. High-octane unleaded gasoline was imported to bridge the gap between domestic supply and demand. In 1997, the State Council, China s highest government body, issued an order for the prohibition of the production, sale, and use of leaded gasoline in China and completely phasing out the sale of leaded gasoline across the entire country by Economic instruments: Price regulation Price regulation in the petroleum market helps promote a particular fuel type against other. Lower levies can be used to implement the introduction of stricter fuel standards. (For further information please refer to the analytical background paper II-3) The lower levy imposed on unleaded gasoline in Thailand made it 0.3 baht/litre (1 US$ ~ 40 baht in 2004) cheaper than its leaded counterpart. This policy was quite effective and raised the share of the unleaded premium to 30 per cent of total premium gasoline sales in only 30 days after its introduction. To promote the use of unleaded gasoline, tax on leaded gasoline was raised in China so that it would not cost less than unleaded gasoline. In the case of lower-sulphur, rapid introduction of low-sulphur fuels was successfully implemented by adopting a tax policy that results in higher pump costs for higher-sulphur fuels in Hong Kong, China (ADB, 2003). Economic instruments: Support for fuel producers Considerable expense incurs in the refineries when there has to be a change in the quality/characteristics of the fuel. Support for refineries to introduce the necessary technologies for the change in fuel quality may be necessary, and assistance from the government of other multilateral institutions such as the World Bank may be needed. This will also provide the necessary incentive for the refineries to convert to cleaner fuels fairly quickly. For example, the World Bank provided financial support for the restructuring of the Bangchak refinery in Thailand to enable the refinery to produce unleaded gasoline. The Bank s financial role was largely catalytic, to attract the participation of commercial financing (GPI, Shift from Leaded to Unleaded Gasoline in Thailand). 4
5 Partnerships: Cooperation among the stakeholders Institutional mechanisms may also play a leading role in successful implementation of fuel standards. They could involve a variety of stakeholders from government, the private sector, and civil society. The displacement of leaded gasoline by unleaded in Thailand was a result of active participation of government, oil companies, auto manufacturers, and the general public. The success not only depended on the design of safe and realistic oil specifications, but also on rapid refinery adjustment and an appropriate distribution system, which contributed to the swift phase-out of leaded gasoline. Regulatory instruments: Step-by-step approach to induce fuel change Requiring change in fuel within a short time period can cause confusion in the market and society. To avoid the situation, introducing tighter fuel standards step-by step can induce gradual but effective change. In Thailand, after production of unleaded gasoline was started in 1991, a timetable for the phasing in of lead removal was created. It was made mandatory that the maximum lead level in gasoline be lowered to 0.15 gram per litre by 1 January 1992, that unleaded premium gasoline 95 research octane number (RON) be made available by 1 January 1993, and that all car manufacturers install catalytic converters on all new cars to be sold after 1 September 1993 (http: info.tdri.or.th/library/quarterly/text/j91_2.htm). Regulatory instruments: Combination with emission standard Fuel quality is closely related to emission standard. For example, use of catalytic converters to reduce emissions from two-stroke engines requires the use of lead-free fuel. Therefore, stricter emission standards can promote a change in fuel quality. In Australia, a more stringent emission standard introduced in 1986 necessitated the use of unleaded petrol; leaded petrol was to be phased out by 1 January 2002 or even earlier in some cities. Western Australia phased out the leaded petrol on 1 January 2000 and Queensland was to do so on 1 March 2001 (EA, 2001). VII. Impacts of the instruments selected a. Impacts on the driving forces for environmental degradations Fuel standards can promote shifts to the fuels having less content of pollutants. Through the implementation of a fuel standard in Thailand, the share of unleaded gasoline use in motor vehicles increased, and the share of vehicles using unleaded gasoline increased. b. Impacts on the environment and socio-economic conditions Improving fuel quality has a direct influence on the ambient air quality. For example, the shift from leaded to unleaded gasoline in Thailand brought a dramatic decline in ambient lead concentration from about from 0.30 µg/m 3 in 1991 to 0.09 µg/m 3 in 2000 (PCD, 2002). Health impacts are reflected in the lower blood lead levels of the population. In Bangkok, a decrease in blood lead levels among children and traffic policemen has been observed (PCD, 2002). In Bangladesh, lead concentration in the ambient air of Dhaka decreased by about twothirds through the introduction of unleaded gasoline, resulting in considerable savings in health maintenance costs (Biswas et. al, 2003). A marked drop in nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide in the air was experienced in the first few months after banning leaded gasoline in Beijing (People s Daily Online, 1999). 5
