11/17/2009. Thailand. Bangkok. Population 63.9 million Surface area 513,120 km 2 Density 124.5/sq.km

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1 11/17/9 National Workshop on Clean Fuels and Vehicles Astoria Plaza Hotel, Ortigas Center, Philippines, 16 November 9 Experience of Thailand in moving towards cleaner fuels and vehicles Ms.Manwipa Kuson Air Quality and Noise Management Bureau Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Content Country Specific Data Clean Vehicles in Thailand Clean Fuels in Thailand 1

2 11/17/9 Country Specific Data Thailand Population 63.9 million Surface area 513,1 km Density 14.5/sq.km Bangkok Population 6.7 million Density 3,67/sq.km * Registered number in 7 Country Specific Data Air transport network Road network (km) railway - 4,41 motorway - 47 national highway - 51,97 6 international airports Maritime infrastructure rural&local highway - 18, 8 main international ports

, 8 Source: Statistic Section, Department of Land Transport van&pick up microbus& passenger van 3% Country Specific Data Year Passenger car Van & Pick up Motorcycle

3 11/17/9 Country Specific Data bus&truck 3% others 4% sedan 35% Regional 78% Bangkok % motorcycle 39% Area No. of Vehicles Bangkok 5,911,696 Regional,55,657 Total 6,417,353 *As of Dec., 8 Source: Statistic Section, Department of Land Transport van&pick up microbus& passenger van 3% Country Specific Data Year Passenger car Van & Pick up Motorcycle Truck & Bus Others Year Passenger car Van & Pick up Motorcycle Truck & Bus Others Unit: vehicle Unit : vehicle 3,, 5, 1,, 1,5,,,,5, 3,, 5,, 1,, 15,,,, 5,, 3 Number of Vehicle Registered in Thailand as of 31 December 5 Motorcycle Vehicle Bus&Truck Millions Vehicles

4 11/17/9 1,6, Country Specific Data Total Number of Vehicle Produce, Sale and Export Production Domestic sale Export 1,4, 1,, No. of Vehicle 1,, 8, 6, 4,, Country Specific Data Truck & Bus 3.4% Others.5% Passenger car 16.3% Motorcycle 6.5% pick up 17.3% Vehicle distribution in Thailand year 8 Truck & Bus 3% Others % Passenger car 14% New vehicle distribution in Thailand year 8 Motorcycle 7% Van & Pick up 11% Diesel 4.1% LPG.6% CNG.38% Electricity & Hybrid.3% Gasoline 73.43% Vehicle distribution by fuel in Thailand year 8 4

Clean Fuels Transport & Land use Planning Appropriate Maintenance

5 11/17/9 Elements of a Comprehensive Vehicle Pollution Control Strategy Better Air Quality Clean Vehicle Technologies Low Emissions Clean Fuels Transport & Land use Planning Appropriate Maintenance Content Country Specific Data Clean Vehicles in Thailand Clean Fuels in Thailand 5

6 11/17/9 Emission Standards for New Vehicles ASEAN Countries Adopted European Standards Representatives of ASEAN countries met in a workshop in Singapore in 199 in an effort to harmonize standards related to air pollution. It was decided to adopt European emission standards for new vehicles as reference standards for ASEAN countries. Implementing date of emission standards might be different from one country to another. Emission Standards for New Vehicles Type Level Reference Standards Standards Implementation Motorcycles Light Duty Gasoline Vehicles 1 ECE R 4- Pre EURO 1993 ECE R 4-1 Pre EURO USA, EU Taiwan Taiwan /4/EC(B) EURO ECE 15-4 Pre EURO - ECE 83(B) Pre EURO ECE 83-1 (B) Pre EURO /59/EC Pre EURO /1/EC EURO /69/EC EURO /1/EC(A) EURO /1/EC(B) EURO 4 1 6

