Developing Integrated Emission Strategies for Existing Land Transport (DIESEL)

Transcription

1 Developing Integrated Emission Strategies for Existing Land Transport (DIESEL) Siwaporn Rungsiyanon Automotive Air Pollution Division Pollution Control Department Royal Thai Government Bangkok Transport and Environment Lead Phase-out from Gasoline Two Stroke Motorcycles Phased-out Continuous Improvements in vehicle emissions and fuel quality standards Diesel Emissions Reductions Next Target: Manage high polluting buses & trucks Maintenance esp. commercial vehicles

2 PM1 concentration exceeds in some locations/seasons DIESEL Project All Asian cities are experiencing serious PM pollution, including Bangkok. The ultimate goals of the project are: To gain a better understanding of factors affecting in-use diesel vehicle emissions. To assess alternative mitigation options to assist decision making in developing countries. The CAI-Asia conducted the DIESEL Pilot in Bangkok

3 Beneficiaries City, regional and national agencies in developing countries Private Sector Companies that supply the technologies and fuels to fix the problem Financial institutions that assess the costeffective investments in the sector Above all: citizens, especially those living beside the roads Outputs/Outcomes Viable and affordable policies and technical options to reduce diesel vehicle emissions Improved database/data collection systems Enhanced capacity of decision makers and professionals in the field

4 Funding Requirement (US $ 2 Million) 12.5% 12.5% PCD/DLT/others ESMAP 12.5% 12.5% 12.5% 12.5% World Bank US AEP/EPA Donor 1 Donor % 12.5% Private Sector Auto Private Sector Fuel DIESEL Partner Organizations: Thailand Pollution Control Department Department of Land Transport DOEB/NEPO BMTA and Other Transport Companies PTT Kasetsart University, Bangkok Asian Institute of Technology

5 DIESEL Partner Organizations: International World Bank, ESMAP, Norwegian, Netherlands US-AEP/EPA PILOT CDM Project - Japan GTZ ESCAP - SUTP CAI-Asia Hong Kong EPD Asian Development Bank (ADB) SMART Urban Transport DIESEL Partner Organizations: Private Sector ACFA AVL Clean Air task Force Cummins-Westport EMA E-max Finnkat Ford Innovative Instruments Johnson Mathey Lubrizol MECA MITSUI Japan Novo Energy Shell Smart Urban Transport, Australia Unical Volvo International Watana

6 Scope of Work I Bangkok Database - ambient air quality - diesel vehicle emissions - current policy framework which affects diesel vehicle emissions II Analysis of Policy and Technical Options to Reduce Diesel Emissions III Stakeholder Evaluation, Development of Action Plans and Dissemination Main Activities Gathering of existing data mostly done, although some gaps remain Design of test protocol draft ready, learn from POINT experience Select options main task, will depend on resources Emission testing select measures to be tested, depend on resources Analysis of policies

7 Survey To obtain estimate characteristics of diesel vehicles operated in the BMR categorised by type, age, mileage, maintenance practice, and use Survey data to complement data from DLT, vehicle manufacturers and others in effort to develop emissions inventory for the BMR Will provide key input into the IDEAS model Nine vehicle types Types 1-4: Sedan; Pick up; Van; Microbus & Passenger Van Types 5-9: Fixed route Bus; Private Bus; Nonfixed route Bus; Non-fixed route Truck; Private Truck Transport Information ROAD NETWORK No. of In-use diesel vehicles - Around 1,, for LDDV - Around 7, for LDDT - Around 46, for HDDV LEGEND Express way Main Road Rail Chaophaya River Vehicle Mile Travel -1, 12,755 mile/year for LDDV - 4,5 2,14 mile/year for LDDT - 3,8 18,211 mile/year for HDDV Stratified Survey (on-going activity) - Collect information on Vehicle Kilometer Travel (VKT) - Collect information on the use and maintenance

8 Emission Factor Development Study design Methodology Possible parameters to be tested: age, technology employed, clocked km, state of repair, lubricant quality, fuel formulation, vehicle size, drive cycle Use of factorial design to determine test matrix Logistics for vehicle procurement Data generation Possible development of improved test protocol for use in inspection program Alternative to snap acceleration smoke Emission Testing Between PCD & World Bank: Develop test protocol Pre-select sample Conduct 15 tests Options to be tested Baseline (yes!) at least 5 tests! Maintenance options? Retrofit options? New technologies/fuels?

