Redacted for Privacy DIT. JAMES MKNUDSIN

Transcription

1 AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Kenneth Edwin Cotes for the degree of Mster of Science in Chemicl Engineering presented on. Ihrl g.,9 99 Title: Clcium Crbonte Scling Chrcteristics of Cooling Tower Wter AI Abstrct pproved: Redcted for Privcy DIT. JAMES MKNUDSIN Scling chrcteristics of clcium crbonte on heted surfce in cooling tower wter ws investigted. Bulk temperture ws mintined constnt t 95 F. Flow velocities nd surfce tempertures rnged from ft/sec to. ft/sec nd from 5 F to 7-F respectively. City wter ws used s mke-up for two different wter qulities: ppm nd 4 ppm s CCO clcium hrdness. An ttempt. ws mde to keep the clcium hrdness t the prescribed level while letting other wter prmeters vry. There ws some difficulty in mintining constnt wter qulity. The smll vrition in wter qulity ppers to hve hd n importnt effect on the behvior of the fouling resistnce with time. Brzos River Cly present s suspended solids t concentrtion of -5 ppm significntly incresed the fouling resistnce. At surfce temperture of 5 F the symptotic fouling resistnce ws fctor of higher with suspended solids present thn when no suspended solids were present. For certin surfce temperture nd velocity

2 rnges, symptotic fouling resistnce nd fouling rte were correlted with surfce temperture ccording to n Arrhenius type eqution. Insufficient dt were tken to correlte fouling resistnce with velocity, but in generl t constnt surfce temperture the symptotic fouling resistnce decresed s flow velocity incresed. The tube mteril ppered to hve no significnt effect on the symptotic fouling resistnce or the fouling rte.

3 Clcium Crbonte Scling Chrcteristics of Cooling Tower Wter by Kenneth Edwin Cotes A THESIS submitted to Oregon Stte University in prtil fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Mster of Science Completed My 9, 979 Commencement June 98

4 APPROVED: P Redcted for Privcy fe sor of Chemicl Engineering in chrge of mjor Redcted for Privcy Hed of Chemicl Engineering Deprtment Redcted for Privcy Den of Grdute School Dte thesis is presented Typed by Annie Solinsky for Kenneth Edwin Cotes

5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thnk my mjor professor, Dr. Jmes G. Knudsen for his guidnce nd ptience throughout the course of this study nd for his criticl review of the mnuscript. Thnks re lso extended to Si Lee for his help in getting me strted nd for writing the computer progrms, nd to Ken Crter for the wter nlysis nd for filling in while I ws wy for the summer. Grtitude is lso due to the following orgniztions: Het Trnsfer Reserch Inc. for the dontion of experimentl equipment nd technicl ssistnce. Nlco Chemicl Compny for deposit nlysis. Chemx Incorported Industril Chemistry for providing chemicl regents for wter nlysis. Ntionl Science Foundtion nd Americn Society of Heting, Refrigerting nd Air-Conditioning Engineers for the reserch grnt.

6 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction Pge II. Generl Informtion nd Literture Survey 4 Design Eqution 4 Fouling Mechnisms 5 Importnt Vribles 6 Flow Velocity 6 Surfce Temperture nd Fluid Bulk Temperture 7 Wter Chemistry 7 Surfce Conditions 8 Deposition Models 8 Experimentl Results in the Literture III. Experimentl Equipment 5 Piping, Vlves nd Pumps 5 Cooling Tower System 8 Bsin 8 Spry Cooling Tower 9 Blowdown Unit Het Exchnger System HTRI Portble Fouling Reserch Units IV. Experimentl Procedures 5 Experimentl Progrm 5 System Strt-Up 5 Dt Aquisition nd Processing 8 Process Monitoring 8 Run Termintion 9 V. Clcultion Procedures Initil Conditions Clcultions Locl Bulk Temperture Locl Surfce Temperture Locl Film Coefficient Fouling Condition Clcultions 4 Computer Progrms 4 Error Estimtion 4 VI. Results nd Discussion 9 Operting Conditions 9 Runs -4 9 Runs Results 49 Asymptotic Fouling Resistnce 49 Chemicl Anlysis of Deposits 49 Correltions 55

7 Tble of Contents (continued) Pge First Set of Runs (-4) 56 Correltion 57 Velocity Effect 57 Suspended Solids 57 Effect of Wter Qulity Vrition 6 Rte of Chnge of the Fouling Resistnce 66 Second Set of Runs (47-65) 7 Runs 47-5 (5.4 ft/sec) 7 Correltion 7 Effect of Wter Qulity Vrition 7 Rte of Chnge of the Fouling Resistnce 8 Runs 5-57 (8. ft/sec) 8 Velocity Effects 8 Effects of Wter Qulity Vrition 8 Rte of Chnge of the Fouling Resistnce 8 Runs 59, 6, 6, 6 nd 64 (. ft/sec) 86 Effects of Wter Qulity Vrition 86 Rte of Chnge of the Fouling Resistnce 86 Velocity Effects 9 Runs 58, 6 nd 65 (-4 ft/sec) 94 Correltion 94 Effect of Wter Qulity Vrition 94 Rte of Chnge of the Fouling Resistnce 94 Effect of Velocity on the Rte of Chnge of the Fouling Resistnce 98 Effect of Surfce Conditions 98 VII. Conclusion 99 VIII. Suggestions for Further Reserch Bibliogrphy Appendix A 5 Appendix B 9 Appendix C Appendix D 56 Appendix E 6 Appendix F 86 Appendix G 89 Appendix H 4 Appendix I Appendix J 9 Appendix K 94

8 Figure LIST OF FIGURES Pge Schemtic Flow Digrm of Experimentl Equipment 6 Heter Rcd - Heted Section nd Thermocouple Loctions Cross Section of Test Section - Clen nd Fouled Conditions 4 Log Rf* vs. /Ts Runs -4, 5.4 ft/sec 58 4 R f vs, time Run b Wter Qulity Run Suspended Solids Runs 4, 4, 4 6,6 6 Wter Qulity Run R, vs. time Run R. vs. time Run Wter Quli ty Run 9 68 Log Rf* vs. /Ts Second Set of Runs, 5.4 ft/sec 7 R. vs. time Run 47 7 Wter Quil ty Runs 47, 48, 49 7 R. vs. time Run Rf vs. time Run Wter Quli ty Run R f vs. time Run Wter Quli ty Runs 5, Log Rf* vs. /Ts Second Set of Runs, 8. ft/sec 8 9 R. vs. time Run Wter Quli ty Runs 56, Log Rf* vs. /Ts Second Set of Runs,. ft/sec 87 R, vs. time Run 6 88 Wter Qulity Runs 6, Rf vs. time Run Wter Qulity Run Log Rf* vs. /Ts Second Set of Runs, -4 ft/sec 95 7 Rf vs. time Run Wter Qultiy Runs 6, 6 97

9 LIST OF TABLES Tble Pge HTRI Heter Rod Specifictions Chronology nd Generl Informtion of 4 Runs -4 6 Chronology nd Generl Informtion of Runs A First Set of Runs: Averge Operting Conditions - Test Section 4 4B First Set of Runs: Averge Operting Conditions - Test Section 4 4C First Set of Runs: Averge Operting Conditions - Test Section 4 5 Composition of Brzos River Cly 44 6 Averge Cooling Tower Wter Qulity, Runs -4 7A Second Set of Runs: Averge Operting 45 Conditions - Test Section 46 7B Second Set of Runs: Averge Operting Conditions - Test Section 47 7C Second Set of Runs: Averge Operting Conditions - Test Section 48 8 Averge Cooling Tower Wter Qulity Runs Asymptotic Fouling Resistnce, Runs -4 5 Chemicl Composition of Deposits, Runs -4 5 Asymptotic Fouling Resistnce, Runs Chemicl Composition of Deposits, Runs Rte cf Chnge of the Fouling Resistnce, Runs 7, 8, 9 nd Rte of Chnge of the Fouling Resistnce, Runs 49, 5 nd Rte of Chnge of the Fouling Resistnce, Run Rte of Chnge of the Fouling Resistnce, 7 Run 6 9 Rte of Chnge of the Fouling Resistnce, Run 65 98

10 CALCIUM CARBONATE SCALING CHARACTERISTICS OF COOLING TOWER WATER I. INTRODUCTION The fouling or scling of het trnsfer surfces by inverse solubility slts results in n increse in the overll resistnce to het trnsmission. Besides these slts, other potentil foulnts re corrosion products, suspended solids, bio-orgnisms, nd chemicls which rect or polymerize t the heted surfce. The most importnt vribles controlling the deposition process re: flow velocity, surfce temperture, fluid bulk temperture, wter chemistry nd surfce conditions. The fouling resistnce is defined s the difference between the overll therml resistnce of the het exchnger t the fouled nd the clem conditions. In cooling tower opertions, crystliztion of inverse solubility slts such s clcium crbonte is the most common deposition mechnism. The fouling resistnce is observed to increse with time nd to pproch psuedosymptotic vlue. Vrious models '5'7 hve been proposed to explin this deposition behvior of cooling tower wter. Het 5 Trnsfer Reserch Inc. proposed deposition-removl

11 dr model in which the symptotic fouling resistnve is A function of surfce temperture, flow velocity nd wter chemistry. However, generl functionl reltionship for these vribles is still lcking. The purpose of this study is to investigte the deposition of clcium crbonte from cooling tower wter for two different wter chemistries. In the first set of runs, the flow velocity ws held constnt nd the surfce temperture ws vried. For the second wter chemistry, both the flow rte nd the surfce temperture were vried. In ll runs, the fluid bulk temperture ws constnt nd n ttempt ws mde to keep the clcium hrdness t prescribed level while letting other wter prmeters such s methyl-ornge lklinity nd silic vry. In zenerl, there ws no systemtic build-up of the other constituents with the exception of silic nd totl solids in the first set of runs nd chloride in ll runs due to the dily ddition of commercil blech to prevent biofouling. There ws some difficulty in mintining constnt wter Qulity. The smll vrition of wter qulity ppers to hve hd n importnt effect on the behvior of the fouling resistnce with time. The symptotic fouling resistnces for set of runs t similr flow velocity nd wter qulity were correlted with the surfce temperture. observed to hve significnt effect. Velocity ws Likewise, there ws virtully no fouling below certin criticl surfce

12 temperture. In some cses, the fouling resistnce did not pproch pseudosymptotic vlue. Insted, fter n induction period the fouling resistnce would increse t rpid liner rte, then level off bruptly. The onset of the increse nd its termintion re pprently cused by 5-% chnge in the clcium hrdness of the cooling tower wter. An pprent effect of temperture on the liner deposition rte ws observed.

13 4 II. GENERAL INFORMATION AND LITERATURE SURVEY DESIGN EQUATION The design of het trnsfer equipment is bsed on n overll het trnsfer coefficient U o t the outside of the surfce. Tking fouling into ccount, the fundmentl eqution for determining U is: Ao A Uo Eo Ai Ei Rfo Ai Rfi Rw (-) where U = overll het trnsfer coefficient h = het trnsfer film coefficient R = het trnsfer resistnce A = surfce re nd subscripts o = outside i = inside f = fouled w = wll The het trnsfer film coefficients nd wll resistnce my be determined using correltions bsed on the operting conditions. However, estimtes for the fouling resistnce re often rbitrry "experienced-bsed" vlues ccounting only vguely for process prmeters. Design for constnt symptotic vlue for the fouling resistnce fils to tke into ccount the initil

14 5 opertion of the clen het exchnger. Using lrger thn necessry fouling resistnces in the design cn in mny cses speed up the deteriortion of the het trnsfer cpcity of the equipment. 5 Isoltion of pertinent vribles in order to get generlized method for predicting the fouling resistnce will require extensive reserch. This study is prt of continuing progrm t Oregon Stte University to systemticlly study the fouling chrcteristics of cooling tower wter. FOULING MECHANISMS The most common cuse of fouling cooling tower wter is crystliztion of inverse solubility slts. These slts (CCO ' Mg(OH), etc.) exhibit decresing solubility with temperture bove certin temperture rnge. As result, crystlline deposits form on heted surfces in contct with such solutions. The crystliztion rections for clcium crbonte re: HCO - -- CO - + HO (-) C + + CO - CCO (s) (-) Normlly, before rpid fouling, there is n induction period during which only negligible scle deposition is observed. The fouling resistnce remins close to zero while only micro-nucletion sites re formed. At some

15 6 point the nucletion sites become so numerous tht the heted surfce becomes covered with thin cot. This "criticl point" is followed by rpid deposition. Other fouling mechnisms sometimes found in cooling tower opertions re corrosion, sedimenttion of suspended solids, nd biofouling. Corrosion hs two effects on fouling: the cretion of het resistnt lyer (rust) nd the roughening of the surfce--providing more nucletion sites for crystliztion. Corrosion products nd suspended solids cn become embedded in The loose crystlline structure common to cooling tower wters; rising the fouling resistnce. Biofouling is usully found in conjunction with other foulnts (crystlline slts, suspended solids). Micro-orgnisms in the wter ttch themselves to the het exchnger surfce cusing n increse in the fouling resistnce. IMPORTANT VARIABLES The most importnt vribles hving n effect on cooling tower wter fouling re: flow velocity, surfce temperture, fluid bulk temperture, wter chemistry nd surfce conditions. FLOW VELOCITY The flow velocity exhibits two opposing effects. The fluid sher is function of velocity. At high sher (high velocity) deposits re less likely to dhere to the

16 7 surfce nd those deposits on the surfce my be broken off. Conversely, for mss diffusion controlled fouling, n increse in flow velocity will increse the convective mss trnsfer coefficient--incresing the rte of diffusion of mteril to the surfce. SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND FLUID BULK TEMPERATURE The crystliztion rte hs been found to be n exponentil function of the reciprocl of the bsolute surfce temperture. 5 The fluid bulk temperture hs n effect on the sturtion concentrtion of the slts in solution. For constnt het flux exchnger, the temperture t the tube surfce-scle interfce will increse s fouling occurs. This increse in temperture could cuse chnge in the crystlline structure of the deposit. WATER CHEMISTRY For clcium crbonte fouling, Lngelier 6 proposed sturtion index s chrcteriztion of the wter chemistry. The Lngelier Sturtion Index (LSI) is defined s: LSI = ph - phs (-4) where ph = ctul ph of the wter phs = ph of wter when it is sturted with CCO Wter prmeters needed to determine phs re7: totl dissolved solids, methyl-ornge lklinity, bulk temperture

17 8 nd clcium hrdness. Vlues of LSI greter thn. men tht it is likely tht clcium crbonte will deposit on heted surfce. Ryznr proposed different stbility index STI defined s: STI = phs - ph (-5) nd found empiriclly tht for STI vlues less thn 6. clcium crbonte will deposit. Lee 8 found deposition of mgnesium silicte under conditions which the two bove mentioned indexes predicted strong tendency for the deposition of clcium crbonte. SURFACE CONDITIONS The surfce condition of het exchnger will ffect the initil deposition rte. A rough surfce provides more nucletion sites thn smooth surfce for crystliztion nd sedimenttion of suspended solids. Hence, rough surfce will hve correspondingly shorter induction period. Once the surfce is coted, its originl stte hs no effect on subsquent deposition. DEPOSITION MODELS yields: A simple mss blnce for the deposition process (-6)

18 9 where dr f the net rte of fouling ccumultion d tr the deposition rte the removl rte The deposition nd removl rtes depend on: deposition mechnism, flow velocity, wter chemistry, surfce nd bulk tempertures nd the structurl strength of the deposit. If the removl term is negligible, then the fouling resistnce will increse linerly with time. If the removl term is significnt nd t some point the deposition nd removl rtes become equl, the fouling resistnce will become constnt (i.e. rech n symptote). This pseudosymptotic behvior is commonly observed for cooling tower wter fouling. Vrious mthemticl models hve been proposed for the deposition nd removl rtes. Suitor 4 hs compiled review of these up to 975. The bsic differences mong these fouling models is the significnce ttributed to the importnt vribles in the formultion of the deposition nd removl terms. Kern nd Seton 4 proposed tht the deposition rte is proportionl to the product of the foulnt concentrtion nd the mss flow rte: K w' (-7) where K proportionlity constnt Cb = foulnt bulk concentrtion

19 W' = mss flow rte nd tht the removl rte is proportionl to the sher stress nd the instntneous thickness of the deposit. (). = K' X6, (-8) where K = proportionlity constnt = sher stress X = instntneous deposit thickness t time ek Wtkinson nd Epstein 6 postulted tht the deposition rte is proportionl to the product of the mss flux norml to the surfce nd the sticking probbility. The sticking probbility is proportionl to the dhesive force nd inversely proportionl to the hydrodynmic forces t the interfce. td = KJS (-9) where K = proportionlity constnt S = sticking probbility J = mss flux = km(ci; - k m C convective mss trnsfer coefficient concentrtion of the foulnt t the interfce The removl rte ws similir to Kern nd Seton's model Eq. (-8). Het Trnsfer Reserch Inc. 5. introduced wter chrcteriztion fctor SI to the deposition term to ccount for the effects of wter qulity. It is bsed on

20 the Lngelier sturtion index, nd is not climed to be the "ultimte solution" but step in the right direction. The deposition rte ws expressed by n Arrhenious type eqution: Id = K4Pd fn exp(-ejr,ta (-) where K4 = proportionlity constnt Pd = residence time probbility fnction n E = dimensionless empiricl constnt = ctivtion energy of deposit rection Rg = gs constnt T s =.surfce temperture The removl rte ws proposed to be function of the sher stress, thickness nd bonding strength of the deposit. = K5 X:/y (-) where K5 = proportionlity constnt y/ = strength of the deposit q = dimensionless empiricl constnt Evlution of the symptotic fouling resistnce 4 (d(rf)/de = ) for q = gives: IQ* - K6Pd(Wn exp(-e/rgts) V5v For constnt flow velocity nd wter qulity: (-) Rf* = K7 exp(-e/rgts) (-) where K 6 nd K 7 re proportionlity constnts nd the superscript * refers to the symptotic condition.

21 Eqution (-) ws used to correlte the results of this study. Wtkinson nd Mrtinez 7 took the supersturtion driving force deposition model of Reitzer nd dded removl term similr to Eq. (-8). The resulting symptotic fouling resistnce (for constnt wll temperture het exchngers) is: Re(l+hRe) m -8 (Tw - Tb*)m -E exp * (T_ - Tb*)- (-4) fv "g: b ( " + hrf* where V f TW = flow velocity = friction fctor = tube wll temperture T b * = symptotic fluid bulk temperture K 8 m h = proportionlity constnt = dimensionless empiricl constnt = convective het trnsfer coefficient All of the bove mentioned deposition-removl models predict n symptotic fouling resistnce. This is the type of fouling behvior observed in most cooling tower opertions. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS IN THE LITERATURE Tborek, et l. 5 reported tht for lrge industril dt bse, Eq. (-) gve stndrd devition of 4% for the rtio of the experimentl to the predicted vlue of the symptotic fouling resistnce.

22 Wtkinson nd Mrtinez 7 studying clcium crbonte fouling in constnt wll temperture het exchnger, reported the effects of velocity, bulk temperture nd tube dimeter. They found tht: () t Reynolds numbers over, the symptotic fouling resistnce vries with the velocity to the power -., () t constnt inlet temperture, tube dimeter hs wek effect on the fouling resistnce due to the difference in the verge fluid temperture s the dimeter is chnged, () s the bulk temperture increses, the symptotic fouling resistnce goes through mximum nd then decreses due to the opposing effects of scle surfce temperture nd supersturtion. Hsson, et l. investigted the clcium crbonte deposition rte t Reynolds numbers rnging from to 4. They observed n increse in the fouling rte with incresed velocity, concluding tht it is mss diffusion controlled. Knudsen nd Story 5 correlted the symptotic fouling resistnce with surfce temperture using E. (-), for simulted cooling tower wter nd constnt het flux exchnger. Morse nd Knudsen, using the sme euipment s Story studied the effect of lklinity on scling. They found tht when the wter ws reltively free of silic (ppm s Si) nd the clcium hrdness nd methyl-ornge lklinity were bove 4ppm s CCO ' deposition of

23 4 clcium crbonte dominted. When silic ws present (>5ppm s Si), silicte nd impurities were formed t m-lklinities nd clcium hrdnesses lower thn 5ppm s CCO. Lee nd Knudsen 9 lso exmined the fouling chrcteristics of cooling tower wter on constnt flux het exchngers. The deposit ws mgnesium silicte nd mixtures of mgnesium silicte nd clcium crbonte. They concluded tht: () their dt cn be correlted with Eq. (-), () the methyl-ornge lklinity of the cooling tower wter ffects the type of deposit formed, () the symptotic fouling resistnce decreses s flow velocity increses, (4) the tube mteril hs no significnt effect on the symptotic fouling resistnce, (5) dding suspended solids incresed the symptotic fouling resistnce. Estimtes of the symptotic fouling resistnce were given for conditions normlly encountered in condensers used in ir conditioning units.