7 11/17/9 Emission Standards for New Vehicles Type Level Reference Standards Standards Implementation 1 ECE R 83(C) Pre EURO 1995 ECE R 83-1(C) Pre EURO 1996 Light Duty 3 93/59/EC Pre EURO 1997 Diesel 4 94/1/EC EURO Vehicles 5 96/69/EC EURO /1/EC(A) EURO /1/EC(B) EURO 4 1 Heavy Duty 1 ECE R 49-1 Pre EURO - Diesel 91/54(A)EEC EURO Vehicles 3 91/54(B)EEC EURO /96/EC EURO 3 8 New Vehicle Emission Standards 3. EURO 1 EURO EURO 3 EURO EURO 1 EURO EURO 3 EURO Emission Emission CO HC+NOX HC NOx. CO HC+NOX NOx PM 3..5 Enforcement of Emission Std. in Thailand CO HC+NOx HC NOx 3..5 Enforcement of Emission Std. in Thailand CO HC+NOX NOx PM Emission Pre- EURO EURO 1 EURO EURO 3 EURO 4 Emission Pre- EURO EURO 1 EURO EURO 3 EURO

8 11/17/9 New Vehicle Emission Standards 1 9 EURO 1 EURO EURO 3 EURO EURO 1 EURO EURO Emission (g/kwh) Emission CO HC NOx PM CO HC NOx Enforcement of Emission Std. in Thailand Enforcement of Emission Std. in Thailand CO HC NOx PM 14 1 CO HC+NOx HC NOx 1 Emission (g/kwh) EURO 1 EURO EURO 3 Emission (g/km ) Limit of Current Emission Standards Current Standard: EURO III CO Maximum Mass.5 tons HC HC+NOx NOx RW (kg).5 tons < Maximum Mass 3.5 tons CO HC HC+NOx Current Standard: EURO III CO Maximum Mass.5 tons HC HC+NOx NOx Gasoline Vehicle PM NOx 135<R Light Duty Diesel Vehicle RW (kg).5 tons < Maximum Mass 3.5 tons CO HC HC+NOx NOx PM <R 176 Future Standard: EURI IV in year Future Standard: EURI IV in year 1 8

11/17/9 Limit of Current Emission Standards Current

(g/kwh) NMHC (g/kwh) Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicle CH 4

).66 - - 5..1.1.8 ETC Test -.78 1.6 5. 5.45.

White Smoke (%) Evaporative (g/test) Size<15 cc...8.

9 11/17/9 Limit of Current Emission Standards Current Standard: EURO III Driving Cycle ESC & ELR Test HC (g/kwh) NMHC (g/kwh) Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicle CH 4 (g/kwh) NOx (g/kwh) CO (g/kwh) PM (g/kwh) Smoke (m -1 ) ETC Test Motorcycle Current Standard: EURO III CO HC NOx White Smoke (%) Evaporative (g/test) Size<15 cc Size 15 cc (>Evap 6) Emission Laboratory in Thailand 9

10 11/17/9 Emission Standards and Air Quality TSP (mg/m 3 ) Annual Variation of Ambient TSP Concentration in Bangkok Passenger car Light duty diesel Motorcycle Roadside Ambient Motorcycle Level 4 & Vehicle EURO 1 Vehicl e EURO Motorc Vehi ycle cle Level EUR 5 O 3 6,, 5,, 4,, 3,,,, 1,, No. of Vehicle: vehicles PM1 (ug/m 3 ) Annual Variation of Ambient PM1 Concentration in Bangkok Passenger car Light duty diesel Motorcycle Roadside Ambient Motorcycle Level 4 & Vehicle EURO 1 Vehic le EURO Motorc ycle Level Vehi 5 cle EUR O 3 6,, 5,, 4,, 3,,,, 1,, No. of vehicle: vehicles Annual Variation of Ambient CO Concentration in Bangkok Passenger car Light duty diesel Motorcycle Roadside Ambient 6,, Annual Variation of Ambient NO Concentration in Bangkok 6 Passenger car Light duty diesel Motorcycle Roadside Ambient 6,, CO (ppm) Motorcycle Level 4 & Vehicle EURO 1 Vehic le EURO Motorcyc le Level Vehic 5 le EUR O 3 5,, 4,, 3,,,, No. of vehicle: vehicles NO (ppb) Motorcycle Level 4 & Vehicle EURO 1 Vehicle EURO Motorc ycle Vehi Level 5 cle EUR O 3 5,, 4,, 3,,,, No. of vehicle: vehicles ,, 1 1,, Alternative Energy-Taxation Policy E E85 Excise Tax Engine ( hp) Rate, cc. 5%,1 -,5 cc. 3%,51-3, cc. 35% Import duties are waived for 3 years for locally unavailable CKD parts Hybrid Excise Tax 1% ECO Car Excise Tax 17% NGV Excise Tax OEM % Retrofit -5, Import Tax Exempted for Tank, Conversion Kit and Engine 1