6 VIII. Evaluation of the policy option ( Analysis A-) a. Sustainability: Impacts of a fuel standard can be sustained if a continuous supply of standard fuels is available in the market at reasonable prices. Production of fuel can be sustained if there is sufficient demand. This seems to be case in countries where the fuel quality has been improved. Required infrastructure such as gas stations and transport of cleaner fuel to gas stations needs to be put in place to support the implementation of the strategy. For example, gas stations in Thailand were assisted to supply unleaded gasoline to the consumers. b. Equity: A fuel standard promotes social equity. The improvement of air quality generates more benefits to the poor, because they are more exposed to the ambient environment compared to the rich. Specifically, in the case of Bangkok, blood lead levels have shown a decrease in school children and the traffic police, who are directly affected by leaded gasoline effects. c. Efficiency: If higher fuel standards were only to raise refinery costs and these were ultimately passed on to the consumers, national output in terms of productivity, inflation, living standards, etc would be affected. But, there are numerous benefits arising from adopting improved fuel standards. Production cost of unleaded gasoline is higher due to additional cost involved in refinery. However, this is neutralized by reduced maintenance costs, and potential health benefits which are estimated at US$ 0.12 per litre for a 20 per cent reduction in airborne lead in Bangkok (Sayeg, 1998). Monetary valuation of the benefits from unleaded gasoline use are estimated to be 7 billion baht, which is 32 times the cost (PCD, 2002). Thus, the complete removal of leaded gasoline use in Thailand has proved to be cost-efficient. The benefits of phasing out lead in the US outweighed costs more than ten times ( Generally, countries can recover five to ten times the cost of shifting to unleaded gasoline use in terms of economic (savings in engine maintenance and improved fuel efficiency) and health benefits (reduced health costs). The US studies reveal that switching from leaded to unleaded gasoline may increase engine life by as much as 150 per cent ( Benefits assessment of the improved fuel standard in Australia conducted by Environmental Economics Unit of Environment Australia indicated considerable health and environmental benefits from adopting cleaner fuel. d. Effectiveness: Implementation of a fuel standard has lead to the production and use of cleaner fuel. Unleaded gasoline has replaced leaded gasoline in many countries including China, India, Thailand, Japan, and the air quality has also improved. e. Relevance: Implementation of a fuel standard can help reduce the pollution level from the transportation sector. This can be achieved through price regulation, development of appropriate technologies, and stakeholder partnership. 6
7 IX. Implementation issues (e.g. Resources required, social acceptance, and political acceptance. Other issues related to the implementation of SPO) Resources required to implement the fuel standard include sufficient capacity to produce cleaner fuel. Additional resources are also required which are associated with the supply and distribution, for example, adjustment in gas stations to supply unleaded gasoline. Implementing a successful systems approach to setting fuel standards requires institutional mechanisms that involve a variety of stakeholders from government, private sector, and civil society. In countries where such an institutional mechanism is not yet in place, it should be created (for additional information, please refer to analytical background paper II-4). X. Applicability and limitation (Necessary conditions for successful adaptation/acceptance) A fuel standard is applicable when it is backed by technological innovations on fuel quality. It cannot be implemented unless the government is seriously committed to this strategy. The vehicle fuel standard can be very effective with a combination of other strategic policy options such as an emission standard, fuel taxes, alternative fuel vehicles, etc. Adopting stricter emission standards may lead to using standard fuels while alternative fuel vehicles which are more efficient and produce lower emissions compared to the conventional vehicles could also be adopted for better results of enforcing vehicle fuel standards. In the case of the study carried out for Bangkok, implications of alternative vehicles on final energy consumption and environmental emissions have been assessed. The results show that in 2005, it can be expected that the reduction of final energy consumption is about 1,182.8 ktoe while that in 2010 and 2020 it is 2,363.2 ktoe and 2,277.1 ktoe, respectively. About 6,071 tons of CO2 can be mitigated in 2010 while the figure will reach up to 6,295 tons in A survey in 1989 indicated that about 87 per cent of passenger cars produced in Thailand during the past ten years could use unleaded gasoline all the time. These were mostly Japanese-made cars and several models of European cars. As for the remaining cars whose engine valve seats were not hardened, they could also run on unleaded gasoline, provided leaded grade was used for every fourth or fifth fill (Chongpeerapien, 2001). Thailand and Pakistan have demonstrated the possibility of the production of