24 5 III. EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT The equipment used in this study ws designed to simulte the operting conditions of n ctul cooling tower system. The principl components of the pprtus re: () the cooling tower system, () het exchnger system, () Het Trnsfer Reserch Inc. Portble Fouling Reserch Units (PFRU-I nd PFRU-II). Auxilry equipment includes piping, vlves, nd pumps. Figure shows schemtic flow digrm of the experimentl equipment. Importnt vribles such s flow velocity nd temperture of the heted surfce re redily djustble to the desired level so tht the effect of ech on the deposition chrcteristics cn be determined. Most of the equipment ws built nd used by previous investigtors ''8 t Oregon Stte University. Lrger het exchngers controlling the bulk temperture nd second pump hve been instlled to hndle higher flow velocities. An utomtic dt quisition system for ll three test sections hs been dded. PIPING, VALVES AND PUMPS To eliminte the effect of corrosion on the fouling chrcteristics s much s possible, non-corrosive mterils re used. Equipment in direct contct with cooling tower wter is either of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), chlorinted polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), glss, brss,

25 6 Butterfly Vlve Centrifugl Blower (?) F C TB T C A Cooling Tower Wter Flow Heted City Wter Flow Pressure Guge Flow Sensor Flow Control ler Thermocouple Bulk Temp Sensor Bulk Temp Controller Dt Acquisition Unit Test Section Retmeter Wter Meter?4 City Wter Bypss Line Test Section Test Section YOrein Pump 7 Electric Wter r H e ter 7, vy T Drin Smpl Tp 4 A Flow Meter Slowdown Storge Tnk IM7.. AMEND. CV 4t Exchng Ps Pump 4s Drin FIGURE SCHEMATIC FLCW DIAGRAM OF EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT

26 7 copper or stinless steel. The piping is mostly inch nd schedule 8, with socket type fittings. / inch CPVC, CPVC piping is used for high temperture nd pressure pplictions nd PVC piping is used for low temperture nd pressure pplictions. A selected number of vlves re lbelled in Figure. Vlves through re mnully operted nd control vlves CV, CV nd CV re pnuemticlly operted (output rnging from to 5 psi). All vlves re in the cooling tower wter circulting loop except vlves, nd CV. Vlves,, 5 nd control vlves CV nd CV re constructed of stinless steel, control vlve CV of cst steel, vlves nd 4 of brss nd vlves 6 through of CPVC. Vlve long the bypss line regultes the totl flow through the cooling tower wter circulting loop. Vlve is lwys open to llow continuous city wter supply pressure on the electric wter heter. Vlve is prtilly open for bypss of heted wter if CV is closed. Vlve 4 controls the blowdown rte. Vlves 5 through regulte the cooling tower wter in nd out of the test sections. Control vlves CV nd CV control the cooling tower wter flow rte through test sections nd, nd CV controls the heted wter flow from the electric wter heter to the het exchngers. A butterfly vlve locted on the exhust conduit on

27 8 top of the spry cooling tower regultes the ir flow through the tower. Three pumps re used. Pumps nd circulte the cooling tower wter nd Pump circultes the heted wter to the het exchnger. Pump, brss turbine pump, is driven by HP electric motor t speed of 75 rpm. It hs totl pumping cpcity of pproximtely 6 gpm. Pump, rotry centrifugl pump, is lso equipped with, HP motor. Pump is similir to Pump. A centrifugl blower with /4 HP electric motor running t speed of 75 rpm is locted next to the butterfly vlve nd drws ir through the tower. COOLING TOWER SYSTEM The cooling tower system consists of three mjor prts: () bsin, () spry cooling tower, nd () blowdown unit. Fortified city wter is supplied continuously to the bsin to mke up for evportion nd blowdown losses. Cooling wter is circulted through the system, bsorbing het from the het exchngers nd heter rods then being cooled in the spry cooling tower. The blowdown rte is controlled mnully on regulr bsis to mintin constnt composition of the cooling tower wter. BASIN The bsin is cylindricl stinless steel tnk 4 feet high, 4 inches in dimeter nd /8 inch thick. It

28 9 serves s the cooling tower wter supply tnk. Inlet strems to the bsin consist of: () fortified city wter, () wter from the spry cooling tower, nd () cooling tower wter recycled by the bypss line. The well mixed cooling tower wter is drwn out of the bsin by Pumps nd ; prt of the wter circultes through the system nd prt of it recycles bck to the bsin. The mount of fortified city wter entering the system is mesured by positive displcement wter meter. The bsin is filled to depth of 4 inches--the level being controlled by liquid level controller (Model of Fluid Mster Inc.) sensitive to wter level chnge of /4 inch. The totl volume of the cooling tower wter in the system is bout 5 gllons. SPRAY COOLING TOWER The spry cooling tower is foot long cylindricl column feet in dimeter mde of /6 inch thick fiberglss reinforced plstic. It is mounted concentriclly with nd directly bove the bsin. Wrm cooling tower wter from the system divides into four smller strems t the top of the tower through / inch outlets beneth which is distributor. Wter flls through the tower in droplets, incresing the ir-liquid interfcil surfce re. Fresh ir is drwn countercurrent to the flling droplets.

29 b BLOWDOWN UNIT As the cooling tower wter evportes, the concentrtion of the minerl constituents increses due to the input of fortified city wter being fed continuously to mke up for the evportive losses. In order to mintin constnt cooling tower wter qulity, system wter must be purged t rte which blnces the input from fortified city wter. A flowmeter shows the pproximte blowdown rte. Dischrged cooling tower wter is stored in the blowdown storge tnk nd the totl volume purged is recorded dily. HEAT EXCHANGER SYSTEM For the present study, the cooling tower wter bulk temperture ws mintined t 95 F for ll runs. Since the het from the test sections is not sufficient to mintin this temperture, n dditionl het source is needed. The het exchnger system is closed loop circulting system. City wter, heted in 4 gllon domestic electric wter heter, is pumped to the shell side of two shell nd tube (CPVC shell nd copper tube) het exchngers, cocurrently with the flow in the tube side. A temperture controller (set point 95 F) regultes the heted wter flow rte through the het exchngers. A bypss line is provided to llow some flow even if control vlve CV is closed.

30 HTRI PORTABLE FOULING RESEARCH UNITS The Portble Fouling Reserch Unit (PFRU) ws developed by HTRI to provide convenient mens for cooling tower wter studies. One such unit is on lon to Oregon Stte University. This unit, PFRU-I, houses test section. PFRU-II ws donted to Oregon Stte University nd houses test sections nd. The bsic differences between the two models re tht model II hs n utomtic dt quisition system nd flow rte control mechnism. The criticl component of the PFRU is the test section where the heter rod on which fouling occurs is locted. For visul observtion, glss tube 8 /4 inches long nd /4 inch inside dimeter is mounted horizontlly with cylindricl plexiglss shield round it for protection. A heter rod, which normlly hs n outside dimeter between.45 inch nd.75 inch is inserted concentriclly in the glss tube. Cooling tower wter flows xilly through the nnulr spce between the heter rod nd the glss tube. Heter rods were supplied by HTRI. steel nd copper-plted rods were used. Both stinless Figure shows schemtic digrm of heter rod. An internl electric heter is embedded in inches long heted section to provide the desired het flux. Four chromel-constntn (Type E)thermoccuples: TCA, TCB, TCC nd TCD re locted underneth the heted surfce

31 85 t.65 ICA Thermocouple Connector Thermocouple Loction Heted Section ICH so TC D Power Cord TCC Dimeter Otend Length, Xof re listed in Tble I ThetilOCOupie Connectors SECTION A- A IFIGUHE ileateh DOD MATEO SECTION AND THERMOCOUPLE LOCATIONS

32 to mesure the wll temperture t four different loctions. Figure lso shows the reltive loction of the heted section nd wll thermocouples. The electric power input to the heter rod is regulted by W Vric trnsformer. Chromel-constntn thermocouples re lso plced t the inlet of ll three test sections nd t the outlet of test section. The reference junction for ll thermocouples is set t 5 F. Thermocouple signls, vlues of the flow rtes, pressure nd power inputs re trnsformed to millivolt outputs which cn be displyed nd recorded on pper tpe by the utomtic dt quisition system (Digitec, Dtlogger ). In order to prevent heter rcd from overheting when the flow stops indvertntly becuse of pump filure, high temperture cutoff mechnism is provided. Mximum wll temperture is set t 5 F for test section nd 75 F for test sections nd. Specifictions for ll heter rods used re listed in Tble. The therml resistnce between the embedded thermocouple nd the metl x/k is determined using the Wilson plot. 8 Clibrtion equtions for het flux, flow rte nd tempertures re given in Appendix B.

33 ' TABLE. HTRI HEATER ROD SPECIFICATIONS 4, Heter rod indentifiction number, I, Rod mteril copper plted stinless steel copper plted stinless steel stinless steel copper plted stinless steel Heter rod outside dimeter D (inch) Heted section length L (inch) Entrnce length X E (inch) 9. 9., Distnce Y (inch).... ( k/x Btu \ 7:7;:7;) N,... TCA TCB TCC TCD _ l'

34 5 IV. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM The purpose of this study ws to exmine the deposition of clcium crbonte from cooling tower for two different wter chemistries. In ll runs, the bulk temperture ws mintined t 95 F nd the clcuim hrdness ws mintined s close s possible to the prescribed level by the mnul djustment of the blowdown rte. In the first set of runs (-4) the flow velocity ws kept constnt t 5. ft/sec nd the surfce temperture ws vried from 5 F to 45 F. The nominl clcium hrdness ws set t 5 ppm s CCO. For runs 4-4, Brzos River Cly ws dded to the system to determine the effect of suspended solids. In the second set of runs (47-65) the nominl clcium hrdness ws 4 ppm s CCO. City wter ws fortified with CC to bring up the feed wter to clcium hrdness of ppm s CCO. The velocity nd surfce temperture were vried from ft/sec to ft/sec nd 5 F to 7 F respectively. The chronology nd generl informtion for the experimentl progrm re listed in Tbles nd. SYSTEM START-UP Wter ws circulted through the system fter the

35 TABLE. CHRONOLOGY AND GENERAL INFORMATION OF RUNS - 4 Run Strting Dte Completion Dte Durtion (dys) Test Section Heter Rod (cly) (cly) (cly)

36 TABLE. CHRONOLOGY AND GENERAL INFORMATION OF RUNS Run Strting Dte Completion Dte Durtion (dys) Test Section Heter Rod ,

37 bsin hd been filled. The centrifugl blower ws turned 8 on nd the het exchnger system ws ctivted. Power input to the heter rod ws then djusted to give the desired surfce temperture. When the clcium hrdness reched the prescribed level, the blowdown unit ws strted. DATA AQUISITION AND PROCESSING Dt were recorded utomticlly every 5 hours for ll three test sectfons. Rw dt for ll runs re listed in Appendix C. Dt were processed by computer dily. PROCESS MONITORING Occsionlly djustment of n offset of up to % of the power output nd flow rte ws required. One-liter smples of cooling tower wter nd city wter were nlyzed dily. Wter qulity prmeters determined include: totl hrdness (TH), clcium hrdness (CH), methyl-ornge lklinity (m-lklinity), phenophthlein lklinity (p-lklinity), chloride (C), silic (Si), totl solids (TS), conductivity, nd ph. nlysis procedures re given in Appendix D. Chemicl Cooling tower wter dt re listed nd plotted on monthly bsis in Appendix E. The city wter qulity ws reltively constnt nd monthly verges re given in Appendix F. The blowdown rte ws controlled mnully to mintin constnt wter qulity. Assuming evportion of pure wter

38 9 from the tower, mss blnce on clcium yields: Bd = Ev/(Cy - ) (4-) where Bd = blowdown rte Ev = evportion rte Cy = cycle of concentrtion clcium hrdness in cooling tower wter clcium hrdness in city wter Since the evportion rte nd the city wter ulity chnged constntly, Eq. (4-) ws:not used to determine the blowdown rte. It ws set ccording to the dily chemicl nlysis informtion on clcium hrdness in reltion to the set point. It ws felt tht this simulted ctul cooling tower opertion. Appendix G shcws monthly plot of blowdown rte nd evportion rte. To prevent possible biofouling, ml of commericil blech (5.5% solution of sodium hypochlorite) ws dded to the system dily. On My 4, 978 WSCP - polymeric mmonium microbiocide mintined t level of rpm in the system ws substituted, The purpose of the chnge ws to reduce the chloride content of the cooling tower wter. It proved unstisfctory nd blech ws gin used. RUN TERMINATION A run ws terminted when either the fouling resistnce pproched its symptotic vlue or the high temperture limit of the equipment ws reched. The deposit on the stinless steel heter rod ws

39 scrped off crefully nd the rod ws then polished with grde steel wool. Concentrted hydrochloric cid ws used for clening the copper plted rods. The deposits were nlyzed by the Nlco Chemicl Compny.

40 V. CALCULATION PROCEDURES INTIAL CONDITIONS CALCULATIONS LOCAI, BULK TEMPERATURE Assuming tht the bulk temperture increses linerly long the heted section in the direction of the flow, the locl bulk temperture, Tb, of test section is given by: Tb (Toutlet Tinlet) Tinlet ( 5 - ) where T outlet = outlet temperture, F Tinlet Y inlet temperture, F = distnce of thermocouples downstrem from beginning of the heted section, inch totl length of the heted section, inch Since the outlet temperture is not vilble for test sections nd, simple energy blnce gives: (Q/A)(D/)(7/)T T b /Cp WF Tinlet (5-) where D = outside dimeter of the heted section, inch p = density of cooling wter, lbm/ft C = het cpcity of cooling wter, Btu/lbm - F WF = volumetric flow rte, ft /hr LOCAL SURFACE TEMPERATURE For constnt het flux, bulk temperture nd flow rte, the locl temperture cn be clculted by:

41 FIGURE CROSS SECTION Of TEST SECTION CLEAN AND FOULED CONDITIONS

42 = T w. - (Q/A) (x/k) (5-) where x/k = therml resistnce of tube mteril, ft -hr- o F/Btu T w wll temperture, F nd the subscript i denotes the initil conditions. LOCAL FILM COEFFICIENT The locl het trnsfer film coefficient of the cooling wter hi is clculted by: hi = (Q/A)/(T si - Tb) (5-4) The locl film coefficient is lso relted to the flow velocity s: h. = K. vir (5-5) where v K r = flow velocity ft/hr = proportionlity constnt =.7 if v> 4 ft/sec.9 otherwise nd the subscript i denotes the initil conditions. An verge of the rtio hi/vir of t lest ten dt points t the beginning of ech run gives K vg : Kvg = h/vr (5-6) vg ij ij This verge remins constnt during the run if flow rte nd bulk temperture remin unchnged.

43 FOULING CONDITION CALCULATIONS 4 The locl bulk temperture is clculted by either Eq. (5-) or Eq. (5-). For given velocity, the locl film coefficient is given by: h = K vr vg (5-7) The locl surfce temperture cn then be clculted by: Ts = (Q/A)/h + Tb (5-8) Finlly, the locl fouling resistnce, Rf is clculted by: Rf = (Tw - Ts)/(Q/A) - x/k (5-9) A smple clcultion is outlined in Appendix I. COMPUTER PROGRAMS All of the clcultions were done by computer t the Oregon Stte University Computer Center using the S system. Prcgrms for the clcultion of hi/vir t the beginning of the run nd for plotting the fouling resistnce vs. time were written by Lee8 in Fortrn IV. The results re shown in Appendix J nd the fouling resistnce vs. time plots re given in Appendix K. ERROR ESTIMATION As mentioned previously, clcultion procedures for surfce tempertures nd fouling resistnces used for test

44 5 section re different from those for test sections nd. As result, different equtions for the error estimtion of the fouling resistnces nd surfce tempertures re needed. The clibrtion equtions for power input, flow rte nd temperture cn be found in Appendix B. Error estimtion for test section Differentition of Eq. (5-) yields: dt, u (Y/L) d(t outlet Tinlet) 'i. T outlet Tiniet)dY (T outlet m 'inlet)y dl L dti n_l 'et (5-o) Combining Eq. (5- error of Tb is: ) nd Eq. (5-), the mximum reltive dm T outlet Y dt outlet Y(Toutiet Tinlet) dy Z outlet Z Y Y(Toutlet Z Tinlet) dl (L±Y)T in et dtinlet 77 -r Z where Z (T outlet Tinlet)Y Tinlet L Similrly, from Eq. (5-) nd Eq. (5-4): dt (k/x)tw. dtw s. (Q/A)i d(q/a)i i -T-- Z T si wi. 7 (Q/A)i (Q/A)i d(k/x) ± 77 (k/x) (5-)

45 6 dhi d(q/a)i T s. dt s. T b. dt b. E7 (Q/A)i ± ) T (T (T s. s- T b.. s. s.. - T b.. ) T bi (5-4) where Z = Tw(k/x) - (Q/A)i (5-5) d(q/a)i dq dd di (Q/A)i Q ± D ± (5-6) The reltive errors of Tinlet ' T outlet nd T w cn be clculted by the following equtions: dt.949 dtc (TC + 5.) TC < -. (5-7) dt.8765 dtc TC -. (5-8) 7 (TO + 4.7) where TO = thermocouple output in millivolts From Eq. (5-8): dts (Q/A) d(q/a) (Q/A) dh htb dtb 7; 'Z (Q/A) ± Z 7 ± Tb where Z = (Q/A) + htb (5-9) (5-) Since the bulk temperture, flow velocity nd het flux re reltively constnt during run, d(q/a) (Q/A) d(q/a)i (Q/A)i (5-) dt b.; dt b -r -7-= bi (5-b) dh dhi ( 5-c) 7

46 7 Therefore Eq. (5-9) becomes: dts (Q/A) d(q/a)i (Q/A) dhi htb dtb. (Q/A)i ± Z 77 ± 77 Tb. (5-) Setting pproprite errors to ech mesured vrible, dq = + wtts dd +.5 inch dl = +.5 inch dy = +.5 inch dtc = +.5 millivolts d(k/x) + 5 Btu/ft-hr- F the numericl vlue of the mximum reltive error of the surfce temperture cn be clculted by Eq. (5-). From Eq. (5-9), the mximum reltive error of the fouling resistnce is: drf (k/x)t w dt w (k/x)ts dt, (k/x)(tw-ts) d(q/a)i -R- T Z 4 T s Z 4 (Q/A)i 4 (Q/A) d(k/x) (k/x) 4 where Z4 = (k/x)(tw - Ts) - (Q/A) (5-) (5-4) nd dtw/tw cn be clculted by either Eq. (5-7) or Eq. (5-8). Error estimtion for test sections nd From Eq. (5-), the reltive error of the bulk temperture is:

47 8 dt b. d(q/a)i dd dy dw F T b. Z 5 (Q/A)i + Z 5 D + Z 5 Y + Z 5 W Z 5 W F T i nlet dt inlet ± D Y (Q/A)i -777 (5-5) K4 D Y (Q/A)i where Z 5 = K D Y (Q/A)i + Ti W 4 nlet F (5-6) K4 r 44/ Cp (5-7) dw F wp dwmv..5 -w777. (5-8) nd Wmv flow trnsducer output in millivolts. The equtions for computing the reltive errors of other vribles re identicl to Eqs. (5-) through (5-4). However the reltive error of the power input is: dq dqmv my (5-9) where Qmv = power trnsducer output in millivolts nd dq = +.5 millivolts A smple clcultion for error estimtion is given in Appendix I.