11 11/17/9 Content Country Specific Data Clean Vehicles in Thailand Clean Fuels in Thailand Motivation For Fuel Quality Improvement Improved fuel qualities Reduced emissions Improved air quality Environmental benefits Gasoline Diesel Carbon monoxide (CO) Hydrocarbons (HC) Nitrogen oxides (NO X ) Particulate matter (PM) Sulfur (SO ) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) Greenhouse Gases Air Toxic Improved human health Reduced corrosion Improved crop yield Less acidification, eutrophication and forest damage Climate Change **Low Sulfur Levels Are Key To Tighter New Vehicle Standards** 11

EURO5 Impact of Sulfur On Gasoline Vehicle Emissions.8-5.9% -6.% -1.8% -1.8% g/km.6.4 -.1% -3 3.

12 11/17/9 Fuel Quality Standards Low Sulfur Levels Are Key To Tighter New Vehicle Standards Sulfur Content,(ppm) Thailand Gasoline Sulfur Diesel Sulfur 1 1 Thailand 6 EURO EURO3 EURO4 EURO5 Impact of Sulfur On Gasoline Vehicle Emissions.8-5.9% -6.% -1.8% -1.8% g/km % % EURO Vehicles. CO/1 HC NOx 8 ppm 5 ppm 15 ppm. EURO 3 Vehicles g/km % -11.6% -34.9% -17.7% -16.1% -8% CO/1 HC NOx 1

13 11/17/9 Impact of Sulfur On Diesel Vehicle Emissions g/km.8-1.8% -15.6%.7 -.7% -4.5% -7.9%.6-3.5% % %.3..1 CO/1 HC NOx PM 5 ppm 35 ppm 5 ppm %.5 EURO % Vehicles g/km % EURO Vehicles -1.7% -4.% -4.6% -4.6% -5.3%..1 CO/1 HC NOx PM Year Sulfur (%) 9%Distilled Temp. (oc) (Only for BMTA Bus) Sulfur Reduction Fuel Quality Standards Sulfur Content (ppm) Diesel Reformulation EURO EURO before

14 11/17/9 Benzene Content (%) Sulfur Content (ppm) Fuel Quality Gasoline Standards Reformulation 199 Benzen e 1 1 (EURO4) 1 Aromatic Content (%) น ำม นเบนซ น 1994 Gasolin Gasolin e Sulfur 5 before EURO 4 Gasoho l e Gasoho l Arom atic 1 : propose Fuel Aromatics Effect on Exhaust Emissions Reduce Aromatics from 45 to 35 % Change in Emission (%) Benzene Benzene THC NOx Reduce Aromatics from 45 to % Source : PTT

11/17/9 Gasoline Reformulation Lead & Oxygen Year Leaded(g/liter) Oxygen(%) 1983.84 1984.45 199.4 1991 UnleadedPremiumGasoline 5.5-1 199.