unleaded gasoline ahead of target. Bangladesh was successful in eliminating leaded gasoline use in quite a short period (in one year s time), which shows that a comprehensive phase-out programme can result in speedy achievement. On the other hand, the phase out of lead in Mexico was severely hampered, because price policies and market liberalisation efforts failed to influence refinery and consumer behaviour. Production of low sulphur fuel requires additional refining processes such as hydro-processing and higher-severity hydro-treating. While these processes could reduce the level of sulphur in fuels, they may also affect fuel properties such as the natural lubricity of the fuels, natural antioxidants that help prevent the fuel from forming gums and sludge. Low-lubricity fuels can result in premature wear and even catastrophic failure of fuel system components. A fuel's antioxidation properties are particularly important in modern fuel systems, where the fuel is exposed to high temperatures (Diesel Trends, 2004). The other drawback of low sulphur fuels is that they can be more corrosive compared to the conventional fuels. Also, they can have very low electrical conductivity which may cause a 7
8 safety concern with components such as high-velocity pumps, where fuel can be exposed to significant static electrical charges. ( XI. Related Good Practices Shift from leaded to unleaded gasoline in Thailand XII. Analytical background paper ( Analysis B-) Analytical Background Paper on Introducing vehicle fuel standards References ADB, (2003). Cleaner Fuels, Policy Guidelines for Reducing Vehicle Emission in Asia [ EA, (2001). State of Knowledge Report: Air Toxics and Indoor Air Quality in Australia, Environment Australia (EA). PCD, (2002). Unleaded Gasoline Policy: Health Benefits For School Children and Traffic Policemen in Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, Pollution Control Department (PCD), Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Bangkok. People s Daily Online, (1999). China to Ban Leaded Gasoline, People s Daily Online, 3 December (based on Biswas, S. K.; Tarafdar, S. A.; Islam, A.; Khaliquazzaman, M.; Tervahattu, H., and Kupiainen, K., (2003). Impact of Unleaded Gasoline Introduction on the Concentration of Lead in the Air of Dhaka, Bangladesh Air and Waste Management Association, November (based on journal/showabstract.asp?year=2003&paperid=1139). Sayeg, P., (1998). Successful Conversion to Unleaded Gasoline in Thailand, World Bank, Washington. Sauer, A., and Feng, A., (2004). Comparison of Passenger Vehicle Fuel Economy and Greenhouse Gas Emission Standards around the World, Pew Centre on global climate change. Diesel Trends, (2004). Environmental Regulations [ (23 December 2004) http: info.tdri.or.th/library/quarterly/text/j91_2.htm 8
Ministry of Environment and Forests. Ministry of Communication
Developments in EST in Bangladesh Ministry of Environment and Forests & Ministry of Communication Thailand, 23 25 August 2010 Modes of Transport in Bangladesh Roads -60% Waterways -14% Railways -12% Airways
More informationOVERVIEW OF THE ASIAN FUEL MARKET
OVERVIEW OF THE ASIAN FUEL MARKET THE EUROPEAN FUELS CONFERENCE 9 March 2011 Sunanda Banerjee European Fuel Oxygenates Association - www.efoa.eu Mission and Vision Working closely with fuel policymakers,
More informationClean Fuels for Asia. Bert Fabian
Clean Fuels for Asia Bert Fabian Transport Unit Head, Cebu, Philippines Jan 2008 Sustainable Urban Mobility in Asia A CAI-Asia Program Urban Air Quality Levels in Asia Air quality in Asia is improving
More informationHow to make urban mobility clean and green
POLICY BRIEF Decarbonising Transport Initiative How to make urban mobility clean and green The most effective way to decarbonise urban passenger transport? Shared vehicles, powered by clean electricity,
More informationOverview of Global Fuel Economy Policies
Overview of Global Fuel Economy Policies Zifei Yang Researcher 2018 APCAP Joint Forum and Clean Air Week Theme: Solutions Landscape for Clean Air Bangkok, Mar 20, 2018 What is ICCT? ICCT is an independent
More informationFuel Economy Policy Pathways for the ASEAN Region
Fuel Economy Policy Pathways for the ASEAN Region Fuel economy standards in Asia Few Asian countries have fuel economy standards but growing over the years! Standards for passenger cars (LDV) are given
More informationSUB-REGIONAL WORKSHOP OCTOBER 2017 WORKING GROUP 2: ULTRA-LOW SULPHUR FUELS AND ENFORCEMENT
GLOBAL FUEL ECONOMY INITIATIVE SUB-REGIONAL WORKSHOP 12-13 OCTOBER 2017 WORKING GROUP 2: ULTRA-LOW SULPHUR FUELS AND ENFORCEMENT Venue: The Ravenala Hotel, Balaclava Republic of Mauritius Presented by:
More informationEx-Ante Evaluation (for Japanese ODA Loan)
Japanese ODA Loan Ex-Ante Evaluation (for Japanese ODA Loan) 1. Name of the Project Country: India Project: Delhi Mass Rapid Transport System Project Phase 2 (V) Loan Agreement: March 31, 2010 Loan Amount:
More informationBASELINE STUDY ON VEHICLE INVENTORY AND FUEL ECONOMY FOR MALAWI (KEY FINDINGS)
BASELINE STUDY ON VEHICLE INVENTORY AND FUEL ECONOMY FOR MALAWI (KEY FINDINGS) TASK TEAM- LEAD INSTITUTION Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and Mining Mount Soche Hotel, Blantyre. 11 th December 2017
More informationNew Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel fuel and new engines and vehicles with advanced emissions control systems offer significant air quality improvement.
New Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel fuel and new engines and vehicles with advanced emissions control systems offer significant air quality improvement. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has issued
More informationBackground Paper Section II For SPO Introducing vehicle emission standards and inspection/maintenance systems
Background Paper Section II For SPO Introducing vehicle emission standards and inspection/maintenance systems II-1 Background and cur rent tr ends (related to section IV. Br ief description of the policy
More informationThe Global Fuel Economy Initiative. Jane Akumu UN Environment
The Global Fuel Economy Initiative Jane Akumu UN Environment Historical High Growth Has Made Vehicles An Important Contributor To Local, Regional and Global Pollution Vehicle fleet to triple (from ~1 billion
More informationOfficial Journal L 076, 22/03/2003 P
Directive 2003/17/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 March 2003 amending Directive 98/70/EC relating to the quality of petrol and diesel fuels (Text with EEA relevance) Official Journal
More information-Mobility Solutions. Electric Taxis
-Mobility Solutions Electric Taxis This paper was prepared by: SOLUTIONS project This project was funded by the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) of the European Commission Solutions project www.uemi.net
More informationDemoEV - Demonstration of the feasibility of electric vehicles towards climate change mitigation LIFE10 ENV/MT/000088
DemoEV - Demonstration of the feasibility of electric vehicles towards climate change mitigation LIFE10 ENV/MT/000088 Project description Environmental issues Beneficiaries Administrative data Read more
More informationRecommendations of the Expert Group on Preventing Motorcycle Injuries in Children
Recommendations of the Expert Group on Preventing Motorcycle Injuries in Children All Member States in the WHO South-East Asia (SEA) Region are low- and middle-income countries. In the SEA Region, the
More informationOperational eco-efficiency in Refineries
Operational eco-efficiency in Refineries CONTENTS BACKGROUND 3 STRATEGIC APPROACH 3 RELEVANCE TO STAKEHOLDERS 4 ACTIONS AND MEASURES 5 RESULTS ACHIEVED 5 RESULTS ACHIEVED 5 ECONOMIC IMPACTS 7 SOCIAL IMPACTS
More informationMoving Forward On Vehicle Pollution Control In China
Moving Forward On Vehicle Pollution Control In China May 12, 2010 Ray Minjares Michael P. Walsh International Council on Clean Transportation 1 International Council on Clean Transportation The goal of
More informationRegional Workshop on Transport Sector Inspection and Maintenance Policy in Asia
Regional Workshop on Transport Sector Inspection and Maintenance Policy in Asia Bangkok, 1-12 December 21 Kiyoyuki Minato Japan Automobile Research Institute 1 Air pollution and Traffic congestion Every
More informationGlobal Downstream Petroleum Outlook
Global Downstream Petroleum Outlook Claude Mandil Executive Director International Energy Agency 3 rd OPEC International Seminar Vienna, 12 September 26 Spare Refinery Capacity Has Tightened 9 1% 85 95%
More informationVehicle Emissions Standards, Fuel Quality, Air Pollution and Health
Vehicle Emissions Standards, Fuel Quality, Air Pollution and Health Bert Fabian Programme Officer UNEP Energy, Climate, and Technology Branch Division of Technology, Industry and Economics Conclusion Cost
More informationThe Malaysia Automotive Institute (MAI) is an agency under the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI)
The Malaysia Automotive Institute (MAI) is an agency under the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) We are a think tank, tasked to strengthen the Malaysian automotive sector. An Intermediary
More informationTHE GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY. Edited by. Paul Nieuwenhuis Cardiff University, UK. Peter Wells Cardiff University, UK. WlLEY
THE GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY Edited by Paul Nieuwenhuis Cardiff University, UK Peter Wells Cardiff University, UK WlLEY Contents Notes on Contributors Series Preface Foreword xi xvii xix 1 Introduction
More informationGEAR 2030 Working Group 1 Project Team 2 'Zero emission vehicles' DRAFT RECOMMENDATIONS
GEAR 2030 Working Group 1 Project Team 2 'Zero emission vehicles' DRAFT RECOMMENDATIONS Introduction The EU Member States have committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 80-95% by 2050 with an intermediate
More informationLow Carbon Green Growth Roadmap for Asia and the Pacific FACT SHEET
Smart grid Low Carbon Green Growth Roadmap for Asia and the Pacific FACT SHEET Key point The smart grid allows small- and medium-scale suppliers and individuals to generate and distribute power in addition
More informationAustria. Advanced Motor Fuels Statistics
Austria Austria Drivers and Policies In December 2016, the national strategy framework Saubere Energie im Verkehr (Clean Energy in Transportation) 1 was introduced to the Ministerial Council by the Federal
More informationNext Gen Challenge of CNG Program in Dhaka
Next Gen Challenge of CNG Program in Dhaka Presented by Dr. M. Khalequzzaman, Senior Adviser, GIZ Bangladesh at Workshop on Air Quality and Sustainable Transportation Challenge in South Asian Cities organized
More informationElectric Mobility in Africa Opportunities and Challenges. African Clean Mobility Week, Nairobi/Kenya, March