48 9 VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OPERATING CONDITIONS Two sets of runs (-4 nd 47-65) for totl of were conducted. For ll runs the bulk wter temperture ws mintined t 95 + F. RUNS - 4 For the first set of runs (-4) the flow velocity ws mintined constnt t ft/sec (NRe = 6,) except run 9 for which the velocity ws 8.6 ft/sec (NRe 48,). The het flux vried from, to, Btu/hr-ft, resulting in rnge of surfce tempertures from 5 F to 45 F. The operting conditions re summrized in Tbles 4A, 4B nd 4C for test sections, nd respectively. Brzos River Cly ws dded to the system for runs 4-4 to study the effects of suspended solids. The clcium hrdness ws set t 5 ppm s CCO nd it vried + ppm from tht level. Totl hrdness ws reltively constnt t ppm s CCO. The.methylornge lklinity styed firly constnt t + ppm s CCO ' The ph vried little t The silic concentrtion incresed from n verge of 5 ppm s Si innovember 977 to 7 ppm in Jnury 978. Totl solids chnged from n verge of 8 ppm to ppm over the sme period. The ddition of Brzos River Cly chnged the cooling

49 TABLE 4A. FIRST SET OF RUNS: AVERAGE OPERATING CONDITIONS - TEST SECTION Run Velocity (ft/sec) Het flux (Btu/hr/ ft ) Bulk temperqture ('F) Surfce temperture ( F) TCA TCB TCC TCD Heter rod Cu (.) (5) (.88) (.4) (.6) (.) (.9) Cu (.5) (8) (.96) (.4) (.5) (.) (.9) Cu (.8) (9) (.4) (.55) (.57) (.5) (.5) Cu (cly) (.) (7) (.58) (.) (.) (.8) (.9) Notes: Numbers in prenthesis re stndrd devitions SS - stinless steel, Cu - copper plted TCA, TCB, TCC nd TCD represent thermocouples A, B, C nd D respectively

50 TABLE 4B. FIRST SET OF RUNS: AVERAGE OPERATING CONDITIONS - TEST SECTION Run Velocity (ft/sec) Het flux (Btu/hr/ ft ) Bulk temperture ( F) Surfce temperture ( F) TCA TCB TCC TCD Heter rod (.7) (.4) 4 () 5845 (66) (.87) 95. (.78) 4. (.99).6 (.99).9 (.99).9 (.98) 4.5 (.) 4. (.99) 4.6 (.) 4. (.), 69-SS 69-SS 4 (cly) 5.8 (.6) 68 (69) 94.8 (.57) 5.5 (.8) 4.9 (.79) 5. (.8) 5. (.8) 69-SS Notes: Numbers in prenthesis re stndrd devitions SS - stinless steel, Cu - copper plted TCA, TCB,TCC nd TCD represent thermocouples A, B, C ndid respectively

51 TABLE 4C. FIRST SET OF RUNS: AVERAGE OPERATING CONDITIONS - TEST SECTION Run Velocity (ft/sec) Het flux (Btu/hr/ ft ) Bulk tempersture ( F) Surfce Temperture ( F) TCA TCB TCC TCD ' Heter rod Cu (.) (69) (.87) (.89) (.89) (.89) (.89) Cu (.) (8) (.54) (.54) (.54) (.54) (.54) Cu (.9) (445) (.9) (.) (.) (.) (.) Cu (cly) (.) (6) (.7) (.) (.) (.) (.) Notes: Numbers in prenthesis re stndrd devitions SS - stinless steel, Cu - copper plted TCA, TCB, TCC nd TCD represent thermocouples A, B, C nd D respectively

52 4 tower wter qulity-for runs 4-4 minly by incresing the totl hrdness from n verge of ppm s C, to n verge of 5 ppm nd by introducing suspended solids. The increse in totl hrdness ws due to the presence of luminum, iron, potssium, mgnesium nd titnium in the cly. The gol ws to mintin suspended solids concentrtion of 5- ppm, but most of the cly settled out so the concentrtion rnged from -5 ppm. Agittion of the tnk cused dispersion of the cly throughout the system nd plugging of flow meters. A chemicl nlysis of Brzos River Cly is given in Tble 5. The verge cooling tower wter qulity for runs - 4 is listed in Tble 6. RUNS The second set of runs (47-65) hd flow velocities of 4 ft/sec (NRe = 9,), 5.4 ft/sec (NRe = 6,), 8. ft/sec (NRe = 9,) nd. ft/sec (NRe = 5,). The het flux vried from 5, to 7, Btu/hr-ft, resulting in rnge of surfce tempertures from 5 F to 7 F. The operting conditions re summrized in Tbles 7A, 7B nd 7C for test sections, nd respectively. The clcium hrdness ws firly constnt t ppm s CCO. Totl hrdness vried over wider rnge; ppm s CCC. The methyl-ornge lklinity ws reltively constnt t 5 + ppm s CCO. The ph incresed slightly from 8.5 to The silic

53 44 TABLE 5 COMPOSITION OF BRAZOS RIVER CLAY Si (% s SiO ) 57 C (% s C) 5 Al (% s Al ) 4 Fe (% s Fe ) 7 K (% s K) Mg (% s Mg) Ti (% s Ti) CO (% s CO ) not determined

54 TABLE 6. AVERAGE COOLING TOWER WATER QUALITY, RUNS - 4 Run TH (ppm CCO) CH (ppm CCO) m-lklinity (ppm CCO) Cl (ppm NCl) Si (ppm Si) ph TS (ppm) -5 (4.4) 49 (4.6) 5 (.8) 44 (.6) 6 (5.8) 9.5 (.9) 795 (7) (.4) (.5) (.8) (46.6) (.) (.5) (85) (.) (9.8) (8.) (5.7) (9.5) (.5) () (.) (.) (5.5) (7.) (.) (.5) () (8.) (9.) (9.4) (49.6) (.) (.5) (76) (.5) (.) (.5) (65.9) (5.9) (.) (7) (5.7) (9.6) (7.8) (45.) (5.6) (.) (4) Note: () Numbers in prenthesis re stndrd devitions

55 TABLE 7A. SECOND SET OF RUNS: AVERAGE OPERATING CONDITIONS - TEST SECTION Run Velocity (ft/sec) Het flux (Btu/hr/ ) Surfce temperture ( F) Bulk telreqi) TCA TCB TCC TCD ture Heter rod (.5) 467 (7) 94.7 (.9) 7.7 (.67).4 (.9) 5.5 (.5). (.4) 8-Cu (.) 567 (8) 95.8 (.4) 5. (.44) 4. (.45) 5. (.44).4 (.44) 8-Cu (.) 55 (7) 95. (.47).8 (.47) 5. (.47).6 (.47).4 (.47) 8-Cu (.) (79) 95.9 (.75) 5.8 (.76) 4.4 (.77) 6. (.76) 9.9 (.76) 8-Cu 59. (.) 6. (.) 65 (49) 664 (465) 95.5 (.45) 95.9 (.47) 5.4 (.44) 5.7 (.45) 7. (.44) 45.9 (.47) 5.9 (.44) 4.4 (.45).7 (.44).4 (.46) 8-Cu 8-Cu. 64. (.) 68 (44) 95.8 (.4) 7.5 (.47) 4.4 (.47) 9.6 (.47) 9.6 (.45) 8-Cu Notes: Numbers in prenthesis re stndrd devitions SS - stinless steel, Cu - copper plted TCA, TCB, TCC nd TCD represent thermocouples A, B, C nd D respectively

56 TABLE 7B. SECOND SET OF RUNS: AVERAGE OPERATING CONDITIONS - TEST SECTION Run Velocity (ft/sec) Het flux (Btu/hr/ ft ) Bulk temperture ( F). Surfce temperture ( F) TCA TOE TCC TCD Heter rod SS (.) () (.9) (.55) (.5) (.55) (.54) SS (.) (59) (.45) (.57) (.57) (.59) (.6) Cu (.) (56) (.45) (.55) (.5) (.5) (.5) Cu (.) (7). (.67) (.97) (.4) (.) Cu (.) (75) (.45) (.66) (.) (.) Cu (.) (778) (.47) (.58) (.8) (.) Cu (.) (77) (.48) (.7) (.6) (.99) Notes: ( Numbers in prenthesis re stndrd devitions ( SS - stinless steel, Cu - copper plted ( TCA, TCB, TCC nd TCD represent thermocouples A, B, C nd D respectively

57 TABLE 7C. SECOND SET OF RUNS: AVERAGE OPERATING CONDITIONS - TEST SECTION Surfce temperture (F) Het flux Bulk Heter Run Velocity (Btu/h/ tempers- TCA TCB TCC TCD rod (ft/sec) ft tore ( F) ) Cu (.) (7) (.7) (.48) (.48) (.48) (.49) Cu (.) () (.4) (.49) (.49) (.49) (.49) SS (.) (85) (.) (.) SS (.8) (89) (.85) (.49) SS (.) (5) (.46) (.57) Notes: Numbers in prenthesis re stndrd devitions SS - stinless steel, Cu - copper plted TCA, TCB, TCC nd TCD represent thermocouples A, B, C nd D respectively co

58 49 concentrtion ws + s Si. Totl solids were in the rnge of 85 to ppm. The verge cooling tower wter qulity for the second set of runs (47-65) is listed in Tble 8. The monthly verge cooling tower wter qulity nd city wter qulity for the durtion of both sets of runs is given in Appendix E nd Appendix F respectively. The dily cooling tower wter qulity dt nd plots for ech run re given in Appendix H. RESULTS The computer printout of the time dependence of the fouling resistnce nd relted informtion for ech dt point is locted in Appendix J. Plots of the fouling resistnce (ft -hr- o F/Btu) vs. time (hr) re locted in Appendix K. ASYMPTOTIC FOULING RESISTANCES The symptotic fouling resistnces, the verge of the lst five thermocouple loction, re ech of which is clculted vlues for ech tbulted in Tble 9 for runs - 4 nd in Tble for runs When there ws no symptotic fouling resistnce, the lst vlue of the fouling resistnce is listed. CHEMICAL ANAYLSIS OF DEPOSITS Results of the chemicl nlysis of the fouling

59 TABLE 8. AVERAGE COOLING TOWER WATER QUALITY, RUNS Run TH (ppm CCO) CH (ppm CCO) m-lklinity (ppm CCO) Cl (ppm NCl) Si (ppm Si) ph TS (ppm) (94.9) (77.8) (4.) (97.7) (.7) (.5) (64) 5, (5.) (.) (6.) (54.) (7.7) (.5) (88) 5, (9.7) (4.) (9.7) (6.5) (6.) (.5) (4) 5, (48.8) (.6) (8.) (4.5) (46.4) (.6) (99) (9.) (6.9) (.8) (.) (.5) (.) (8) 56, (45.) (.8) (.) (.) (.5) (.) () (8.) (5.4) (.6) (.4) (.) (.8) (67) 6, (.8) (5.) (.) (55.6) (4.8) (.5) (8) (9.) (.) (8.) (46.) (.6) (.5) (6) 64, (9.9) (7.) (4.4) (4.) (7.5) (.5) (89) Note: () Numbers in prenthesis re stndrd devitions

60 TABLE 9. ASYMPTOTIC FOULING RESISTANCES, RUNS Test Section Run R f * x 4 (ft -hr- o F/Btu) TCA TCB TCC TCD ** *** ** *** ** After power filure *** Lst vlue of the fouling resistnce

61 5 TABLE. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF DEPOSITS, RUNS - 4 Run C (% s C) Mg (% s Mg) Si (% s Si) Zn (% s ZnO) -- CO (% s CO ) 6 ND ND ND ND Fe (% s Fe) Cu (% s CuO) S (% s SO) Al (% s A) K (% s K) LOSS t 8 C (%) 4 4 ND ND 8,. ND denotes "not determined"

62 TABLE. ASYMPTOTIC FOULING RESISTANCES, RUNS Test Section Run R f * x 4 (ft -hr- o F/Btu) TCA TCB TCC TCD *** ** ** ** After power filure *** Lst vlue of the fouling resistnce

63 TABLE. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF DEPOSITS, RLNS Run C (% s CO) Mg (% s MgO) Si (% s Si) Zn (% s ZnO) CO, (Ws ) Al (% s A) Fe (% s Fe) Cu (% s CuO) S (% s SO) N (% s N) Cl (% s C) LOSS t,n,o, '-'&' ND ND ND ND ND ND _ ND. ND denotes "not determined"

64 deposits by the Nlco Chemicl Compny re presented in Tble for runs -4 nd Tble for runs CORRELATIONS In generl, the fouling resistnce vs. time plots (see Appendix K) follow curve typicl of cooling tower wter fouling. In some cses, fter n induction period the fouling resistnce would increse t rpid liner rte then level off bruptly. This phenomenon is pprently cused by vritions of 5-% in the clcium hrdness. When symptotes occured, they were resonbly well defined. The HTRI deposition model 5 predicts tht the symptotic fouling resistnce is function of surfce temperture, flow velocity nd wter qulity. When the ltter two vribles re held constnt, the symptotic fouling resistnce is relted to surfce temperture by the eqution: R f * = K exp(-e /R g T s ) (6-) where K = proportionlity constnt A plot of the logrithm of Rf* vs. the reciprocl of Ts should yield stright line with slope of -E/Rg. Story nd Knudsen found tht the bove reltionship is pplicble for the deposition of clcium crbonte. Lee nd Knudsen 9 successfully used Eq. (6-) for the deposition of mgnesium silicte nd mgnesium silicte-clcium crbonte mixtures. This study lso uses Eq. (6-) to

65 56 correlte the symptotic fouling resistnce nd the surfce temperture for runs in which n symptote occured. For the rte of chnge of the fouling resistnce with time the HTRI model, with the removl term neglected, predicts n Arrhenius eqution for constnt flow velocity nd wter chemistry. dr f K exp(-e/rgts) (6-) where K = proportionlity constnt This reltion ws used to correlte the rte of chnge of R f with time nd the surfce temperture. FIRST SET OF RUNS ( - 4) Three distinct fetures re pprent in these runs. () Surfce temperture below 8 F. Very slight fouling (Rf*< -4). () Surfce temperture between 8 F nd 45 F. Significnt fouling with vlues of Rf* n order of mgnitude greter thn in () bove. Not enough runs were mde in this temperture rnge to correlte R * with surfce temperture. f () Surfce temperture bove 45 F. No symptote occured nd high liner fouling rtes were observed. This region is discussed in the sections on "Effect of Wter Qulity Vritions" nd "Rte of Chnge of the Fouling Resistnce."

66 57 CORRELATION Correltion of the fouling resistnces below 8 F (runs, 4, 5, 6 nd the lowest two tempertures of run 4) shown in Fig. 4 gives: R f * = 8.79 x 5 exp( -.6 x 4/T s ) (6-) the correltion coefficient is.86 VELOCITY EFFECT The qulittive effect of velocity on the symptotic fouling resistnce cn be seen by compring runs 9 (8.6 ft/sec, 45 F) nd 8 (5.4 ft/sec, 45 F). For run 9, Rf* is. ft -hr- o F/Btu (pprox.) while for run 8 no symptote ws observed. It would pper tht s flow velocity increses (t constnt surfce temperture) the symptotic fouling resistnce decreses. SUSPENDED SOLIDS Comprison of runs 4 nd, nd 4 nd 6, shows tht the introduction of suspended solids cused significnt increse in the symptotic fouling resistnce (see Fig. 4). At surfce temperture of 5 F Rf* ws times lrger with suspended solids. Compring runs 4 nd 4, it ppers tht the surfce temperture did not hve significnt effect on the symptotic fouling resistnce. The sme cn be sid for run 4 prior to the rpid deposition (see Fig 4) which occured fter stirring ws initited.

67 .,. I t, Velocity. 5.4 ft /sec ROD Cu. ROD 8 Cu A ROD 69 Cu / cly Opp A O. I I I / Ts x R- I.76.8 Figure 4. Log Rf* vs. /Ts Runs -4, 5.4 ft/sec

68 H RUN 4 HEATER ROD WATER VELOCITY (FPS) 5.8 SURFACE TEMP ( F) LOCATION A 5.8. LOCATION LOCATION C 5.4 LOCATION D z - O 4 Stirrer Note: river cly dded L ko TIME (HRS)

69 6 9...XXXX X X Z IC X (7) 5 4 TH (PPM CACO ) + CA H (PPM CACO) X MG H (PPM CACO ;) SE MALX (PPM CACOI) CHLORIDE (PPM) SILICA (PPM) X PH X TS X 4 (PPM) 5/78 /6/78 CIE CIE z * N * A A A CI CI RRNPX X X X X m 5 RUN 4 Figure 4b. Wter Qulity Run 4

70 It ppers tht the deposit (see Tble ) from run 4 contined Brzos River Cly, mgnesium silicte nd 6 clcium crbonte. The deposit from run 4 ppers to contin these sme constituents with much higher proportion of clcium crbonte. This indictes tht the rpid fouling t the end of run 4 ws clcium crbonte. The gittion in the tnk my hve incresed the totl hrdness sufficiently to cuse the rpid deposition of clcium crbonte. The totl hrdness incresed slowly over the durtion of the run (see Fig. 4b). Figure 5 shows the suspended solids concentrtion over the course of the runs. EFFECT OF WATER QUALITY VARIATION Runs 7, 8, 9 nd 4 displyed the phenomenon of rpid liner increse in the fouling resistnce with time. Runs 7 (4 F, 5.4 ft/sec) nd 9 (44 F, 8.6 ft/sec) reched n symptote while runs 8 (44 F, 5.4 ft/sec) nd 4 (55 F, 5.4 ft/sec) did not. By compring the cooling tower wter qulity (see Fig. 6) with the Rf vs. time plot (see Fig. 7) it ppers tht the fouling resistnce reched n symptote when the totl hrdness dropped 5 ppm (67 hours, 8 dys). It ppers tht this shrp drop ws prtilly result of the deposition of clcium crbonte. Over the period (5 dys, hours) of the rpid deposition, the clcium hrdness dropped ppm. At 8 hours (4 dys) the fouling resistnce incresed rpidly nd the totl

71 FIGURE 5: SUSPENDED SOLIDS RUNS 4,9-,4 KEY o indictes fortifiction concentrtion indictes mesured concentrtion Strt Runs i* 4 nd 4 Strt Run 4 Add Solids (I5 C dried powder) Add Solids (mud slurry) Strt intermittent mixing

72 SUSPENDED SOLIDS PLOT RUNS 4,4,4. CO ) X/ NNW -s I I I I I I I I O o o In o In N (Wdd) s pii o s ppucisns Figure 5. Suspended Solids Runs 4, 4, 4 6

73 64 smer= XXMLXX SOO -4 MI ME EXXZExXxxXXXXxxxx7xXxXXxXX 7 SOO A TH (PPM CAC%) + CA /4 (PPM CACO) X MG /4 (PPM CACO) M-ALK (PPM CACO) CHLORIDE (PPM) SILICA (PPM) PH X TS X 4 (PPM) /V77 - //7e O SOO -4. CP Cep west ONEIEIBISIAleielellE cp ASISISIE:4:( 8":4bcC8:8/ Ni *Me% A AAAAAAAAA A AAAAAAAAAA "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AALAt AA AA :. +- f' o.+++ nocpc ce " Elm=CON ORSE XXXX 4 XXX- X xxxxxxxx:(x" 8 lizer 5 ZO RUN 7 Figure 6. Wter Qulity Run 7

74 N...*..... J..'.. -., S.. '. M. P",.. t --78 RUN 7 HEATER ROD 69 WATER VELOCITY (FPS) 5.6 SURFACE TEMP ( F). LOCATION A.9 LOCATION B. POWER LOCATION C 4.4 FAILURE LOCATION D 4.4 Z ti_ &...NNlt f..., wood ';'. to ' _4.. - sto"":".:. i S 6 _I i I N TIME (HRS) (-5.