9 Emission Testing Objectives Develop diesel emission baseline for Bangkok Generate diesel vehicle emission factors Measure the Effectiveness of a Range of Potential Diesel Emission Reduction Strategies Emission Testing Procedures 1: Design an Emission Factor Test Sample 2: Testing Developing a Driving Cycle Chassis Dynamometer Testing

10 PCD Automotive Laboratory Motorcycle Laboratory Light Duty Gasoline Vehicle Laboratory Light Duty Diesel Vehicle Laboratory Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicle Laboratory Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Laboratory Test Equipment Emission Analyzers THC & NMHC: FID NOx: CLD CO & CO2: NDIR CH4: THC-NMHC PM: gravimetric filter & TEOM or LLSP (real time) Smoke opacity: Light extinction Exhaust Mass Flow Primary Dilution Tunnel & CVS Dynamometer

11 Heavy Duty Diesel Laboratory Light Duty Diesel Laboratory

12 1 5 B 1 :B u s 6 A v e r a g e S p e e d : 4. 9 k m / h T o tal tim e : s e c Bangkok Driving Cycle for Buses B 2 :B u s k m / h A v e r a g e S p e e d : 9. 2 k m / h T o tal tim e : s e c B 3 :B u s k m / h A v e r a g e S p e e d : k m / h T o tal tim e : s e c B 4 :B u s 2 3 k m / h A v e r a g e S p e e d : k m / h T o tal tim e : s e c B 5 :B u s 3 5 k m / h A v e r a g e S p e e d : k m / h T o tal tim e : s e c B 6 :B u s 5 k m / h A v e r a g e S p e e d : k m / h T o tal tim e : s e c Bangkok Driving Cycle for Bus Tests 1 Bus Cycle1( B1 + B4 + B5 ) Average Speed :12.9km/h Total Time :2489sec Bus Cycle2( B2+ B3 + B6 ) Average Speed :26.7km/h Total Time :2443sec 5 1 2

13 How appropriate measures will be selected? Cost and benefits Which measures are (likely) the most cost-effective (Bath/population exposure reduced)? Compatibility with other sector objectives Do the measures reinforce existing sector objectives and economic incentives? Political feasibility Is there broad support from public and stakeholders for the measure? Ease of enforcement How difficult is the implementation and enforcement of the measure? Informed Decision-support for Evaluating Alternative Strategies (IDEAS) Objective: To develop a framework to analyze and visualize options for diesel management in an economic context Why? Make sense of data/information from multiple sources Simulate the impact and costs/benefits of various options Determine the need for additional information by examining sensitivity of decisions to various parameters Develop a shared vision for planning in an integrated air quality management context

14 Analytical Framework for Management of Diesel Options M et e or ol Di og y M spe od rsi el i o n ng Impacts on Ambient Air Quality Emissions DIESEL IDEAS Framework Di st rib Pop ut ul io ati E n & on A xp ss os Ac es u t iv s m re ity en t Exposure Knowledge Base Options Identification & Characteristics Modeling Tools Institutional Setting Management Options Improve efficiency of the transport system Reduce emissions from in-use vehicles Improve technology of new vehicles Reduce non-transport diesel emissions through institutional strengthening, economic incentives and disincentives, policy and technology development Economic & Policy Assessment Dose-Response/ Valuation Other Sources Damage Assessment Diesel Sources Integrated Modeling/ Stakeholder Feedback IDEAS Knowledge Base Meteorology Transport Network Vehicle Densities Regions (e.g. BMR provinces) Point Sources Meteorology Road Network BMR Regions many of these are spatial and require a GIS for adequate analysis Point & Other Sources 14

15 Types of Questions Which option yields the best economic returns? Which is the best strategy to reduce fine particulate emissions? How does low-sulfur diesel compare as an option with strengthening of inspection & promotion of a maintenance culture? What impact could driver awareness/training have on emissions? Which areas in BMR could benefit most by improved bus fleets?