Electric Mobility in Africa Opportunities and Challenges African Clean Mobility Week, Nairobi/Kenya, March 13 2018 alexander.koerner@un.org Content Setting the scene Opportunities and challenges for electric
More informationactsheet Car-Sharing
actsheet Car-Sharing This paper was prepared by: SOLUTIONS project This project was funded by the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) of the European Commission Solutions project www.uemi.net The graphic
More informationOverview of policies related to low carbon transportation in China
Overview of policies related to low carbon transportation in China LowCVP Annual Conference, June 9, 2011, London Hui He Policy Analyst International Council on Clean Transportation Goal of the ICCT is
More informationREGIONAL MEETING ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
REGIONAL MEETING ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR ASIA-PACIFIC LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES SESSION 2: FINANCING INITIATIVES AND BUSINESS PLANS THAT WORK ELMAR ELBLING Senior Energy Access Specialist Asian Development
More informationENERGY SAVING IN TRANSPORTATION. Wang Xie-qing Research Institute of Petroleum Processing SINOPEC Dec Beijing, China
ENERGY SAVING IN TRANSPORTATION Wang Xie-qing Research Institute of Petroleum Processing SINOPEC Dec. 2008 Beijing, China IMPORTANT PRIORITIES ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA Improving Energy security
More informationAn overview of International Policies on Vehicle Fuel Economy. Jane Akumu UN Environment
An overview of International Policies on Vehicle Fuel Economy Jane Akumu UN Environment Fuel economy policies & instruments Target group: Consumer Monetary Fiscal instruments FE Consumer information Labelling
More informationAbstract Process Economics Program Report 222 PETROLEUM INDUSTRY OUTLOOK (July 1999)
Abstract Process Economics Program Report 222 PETROLEUM INDUSTRY OUTLOOK (July 1999) Global energy demand is rising, with fossil fuels oil, natural gas, and coal continuing to provide more than 90% of
More informationClean Transportation. Clean. Progress for Better Air Quality. Progress for Better Air Quality. Thailand and Other Asia. Fuel Sulfur Reduction
Clean Transportation Elements of a Comprehensive Vehicle Pollution Control Strategy Thailand and Other Asia An Update on Progress, Obstacles, Opportunities, and the Role for ICCT By Dr. Supat Wangwongwatana
More informationASIAN DEVELOPMENT FUND (ADF) ADF XI REPLENISHMENT MEETING 7 9 March 2012 Manila, Philippines. Post-Conflict Assistance to Afghanistan
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT FUND (ADF) ADF XI REPLENISHMENT MEETING 7 9 March 2012 Manila, Philippines Post-Conflict Assistance to Afghanistan February 2012 ABBREVIATIONS ADB Asian Development Bank ADF Asian Development
More informationJARI. Kiyoyuki Minato
2009.2.13JARI JARI Beijing RT Approach to Clean Air in Japan Kiyoyuki Minato Japan Automobile Research Institute 1 Surroundings of Automobiles Three major issues : Energy, CO2 reduction, Air quality Global
More informationCurbing emissions and energy consumption in the transport sector how can we deal with it in Warsaw 2012 Annual POLIS Conference
Curbing emissions and energy consumption in the transport sector how can we deal with it in Warsaw 2012 Annual POLIS Conference Perugia, 29 30 November 2012 1 Covenant of Mayors (under the auspices of
More informationCO2 Reduction in Transportation (Automobile)
CO2 Reduction in Transportation (Automobile) February 13, 2008 Worldwide CO 2 Emissions and Anticipated Levels Drastic reductions of greenhouse gas emissions are necessary for the entire planet. Other
More informationMeeting Sulfur Specifications for 2000 and Beyond
Meeting Sulfur Specifications for 2000 and Beyond March 26-29, 2000, San Francisco Trends in diesel fuel sulfur regulations Zoltan C. Mester, ZKM Consulting Services, Laguna Niguel, CA 92677 T/Fax: 949-495-9513
More informationElectric Vehicle Adoption in the South African Context
Electric Vehicle Adoption in the South African Context Policy, Pilot Projects and Awareness Creation Challenges and Opportunities Sustainability Week CSIR ICC Transport Seminar 7 June 2018 Context 1. Transport
More informationCapabilities of Emission Control Technologies and their Impact on Air Quality. Expert Meeting of the EU Refining Forum Brussels 1 December 2017
Capabilities of Emission Control Technologies and their Impact on Air Quality Expert Meeting of the EU Refining Forum Brussels 1 December 2017 Association for Emissions Control by Catalyst (AECC AISBL)
More informationTransitioning to low carbon / low fossil fuels and energy sources for road transport
Transitioning to low carbon / low fossil fuels and energy sources for road transport FUELSEUROPE / BULGARIAN PETROLEUM AND GAS ASSOCIATION (BPGA) CONFERENCE SOFIA, 18 APRIL 2018 Dr Paul Greening Director,
More informationTOWARDS LOW SULPHUR FUELS ECOWAS/ARA ROADMAP
TOWARDS LOW SULPHUR FUELS - ECOWAS/ARA ROADMAP Engr Tony Ogbuigwe ECOWAS Regional Advisor to African Refiners Association Accra, Ghana 31 st October 2016 Presentation outline World refining environment
More informationMemo. Michael P. Walsh International Consultant. 1. Background and Introduction
Michael P. Walsh International Consultant Memo To: Whom It May Concern From: Michael P. Walsh Date: June 12, 2005 Re: Status Report: Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel Trends Worldwide 1. Background and Introduction
More informationMotor Vehicle Emissions and the Government Response