75 66 hrdness dropped ppm. The sme effect is seen in run 9. After the shutdown period, deposition strts then levels off (54 hours) s the clcium hrdness remins constnt (-4 dys) t 4 ppm s CCO (see Figs. 8 nd 9). An increse in totl hrdness of 6 ppm nd in clcium hrdness of 5 ppm from 7 to 75 hours (9- dys) results in shrp increse in the fouling resistnce cusing shutdown becuse the heter rod reched the high temperture limit of the equipment. The totl nd clcium dropped by nd 5 ppm repectively during the shrp increse. The fouling resistnce in run 8 incresed rpidly fter short induction period cusing termintion of the run. Apprently the surfce temperture ws high enough not to require ny further buildup of the clcium or totl hrdness to initite rpid scling. RATE OF CHANGE OF THE FOULING RESISTANCE The slopes of the fouling resistnce for the periods of rpid liner increse re listed in Tble. Qulittively, there seems to be no significnt temperture effect over the rnge of F. However run 9 (44 F, 8.6 ft/sec) did hve greter slope thn run 8 (44 F, 5.4 ft/sec), so it ppers tht the incresed mss trnsfer coefficient t higher velocities results in more rpid. deposition. This effect ws observed by Hsson nd co-workers.

76 POWER FAILURE RUN 9 HEATER ROD WATER VELOCITY (FPS) 8.67 SURFACE TEMP ( F) LOCATION A 45. LOCATION B 4.5 LOCATION C 44.6 LOCATION D IShut Down A rb mi S I.- Is Mule vg. : TIME (HRS) 4 6

77 68 I I I I SOO xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx SOO 7 6. TH (PPM CACO) CA H (PPM CACs) MC H (PPM CAC) M-ALX (PPM CACO) CHLORIDE (PPM) SILICA (PPM) PH X TS X. (PPM) / OCCP. tet#.4888,:iil e8/. AA AAAAAAAAAAAA AAA AAAAAAAAAA AA crodpc [P ov Elpide AA A AA A A AAA % lm +++ XXxxxxXXXX XXXXxXXXXXXXXXX I I RUN 9 Figure 9. Wter Qulity Run 9

78 TABLE. RATE OF CHANGE OF THE FOULING RESISTANCE, RUNS 7, 8, 9 nd 4 Run Time of Increse (hrs) Velocity (ft/sec) Averge Surfce Temperture dr f x (ft- F/Btu) de ( F) TCA TCB TCC TCD dr f x 4vn4 (Averge) i Note: () TCA, TCB, TCC nd TCD represent thermocouples A, B, C nd D resepectively

79 7 SECOND SET OF RUNS (47-65) The second set of runs is divided up by the vrious flow velocities. RUNS 47-5 (5.4 ft/sec) CORRELATION Correltion of the fouling resistnces for this set of runs gives (see Fig. ): R * = x 8 exp(-.647 x 4/T ) (6-4) f s the correltion coefficient is.99 Run 49 ws omitted becuse of the uncertinity of the true symptote nd run 5 ws omitted becuse of its obvious non-consistncy. EFFECTS OF WATER QUALITY VARIATION Wter qulity effects were prticulrly evident in this set of runs. Runs included the initil concentrting of the system to 4 ppm s CCO clcium hrdness. The scle composition of runs 47 nd 49 were mrkedly different even though they were concurrent (see Tble ). Run 47 hd much higher proportion of silicte thn run 49. The fouling resistnce vs. time plot for run 47 (see Fig. ) shows tht hlf of the scle ws deposited in the first hours (first - dys). This ws when the clcium hrdness ws still building up (see Fig. ). Apprently mgnesium siliicte ws deposited s the system becme

80 7 Velocity -5.4 f t /sec ROD Cu O ROD 8 Cu ZS ROD 69Cu / Ts x R"'.76.8 Figure. Log R f * vs. /T s Second Set of Runs, 5.4 ft/sec

81 RUN 47 HEATER ROD 8 WATER VELOCITY (FPS) 5.7 SURFACE TEMP ( F) LOCATION A 7.7. LOCATION B.4 LOCATION C 5.5. LOCATION. 8- CD z 6 I-+ J 4- f u.. -.;:...-:.;;;. -grim" : :...k....er : :...ussmoudsologis si.4; 5-7-ii TIME (HRS) 4 6 -RI

82 7 9 - =XXX XXXIXXXXXX go XXx XXXXXXXX XMIX X X mm g M X mm m CCP C) CP CP CO CtD CS:5) O TH (PPM CACO) + CA H (PPM CACO) X MG H (PPM CACO) M-ALX (PPM CACO)r' CHLORIDE (PPM) SILICA (PPM) X PH X TS (PPM) A / A 9/A8 7-5/7/78 A A A A A it A A A A A A AA A A + 4 A AA CA A # =... mmintlem go + M Al m * iiiii WITMMI9eflegestE65/i9 op um - * XXxXXXX * XxXX XX XX XXXXX x XXXXXX x XX X XXX 9Rxxxl I I I I RUNS 47, 48, 49 Figure. Wter Qulity Runs 47, 48, 49 I I

83 concentrted, then clcium crbonte deposited on top of 74 tht once clcium hrdness of 4 ppm s CCO chieved. ws The "stircse" effect in the fouling resistnce vs. time plot for run 49 (see Fig. ) cn be explined by exmining the wter qulity plot for tht run (see Fig. ). There is n up nd down movement of the clcium hrdness once the system reched its 4 ppm vlue. Agin, this ppers to be cused by deposition of clcium crbonte on the heted surfce. The periods of constnt fouling resistnce correspond to dips in clcium hrdness. Once the hrdness to higher level deposition re-occurs, cusing nother dip. Run 5 (see Fig. 4) lso demonstrtes this phenomenon. An induction period is followed by steep increse in the fouling resistnce t bout 9 hours (8 dys). This cuses decline in clcium hrdness (see Fig. 5) which in turn cuses leveling off of Rf. As soon s the clcium hrdness recovers (9 hours, dys) deposition continues t rpid rte. The clcium hrdness declines, Rf becomes constnt nd the run is terminted. Run 5 (see Fig. 6) is nother good exmple of the bove phenomenon. The induction period extends until bout 5 hours (4 dys) when the fouling resistnce increses rpidly. This increse corresponds to the high point in the clcium hrdness for the run (see Fig: 7). The clcium hrdness declines fter 4 hours (7 dys) nd Rf

84 c+ CD w I. falisimilli liuubmlilui HUHN' lull' 5--7 RUN 9 HEATER ROD WATER VELOCITY (FPS) 5.9 iiiusn SURFACE TEMP ( F) A... LOCATION A 44.. LOCATION B 45. LOCATION C 45.. LOCATION D BOO TIME (HRS).n

85 N. **** ig... %ism's iiiille 4 - RUN HEATER ROD WATER VELOCITY (FPS) SURFACE TEMP ( F). LOCATION. LOCATION LOCATION. LOCATION A C 7. D TIME (HRS) Figure 4. RI vs. time Run 5

86 77 xp SOO -*IEZZIMEZZZZIZZXXXXX Boo O A TH (PPM CAC%) + CA H (PPM CAC%) X MG H (PPM CAC) MALX (PPM CACO) CHLORIDE (PPM) 7 SILICA (PPM) Z PH X TS X. (PPM) 6 CO%5/7/78 6/4/78 AAA A 5 is-- AA A AAAAAAA AAA zoo -.-- lmn tcm ge mens xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx Figure 5. RUN 5 Wter Qulity Run

87 78 I- CC 7 o 5( ct 4..7 c 6 (I) RUN 5 HEATER ROO WATER VELOCITY (FPS) 5.8 SURFACE TEMP ( F) LOCATION A LOCATION LOCATION C LOCATION 58. cc 4-4 o - - Of ill eslsl. u.... Wl" 4. 4 TIME (HRS) I Figure 6. Rf vs. time Run 5

88 goo I I I I ;ICZXXICZ IZZ7EZZIZIEWJE 79 me* A A A A 5 A--A A t A A A A A A A A A A P A..=... A TH (PPM CACO) + CA H (PPM CAC%) X MG H (PPM CACO) NI M-ALX (PPM CACO) CHLORIDE (PPM) SILICA (PPM) X PH X TS X 4 (PPM) 5/6/78-6/4/78 g... X nil NI N NI RI go mn XXXXX XXXXX )( X II II li II ii X X X X X X X 5 Figure 7. Wter Qulity Runs 5, 5 RUNS 5, 5

89 8 reches n symptote. RATE OF CHANGE OF THE FOULING RESISTANCE The rte of increse of the fouling resistnce with time for runs 49, 5 nd 5 re listed in Tble 4. Although little dt re vilble, the rtes were consistent with Eq. (6-): dr.r. = 9.49 x 4 exp(-.89 x 4/Ts) (6-5) the correltion coefficient is.9 The ctivtion energy in Eq. (6-5) is in the sme rnge s those found by correlting the symptotic fouling resistnce nd the surfce temperture (see Eqs. (6-), (6-4) nd (6-6)). This lends dditionl substntition to the HTRI model from which Eqs. (6-) nd (6-) re derived. RUNS 5-57 (8. ft/sec) For this set of runs there ws virtully no fouling up to surfcb temperture of 4 F. Run 57 (47 F) ended with high fouling resistnce (. x - hr- ft_o F/Btu) nd run 55 (6 F) ws non-symptotic. The dt re plotted in Figure 8. No ttempt ws mde to correlte the dt with Eq. (6-). VELOCITY EFFECTS Contrry to preliminry expecttions, run 57 (47 F, 8. ft/sec) hd n Rf* vlue twice tht of run 49 (45 F,

90 TABLE 4. RATE OF CHANGE OF THE FOULING RESISTANCE, RUNS 49, 5 nd 5 Run Time of Increse (hrs) Velocity (ft/sec) Averge Surfce Tempsrture ( F) dr f x 4 (ft - F/Btu) de TCA TCB TCC TCD dr f x de (Averge), ' Note: () TCA, TCB, TCC nd TCD represent thermocouples A, B, C nd D respectively

91 8.. = CM 4. M I... V. X,.. CC /Ts x R-I.76.8 Figure 8. Log Rf* vs. /Ts Second Set of Runs, 8. ft/sec

92 8 5.4 ft/sec). This cn be explined by noting tht verge totl hrdness of the cooling tower wter ws 5 ppm (s CCO ) higher in run 57 thn in run 49, becuse run 49 included the initil concentrtion of the system. Also the surfce temperture for run 5 ws slightly higher thn for run 49. EFFECTS CF WATER QUALITY VARIATION The effect of wter qulity on run 57 (see Fig. 9) is similir to tht noted for runs 47, 49, 5 nd 5. The level res of the Rf vs. time plot correspond to low points or shrp drops in clcium hrdness (see Fig. ). The increses in Rf mtch the increses in clcium hrdness t 5 hours ( dys) nd 6 hours (5 dys). RATE OF CHANGE OF THE FOULING RESISTANCE The rte of chnge of the fouling resistnce for run 57 re shown in Tble 5. TABLE 5 Thermocouple Surfce dr loction Temperture ( g f x F) 4n4 (ft- F/Btu) A B 5.7. D 5.4 C. The dt do not cover lrge enough rnge of surfce tempertures to be correlted with Eq. (6-).

93 RUN 57 HEATER ROO WATER VELOCITY (FPS) 8. SURFACE TEMP ( F). LOCATION A 45.. LOCATION ;. LOCATION C. LOCATION Immo mosimo TIME CHRS) Figure 9. Rf vs. time Run 57

94 85. I 9 xx..xxxy Z == ZX 8 el- CO 7 6 see A A CO O 9:P ee 5 A A A A A A + AAAAA A AA MMOCI OMMD X 8888N lglglituress lsilingbw x x C 8.4 X) XX A TH (PPM CACO,) + CA H (PPM CAC) X MC H (PPM CACOO M-ALK (PPM CACO)) CHLORIDE (PPM) SILICA (PPM) PH X TS X. (PPM) 8//78-8//78 I I I I I I I 5 RUNS 56, 57 Figure. Wter Qulity Runs 56,

95 86 RUNS 59, 6, 6, 6 nd 64 (. ft/sec) As with runs -4 (5 ppm CH, 5.4 ft/sec) there ws no fouling up to surfce temperture of 8 F. From F to 45 F the fouling incresed, with some scttering of the dt. Above 45 F the fouling ws nonsymptotic. The dt re plotted in Figure. Correltion of the dt between F nd 45 F ccording to Eq. (6-) ws not possible. EFFECTS OF WATER QUALITY VARIATION Wter qulity effects were gin evident. Run 6 (4 F) is good exmple. The induction period (see Fig. ) lsted bout hours ( dys). The clcium hrdness incresed (see Fig. ) nd deposition occured. When the clcium hrdness leveled off t 5-4 hours (-7 dys) the fouling resistnce becme constnt. As the clcium hrdness incresed the fouling resistnce lso rose until drop of ppm in CH t 55 hours ( dys). Run 6 (49 F) hs two slightly level spots (4- nd 5-4 hours) in the Rf vs. time plot (see Fig. 4). These correspond to the two level spots (- nd 4-7 dys) in the clcium hrdness (see Fig. 5). When the CH increses fter the level spots, Rf continues to increse. RATE OF CHANGE OF THE FOULING RESISTANCE The rte of chnge of the fouling resistnce with

96 87.. Velocity-. ft/sec ROD 8 Cu O O O O No below 8 F /Ts. R.'.76.8 Figure. Log Rf* vs. /Ts Second Set of Runs. ft/sec

97 r I RUN 6 HEATER ROD 8 WATER VELOCITY (FPS). SURFACE TEMP ( F). LOCATION A 5.7. LOCATION El 45.9 LOCATION C 4.4. LOCATION D.4 4 -"-" o ":::::::::::::"..:::::7::4:littg...--' -." ":::::::::::::::::::: ON Z.;.::;;;;..."."' NM./ I I l I i I I. r I I 4 5 TIME (HRS) 6 7 co 8 co

98 89 :=:7.:"ZZIXZWIZZXXX 7 SOO coo.4is CO O o c'dpo A AAA AA A A A AAA iutiaaaa A AA AA AA A TH CPPM CAC) CA H (PPM CAC%) MO H (PPM CAC) M-ALX CPPM CAC) CHLORIDE (PPM) SILICA (PPM) PH X TS X. CPPM) //79 - /7/79 zoo "xxxxx)(xxxx [ 5 xxxxx Wter Figure. RUNS 6, 6 Qulity Runs 6, 6

99 r RUN 6 HEATEP ROD WATER VELOCITY (FPS).6 SURFACE TEMP ( F) LOCATION A 4.9 LOCATION 49.. LOCATION C 55. LOCATION D T I I I _ L TIME (MRS)

100 9 Z X X X X X X Z X X X Z I X It 8 = 6 -- sop. 6 o o o o A A A A A A AAA 4. A A A A A A A A A A + + A I + A TH CPPM CACO ) CA H CPPM CACO s) MG H CPPM CAC) MALX CPPM CACO ) CHLORIDE CPPM) =uk (PPM) PH X, TS X 4 CPPM) //78 ii//78 loo::: EIMNg MI X X X X X X X X X X X X X x x X X X X S RUN 6 Figure 5. Wter Qulity Run 6

101 9 time for run 6 for ech liner prt of the Rf vs. time curve is given in Tble 6. There is insufficient dt to correlte with Eq. (6-). VELOCITY EFFECTS Runs 6 (49 F,. ft/sec) nd 5 (55 F, 5.4 ft/sec) show n pprently inconsistent trend. Run 6 is nonsymptotic while run 5 hs well estblished symptote. The wter qulity of the two runs differs in tht the verge ph ws 8.5 for run 5 nd 8.85 for run 6, nd the totl hrdness of run 5 verged 8 ppm (s CCO) greter thn tht in run 6. This is opposite to the result seen in the comprison of runs 57 (47 F, 8. ft/sec) nd 49 (45 F, 5.4 ft/sec). In the ltter cse, run 57 with the higher totl hrdness hd higher symptotic fouling resistnce. A possible explntion is tht the ph ws higher for run 6 (ph = 8.85) thn for run 5 (ph = 8.5). Clcultion of the Lngelier Sturtion Index (LSI) for the two runs shows tht run 6 (LSI =.85) hd higher vlue of LSI thn run 5 (LSI =.56) nd thus greter tendency to deposit clcium crbonte. The difference in the two vlues of LSI is essentilly due to the difference in ph. So run 6 ws pprently nonsymptotic becuse there ws greter degree of supersturtion of the cooling tower wter thn in run 5.

102 TABLE 6. RATE OF CHANGE OF THE FOULING RESISTANCE, RUN 6 Run Time of Increse (hrs) Velocity (ft/sec) Averge Surfce Tempsrture ( F) dr f g x iu 4 ^4 (ft- F/Btu) TCA TCB TCC TCD dr f de x 4 (Averge) Note: () TCA, TCB, TCC nd TCD represent thermocouples A, B, C nd D respectively

103 94 RUNS 58, 6 nd 65 ( - 4 ft/sec) These runs showed tht t velocities of 4 ft/sec there is significnt fouling (R f * > -4 hr- ft - F /Btu) even t surfce temperture of 5 F. At higher velocities (bove 5.4 ft/sec) there ws no significnt fouling until the surfce temperture reched t lest F. CORRELATICN In generl, these runs t -4 ft/sec developed higher symptotic fouling resistnces thn those t higher velocities nd similir surfce tempertures. Correltion ccording to Eq. (6-) gives (see Fig. 6): Re =.48 x 4 exp(-.4 x 4/Ts) (6-6) the correltion coefficient is.95 EFFECTS OF WATER QUALITY VARIATION Deposition begn for run 6 (8 F) (see Fig. 7) t hours ( dys) in response to n increse in clcium hrdness of ppm (see Fig. 8). At 55 hours ( dys) the clcium hrdness dropped ppm nd the fouling resistnce reched n symptote. RATE OF CHANGE OF THE FOULING RESISTANCE The rte of chnge of the fouling resistnce for run 65 is given in Tble 7. The dt do not cover lrge enough rnge of surfce tempertures to be correlted.

104 . 95 Velocity. -4 ft /sec ROD Cu ROD 68 SS ENO.- Nom mk =Me I / Ts x R- ( Figure 6. Log Rf* vs. /Ts Second Set of Runs -4 ft/sec

105 4 H CD cl- CD O'N 8 RUN HEATER ROD WATER VELOCITY (FPS) SURFACE TEMP ( F) LOCATION A. LOCATION 8 LOCATION C LOCATION D TIME (MRS) rn

106 E9 stid SP-Trent) TeP-eM E 9.nT Z9 9 SW6 OS Sir OS SE OS SZ CZ ST OT D, - SL/LZITT SL/CE/OT (Ndd) TI X SI OOT X Hd (4d) VOI-ErS (Kidd) :HO CC V Nd»rls,-H NOVO Noid) H 4 (: tidd) H / (toovo Kid) HI OE x OOT Z E V I, P v vv ++ vvv vv v v v vv V VVVV V V V VV V V V ots v V CO 4=.=.! 4 8 Z:ZZXZZIXICCXXX= oos I I L6

107 98 Thermoccuple TABLE 7 Surfce dr f loction Temperture ( F) TT- x '' (ft- F/Btu) A B C EFFECT OF VELOCITY ON THE ASYMPTOTIC FOULING RESISTANCE Although there ws some scttering of the dt, in generl the fouling resistnce decresed s flow velocity incresed t constnt surfce temperture. This is qulittive result nd dditionl investigtion is necessry to quntittively determine the effect of velocity. EFFECT OF VELOCITY ON THE RATE OF CHANGE OF THE FOULING RESISTANCE The only dt with similir surfce temperture (5 F) nd rnge of velocities were runs 49 nd 5 (5.4 ft/sec), 57 (8. ft/sec), 6 (. ft/sec) nd 65 (. ft/sec). The dt showed no significnt trend with respect to velocity nd dditionl investigtion is necessry. EFFECT OF SURFACE CONDITIONS Both stinless steel nd copper plted heter rods were used. It ppers tht the tube mteril hs no significnt effect on the symptotic fouling resistnce or the fouling rte.

