Sulphur impact on exhaust emissions. 20.Dec.2016 JAMA fuels and lubricants committee

Transcription

1 Sulphur impact on exhaust emissions 20.Dec.2016 JAMA fuels and lubricants committee 1

2 Euro6 regulation requirement and Fuel quality standard in India 2

3 Euro6 emission limits (M1, Petrol, Type I and WLTP/RDE) EU case Euro4 Euro5 Euro6 b Euro6 c Post EU6c Sep/2014 Sep/2017 Sep/2017 CO mg/km THC mg/km 100 NMHC mg/km - 68 NOx mg/km PM (DI only) PN (DI only) R83.07 EU regional mg/km #/km - - 6* *10 11 Key point: Significant difference between Euro 5 and Euro 6 challenging for manufacturers to meet 3

4 Euro6 OBD threshold limits (M1, Petrol) Euro4 Euro5 Euro6 b Euro6 c EU case Sep/2014 Sep/2017 CO mg/km THC mg/km NMHC mg/km NOx mg/km PM (DI only) PN (DI only) mg/km #/km Key point: Much tighter Particulate Matter (PM) for Direct Injection (DI) engine and On Board Diagnostic (OBD) threshold of NMHC, NOx, PM mass 4

5 BS6 India Gasoline Standard Grade Regular Premium EN228:2012 Europe RON, min MON, min sulphur, ppm, max Aromatics, vol%, max E70, vol%, min-max, summer/other month 10-55/ /10-58 RVP, kpa, max /24-52 (class A/class F) 45-60/ (class A/class F) Key point: E70 minimum is too low, E70 and RVP should be controlled by season atmospheric temperature. 5

6 JAMA Request To implement Euro6 standard accompany with fuel quality upgrade in India, especially sulphur level of market fuel is necessary to be align with Euro6 certification fuel in all region. JAMA recommends E70 and RVP should be considered as equivalent to European fuel grade. 6

7 Emission impact by high sulphur 7

8 World wide fuel charter 5 th edition Advanced and Future Technology Three way catalysts and lean NOx adsorbers are both highly sensitive to sulphur, albeit to different degrees, and the reversibility of the impact remains a concern for both types of emission control systems. Sulphur levels as low as 33 ppm can indeed contaminate the emission control system and affect test-to-test NOx stability during compliance (FTP) testing. but the contamination and emission system degradation do not occur when 3 ppm sulphur fuel is used. On Board Diagnostics (OBD) The loss of catalyst efficiency resulting from high sulphur fuels could cause some catalyst monitors to indicate a problem code resulting in the illumination of a malfunction indicator light to signal the driver. Source: 8

9 Exhaust emission control system i. Three-Way Catalytic converters (TWCs) are used in order to reduce exhaust emissions. ii. The ECM controls fuel injection volume based on the signals from the air fuel ratio sensor and oxygen sensor, optimizing the exhaust emissions. Catalytic converter Engine Exhaust manifold 9

10 Mechanism of catalyst poisoning adsorption onto the coating by sulphur in fuels desorption sulphur covering precious metals Precious metals coating +CO S+CO 2 SO 2 S S Substrate Relatively lower catalyst bed temperature Higher catalyst bed temperature is converted to sulphur under rich gas atmosphere Key Point: Higher sulphur content in fuel larger catalyst poisoning 10

11 Mechanism of recovering of catalyst poisoning sulphur accumulating +CO S+CO 2 Recovering S+O 2 S S S S S Repeated sulphur poisoning Higher catalyst bed temperature Key Point: Recovered by higher exhaust temperature contradicts eco driving (increase emissions) 11

12 Impact on Exhaust Emissions 1 (example of Euro5 vehicle) Test Conditions; Test vehicle: Euro5, In-line4, NA, PFI Test fuel: 2 types of in-house test petrol Catalyst: 100K km aged Emission test: NEDC (European cycle) Specification of sample used in test sulphur [Mass ppm] RVP@37.8 [kpa] T50 [ ] Aromatics [vol%] A) sulphur purged Pre-conditioning Go to the B) NEDC Pre-conditioning NEDC Soak B) NEDC Fuel exchange S150 S10 Soak Catalyst saturation with sulphur (11 hours driving) Go to the A) 12

13 NOx[g/km] Impact on Exhaust Emissions 1 Manufactures set the target value as lower than Euro5/6 limit value in order to manage vehicle to vehicle variations for conformity of Euro5 regulation Euro5 regulation production and in-use. Euro5 regulation (example of Euro5 vehicle) (estimated) CO[g/km] NOx: 0.06 [g/km] CO: 1 [g/km] NMHC: [g/km] (estimated) Euro5 Sulfur regulation concentration[ppm] Sulfur concentration[ppm] NMHC[g/km] (estimated) Key Point: Higher sulphur content, much higher NO x, CO, NMHC cannot maintain Euro 5 compliance at 150ppm Sulfur concentration[ppm] 13

14 Impact on Exhaust Emissions 2 (example of Euro6 equivalent) Other test result (development vehicle, In-line 4, turbo charged, DI+PFI) Sulfur accumlation amount Target: LEV3(SULEV30) in US California 150 ppm Milage 50 ppm 10 ppm Repeat driving LA#4 mode LEV3 emission test Limit value 30mg Key point: Higher sulphur content in fuel larger catalyst poisoning (150 and 50 ppm over test limit) 14

15 Summary 1. Euro6 must have 10ppm sulphur in fuel in order to guarantee Euro 6 requirements in real world. 2. JAMA recommends that north-east area in India follows Euro6 full standard as soon as possible. 15

16 Thank you for your attention 16

17 Sulphur reduction situation in JP, US, EU US Japan 100ppm< 50ppm< 10ppm< Federal 1000ppm< 30ppm< * *Annual refiner average 30ppm, Per gallon cap 80ppm California 30ppm< 15ppm< EU 150ppnm< 50ppm< 10ppm< 10ppm< By 2020 Max Ave USA Min Croatia EU member from