Motor Vehicle Emissions and the Government Response Bruce Bertelsen Michael P. Walsh May 26, 2000 "Meeting Meeting Mexico's Air Quality Challenges" 06/19/00 1 Introduction Motor Vehicles Contribute to
More informationElectric Vehicle Cost-Benefit Analyses
Electric Vehicle Cost-Benefit Analyses Results of plug-in electric vehicle modeling in eight US states Quick Take M.J. Bradley & Associates (MJB&A) evaluated the costs and States Evaluated benefits of
More informationThe Prospects for the Development of Jet Biofuels in China. Professor Xingwu, Zheng Civil Aviation University of China
The Prospects for the Development of Jet Biofuels in China Professor Xingwu, Zheng Civil Aviation University of China zhengxwu@263.net Contents The Development of Air Transportation and the Demand of Jet
More informationPolicy Coordination in Urban Transport Planning: Some Experience from Asia- Nepal and Japan
Regional Expert Group Meeting on Policy Options for Sustainable Transport Development 27-29 November 2013, Incheon Policy Coordination in Urban Transport Planning: Some Experience from Asia- Nepal and
More informationEnergy Security of APEC Economies in a Changing Downstream Oil Environment
IEEJ Feb. 2018 4th APEC OGSN Forum on 7 March 2018 Session2-2 Energy Security of APEC Economies in a Changing Downstream Oil Environment Takashi MATSUMOTO and Ichiro KUTANI Manager, Global Energy Group
More informationPromoting Electric Mobility in Developing Countries
Promoting Electric Mobility in Developing Countries Kamala Ernest, Programme Officer Transport Unit, UN Environment Sustainable Transport in Egypt: Progress, Prospects and Partnerships December 14th, 2016
More informationAFRICA CLEAN MOBILITY WEEK March 2018, Conference Room 3 UN Environment Headquarters- Nairobi Kenya
AFRICA CLEAN MOBILITY WEEK 2018 12-16 March 2018, Conference Room 3 Headquarters- Nairobi Kenya Monday, 12 March 2018 The GLOBAL FUEL ECONOMY INITIATIVE (GFEI) 08:30-09:00 Registration 09:00-09:15 Welcome
More informationUfM Ministerial Declaration on Energy
European Union The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan UfM Ministerial Declaration on Energy Rome on 1 December 2016 The Ministers in charge of energy, meeting in Rome on 1 December 2016 under the Union for the
More informationFURTHER TECHNICAL AND OPERATIONAL MEASURES FOR ENHANCING ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING
E MARINE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION COMMITTEE 67th session Agenda item 5 MEPC 67/5 1 August 2014 Original: ENGLISH FURTHER TECHNICAL AND OPERATIONAL MEASURES FOR ENHANCING ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF INTERNATIONAL
More informationENERGY FOR ALL: An Update. JIWAN ACHARYA Senior Energy Specialist
ENERGY FOR ALL: An Update JIWAN ACHARYA Senior Energy Specialist ENERGY ACCESS SITUATION IN ASIA-PACIFIC 3.8 Billion Population in ADB s DMC s 2 Billion People without access to clean cooking 426 Million
More informationNATIONAL WORKSHOP FOR PROMOTION OF LOW SULPHUR FUELS IN BOTSWANA, MARCH 2016.
NATIONAL WORKSHOP FOR PROMOTION OF LOW SULPHUR FUELS IN BOTSWANA, MARCH 2016. 1 MOSIMANEGAPE MHALADI PRINCIPAL ENERGY ENGINEER ENERGY EFFICIENCY & CONSERVATION 22 nd MARCH 2016 PRESENTATION OUTLINE A.
More informationOur mission is to be the best public service transporter for passengers in the city of Kigali using modern, clean and safe urban city buses.
Kigali Bus Services Ltd. was incorporated in January 2006 in Kigali Rwanda. The Company started operations in March 2007 with just a few buses! We now operate a fleet of 50 Buses throughout Kigali City
More informationCleaning Up the Global On- Road Diesel Fleet. A Global Strategy to Introduce Low-Sulfur Fuels and Cleaner Diesel Vehicles
Cleaning Up the Global On- Road Diesel Fleet A Global Strategy to Introduce Low-Sulfur Fuels and Cleaner Diesel Vehicles The Global Strategy and HDDI MTP Slide 2 The Initiative s objective is to virtually
More informationGIBRALTAR ERDF OPERATIONAL PROGRAMME POST ADOPTION STATEMENT
Intended for Government of Gibraltar Document type Report Date January 2015 GIBRALTAR ERDF OPERATIONAL PROGRAMME 2014-2020 POST ADOPTION STATEMENT GIBRALTAR ERDF OPERATIONAL PROGRAMME 2014-2020 POST ADOPTION
More informationFinal Report. LED Streetlights Market Assessment Study
Final Report LED Streetlights Market Assessment Study October 16, 2015 Final Report LED Streetlights Market Assessment Study October 16, 2015 Funded By: Prepared By: Research Into Action, Inc. www.researchintoaction.com
More informationStrategic Plan
2005-2015 Strategic Plan SUMMARY OF THE REVISED PLAN IN 2011 A decade focused on developing mass transit in the Outaouais A updated vision of mass transit in the region The STO is embracing the future
More informationDANIEL LEUCKX. Recent and proposed legislative developments. PLATTS, Middle Distillates 4 th Annual Conference. Policy Executive, EUROPIA
DANIEL LEUCKX Policy Executive, EUROPIA Recent and proposed legislative developments PLATTS, Middle Distillates 4 th Annual Conference Agenda 1) About EUROPIA & CONCAWE 2) Recent and proposed legislative
More informationRespecting the Rules Better Road Safety Enforcement in the European Union. ACEA s Response
Respecting the Rules Better Road Safety Enforcement in the European Union Commission s Consultation Paper of 6 November 2006 1 ACEA s Response December 2006 1. Introduction ACEA (European Automobile Manufacturers
More informationFuel Economy Standards in Asia