108 99 VII. CONCLUSION Within the rnge of operting conditions of this study, it is concluded tht:. Within certin. rnges of surfce temperture (Ts) nd velocity, the deposition of clcium crbonte cn be correlted with n Arrhenius-type eqution such s Eq. (6-). Runs - 4 (5 ppm clcium hrdness, 5.4 ft/sec) () Surfce temperture below 8 F. Slight fouling. (Rf* < -4 hr- ft - F /Btu): Rf* = 8.79 x 5 exp(-.6 x 4/T ) (7-) s () Surfce temperture between 8 F nd 45 F. Significnt fouling with vlues of Rf* n order of mgnitude greter thn in () bove. The ws insufficient dt to correlte R * f with surfce temperture. () Surfce temperture bove 45 F. No symptote occured nd high liner fouling rtes were observed. Runs (4 ppm clcium-hrdness) () Flow velocities of -4 ft/sec. Significnt fouling (Rf* >-4 hr-ft- F/Btu) even t surfce temperture of 5 F. R f * =.48 x 4 exp(-.4 x 4/T s ) (7-)

109 () Flow velocity of 5.4 ft/sec. Correltion of the fouling resistnces for this set of runs gives: Rf* = x 8 exp(-.647 x 4/Ts) (7-) () Flow velocitiy of 8. ft/sec. Virtully no fouling up to surfce temperture of 4 F. In the rnge of surfce temperture from 4 F to bout 6 F there ws significnt fouling. Above 6 F the fouling ws non-symptotic. (4) Flow velocity of. ft/sec. Virtully no fouling up to surfce temperture of 8 F. From F to 45 F the fouling incresed, with some scttering of the dt. Above 45 F the fouling ws non-symptotic. II. Vritions in the clcium hrdness of 5-% hve significnt effect on the psuedosymptotic behvior of the fouling resistnce s function of time. III. High liner fouling rtes were correlted with Eq. (6-) for flow velocity of 5.4 ft/sec nd surfce tempertures from 45 F to 7 F. dr f 7g- = 9.49 x 4 exp(-.89 x 4/Ts) (7-4) The similrity in the ctivtion energy in Eq. (7-4) with those in Eqs. (7-), (7-) nd (7-) would pper to substntite the model used to

110 correlte the dt. IV. Brzos River Cly present s suspended solids t concentrtion of -5 ppm significntly incresed the fouling resistnce. At surfce temperture of 5 F the symptotic fouling resistnce ws fctor of greter with suspended solids present thn when no suspended solids were present. V. Not enough dt were tken to correlte the symptotic fouling resistce with velocity. In generl though, t constnt surfce temperture the symptotic fouling resistnce decresed s flow velocity incresed. VI. The tube mteril ppered to hve no significnt effect on the symptotic fouling resistnce or the fouling rte.

111 VIII. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH It is suggested tht the effect of chnges in wter qulity should be studied in more detil. In order to obtin better understnding of the effects of wter qulity on the symptotic fouling resistnce, wter qulity nd fouling dt should be obtined simultneously. This could be ccomplished using n utomtic wter smpling device which could hold smples for lter nylsis. For btch fouling test pprtus similir to tht used by Hsson, two tnks of mke-up wter could be prepred. Initilly the system would be fed wter with known qulity from the first tnk. At some point, the second tnk would be substituted, llowing step chnge in the wter qulity. This btch system would pper to provide the most dependble results on the effect of wter qulity.

112 BIBLIOGRAPHY. Americn Public Helth Assocition, The Americn Wterworks Assocition nd The Wter Pollution Control Federtion. Stndrd Methods for the Exmintion of Wter nd Wstewter, th Edition. Boyd Printing Compny, Albny, New York (97).. Hsson, D., Avriel, M., Resnick, W., Rozenmn, T. nd Windriech, S. "Mechnism of Clcium Crbonte Scle Deposition on Het Trnsfer Surfces." Industril nd Engineering Chemistry Fundmentls, 7, (968).. Kern, D.Q., Seton, R.E. "A Theoreticl Anlysis of Therml Surfce Fouling." Poristish Chemicl Engineering, 4, 58-6 (959). 4. Kern, D.Q., Seton, R.E. "Surfce Fouling -- How to Clculte Limits." Chemicl Engineering Progress, 55(6), 7-7 (June 959). 5. Knudsen, J.G., Story, M. "The Effect of Het Trnsfer Surfce Temperture on the Scling Behvior of Simulted Cooling Tower Wter." AIChE Symposium Series, 74(74), 57-6, Lnglier, W.F. "Chemicl Equilibri in Wter Tretment." Journl of the Americn Wter Works Assocition, 8, 5-5 (96). 7. Lrson, T.E., Buswell, A.M. "Clcium Crbonte Sturtion Index nd Alklinity Interprettions." Journl of the Americn Wter Works Assocition, 4, (94). 8. Lee, S.H. "Deposition Chrteristics of Mgnesium Silicte nd Clcium Crbonte in Cooling Tower Wter." M.S. Thesis, Oregon Stte University (979). 9. Lee, S.H., Knudsen, J.G. "Scling Chrcteristics of Cooling Tower Wter." ASHRAE Trnsctions, 85(), Morse, R.W. "Alklinity Effects on the Scling of Simulted Cooling Tower Wter." M.S. Thesis, Oregon Stte University (975).. Reitzer, B.J. "Rte of Scle Formtion in Tubulr Het Exchngers." Industril nd Engineering Chemistry Process Design nd Development, (4), (964).

113 4. Ryznr, J.W. "A New Index for Determining the Amount of Clcium Crbonte Scle Formed by Wter." Journl of the Americn Wter Works Assocition, 6, (944).. Story, M.K. "Surfce Temperture Effects on Fouling Chrcteristics of Cooling Tower Wter." M.S. Thesis, Oregon Stte University (975). 4. Suitor, J.W., Mrger, W.J., Ritter, R.B. "The History nd Sttus of Reserch in Fouling of Exchngers in Cooling Wter Service." Presented t the 6th Ntionl Het Trnsfer Conference (August 976). 5. Tborek, J., Aoki, T., Ritter, R.B., Plen, J.W. nd Knudsen, J.G. "Fouling -- the Mjor Unresolved Problem in Het Trnsfer." Chemicl Engineering Progress, 68, (Jnury, 97) nd 68, (July, 97). 6. Wtkinson, A.P., Epstein, N. "Prticulte Fouling of Sensible Het Exchngers." Prcc. of the Fourth Interntionl Het Trnsfer Conference, Vol., Pris (97). 7. Wtkinson, A.P., Mrtinez,. "Scling of Het Exchngers by Clcium Crbonte." ASME Journl of Het Trnsfer, 97, (975). 8. Wilson, E.E. Trnsctions ASME, 7, 47 (95).

114 APPENDI CI ES

115 5 APPENDIX A NOMENCLATURE Symbol Definition Unit A Are of the heted section ft Bd Blowdown rte gph C Concentrtion lbmole/ft,z Cb, Cb' Bulk foulnt concentrtions lbmoleftd, lbm/ft' C p Het cpcity of wter Btu/lbm- F C C ' s' s Concentrtions of foulnt t lbmole 4ft, the surfce of fouling deposit lbm/ft' Cy CH Cycles of concentrtion Clcium hrdness ppm CCO Cl dr /d8 f D E Ev f h Chloride Rte of chnge of fouling resistnce Inside dimeter of glss tube, Outside dimeter of heter rod Activtion energy Evportion rte Friction fctor Convective het trnsfer coefficient Mss flux ppm NC ft- F/Btu inch inch Btu/lbmole gpm Btu/ft-hr- P lbm/hr k m Convective mss trnsfer coefficient ft/hr K,K Proportionlity constnts units vry L Length of heted section of heter rod inch

116 6 Symbol m,n,p,q,r m-lklinity MgH P d p-lklinity ph phs Q Q/A Qmv R R f R * f Rg S Si T TC TH TS U V W F W' Definition Empiricl constnts Methyl ornge lklinity Mgnesium hrdness Probbility function Phenophthlein lklinity Acidity ph of wter sturted with clcium crbonte Het duty Het flux Power trnsducer millivolt output Het trnsfer resistnce Fouling resistnce Asymptotic fouling resistnce Gs constnt Sticking probbility Silic concentrtion Temperture Thermocouple output Totl hrdness Totl solids Overll het trnsfer coefficient Flow velocity Volumetric flow rte Mss flow rte Unit ppm CCO ppm CCO ppm CCO Btu/hr Btu/ft-hr millivolt ft-hr- F/Btu ft -hr - F /Btu ft -hr - F /Btu Btu/lbmole- R ppm SiO of millivolt ppm CCO ppm Btu/ft-hr ft/hr ft /hr lbm/hr

117 7 Symbol Definition Unit x/k Therml resistnce of tube wll ft-hr- F/Btu X E Entrnce length of test section inch Y Length defined in Fig. inch Z...Z5 Vribles defined in Eqs. (5-), (5-5), (5-), (5-4) nd (5-6) respectively units vry Time Rte of deposition of foulnt Rte of removl of foulnt Sher stress Deposit strength fctor Wter chrcteriztion fctor Density of wter hr ft- F/Btu ft - F /Btu lbf/ft lbf/ft lbm/ft

118 8 Subscript vg b f Definition Averge vlue Bulk conditions Fouled conditions Initil conditions in inlet o outlet s w Inside of tube Inlet of test section Outside of tube Outlet of test section Fouling deposit surfce Tube wll Abbrevition AVG CPVC Cu HTRI LSI PFRU PVC SS SIGMA STI TCA,TCB, TCC,TCD Mening Averge vlue Chlorinted Polyvinyl Chloride Copper plted heter rod Het Trnsfer Reserch Inc. Lngelier Sturtion Index Portble Fouling Reserch Unit Polyvinyl Chloride Stinless steel heter rod Stndrd Devition Ryznr Stbility Index Thermocouple loctions A, B, C, D respectively

119 9 APPENDIX B CALIBRATION EQUATIONS Test Sections nd Wtt meter trnsducer Q= x Qmv where Q = power input in wtts Qmv = wtt meter trnsducer output in millivolts Rotmeters WF =.96 x Flow where WF = volumetric flow rte of wter, gpm Flow = % of mximum flow Chromel-constntn thermocouple (type E) - reference temperture 5 F T =.58 (TO + 5.) *949 TC <:-. T = 8.59 (TC + 4.7).8765 TO -. where T = temperture in F TC = thermocouple output in millivolts Test Section Wtt meter trnsducer -- sme s test sections nd Rotmeter WF =.6 x Flow Chromel-constntn thermocouple (type E) -- sme s test sections nd

120 APPENDIX C RAW DATA FOR ALL RUNS Nomenclture TIN = inlet temperture (millivolts) TOUT = outlet temperture (millivolts) TWA, B, C, D = wll temperture t loction A, B, C nd D HEAT = power input (millivolts for test sections nd, wtts for test section ) FLOW = flowrte (% mximum flow) DAY = dys elpsed TIME = 4 - hr clock Note: denotes no dt

121 4AW ATA-4A,UN OAY TIME; TIN TOUT TWA TA TWC run 4AAT SLOW ( L ( ? ( I C ' ( C , ( ( / ( ( ( / S C.54.6 S C ( : A in tc i,* ? ( t t ( E ( ? C -( EC ' -.6 -( ( ( ze E * ( ( t IAA. 65 t : I5A /. 55 / ' E ti- /. 8. / IAA......J.n :5 st.inn /SA ;.., '.' I--.." '.A ' 5. S.I t t65..6i. ( ( = i ;:F 65. E ? ? ' L i A ! ? : (.57 -( Il ;l: 65. tli../ /

122 4C UN 4 A7 o n it LE / 8 li rims Try C / ! C J ( e ( ( ( /C (.9e 97 -( E TUT 7AA rw ( ,5 I C : "...5 -t F,: -t ( ( ' ! n -.6t t.etn -..6( n t.6, i , n..54..( ( , ; t.5;.5 /.5.) -.5.q C G C rwc ": 4q (.66 7f.! " 4.6, :Ii.V,.6" , ( rwn ( ( 'n -.6..t.T (.7t ' ' ,( " :i.t FLw ( ) (.7:l 4-.4.' *'4. t.i...; ) 5. t... 4? ,.4 56: ,,,5, i5. / ) ; '...,:i " 5/..' i".=4 5.4., ,., ' '.6' i.i;:i...m.'5 57.:.'Z'6 5?. J..ii.7..9,;; T, ' "...;; gli:5;

123 iaw DITA--; :N 5 or, Ttms tin Tout 744 w T TWO 4E, glow n t t t.e 6 le C ? ? tzs / n t.s e n e n n E n n -t.oin n t.nel I E -.,!5) -. -.C C n -.4C C t. -t.oic t.lun , e ( n ( ?C t. -..ti C t ? : C t.44 -.n...l.:ao 'C t n I -.7C C C n -..9e -t.e o ? I C t.oln I.n -tolsc C C I4) C :....5n '.. y n ?: , ,6'.').6.? n ? ? il 5.l ,.9e n.7 5.: 5? : 5.n T., 5. 5/ '

124 4 RAW DATA-...RUN 48 OAT TIME TIN TOUT TWA TWO TWC TWO S ::;S /6..9/ WA :: C.97 SB =I: * : ' II =I:SSS It ;4 ::4 ft IN :48 5 / ii :t TN is ;.9 i q C f C C o -o.lso o.9so C / t te -4.6e o so C.94 " C In so t ? ( , n -.9t q -.59( :pis o : T54 Tin -" C.8..7Q HEAT FLOW t:i; ?.u qz L ? S "P. Si.4., /.5 U f / L n E 4.7, ; /./.8 5.

125 so ii8 ;I: C /5 i; 84C UV) li: C kw4 5. ZS 95C :; =: : 4.5 5:8! C ( C e 54.zoo Z6 4. / Z V,

126 ,L - -5'J 7 6 n I o n c? '. 4 i... 5 g 7 : 4 Q 9 to to it 7 " E ! 9 t9 Z?? i e n n T:4 i ttst.q.95 E t7t -t.5.7n /5..., * * A n -t C ::F;; te q ::!9;. C.i7 't5.' t " -.94T -.9.9,5 lets t, ts ' C.94 it c =T c t.9e tati -.9 t! -t.4 5e g 4.94 %I4C 4Z E C * t ,: / -' C.. -c ,C 4 d - - -c -...? o -n n d I n - - -C C. i - -C t -.. -q C o t'.g 4.4 g 7A / 5 -. n -. log n i tin -.n -. gn : t 7 -. in -n.ttn ; -'. n f, n lin / /...n n 4..9 I / 7.' I F.4 t vnn -n.-i " ill lig., o ion iv) n ! 6 7'49.otn.,n.'5. n.c.5.tin.5n c.9 ' , F..7g, t 4 - i 74r: G " Oil -, I 9 -n in c , t n.7 4C q A ' E , t E5/ 9 // " tiz : 9 5' '94 5 ' :7 5 5 ter ' E 6,7 6 7t,7 7f, :C n tr, ' 7 59 r/r " n; / 5 5 5?t" ) 4C ; iag C n.'7".4C; n ,.7" T.57. 5t, 5n.ti f 5-' 7" 5.)" c' ' l ; 4..: L.n7 5.C ; S in, A ,i.5r 47 5.:.5 ^5." ' i ' 5.: 57.

127 7 Rw DATA -own 8 Osr TINE-- ITN 7 Tw swe 45_, I4 -( s ( (.9 I _ L ( is L t _-.97 -( ii _! ( (.956 -( / L V L C S ' TWC TWO wer mow 99-9i t , i (no COI i9 ois (.8..8.o M );,%--.7J 67 74E TEN 'CUT?.4C I 5 5 I /5.t5 / n (45? 9?TO 4 7. = // F A A,P I :5 i 4 9 '^..;44 7 '5 It.7. It 5 9..f ' i ' S -, /.5 -, t -. - I sic , ' n ( Ign on :5 4 JI 4 inn ?I 5 47 S I ' - - ((6 " - -' I 4; - 5 -I /C ' on - c -5-5 C ' - 7 -I -n 7 I S lic - 5 (Sc 7 " 5 - St - 9 -I 5 n lin 5 5 = = 6 5 9?I s.n '4 5 65? F i. - itn 4 t ' C 7E C - 57 T Ilr 5 ' = 9 = i;4 ; i On or. T7 n 5 55 S77,r 5 9..r!ei lir T7i,p " /7 A..) iin ;' :; i. :i;^.=..;. 7 " 4.7; ii7.7i -.'7, 7."^.7,7..;.7, E.7' f,z,.7,. 5.'

128 ,.,,...n.pia 8 AW nata...u/. 4 DAY U i] A 4 7 I 7 ' s g , 9. = i In t tz 7 ' 4 4 TWE TN ' lut L = lt '' L. 6 I -.6: '... 4.:.C , -4.7,.4..7 t t.cial _e-.. -i.6..' m m! il :I:U 5 4 -t.4 / i.= :i.:i tit. -t.64 / n " s, ) TOUT TWA 7. TWO TWO EC ,7 -c.l'..."c.5 -c.67c g E C.7 7 -C.'?'...q( C C C i......a.rc C d.dec -e C.7CC ] ,c C n..e.li -%d,( i- ' '.C C CC - -.4c, -4.7.: -C ", ^ -C.. -C.:4C -..5" -A.55C i -..'..r.cc r -.4A.7, J.4) -.EC...55" C.4C -.5 A.75^ -.E...7C -..55G 7..5C - -..A EA 5-6.4r: -.7.o -...pi -5.67!; ; -floo., -(.( ; i A'5 -.= " J.' A (.55..c -.C.:5_A..5.4( : -U. "^.....$. -.65' c.r. 7".i:.7C A...,.m.'..c.c7...n.p.c. jeiv! -Litt ' -.A C...95.A.5 c.9r...7,..44 q.;ir.6.,,,...(..j.=7,..,.,; ' -..C...C : -.C.4..C.455 ::::i) :i:fv- =:: =re.:, 5 -".45 -,.i -.4', -.. r, ,!.CC -C.4 -:..f: i -.;, ,.,,?c Cr.46A.A , ;5.67, -A.6,.C C " -7.C4C -.C.5"...64C.77.5A A.4C 7.4A -.6 =..rj =.M :.i.., ::; n...,..c...46) -.stc : -.".4. C.47 -'.: -4.7.tic A.tg :, -5...: ;.-7 ; -m.:7-.c7( d..7,' -. C ".6 -.4'.C5C C.Ail...5" A s=i...77.c7c C A6 -.."(.., C -C EAT glw 5[ 5. s..ic E C 5.A 'C.i.:c: 5.,tc.COO 5.IlL 57.? 5.7C 55. C 4:.".C C 5. 5.C 5.4C...5C,. 5.cC.4.4C 5...i4c. z 4.;, =.: 5.C..4 5.Ac. S. 5.iE 5.[ 5.iiC 5.,,,....;, = 5.C c..zcc,...n 5.Cc 5. 5.CC 5' : 5.CC..iH 5.= C 7.5'..itc et.,d 5.7CC =.6] 5.C 6./ ' c. C ::7s.i =.= 5. :'.i" C*C" =:qt ii:ise...d.e.: 4. 5.C.'7!...ii!r! q..ii; =:d 5.I =.de 5.: c..or

129 9 W UN 6 4r C I C ' i Z i 7 A 9 6 q '49 5 T t4? 7 / ;., 6.; 4.96 i o / 'flit? tg. 7/4 4.6 ' ' ' ioun C rw4 7'4 TWC G O U ( C ' i -.i6" tt i, C -..AL C c -.nu. -t.# J '. C.7 C -., -. -., e U ( C -.7;...q o ' t J -. 4C -. -.^ G ? g : _ / '.6.6r % L " ' %7: e '..I.5.9e4r , c C., "79. Z"U : ?& rlow C e.. 5.9G to.s c ,G.: 4.,9.?. C 4A.5 5.' 5.i :..