15 11/17/9 Gasoline Reformulation Lead & Oxygen Year Leaded(g/liter) Oxygen(%) UnleadedPremiumGasoline UnleadedRegular Gasoline 1994 Phase-Out Regular LeadedGasoline 1996 to Phase-Out PremiumLeadedGasoline present Fuel Quality Standards Fuel Quality Standards Phase-Out of LeadedGasolineinThailand Pb Content in Gasoline (g/l) Pb Content in Gasoline Premium ULG was introduced in 1991 Regular ULG was introduced in 1993 Complete phase out of regular leaded gasoline in 1993 Complete phase out of premium leaded gasoline in Pb Air Concentration Average Pb Air Concentration ( g/m 3 ) 15

16 11/17/9 Effect of Distillation Temperature of Diesel on PM Emissions Change T95 from 37 o C to 35 o C Change T9 from 33 o C to 35 o C Change in PM Emission (%) LIGHT DUTY Change in PM Emission (% ) LIGHT DUTY HEAVY DUTY Thailand Fuel Specifications for 1 Gasoline Specification Category 9 1 Lead Content, g/l.13.5 Sulfur Content, %wt.5.5 Benzene Content, %wt Aromatic Content, %wt 35 Vapour o C, KPa 6 Olefin Content, %wt - 18 Oxygenate, %vol 11 Diesel Specification Category 9 1 Sulfur Content, %wt.35.5 Cetane Index 47 5 Distillation at 9% recovered, o C 35 PAHs, %wt - 11 Water and Sediment,%vol..5 Methyl ester of fatty acid, %vol

11/17/9 Alternative Energy Development Plan (8 ) 6.4% 8 Adder cost R&D 15.6% 11 ESCO Fund BOI / Revolving Fund Oil Replaced 4,37 ktoe $ Saving 99.5 Billion Baht GHG reduction 13 Mill. Tons 19.

6% Target 5,68 MW Existing 1,75 MW Adder cost 3,858 MW Biomass / Biogas / MSW Mini-Hydroo / Wind / Solar /Hydrogen Target 7,433 ktoe Existing 3,7 Ktoe Ethanol Target 9. MLPD Existing 1.

17 11/17/9 Alternative Energy Development Plan (8 ) 6.4% 8 Adder cost R&D 15.6% 11 ESCO Fund BOI / Revolving Fund Oil Replaced 4,37 ktoe $ Saving 99.5 Billion Baht GHG reduction 13 Mill. Tons 19.1% Target 19,8 ktoe Currency Saving 461 Billion Baht GHG reduction 4 Million Tons 16 CDM.4%.3% 4.1% 6.% 7.6% Target 5,68 MW Existing 1,75 MW Adder cost 3,858 MW Biomass / Biogas / MSW Mini-Hydroo / Wind / Solar /Hydrogen Target 7,433 ktoe Existing 3,7 Ktoe Ethanol Target 9. MLPD Existing 1.4 MLPD Biodiesel Target 4.5 MLPD Existing 1.56 MLPD Hydrogen Target.1 Million ks. Target 69 mmscfd (6,9 ktoe) Existing 18 mmscfd Power Process Heat Bio fuel NGV As of Jan 9 Data from Ministry of Energy Fuel Price Policy Petroleum Fuel Price Fuels Gasohol 95- E1 Gasohol 95- E Gasohol 95- E85 Gasohol 91- E1 Gasoline 95 Gasoline 91 Diesel Price Baht/L 9.44 Baht/L Baht/L 3.94 Baht/L 4.34 Baht/L Baht/L 8.19 Baht/L Diesel B Baht/L Marketing Margin Ex-Refin. Price Structure of Petroleum Product Excise Tax Fuel Price Municipal Tax Price from Refinery Oil Fund VAT 7% Consv. Fund VAT 17

18 11/17/9 18

Implementing Vehicle Emission Standards and Equivalent Fuel Quality and the Case of Thailand s Roadmap to Euro 6/VI

Implementing Vehicle Emission Standards and Equivalent Fuel Quality and the Case of Thailand s Roadmap to Euro 6/VI Dr. Supat Wangwongwatana Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University Member of the