Fuel Economy Standards in Asia Sophie Punte Executive Director Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities Center (CAI-Asia Center) ADB Transport Forum Asian Development Bank 26 May 2010 Increasing Motorization
More informationDialogue of the South on Clean Air and Sustainable Mobility
Dialogue of the South on Clean Air and Sustainable Mobility April 6-10, 2015 in New Delhi, India Mr. S. Buskalawa, Environment Officer, Ministry of Environment, Sustainable Development, Disaster and Beach
More informationOpportunities and Challenges of Implementing Low Carbon, High Volume Transport in Bangladesh
Opportunities and Challenges of Implementing Low Carbon, High Volume Transport in Bangladesh Objective of todays presentation Background Current transportation trend Low carbon High volume transport opportunities
More informationFuture Emissions Standards and Fuel Quality Roadmap for Sri Lanka
Workshop on Air Quality and Environmentally Sustainable Transport Organized By Air Resource Management Center (AirMAC), Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Transport and Center for Science and Environment,
More informationEthanol-blended Fuels Policy
November 2016 Ethanol-blended Fuels Policy Ethanol-blended fuels, a blend of mineral petrol and ethanol, have been available in Australia for more than 10 years. The most common ethanol-blended fuel is
More informationRobert Beckman Head, Ocean Law & Policy Programme NUS Centre for International Law
International Conference on Regional Cooperation for the Protection of the Marine Environment 15-16 January 2019, Singapore Panel 5. Session 1 Ship-Source Pollution: Current State of Play in Southeast
More informationGovernment and Governance
218 Government and Governance Negative fiscal balances are observed in slightly over half of the economies in the region. A number of relatively fast-growing economies have low tax burdens. Government
More informationContinental Mobility Study Klaus Sommer Hanover, December 15, 2011
Klaus Sommer Hanover, December 15, 2011 Content International requirements and expectations for E-Mobility Urbanization What are the challenges of individual mobility for international megacities? What
More informationDiesel The new number game in town. Centre for Science and Environment
Diesel The new number game in town Centre for Science and Environment New Delhi, January 25, 2012 1 Why are we here today? 2 Diesel car sales hit all time high Overall car sales have galloped So have diesel
More informationVision 2020: CARS 21 Group delivers recommendations to help car industry reach new heights
EUROPEAN COMMISSION MEMO Brussels, 6 June 2012 Vision 2020: CARS 21 Group delivers recommendations to help car industry reach new heights The CARS 21 group presented today its final report calling for
More informationGLOBAL FUEL ECONOMY INITIATIVE
MINISTRY OF ENERGY & POWER DEVELOPMENT ZIM B AB W E GLOBAL FUEL ECONOMY INITIATIVE Legislation and Regulations Affecting Motor Vehicle Use in Zimbabwe Mr. N.E Chishakwe, Faculty of Law, University of Zimbabwe
More information(1) Current State and Issues of the Electricity Sector in Indonesia
Japanese ODA Loan Ex-ante Evaluation 1. Name of the Project Country: The Republic of Indonesia Project: Java-Sumatra Interconnection Transmission Line Project (I) Loan Agreement: April 30, 2010 Loan Amount:
More informationQ&A ON EMISSIONS TESTING
Q&A ON EMISSIONS TESTING 1. How does ACEA react to the VW situation?... 1 2. How does the current lab test work?... 1 3. Why are there differences between the lab tests and real-world emissions?... 3 4.
More informationEconomic and Social Council
United Nations Economic and Social Council Distr.: General 6 September 2016 Original: English Economic Commission for Europe Inland Transport Committee World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations
More informationWarring Neilsen Corporate Affairs Manager Elgas
Warring Neilsen Corporate Affairs Manager Elgas Stimulating Growth thru Innovation To be successful in creating growth we need innovation thru partnerships and technology adaption. A clear strategy invest
More informationBrief on the PCFV Used Vehicle Working Group. Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles (PCFV)
Brief on the PCFV Used Vehicle Working Group Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles (PCFV) Henry Kamau Establishment of the Used Vehicles Working Group The Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles (PCFV)
More informationCNG as a Transport Fuel - Economic Benefits 17 th November 2011
CNG as a Transport Fuel - Economic Benefits 17 th November 2011 6 Grand Canal Wharf, South Dock Road, Ringsend, Dublin 4, Ireland. Tel: +353 1 6670372 Fax: +353 1 6144499 Web: www.dkm.ie Our scope of work
More informationStatus of Motor Vehicle Environmental Regulations in Asia M. P. Walsh July 22, 2004 Jakarta, Indonesia
Status of Motor Vehicle Environmental Regulations in M. P. Walsh July 22, 24 Jakarta, Indonesia ELEMENTS OF A COMPREHENSIVE VEHICLE POLLUTION CONTROL STRATEGY APPROPRIATE MAINTENANCE CLEAN VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY
More informationCollect and analyze data on motorcycle crashes, injuries, and fatalities;
November 2006 Highway Safety Program Guideline No. 3 Motorcycle Safety Each State, in cooperation with its political subdivisions and tribal governments and other parties as appropriate, should develop
More informationBMW GROUP DIALOGUE. HANGZHOU 2017 TAKE AWAYS.