130 :,.i 7.,6W AT P..?4, L OA. TimS 4 5 C. 4 C t 6 9 t / S e ' 4 7 I /5 5 i T L A.4 A A A.9 A A ? A A.9 A.9 -/. -.4 A.9 Tou' U u TWA C.v.., C.57 G A.9 -C.' AG : A...,7.57 A.9, A.. -. Is: -.7e A ) -.5,. A.4:.' -. -.; 5 A.-7 TW?...7C '7C -.7C -.74C ' -.6C c -.7..c.T....77) -.7 A C ) A^.75 A,... A AC.C ,.:- Ad. -.C4 A5. A.4 -.C -.::: -. A4....J - - -U AG TWO i :4: ill g,.. 7 I 9 5 '5) 5. -L 7 -, - - -C -,. -: -u - - -:..,. A: -C C.. AC A A. ' A AC.. - -C AC -r - - rwc 7 OiL 7, c 5 66, ' F !CC 5 7 : : E 4 5; '.:7' E4-5_w : -.,t, 5.: / r.oc, 5.: c C; :.5: " Z ) ) 5. 5.: , : 57.C 5. : : 5...' 5.: 5.: ; AW,TA :4:. 5. G 55 A to C 655 ' 5 t ti ; C A L r -.' -.' ' A A. t ' A L t A * A L I 4 TWL 9 5 I , CO 5 6. ET: iil, 4 5 ; ' !AC. 7 i;" TA9 9 7C : C..4, E5C C. 45' 7i::: 5U 7 P li8 Ji:...Q!' i 4.,c IH 5..,: 5% I 9 7: 4^ :,9 7 5,j ';' : '..' g:c 779 : ; : :. ' 5 - 'WC?IC : 9 4 5, 5 er 4 IC C " 47 :.4r 4) 54 9" 46 /6E. s% 7;. ri" 7C 'C ' '7 '5 9C ) : 74 5.' 5 5 4'O C ! ic ; 977 9"6 7 47? = :.7:.: t....).:...c..: c...:... '...).... It. L =....:.4.5

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166 56 APPENDIX D CHEMICAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURES Smples of cooling tower wter nd city wter were nlyzed dily for totl hrdness (TH), clcium hrdness (CH), methyl-ornge lklinity (m-lklinity), phenophthlein lklinity (p-lklinity), Chloride (C), silic (Si), totl solids (TS) nd conductivity (cond). In ddition to the chemicl nlysis, biologicl growth in the cooling tower wter ws monitored. Detiled description of stndrd procedures for these tests re outlined in Stndrd Methods. However, simplified procedures together with pre-mixed chemicl regents pprtus re vilble from commercil lbortories. Anlysis kits developed by Chemx Inc. Industril Chemistry for the determintion of TH, CH, m-lklinity nd Cl were used. For silic, Hch Chemicl Compny regents nd equipment were used. These simplified tests give less ccurte results (+ ppm s CCO for m-lklinity nd + 5 ppm for others), but re stisfctory for dily monitoring of wter qulity. CHEMAX DROP TEST PROCEDURES Bsiclly, procedures for ech test re indenticl. First the titrtion bottle is filled to the mrk ( ml) with the smple. After n pproprite mount of regents re dded, the smple is titrted dropwise to n end point

167 57 by observing the chnge in color. Totl hrdness test Three regents re used: () regent - mmonium chloride - mmonium hydroxide buffer () regent -.% Clmgite solution () regent -.5% EDTA solution When five drops of regent nd three drops of regent re dded, the solution will be lvender to red if hrdness is present. This solution is then titrted with regent until the lst trce of violet hs disppered nd the solution turns blue. One drop of regent equls five ppm totl hrdness expressed s CCO. Clcium Hrdness Test Three regent re used: () regent - 4% sodium hydroxide solution () regent - Clcon indictor () regent - EDTA solution When two drops of regent nd two drops of regent re dded, the solution will be red if clcium is present. This solution is titrted dropwise with regent until the solution turns blue. One drop of regent equls five ppm clcium hrdness expressed s CCO. Mgnesium hrdness (MgH) is the difference of totl hrdness nd clcium hrdness.

168 58 M-Alklinity Test Two regents re used: () regent - mixed bromo-cresol green nd methyl red solution,.% () regent -.5 N sulfuric cid On the ddition of one drop of regent, the solution will be blue-green if lklinity is present. The solution is titrted dropwise until the solution turns red. One drop of regent equls tem ppm lklinity expressed s CCO. Cl Test Two regents re used: () regent - 5% potssium chromte solution () regent - silver nitrte solution Two drops of regent re dded to the wter smple before it is titrted dropwise with regent until the solution shows definitered-ornge color. One drop of regent equls 5 ppm s NCl. HACH PROCEDURE FOR SILICA DTERMINATION The procedure is bsed on the molybidosilicte method s shown in Stndrd Methods. Hch Chemicl Compny provides the needed chemicl regent; oxlic cid, molybdte regent nd cid regent. They re in powder form nd re pckged in individul pre-mesured polyethylene

169 59 "cpsules". Ech cpsule contins the exct mount of regent for ech test. Regents re dissolved in the wter smple in the colorimeter bottle. The solution is then checked for its silicte contnt by using the Hch DR Colorimeter fter it hs been clibrted by blnk smple. The result is expressed s ppm Si. MISCELLANEOUS TEST PROCEDURES ph The ph vlue is red directly from Beckmn ph meter. It is clibrted with the pproprite buffer. Conductivity Test An Industril Instrument Inc. conductivity meter is used. The result is expressed s microohms/cm. Totl Solids Test A ml smple is evported in n oven t 5 F for 4 hours. The weight of the residue is the totl dissolved solids present. The result is expressed s ppm. P-Alklinity Test The procedure is described on p. 5 of Stndrd Methods. A ph meter is used for end point determintion, which is 8. in this cse. The result is expressed s ppm CCO.

170 6 MICROORGANISM TEST Microorgnism in wter cn be detected by mens of the Totl-Count Smpler supplied by Millipore Corportion. The Smpler cse is filled with wter smple nd the Smpler is inserted into the cse. After it hs been shken severl times nd the smple hs been contct with the Smpler for seconds, the wter is emptied. The cse with the Smpler in plce is then incubted t 5 C for 4 hours. If microorgnisms re present colonies will show on the surfce of the Smpler. All colonies should be counted. Results re reported in colonies/ml.

171 6 APPENDIX E COOLING TOWER WATER QUALITY - NOVEMBER 77 - DECEMBER 78 NOMENCLATURE TH - CH - MgH - m-lk - p-lk - Cl - Si - ph - TS - cond - totl hrdness (ppm CCO) clcium hrdness (ppm CCO) mgnesium hrdness (ppm CCO) methyl-ornge lklinity (ppm CCO) phenophthlein lklinity (ppm CCO) chloride (ppm NC) Silic (ppm Si) cidity totl solids (ppm) conductivity (microohms/cm) Note: denotes no dt AVG - verge SIGMA - stndrd devition

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173 6 JAN 78 OATS TH CA H MG H MALK CL SI PH TS C t FE9 78 GATE TH CA H MG H M -ALK CL SI PH TS ly

174 64 DATE 4 CA H MATCH 78 MG H M-ALK CL SI PH TS : ls e ic L.48 APRIL 78 GATE TH i // CA H MG H M-ALK CL SI PH TS

175 65 MAY 78 DATE TN CA H MG H M -ALK Cl.. SI PH T SiC JUN 78 ATE TH CA H MG H M-ALK CL SI PH TS e E q

176 .,,.5 66 JUL 78 DATE TH CA H MG H H-ALK CL SI PH TS ) C E r) ' Q = G AUG 79 DATE TH CA H HG H m-alk CL SI off TS C no POO P ') P

177 67 SEP 7 AT= TH CA m 4G H M-ALK CL ? n / SG / ' ? c' 4 5C '5 5 / PH TS e A qo 64. 7A./ P.R e.99 OCT 7 OATS TN CA m 4G H m-alk CL ST u e ) fir. 5, 5 9,5 5 5 OW IS P e P / /9.9. e. 87

178 MOV 7! 68 PATE / TH 44 4j C CA 4 4 7A MG H !)EC M-ALK 7 U CL e C SI 5 tlo ilq PH P e.4e P e.9.9 F.q ( 8.9 o'i P.rj 8.9) 8.9 TS ;, j TAT= TH CA H MG H m-alk D lio e ' ils e P m CL SI PH TS

179 MONTHLY AVERAGES 69

180 NOV 77 7 AVG ST.Gmt 7-4 Cc H CL 9..4 TC?IT Lig 5C 7q ' 74 (7. 9) (F.) (. ) (.) (. (E (,) (E o.) DEC 77 T4 CA H MG H m-alk CL SI PM TS AVG SIGMA (i.6) (VA) (75.7o) (i9a (45.) 4.474) 9.5 (46.) JAM 78 TH CA H MG H m-alk CL SI,H TS. AVG i, , 8 SIGMA (.5) (.) (5.) (8.) V.7) 46.7) (.5)(6. FE 7 TH C4 4 MG H m-alk CL ST, PH TS AVG ,, ,6 SIGMA Q.4,4) (.) (6) (7.9) (47. ) (4 (86) MARCH 78 AVG SIGMA TH CA H 74 (55. (7. MG H m-alk CL SI PH Z 8,5 (..) (78. f64.) (5.6 (. TS 757 (47.4) APRIL 78 TH CA H AVG SIGMA (6.9) (48.9) MG H M-ALK CL SI PH 59 9 _574, 4,.55_ (6.)(6. (5.7) (.6) ki6.5) TS 8 (64.) MAY 78 TH CA H MG H m-alk CL SI PH TS AVG 47.8, SIGMA (.) (6.) (.5) (.8)(.) (7.4) (.5)

181 JUN 7 7 TH CA H MG H P-ALK CL SI PH TS AVG 47q SIGMA (5.9 (9.5) (.8) (4.) ((.5.) (6.7) (e6)(.9) JUL 7 TH CA H MG H m-alk CL SI O.4 TS SAVIGGMA (4t4.; (n) (5.7.) (9.)(.4.;) (454.) (,..E) AUG 7 TH CA H MG H m-alk CL SI PH TS (.i) (.Z) ( ) On) M(4;) AVG SIGs /.4 97 SEP 7 AVG SIGMA TH CA t MG H M-ALK CL Sr 4-4 TS (.) (9.) (7.9) 9..) (.9)t. OC T 78 TH CA H mr; H tv-alk CL SI ph TS AVG SIGmd Q.7. t) (5.4) (.7) (8.) (7. (8.P) (.9(.. AVG SIGMA NOV 78 TH CA H MG H m-alk CL SI PH TS (7.5) (5.7).6) (9.9) (54..) (.5) 5.7) DEC 7 TH CA H MG H P -ALK CL SI PH IS AVG 454 ' SIGMA (5.) (..8 (8.5) (.) (. 55 ) (7.) C.OP.5) 99.99'

182 7 I I I BOO SI II m m m m m m I m m m m II izzis z z zz z zz zzz z 9 rz z zz z z z zrz I m I III II II TH (PPM CAC) + CA H (PPM CACO ;) x MC H (PPM CAC) x M-ALK (PPM CAC) CHLORIDE (PPM) SILICA (PPM) x PH W l& I TS (PPM) < II NI so () " - 8 X IN AI X IN MI Yi )II X IN ) MIMAININixim "- IN IN X NI X Xi L Alli Ai Alb Ai gilh 4Ib Alb l 4Ib Alb Ali ilb de. Ai AI di C- X X X X Ai Allb e l: xxxxxx XX XXXXXX X xx XXXx XX X 5 NOV 77 5

183 7 ZXXICXXX XXxxxXXXXXIIBICxxxxXICICXXxI M SOO 7 M M mm m m, M m m SOO 5 A TH (PPM CACO) + CA H (PPM CAC) x MG H (PPM CACO) MALX (PPM CACO) C) CHLORIDE (PPM) SILICA (PPM) x PM X fp TS (PPM) 4-9 * X X NE X E -N NE N X NE ( ( ' CI O NE NE X E ( ( NE X NE A AAAAAAAAAAA A AAAAAAAAAA_di zoo A A A A O + + X X X X X X X X X X X A X X X X X X x III. I X NE I I,, I DEC 77 I X x X I

184 74 xxxxxxx_xx_txxxxxxxxxx XX goo...-- A TM (FPW CAC) X + CA H (PPM CAC) x MG H (PPM CACO) * MALX (PPM CAC) CHLORIDE (PPM) 8 O SILICA (PPM) x PH X TS (PPM) X * * N I MI N * * N N ( N ( IN N N * N NI A A AAAAAAAAA A A A A A A A 4. 9 loomjimmennimmemmii X X X X X x x X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X oil f shut down I 8 Is t s4. Ire JAN 78

185 75 9 X X XX goo 7 goo TH (PPM CAC) + CA H (PPM CAC) x MG H (PPM CAC) g MAUK (PPM CAC) CHLORIDE (PPM) SILICA (PPM) E PH X is TS (PPM) X. oo 4 -- f shut down g! 4 x x x I I r r I I I e I II I s 5 5 FEB 78

186 XXXXXX SOO--- SOO 7 9 WIN 5 - XXXXXX X XX A TH (PPM CACOO + CA H (PPM CAC ) x MG H (PPM CAC) N MAU< (PPM CACO CHLORIDE (PPM) SILICA (PPM) x PH X * TS (PPM) X 4 4 II X X X X X9X r x e A * ( * /...,... A.., i_. A A x A A A *AAA l C A,..) A I zoo fri 7, ', I-. ill ill X X ell X X * : ; : ; ti t AA : 4 A I 4 mt: is T. 9 -( i in XxxXXx CO II A IS x X X * 5 5 MARCH 78

187 77. I SLOW DOWN ix' x xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx so xxixxx se g 4... *4- X + X X I -. X A o A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A BIE 5i9m565! ) X X A TH (PPM CAC) + CA H (PPM CACs) x MG H (PPM CAC) MALX (PPM CAC) CHLORIDE (PPM) SILICA (PPM) x PH X I TS (PPM) * X X xxx X X X X X._ - * X A A X X X XX X X X X X X I l I, I I I, APRIL 78

188 78 9 ziliczxxxx XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX SHUT Biocide WSCP SOO DOWN 5 e e 88886A8 A A A A 4 A mew TH (PPM CAC) CA H (PPM CACO ) x MG H (PPM CACO) * M-ALK (PPM CAC ) CHLORIDE (PPM) ci SILICA (PPM) x PH X TS (PPM) X X X X X X X X X XX XXX I 'P. 5 5 MAY * If XI X XXX XX 5 X X X

189 79 X X 8 OD 7 -. O SO Soo -si A SHUT DOWN A A - + A TH (PPM CACOV + CA H (PPM CAC) X MG H (PPM CAC) * MALX (PPM CACO) CHLORIDE (PPM) SILCA (PPM) Z PH X MI TS X. (PPM) Ml "xxx A,- N E E E X - IIX X s X t I i I i I f t e I I II/II /. I I i 5 5 JUN 78

190 8 IEZZ ZS X XX X SOO x O TH (PPM CAC) CA H (PPM CAC) MG H (PPM CAC) MALIK (PPM CAC) CHLORIDE (PPM) SILCA (PPM) O X PH X IX TS X. (PPM) A A A A A A A A A o A A A A A (5 A + + ZOO -gn cn O NE* E E * * * 9E * IE ME E A E NE E pir XX XXr ;CR Sme intigglli XX XX I I 5, 5 s e s s i.e:: t I % I I 5 5 JUL 78

191 8 9 6e tt A A A X X Ic X A A TH (PPM CACO) + CA H (PPM CAC) X MG H (PPM CACO,) N M-ALX (PPM CAC) CHLORIDE (PPM) SILCA (PPM) X PH X M TS X (PPM) X o o A A A X X X X X IC X * * * * NE *. * * * * NE NE zogillidicrilm wsmzill MIN( X xxx it-iimimilsm N lix'x xlig X xx xx xxxx A et O A AUG 78 5

192 8. 9 S lc X X X X XX X X X XXX% SOO TH (PPM CACCV + CA H (PPM CAC) X MG H (PPM CAM.") K M.ALK CPPM CAC) CHLORIDE (PPM) O SILCA (PPM) X PH X TS X..t (PPM) A e A A + l SHUT DOWN ZOO II m to to ll * K NE NE SE )( X XXN X X X X X,,, I, t t r I f I t I I I I I. S, VI K * x XX XXXXX. I. - i.5 5 SEP 78

193 8 9 six zicxxx xxx x x xxxx z x SOO 7 soo E-Q) 5 -" A AAAA A A 46 A A A A e A A A A A + A A A Li -I A A A A A e A TN (PPM CACO) CA H (PPM CAC) X MG H (PPM CAC) * MALK (PPM CACO) CHLORIDE (PPM) SILCA (PPM) PH X U TS X. (PPM) -- IS m r logrs X X XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX X XX X tesiltrolj tiff. tit I r I5 5 5 U OCT 78 veg

194 84 5 XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX OO A A A A A A A A A A A AAAA A A A li AAA AAAA A " A TH (PPM CAC) + CA H (PPM CAC) X MG H (PPM CACO5) M-ALX (PPM CAC) CHLORIDE (PPM) SILCA (PPM) Z PH X TS X. (PPM) I gmli E. is r lignmmtliilm!mm666m X i X XX X X XX X X X XI xxxxxx XX XX X o [ I t I I I t I t I I I i s I I I V ( NOV 78

195 85 5 XXXXXX XXXXXXX IC ZICXXXXXXXXX X Y X SOO A A A A o A A A A A A / A A A A A A AAAAAA A A A I A TH (PPM CACO) + CA H (PPM CACO) X MG H (PPM CACO ) ( M-ALK (PPM CAC) CHLORIDE (PPM) SILCA (PPM) X PH X TS X. (PPM) NEivrur,.: siimini*meiexm. D. gu NO gll mom m IlmM )txxx XXX X XX XX I X X XX xxxx XX X X X XX mi. so III l I t 5 5 DEC 78

196 86 APPENDIX F MONTHLY AVERAGES OF CITY WATER QUALITY - NOVEMBER 77 - DECEMBER 78 NOMENCLATURE See ppendix E

197 87 NOV 77 AVG SIGMA TH CA H mc. H m-alk CL SI PLH T C (4. (.9). 5) (9.) (. SI 7.6 n ( (.) (5. DEC 77 A SIGM A TH CA H NG H H-ALK Ct SI PH TS F 79 (.7) (.7). (7.5) (P) (.7) (.44') (6.) JAN 7 TH CA H MG H H-ALK CL AVG SIGMA (. 5).) (?. ( SI (.). 7.^ (.45) TS 7 (A.?) FE? 7 TH CA H MG H M -ALK Cl AVG 4c SIGMA (_ ) (.7) (.7) (5.) (9.) SI PH. 7.5 (.6) (.) TS ma 7 TH CA H MG H AVG 9i SIGMA.4 (.5) (4.) 4.7) (5.) p.7 4 (..) L.6)(4.) APR 7 AVG SIGMA TH CA H MG H m-alk CL SI PH TS 5 f 7.7 (.6.).4) ( el e 5.) ( 4) c, t.

198 88 HAY 7? AVG SIGmA TH CA H MG H M-A LK CL SI PH TS (6.) (E 5) (. 4) tit. (7.!!) (.$) (.?) 4,6.) JUL 7 AVG SiGA TH CA H MG H m-alk CL SI PH TS A le (S. (5. (. (.) (=.7) (.7) (.7) (E.q) AUG 7E AVG SIGMA AVG SIGMA TH CA H MG H -ALI< CL SI 4 TS, 9E 4 4?? E.(!? n t. P.) (.7 (4. q) (7. C). ( t n (. SEP 7! TH CA H MG H M -ALK CL SI DH Ts 9 4?. c 97 () (q t5. ( ) (C.c) (9) (.7) (4.) OCT 7 AVG SIGMA Ty CA H MG H m-alk CL SI 4 TS' 9? cc E. (5. e.44') (4.) (.) ( L.i) (7!E.4 ) (.A) 5.) NOV 7! AVG SIGMA AVG SIGP4 TH CA H MG H m-alk CL SI 4 'I' e./ 4 (.5) (.5) ( ) ( ) (.E) (,4) (.5) (.7)?SEC 7e TH CA H MG H M-ALK Cl SI PH TS 4 c.6 5 (5.9) (.i.e) (.9) ( ) (9.) (.e) (.) (4.)

199 89 APPENDIX G- PLOTS OF BLO WDO WN RATE AND EVAPORATION RATE - NOVEMBER 77 - DECEMBER 78

200 I in MOM 48 CIAIOcl/4/ NO node! I 9 64ci I /-Itl9 c D loomml IS IS c DI C C O C o O C o GL o O DE AON LL

201 5 4 - BLOIJDOWN RATE (GPM EVAPORATION RATE (GPH) D O O T T 5 5 i t lb 4 IP l 5 DEC 77

202 5 o BL44N RATE (GPH) EVAPORATION RATE (GPH) MI l in IP l 4 4 fl 9 4 k 9 iii I ri CI 6 ii) ll W I I J JAN 78

203 5 4 SLOWDOWN RATE (GPM EVAPORATION RATE (GPH) II I I- - ir -6 * I 5 5 FEB 78

204 5 4 BLOWDOWN RATE (GPH) EVAPORATION RATE (GPH) o O o o o MARCH 78

205 5 4 SLOWDOWN RATE (GPH) EVAPORATION RATE (iph), s I ID I 5 O O I IV I III@ 5 APRIL 78 5 f.

206 5 4 BLOWOOWN RATE (GPH) EVAPORATION RATE (GPH) o o o O C I 5 I I 6- I I I 5 5 MAY 78

207 N RATE (GPH) EVAPORATION RATE COPH).. o SHUT. DOWN O O O O IP IP I I JUN 78

208 5 4 EILOWOOUN RATE (GPH) EVAPORATION RATE (GPH) ID -- o o co II I, I I S I I I I I I I II JUL 78

209 As 4 8LOUDOUN RATE CCM EVAPORATION RATE (GPM MP NO MP III I I 5 f tli I I ti trosimilerori 5 5 AUG 78

210 5 4 SLOWDOWN RATE (GPH) () EVAPORATION RATE (GPH) SHUT DOWN 5 I I r O O O o I s s 5 5 SEP 78

211 OLOWOUN RATE (GPH) EVAPORATION RATE (GPH) MOIMINIM Z CI p OCT 78 N.)

212 5 4 o BLOWOUN RATE (-) EVAPORATION RATE MPH) 4 O I 5 II I s II NOV 78

213 4 BL.N RATE WP/ EVAPORATION RATE WPM o O O oo I 5 $ I I I I I 5 I 5 DEC 7 8

214 4 APPENDIX H DATA AND PLOTS OF COOLING TOWER WATER QUALITY FOR ALL RUNS NOMENCLATURE See Appendix E

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218 8 RUNS 4,4,4 9ATF T' CA H ;V; H M-ALK CL ST 4 TS 7 5 4U In E E , n ; : RUNS 47, 48, 4g DATE TH CA H MG H ti--tlk CI. ST PH Tv e E SO too 8.6 7' P '

219 DATE g E TH ?n / CA H Lon G 4 GOO RUNS 4G H p Lt 4 5C. 5 N-ALK C 4 C SC 9 C 9C C PSC 7 C 75 74C C 66C EEC C 6 6 6C C 47C ST " r PH.6C 8.6 P.6 8. e.so P.6.6 e.fo.5.5 F P P x.5 P F.c.5 9 TS p C C C DATE TH CA H RUN Si MG H M-ALK CL SI PH TS

220 RUNS 5, 54 GATE TH CA H PG H -ALK CL SI PH TS 7 l F CC C7 F.4 4 q E e.g E F.5 6/ li CC 4 F P E C len P 4 7 SC 5E 7C P.5 C SC EEC E5 F.EC 7 48n 4 7 5E 7 F C F is F CO 57 s.5 7 4E c e C d, CC 5S C 6C F C 4 CO C /CC E4C C 67 C C 6C F C 7C E.5 6 RUN OATE TH CA H HG H %,-4.( CL SI PP TS 7 8 9! C 49 4E SO SC 5C PEC ICC E 55 6CC C 74 C /E F. E.. F. F. 6. F E.E 9.7 F.7 5.E5 F F C csc 477

221 RUNS SE, 57 HATE P 9 7 TH CA H ) MG H AO Al. 9 ; 8 H-ALK Cl E 8FC SC efic 5 6 IC 5 CO C SO 56 5EC 59C 6C 65C C 7 CC 74C 74 or C ICC 7C ACC 7 ST n E lis PH P.C F. F. e.. 8. F. E P.7C F.7C.65 f.7 P E.5.4 em5c 6.5 P. ;., 9.7 E.7C TS ,5, S S c5c 977 q RUNS 58, 59, 6 lte TH CA H MG H m-e4lk CI FC C lc 59 4E 6 5SC : C CC IC SEC CC C 4 4; C SI PY TS s.7 P9 F.7C 8 4 E.75 5 E E P.9 55 I.S 6 L ii C F.5 4 F E P.8 74 E.8 P.9 C P. e E P.I P.f!ll F/

222 .76 DEsi STI 49 nir s t Olt 6 6 6'i Sit OL9 5 Vit Din ET 6'i 9T Ot9 5 n Olt LT C 6` SIT 99 T 5 (lit Oit 9 66i OTT 99 t Bit 9t it 6 G 49 T n 4 9t tt dtot 6'd OII 9 ; t t 94 9TCT OE'd OTT 9 DT t Gt 9t toi Di'd OTT 5 OTT - OTt Oft Ti 5Z9 Died OTT EI :TT i LTh Ott DT 6'i OTT 95 OTT t DOt o' b 6 Di'd OTT OR5 r t FPI 5f7 i 66 Od'd 9TT 9 5 t OLt L hop WI, OTT L5 DTI t DTI Bit 9 9t6 Oisi OTT 599 t 'l Ott 5 6 Oi CT 95 OTT t t Ott t ET/ Di'd DII 9 T 6E OZt E Ttd Ld'i 9T 5 6 4; L6 Oid'i OTT 95 DTI Lit t Ott T.6 OP'd OTT 55 DOI Di DOs, OFt Ti Od'i OTT 5s T OE n Cit Si hd m -4 H 7r H VO HI v NileJ 65 'd T 69 T Ot t 9t LSTI 6' /9 CET Ot t 9t 9 Sti 6'd OZT i9 T 5 Gin Oit 5 lii 5'd G Dig T 5 Olt 6t t T69 6'd 5IT 69 OET Ot t 9h tt6 C6'i 9; Di9 T DA 5t 5 'CLOT 6'd 9 9 Ott DOS T 44; v?; 99 OTT ES GEt Oit ril6.69 6'd J ;TT 49 OTT OS Bt /t ; TOb Ob'd STT OL9 T 5 Oit it PI C O6' 9IT t9 T OS t OLt LT C 6'i 9 99 T 5 Qin :lit 9I 9 C 6'd 6'i OTT OTT 99 Ott: T L Oh Oh t t 9t 9t ST tt dtot 6'd DTI 9 Dt Oin 9t it 9T Cd'i OTT 5 OET C' t 9t T tbe Di'd OTT L5 DT; DE Olt Ott TT 59 Di'd OTT :LS OTT.. OT' Ott T Od'; Ott 99 DT; Oh Let Ott 6 46 Oi'd OTT d5 '? OTt 5t R 66 Died 9T 9 9 t Olt L 66 Cii'd OTT OLS DT; Oh Th OSt 9 9t6 Di'i OTT CGS pt ot DD' Ott 5 6 Od'i OTT 95 OTT Ot n Unt t ET/ Di'i OTT 5 6E t Tti OP`i 5 5 OE 6 Th /6 Oi'd OTT 96 OTT Oh h Ott T Oti Di'i Di D)I Di DOr i,7 Oi'i OTT 55 Di OP,.t OE Si *Id >/-.4 Ow H h HI 9 *T snnt

223 PUNS 64, 65 GATE TH CA H,( H to ALK CL SI PH e.re S P.P E. c C E C E E.9! E P E E.9 94 P E R C E 5 P.9 T / 55 5 E Ir 4 5 C 5/C e.r:! C 5 f.9 4

224 4 I 9 r"-x Z z Z 8 7 ""' zzziz Z ZEZ ZEZZ Z XXX * NE *... fx) B X TH (PPM CAC) CA H (PPM CACO;) MC 4 (PPM = *-ALK (PPM CACO) CHLORIDE (PPM) SILICA (PPM) P4 X TS WPM /8/77 - /4/77 <D " * NE * * * NE NE N NE NE NE... itt e O O x x X x O X O U x x X x xx x x U O U O X x X X xxx xxxxl to RUNS, 4, I

225 9 Nn6 op SE SZ OZ ST OT S (Wd) TV X Si OOT X Hd md) etorin CHd ) H CI.V Mild) -W )t C VO sd) H CIOOVO Wd) H : (/4tr Hd) HI VV le V VV V Z V V V7 vvv sry V VW v V VVV V V VVV DOT.8KIX PC*SSN."88E E (WM. CO 998 irmille (5? MENNE Ck) Cer- S 4 8 OOC XYZZXXXZWZIZIZZZZEIrrirrZXXXXX I I I I I I t

226 6 zirtxxxxxxximulz XIX= X X EXZEzzuZIZICXxZzLIZzLl 9 7 SOO TH (PPM CAC%) CA H (PPM CAC%) MG H (PPM CAC) M-ALK (PPM CAC) CHLORIDE (PPM) SILICA (PPM) PH X TS X OA (PPM) /5/77 - //7e ' ' 4=* SOO 4 C ;:b CR) Cf5)...Nesenewevimenesesesseemile% 86%setezpPeOseminimovieult ZOO * Ve AAA AAAAAAAAA A AAA* AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA ewe AA AA AA ci creicicido 4..-H :+iiiii+++ Ml.4 nogisimome + xxxx XXxxXXXXX XXXXOCXX)C4X )( X SO RUN 7

227 7 I 9 Z Z Z Z SOO II A TH (PPM CACO) + CA H (PPM CACO,) X MO H (PPM CAC%) Nt-ALK (PPM CACO) CHLORIDE (PPM) O SILICA (PPM) Z PH X TS (PPM) 5/77 - //77 = MEM / es 4 W.* NE * * * AA o A M o. -- XX X X X X 5 5 RUNS 8

228 8 SOO 7 TH (PPM CACO) CA H (PPM CACs) MG H (PPM CA) M-ALX (PPM CAC%) CHLORIDE (PPM) SILICA (PPM) PH X TS X Mkt (PPM) 85/77 - //78 SOO 5.6 O 4 ezeposiisemelli*. AA C5 NmesemessiximemenekeE% AAA A AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAA wee AA A A A AAA momo," I :4ftiM imorrimmmill )(xxxxxxxxxxxxxx XX XXXXXXX XXXXX I =. 5 IS RUN

229 9 9 xxxxzzzzzxxzxxx 4 8 r-- 7 e TH (PPM CACOs) + CA H (PPM CACs) X MC K (PPM CACO ;) M-ALX (PPM CAC) CHLORIDE (PPM) El SILICA (PPM) Z PH X TS X. (PPM) /9/78 - //79 O M NI *, A A A A A NI A A AA " O onsm'mo l III l m / %, X X X X X X XX X^ XXXXX A 5 I RUN 4 5

230 X X X XXX X XX XX X SOOMMINO Q- 4 A TH (PPM CACD;) + CA H (PPM CACO) X MC H (PPM CACO ;) ( MALX (PPM CACO) CHLORIDE (PPM) SILICA (PPM) X PH X II TS X. (PPM) //78 /6/76 S... * N N * N * N A A A too * A A. g * x x X x Ol x ii il x x is I I 5 5 RUNS 4, 4

231 . I I I 9 f.. X X X X X X SY SOO 4--C) co ti NE zoo A A o TH (PPM CACO) + CA H (PPM CACO) X MG H (PPM CACO) M-ALX (PPM CACO) CHLORIDE (PPM) U SILICA (PPM) II PH X II TS X. (PPM) A /5/78 - /8/78 * E * A A A Ci mpxx xx tooaiwa x A A 5 /5 RUN 4

232 I I I 9 8 opm x_s Cb xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxgxx:xxixxxxxxx9xx m CCP m Cb C:5) b TH (PPM CAC) + CA H (PPM CACO) CO X MG H (PPM CACO) NE M-ALX (PPM CACO)) CP CP CHLORIDE (PPM) SILICA (PPM) Z PH X TS (PPM) A AA A A %7 A A /9/A8-5/7/78 A A A A A A A A A Aet A A A AA A -I A +... A AA C A + + OA D mnimmu :me" *Ime:89;R * 6XXXXXXXXXxxxXX x XXXXX XXXXXXXX X e X RRXXXI II I XXX I I I RUNS 47, 48, 49 x 45 5

233 I I I ::LXXIX riximccncx SOO 7 t,.mo r-co% Cb :b AAA 5 re A A AA cb AAA AhitiAAA "AA co +++ AAAAAAA -++ 4, If I zoooliminimi, TH (PPM =) CA H (PPM CAC) MC H (PPM CAC* ) M-AtA (PPM CAC) CHLORIDE (PPM SILICA (PPM PH X TS X 4 (PPM) 5/6/78-6/4/78 xximix xxx)ocx o. I I I I RUNS 5, 5 5

234 4 Pixxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx A 4 (PPM CAC% ) + CA 4 (PPM CAC) X MG H (PPM CACO) M-ALX (PPM CACO) CHLORIDE (PPM) 7 SILICA (PPM) 6 X PH X TS X (PPM) F CO%5/7/78-6/4/78 AAA 5 AA AAAAAAAA AAA All //"*X"OCX X4)()CX)CXXX RUN

235 - 9 - ZEICILICEIZZEZ X XXX Z XXXI: 5 7 O o o oo 6 5 A-A et et A A A A A et A A A A TH (PPM CACCs) + CA H (PPM CACOs) X MG H (PPM CAC%) M-ALK (PPM CAC) () CHLORIDE (PPM) SILICA (PPM) X PM X El TS X. (PPM) 5/6/78-6/4/78 Is ll X X XXX XX El /S /I 5 II * * I I * OI N CION X X X X X X X X X X X X X 5.5 RUNS 5, 5

236 6 9 SOO 7 sop IIMI IZZZ Z Z Z Z I Z Z Z Z Z Z Y X l sop A A A A A 8 es II A A A A A A A A A A A + + A A + A + + l * gi.. l IN II l X X X X X x X xx X X * * * TH (PPM CACO ) + CA H (PPM CAC) X MC H (PPM CACO) E MALK (PPM CAC) CHLORIDE (PPM) El SILICA (PPM) Z PH X E XXXXX X X X X III xx TS WPM 7/7/78 7/78 8 E E 5 5 RUNS 5, 54 X

237 7 I I I s X X X X X X X o z it x 5 A A A A A A A A A A A A -, A A A TH (PPM CAC7) + CA H (PPM CACO) X He H (PPM CAC) NE MALX (PPM CAM? CHLORIDE (PPM) SILICA mmo X PH X TS X. WPM /7/7 6//79 At X /si to X X X nil' * NE NE * NE II X X X XX XXX.. I I I 5 RUN 55

238 LS '99 SNM: OS SP OP SE SZ OZ ST OT S - fillide/8 SLAM CWdd) ro x OOT X lid CWdd) :I5 Mold) HO CC : Hd) X:-. Ci Hd) / wd) H ISO / CI wd) O NE X V OOT Z momme. Oft + V V VVV V V V V V ++ v V V V V O6 s, V VVV V CO V V V O)... ow O O wirze. zzrzthzetrze L ) I I I I. 8ZZ 6 T

239 9 I 9 ZZZIM X xxxxxxxxxxxxxx,xxxxxxx goo IIMINNI e m... OCCCt)(6:%CbCCCCb Co s --- A A A e "A A QAA + Aut AAAAAAAAAA t. A A TM (PPM CAC();) + CA H (PPM CAC) X MC H (PPM CACO) if 4--AUC (PPM caccop CHLORIDE (PPM) SILICA CPPTO X PH X TS X 4 CPPKI 9/4/78 - //78 )( I I I I I 5 ZS RUNS 58, 59, SO

240 e SOO - SOO 5 %CO 4 sce pp A A AAAAA AA A &IAA A AA A A + A AA AAA + AA 4 I-I AA A TH (PPM CACOI) + CA H (PPM CACO,) X MO H (PPM CACO NE M-ALIC (PPM CAC ) CHLORIDE (PPM) SILICA (PPM) X PH X 5 TS X. (PPM) //79 - /7/78 m XXXXX I I I RUNS 6, 6

241 goo. XXX z Z z z Z z Z X z Z Z s ZZZZ OW. 7 6-r- $ $ 5 A A A A A AAAA A A A AA A A A A A " ZOO. TH (PPM CACO) CA H (PPM CACO) MG H (PPM =Os) MALX (PPM CACO CHLORIDE (PPM) SILICA (PPM) PH X TS X. (PPM) sorng //78 54 N 9MMM I N X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X S RUN 6

242 I SOO ZZZZZZ ZZZZZZiZZJIZZZZ 4 GOO 7 A TN (PPM CAC%) + CA N (PPM C..) X MO N (PPM CACCI) NI MALX (PPM cicco El CHLORIDE (PPM) SILICA (PPM) Z PH X TS X 4 (PPM) /7/78 /6/78 6 m o A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A m -= A I*: se xxxx too _ - MI NI NE N NI II w x x xx xxxx X X X x x x X I I, 5. RUNS 64, 65

243 APPENDIX I SAMPLE CALCULATIONS A detiled clcultion procedure for fouling resistnce determintion of loction D, heter rod 68, run 6 is outlined s follows. Specifictions of the heter rod, clibrtion equtions nd rw dt cn be found in Tble, Appendix B nd Appendix C respectively. UNFOULED CONDITION - hi/vir CALCULATION Dte nd time: October, 978, 9:. Rw dt: TCinlet = -.9 my TC outlet = -.9 my TC w. Qmv = -. my 4.78 my Flow = 4% of mx. flow Conversion of Dt to Approprite Units Q = 4.78 x = 478 wtts Tinlet.58( ).949 = 95. F T outlet.58( ).949 = 95.9 F Tw = 8.59( ).8765 = 44. F

244 W F..6 x 4. 4 =.9 gpm V. = W F x.68/((d/) - (D /) )/6/.9 x.68 x 4 x x ((.75) - (.44)) x 6 = 4. ft/sec Locl Bulk Temperture From Eq. (5 -) Tb (Toutlet T4nlet) (Y/L) Tinlet = ( ) (./4.75) = 95.7 F Locl Surfce Temperture From Eq. (5-) T s. = T w. - (Q/A) (x/k) = 44. /478 x 49.6 k..46 x.4 x 4.7)67) 6.9 F Locl Film Coefficient From Eq. (5-4) hi = (Q/A)/(Tsi- Tb) = 4456/( ) Btu /ft'--hr - F K. = h./v.r = /(4.)'7 = 7. Btu/ft-hr- F (W).7

245 5 The verge vlue of dt points is ": h/v r / Kvg = ij i j = j 5.9 Btu/ft -hr - F (sec/ft) 7 FOULED CONDITION - R f CALCULATION Dte nd Time: November 8, 978, : Rw dt: = -.9 my TCinlet TC outlet -.89 my TCw =.44 my Qmv = 4.9 my Flow = 4% of mx. flow Conversion of dt to pproprite units Q = 4.9 x = 49 wtts Tinlet =.58( )'949 = 95. F T =.58( ) F outlet Tw = 8.59( ) F WF =.6 x 4. =.9 gpm.9 x.68 x 4 x 44 V.46 x((.75) - (.44)) x 6 4. ft/sec Locl Bulk Temperture From Eq. (5-) T b = ( ) x (./4.75) = 95.9 F

246 Locl Film Coefficient 6 From Eq. (5-7) h = K vr vg = 5.9 x (4.)'7 = Btu/ft- hr-f (sec/ft)('7 Locl Surfce Temperture From Eq. (5-8) T s ((Q/A)/h) + T b _ (49 x 49.6) (.46 x.44 x 4.75 x 5) 8.4 F Locl Fouling Resistnce From Eq. (5-9) R f w - T s )/(Q/A)) - x/k ( ) x.46 x.44 x x x - ft-hr- F/Btu ERROR ESTIMATION From Eq. (5-7) dtinlet (.949) (.5) inl et -' =.54 x - dt outlet (.949) (.5) _.5 x outlet

247 7 From Eq. (5-) Z = ( ) x x 4.75 = From Eq. (5-), the reltive error of the bulk temperture is then: dtbl (95.9 x. db x.5 x -) + (: x ( ) ) x ) (.5)). = (( ) x (95.) + x.4 x ) =.74 x - From Eq. (5-8) dt wi (.8765) (.5) = 9.74 x -4 ( ) d(q/a).5 (Q/A)i 77S ±.44.5 ± x - From Eq. (5-5) Z =44.) (596) = 859 From Eq. (5-) the reltive error of Tsbi then: dto j..(,( )) si x 9.74 x -\ x 6.5 x 5 +V44 ( 7577 = 859 =4.8 x - 46

248 8 From Eq. (5-4) dhi.[6.5 x ) x.8 x -] ± [95.7 ( ) =. x - x.74 x -] From Eq. (5-) Z = [(979.7) (95.9) = 64 From Eq. (5-9), the reltive error of the surfce temperture is then: dt s 456 x 6.5 x T F ) (95'9) x.74 x x - From Eq. (5-4) Z 4 = (596) ( ) From Eq. (5-8) x. x dtw (.8765).5) -7; ( ) 7. x -4 From Eq. (5-), the mximum reltive error of the fouling resistnce is then: dr f (596) (89 6) ((.596 (8.4) x 7. x -4) x. x -) x -) ( ( 596) ) x %

249 9 APPENDIX J RUN RESULTS NOMENCLATURE DAY: TIME: VEL: Q/A: TB: TWA, TWB, TWC, TWD: TSA, TSB, TSC, TSD: RFA, RFB, RFC, RFD: dys elpsed (dys) totl hours elpsed (hours) flow velocity (ft/sec) het flux (Btu/ft-hr) locl bulk temperture wll temperture t loctions A, B, C, D locl surfce tempertures t loctions A, B, C, D locl fouling resistnces t loctions A, B, C, D

250 DAY TIME I $ i IS VE MI /A im litt TB 4: Zt:t i ? TWA TS n / FA / $.7 It OP OE ? OS 9? Of OR 7 OF 4 5 TWB TS n RFB OS L n 4 n6 4!WC TSC / Q f n RFC TWO S t 4.9 I AO I4: OS OS / n OS TSB I ? n n pfn ? OS / IL Oi ? 6

251 i ) t9:; ;WA ) i S : ? ; E tql..? ; n4? li 4n 4 4 e ? MO IL II fr: 9. fr E lb.5 4..G t M.? io / :)? :47.49 : ;? f In !Mt %.? tn ;:i ) ?