BMW GROUP DIALOGUE. HANGZHOU 2017 TAKE AWAYS. BMW GROUP DIALOGUE. CONTENT. A B C Executive Summary: Top Stakeholder Expert Perceptions & Recommendations from Hangzhou Background: Mobility in Hangzhou 2017,
More informationMarket development for green cars. Geneva, 24 April 2012 Andrea Beltramello, Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry, OECD
Market development for green cars Geneva, 24 April 2012 Andrea Beltramello, Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry, OECD 1 Context, focus/status and next steps Context: OECD Green Growth Strategy
More informationAging of the light vehicle fleet May 2011
Aging of the light vehicle fleet May 211 1 The Scope At an average age of 12.7 years in 21, New Zealand has one of the oldest light vehicle fleets in the developed world. This report looks at some of the
More informationA Comparative Study and Analysis of Emission Norms Adopted by Developed and Developing Nations
A Comparative Study and Analysis of Emission Adopted by Developed and Developing Nations Pankaj Sharma 1, Mohit Yadav 2, Deepak Yadav 3, Devendra Vashist 4 1,2,,3 Student, 4 Professor Automobile Engineering
More informationLeveraging Strategies: Japan s Story
Leveraging Strategies: Japan s Story Takashi Shimodaira Executive Vice President Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association GAIKINDO International Automotive Conference Jakarta, July 11, 2005 1 JAMA Profile
More informationFUEL ECONOMY BASELINE AND TRENDS- MALAWI INSTITUTIONS
FUEL ECONOMY BASELINE AND TRENDS- MALAWI INSTITUTIONS Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and Mining; Ministry of Transport and Public Works; University of Malawi; National Commission for Science and
More informationIndian engineering TRANSFORMING TRANSMISSION
Indian engineering TRANSFORMING TRANSMISSION A 2016 NASA photo of India s electrification. India to become the world s first country to use LEDs for all its lighting needs by 2019 (photograph courtesy
More informationPlease visit the stations to provide your input: EV Charging Location Map EV Adoption ZEV Drivers Other Ideas
Welcome! Thank you for joining us. Please visit the stations to provide your input: EV Charging Location Map EV Adoption ZEV Drivers Other Ideas A brief presentation will begin at 6pm. Table activities
More informationFuel Quality Roadmap in Sri Lanka
17 th IUAPPA World Clean Air Congress and CAA 9 th Better Air Quality (BAQ) Conference Convention Hall, BEXCO, South Korea. Session Topic: Cleaner Fuels Organizers: UNEP, ACFA, Clean Air Asia Fuel Quality
More informationCompressed Natural Gas Snow Plows
TAC 2018 Environmental Achievement Award Submission Compressed Natural Gas Snow Plows Canada s first Alternative Fueled Snow Plows Author: Melissa Abercrombie, P.Eng. Manager of Engineering Services Oxford
More informationRoad Map For Safer Vehicles & Fleet Safety
Road Map For Safer Vehicles & Fleet Safety David Ward Secretary General Global New Car Assessment Programme Global Fleet Conference Miami 6-8 June 2017 Changing Geography of Vehicle Use Global NCAP - Building
More informationRegulatory Announcement
EPA Finalizes More Stringent Emissions Standards for Locomotives and Marine Compression-Ignition Engines The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is adopting standards that will dramatically reduce
More informationDOWNSTREAM PETROLEUM 2017 DOWNSTREAM PETROLEUM
DOWNSTREAM PETROLEUM Australian liquid fuel supply and demand KEY MESSAGES The Australian refining industry is a price taker in the Asian region, and there is a direct relationship between Australian and
More informationThe Renewable Energy Market Investment Opportunities In Lithium. Prepared by: MAC Energy Research
The Renewable Energy Market Investment Opportunities In Lithium Prepared by: MAC Energy Research 2016 Table of Contents: Introduction. Page 2 What is Lithium?... Page 2 Global Lithium Demand Page 3 Energy
More informationState Zero-Emission Vehicle Programs Memorandum of Understanding
State Zero-Emission Vehicle Programs Memorandum of Understanding WHEREAS, the Signatory States have adopted regulations requiring increasing sales of zeroemission vehicles (ZEVs), or are considering doing
More informationWhat role for cars in tomorrow s world?
What role for cars in tomorrow s world? OPINION SURVEY JUNE 2017 There is no desire more natural the desire of knowledge OPINION SURVEY ON CARS AND THEIR USES The Montaigne Institute has organised an
More informationBIRMINGHAM CONNECTED Anne Shaw Tuesday 20 January 2015
BIRMINGHAM CONNECTED Anne Shaw Tuesday 20 January 2015 www.birmingham.gov.uk/connected Birmingham Connected Setting the context challenges in Birmingham The need for action The EU the SUMP process Strategy
More informationImpact of Delhi s CNG Program on Air Quality
Impact of Delhi s CNG Program on Air Quality Urvashi Narain Presentation at Transport, Health, Environment, and Equity in Indian Cities Conference at Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi December
More information