252 5E RN S TIME l se.? / / Iff: U VE ! 5.6 ; 5.E Z E ;:ij ! s.te 4. n/e 746 / / / ;46 I 6 65? tts4 84 TO : ? / TWA I : / / ::: U e TWO ? ; isti : O OS ? ? ? Ilt:f ; ? IE T tos.? -n 5. E.Q 5. Ins. - P: = n : /.9 : =I mot : !Ic oi RFO fl / 4 n lic : ISI:i II / :? ? ?.9.! E 4..5 TSC - - -' f: : I.5 / RFC TWO Isn.8.4 : :4 6 6 n : 5: OE...4.? : :f IU 4..8 SO..6.9 ISZ: ti S: Sil IS :/ e tnt.s :: :It I :Ir -.7 -: :ri n7?5

253 e til:/, v ? t,;:t IIRE : : ;t ? / ? ns / RESDLTS-...9UN 9 S $ TIRE VEl /4.9 TWA TS4 RFA / TS RFI TWC TSC RFC TWD /SO RFd 5.4? i 5.4i ' I i '*" Ilt: % :: 5:7 :: ? i...,4 mg...) S / % ? itigi Z:7 5: 4: ' t:t /:4 E ? :6 4: : ::: i II"' 489 I:i 5:4 : " 5.5 ilt U..? Ilt: it: i 5." 5.4% MR4 O ;:; 5.4% n :; 4.4 =R : Ilt: " 55 I:4 N c Of OS n 5 IN P ::: : " : I:Z Et? E RC Z4. 4.? 4 MO.9 -U /.7-4 / ? /5. :4 fl.4 4.? / l / OS ,..i : " J6 / / Al : t lif: ""..6 Z:f :I?.8.4

254 It s /.4 5.S : 7. 4: / ::5 lil..'; I4: ; Ig:t ;: ? :'; :t , *.t ' I: ' if lill (4..; :i Jt : li 4: lit:/ Ii.... :it RESULTS - -RUN 6 DAY TINE VEL /A TR TWA ISA RFA TWO TSB RFD TMC TSC RFC TWO ISO RFD rti :Ili! it.. Iii:i ; it Mc lit.. -fit ift.. Iii I/ ;: G A* / / e., : ; 8 :/ Z:I fif: till -:E : Ip..t 8 WA Ii :II 4 fill ifi e 5. ' i I :If iiilf it: =8:if lil..t -"Ai lip Iii..; lill - 5. e : 8: lip ISM -.. ft? l8 : -*II Iii.. MI : Iii..8 Ii: -6: e ii f t: t.. III.; pi.;.8 fill. Ili.; Ii..; Iit. f..t 4 5, :6 : / /. 6 i II/ pig.. /: Iit: e : : MI fil: Iff..8 :f Iii:t If: eel l/ i i il Iiii Mg iiii RH Ili - RI -66 MI fill :NI UN Ift, :II 4 5 S /4. /..4. / lii 8,54 Iii: lip -: lif: Iikt =:8 8: Iff:f =: fik) RN =Hi le, i /9. / ' fi:i fitt NI 8 4 Ili:I :II III. fir. I / fill 'il 4 iiiii 9... '.4 e: :4 ' :..9 X /. g5.6 :IA Slt /.7.8.8

255 $ , '5. -oil m -. iy.7 mil t 9 / /$ 6 $ ur.e /.7 9. lt:5 7: IiI:7 :l Ile.; 5:6 : /4:5 4. ill i: 5:i li: : 9:5 5: =I:4 :9 6:4 ::Zi :$. :El/ 9.9 :: Ali lt4: III Ifl,; 4:, 56: :4..: JO: ) :9 4./8 4:i ):.:/ : ii:8...) E ! 99?..4 : I: :4g: RA IN 4 :A Ill.". lid Ifil : I:4t 4; 4: III:t /4:I : I/ :D 4:! :It / : : :: / :97 :. 47f Z: : / : : :i $ tlil 5.44 IHD II 4c lir. ft! ifi :.74 RN Ifil li IN IN! I! 4.4 Is tlo 5.4 Z/ : Ill 5. li fill IT : 7: VII.6? Ili I IT tlifl :. f:4 :47 Ilt:4 :75 :: /4: :'.4 rfe i /. /9.9. II 5.4 ME 5. I" 4 IN Ili, 8 UN iii...i : fit! IBA.:!. P. : :E / $ HU s5.85 f lt: 4 till -. IS.t -.. :47, liti.f c : : 7:4 :4 6. :7 :ou.6 : ? 4 lit:i :t tilf 4 : lit. 5:; / :it 5: / 4:/ : :4 l it I:it 4?; : III:i lit: * li 4: :.; * i. ISI:t :4 lit: i:i : t IRA I/ :. / I: Illif 4 li: :it I :II lit:i : :it 8 :ZZ i If 4/ HI III 4 : pp :i.? Ilk ifil 4 ; lips f 64 : : i $ : ill ; 4:i /:I lip : :7 li :; :It lit:i fili fi :4 It i ;: 5:4 /4 4: :9 li6: : : :4 :6. :4 li III : Ei IN iiiii Mil id ITO it! IRA A! Ill:! Mil :II

256 All IT) liti T:s 5:9 to: st:t.7 ti4:7 8 :4 : 4 JUL II: 4 IT/ MI w.8 c.8 8:. 4 6/. F.. Pi ;: 4 plif 4:7 I. ph 9444 S4S :z; : lit : :5.;.69 : R5SULT5--FUN 7 OAV TIFF VFL !: f / seen ? U T ? TWA t:; g TFA " RFA T48? : 44. Of , t7 45. Oi E C IIN ! / /...7 ;;:; RF8 TWC / ' T'iC RFC : TWO ? I RFn 9 5 OP Ot i It n

257 i ? f ' ' ' S II? ? It '.8 IV 7.4 4,?oz.? r n.i ( '.,.9 ' ( q... li:; tt ' ' F S E IT P ;: ) ? ( ,5,..; Ng: ' ' Ill ftl; ' ;4,7,:? ;;..! ;:: ' ;:' t :; ;t:il g 6.7 S : ilz.j ti: : : i.7 :4.6 ispl it:6; :66

258 RESULTS- -RUN ORT TIME TEL /4 TB TMA TSA RFI TWO TSB RFB TMC TSC RFC TWO TS RFO I. :I III Mg iii till MI../ ITI /.-4 iiil RI Ill I/ Oili l' : : : 49: : I lit lin Mil : it: 4: :: 4 RH It: : it9: ftpl Tif ii --NI -gig : /: It: : ph It: =: Iti: ti: =. i if; tt:i =: :7 f:; : ft5f 5: : ltl:t AY:, In:5 : y. t..: : ;:s 4: -5: ? t 4.5 '. Itt Itti *It t : : TM lt.. II: 4..6 : 4: ti.. : H.J. lg. I ---):---:- : gl: Itri :II- lici--:-- : : I4: : iti hl ii.:ii / te.f : 7 49 : 4: HI 5:t : It :5 f: t:.4 If: it : /: ill :jf ilifl lti lg 4.. t: I. lip Iti:t t.t Y: tl:' ill 54.o : :77.: 4.4 : love& i:i7 id :,4 -NI lit- fillf ill ii): 4.4 li: : t: : : It: ii:tf ;:f Itil : *44.9 It: :4 / 5: Ill: 5.65 /l 4:5 5. t : 4.7 5:s; st/: t : Al S ;78 9,54. pig I.? HIT / III if.55 nil. if...k 5 5: : 75ft 4: litl i44: 4.5 : 4:ti i4 :4 igit ;:, iti:8 )4:/i A m5 VII /A TR TWA T'l ;FA Dm TS' FF n ? Itt:I Ot ? ;;Z 4.?. - E.J, iti.; - ri Olt / ?I - OS 4.. F.%/t : t9:?.; g '4:4 t il:f OF Or ;...4 IMP : WA It;:; M : Iti:% i Nil iiiip IZI;:i ;.. Z.Z ItiA ;!WC "4;:'i P;.: :6 TW ":"." Pi...! -" 45.r I45:6 PFr Oti 5 7? TRO ISO RFO AI ;.? 4 c F\J

259 $ PH : ! ; TO 75...; lt: ;t:! :, :7 lit: g: M: U: :5. Igg: ? 7.5 5:; 4: It;:l :4 6: :Zt l:; E , no Rt.4:! 77 I = ill.; 4'4. SS 4.' t $ ? DAY ri U II 7 i TivE " C r VFI , / ' /A '6 9, C/ '66 5( f6 5E ( ( ( (66 C(86 5( C., 4S Tr on c.f c IRA "6.4 6' E It9., ISA C t. -L C.7.6 -C Z '. ' LFA OP Or el ( ( C (9 * CI 4 C5 CS CS C 4 IP ( E two Inn / ' / r ' ' I.7 pro OS 49 7 e5 OS 9 OA 8 9 4? Twr ' l'f RFC ? TWO.. ' ISO RFD ,

260 ? * C ' F 5.47 SOF '' , E c7 L COIF : q E..* ' /.8.9.* ?.!.E.*....* 4?. /.7 / * P F 5 CO P5 44 SS C P 5 'A In ( / ' : ? : F F *7.? * As ' / t.? ? 5.4? ST RESULTS-PUN 4 DAY TIME i: :i tl:i i % t isr.o 47. VEL MI 5.4( E ' 5.i fo MI / 5.4 4/A t /667 E ;9% I t! E : ?...i ::! ? TWA E toe P :.. i: :,.6.9 j TSA l?a:i 4.? : PFA " ( ' E :;; :( TWO ? :4.. i.5.6 TSB tos.o 5. / t: / te ::: Z RFS..5 Al E q tj.9 i:p e TIC TSC : // / Z / /6..4 /5.4 III. IVA / i:::8 4:.% 4..7 / RFC TWO ISO PFO :48 8;:l 84: q / ( / o.tt i..is img NI 8:5 ILIA.Ii : s / :::: : 8: I:.4 :6 84.9

261 ; ;i t: /9. ;/ r :. 848 ::. t.. MEI II ill: It : ;:li ims 95. ; UN St.' % 54 6: : HU III.J In:i 'IN.6F OS /4.8 5: : :; 76 '4.5.7 N'i,5.: : I:If lit:i 5.7 J.A...;. :7! W./ // "6" " 6./ :.95 : i../ / Ilt:i.6 ::! /6. 5:6 4. 8: ism :88.6 :.44.6 : RESULTS - -FUN 4 OA TIME tot i..? ,54: ' ' iir...;. 8.4 VEL E 5.4: ;At 5.E i:l : :ft /A ) ? / LIIM :;8; T9 TWA :8 lit:" :8 5: 5i:r ;: lit:'; : lit: : Iii : IDA g:i It5: TA ii..7 5':'; :..9 4 i it;.9.5 : Z:8.9. PFA TWA /SI FF4 TWC FFC TWO ISO RFO D = J N Ot J :4 $: ? / i 5 ' SI :4 l 5 q: =S t :. 5.9 :Z 8.A e 4. Z ' : Iti:; : : fli: Si : I: :44 HE! it :: 8: itr! v., fi Ili: ? ; : ? 8 88: ;:i OS lit. li / hi : : JO )9..4 tt 6.R 7../ ; : i: / ; :

262 fril NI ISt: J..;:t fill 95.6 / J: : lip :f7 Nil./ IT RESULTS-FUN 4x OAV 8 8 i TIME gi 7 rti ill 6 VEL i ' i P 5.8 $ / qs/5 9/ Z5, 9575 p / / vs TW4 Tse RFA TWO T : lit: / :I In:: f oft / i :i ifti: 5: ,7, qi.8 4. /5.;, / / :5. Z. 5 : ;:t IM , Z..,:; ig !:i, ;4: /g ig?.: RF : TIC TSC /.5 /5/ ii ). 5./ /9/ Q /.) ig. Igi.g tfc TWO oho.. Isi..s D / re I:E :94 in:f ist..s 54.7 t:t i III: S # 49.8 RF9.4.. ell -.5. (.t! IT / :.74

263 -win 4/7 OA A IS It II " VEL 5.f E F t E7 47E E E E ) F IRA U.S I i lim E AFi Ob di if ? C 57 Ivi A e.s n:' so - RF " TWC TSC / ) ' I , RFC IVO /SO :t Ii: f4.a RF : ) :)..64

264 ' : t FA: F ? ,, ) MO , / ? ' b f i / / E E

265 E g E 5.F f 5.E ' E , ^5.; ' C P.: '.4. ' ) o j 457..J ficgi q : i:g.77.5 :t.99.6?.6 Z F : E ( 4699/ 95. Ce / / ' SI E b F

266 5OET5--5OM 46 OA TIME V6 / 4 ThA T!A PF T4 5 MF 54. TSC.FCC TWO U U s ! i / ' f ) i i M: Q h o U ; 9; c4.4/ 7.6 EZ "9" 4985 N ;:l t ? U. 5., ) III.' RFD.? , ss

267 tr S , ? ? 5.4e ? ? :t ' U E E o C t C J L i I J 4 5 C u JE Yr o d 78 U4 8 Bo o C ?.? E ? tt?.? U C J ) U7.b U :: t : ,: : \

268 A6.9E.5 8? Jr r e f...? ? ? Z ? , ? ? " t( b U , , i / o 4.!:: ::i Wel ) : ,J ;:l e ? IT..8.'.8.#! e ' o E / ) t I I I i:g : ,6 7 io p: ! lit ' U t.j : :Z ?..4, Z :i.5.4.6) ) :4 8:.! In.! : :i I: ) o i b5.5

269 R6SOLIS--ROO 4 DAY TIME VEL 9/8 TWA /SA 66A 9 IS) -69 TWC TSC fc TWO ISO 4F OF US U 46. :i GE J Itt:; N: In.::: oe ) :I 5. in: P * : 55.7 itl In: It! I I E A4 6. 4( ) ? i ' P 7747 SI: HO, ( u F " : 47:7, ! ( ) , ).' J u e ' ) , J5 7.) i

270 f r 7 Sf : P Fo A 5.A : ! PAI / / * : : : ed b : , E I4: rt c( C / E c Z.5 6.6! ( ? ! , / ( ( ( / 4, , I / E 4E , (: '::, * * , ( , , e..7 * * be* b b PAO / , / Z.6 Z i ;.: :t o / n.tr // Ni li:

271 / :; i P ;cf J f ' t ;:f, ( / ' ( E , Itt.A I:g i;:z , c F '.6 6c t q h / : t.ty z: L t,..7, Z54. 5(. 56.o ;:; n78.: It Ni "9.55." ;;RE 7 ic:7 VP.?; " 5.6 7"; ;:t M :: / ' / ) :9 ;:; E W ) /

272 RESULTS - -RUN 5 OAW TIME VEL /A TO TWA TSA RFA TWO TSO RFO TWC TSC RFC TWO ISO RFO OS / : g95.? 44,:47. It s! I V ;.; : :I / OE I. : / It It si!in s.q...5 I 5.II : III: :S :4 : - 8 il I IIS: =:4.: V 45:7 4 / , I.I : 8 : III:I : II :i -: O "4" 8: :8 : - It lt: 4-6 St : SIM -6 5 : -: : :g; $ : S/ : 9.9 Ilt: t it II / :II 49. 5: i5: / I: : III:i St : 4: :t :% Ilt:/ If Itti It? t 4 lit! Ilt: I) : lill I ri. Iiill I:t : MI it IIi:t I/ :il ;(5. :I lit:4 ii it: Iti / I I: Rill :t.: 8: Itf:I 4 s 4 9 It I4: I5: II III:I : : / ? BM. 5.I :I It: III:t IS It: 4 I I:4 SO / : ZI I 77 WA II ;: : :II It: Ilt:: / : Itil I: II : : : : :74 4:S I: : Iti:t Ilt:t RI St RH Ilt:t er I : : : e :II 9 ilt: 4. :i.6 : 566 : Mil iiii; III: Itl I 9 MI.: 8 " " :.; 44. /WI Nil its 6., / :4! Ai 9?? It! : 4.5 / %.4 6 /: ;9 9 Itt: t: I If Ili: ItI 4 g Itt:I lit:" V :? II ilt: I: '" 5 4 : ItI: : 5 i: 4 il Itl:t 9 I: :I i

273 : / mil 56 56/ I : It: : : MI 4 :4 4,: 4 : : : : w / /! 4 It / : : ; h4g6...4) 5. :9 : RH :4,: : : Ilf: : : e : 4:i : I: 4:4 ;: 9: St? : / If $ / / : / , ; / / ill 4:i IPA :S. ill : fill Hsi III /.5.4 \ / :i 46. : I:i? : 8: : : / / iti.4 II.." ''4" I: : :7 I: 8.6 : : 9k : /4: / / 46.8 / , I: I: I: Iiii : /46.5 / : : : I: : :4 :4 : : : J /47. /5.7 :g :f : / : 4f. liel.6 / /..8./ : 6:i 4.6 :.. I: : : : : I:i : :f / : : /4./ / / / / :/ 47: : ill Riii Ili 9: MI : :E : INA : : :/ :f MI 4 : 44 4: :if : : ;. / 4 96: 47. 5: / fel UN : :6:8 5: : : : /.4?.54 :t :.6.6 :.6.7 : /9.5 : : :t 4. '6 4./ : li BM :f. I: /. ::::..47 : : Hu :4 /:. /8.8 :.46 no m

274 : RESULTS- "ION 6 OAV TIME VEl i ;:ti : 5.4. " 5.4 ".".4i : :S OA /A 78 6" 5 48 illiil ili" i 8 5 i # ? 969 ; TR 96.5 : 96. :S : 96. '9: /WA ISA PFA TWA TS', 89. /69./ -. : : : I: : ; : : : i ; NI 85. 6, /.6 7: 67: Ili:t ; 8. Z 87.7 E /6,.4 Mei.7 RH m : : =: : : : : : / Ill ' : t : :if ii..! ( r !; : :.6 ( E E i.6. / / O.,* 9. 7/ ) / / = P ILI() / ? /.9.4 / , , ' RFB TWC TSC RFC TWO TS RFO 6.." '4. Ii./ :" : ).59 IS" 4.4 " SI,:t L7:

275 : In: :ti :9 6Z :V zu 4 ' z E I i Ici: Z /. E / : E Ic: Z Q , S 8:!! S / PO " % E Z Z :% :c! ir e E e f i.A F , F E f :Z; /9 4t id; 46., i Skit f :75: : G lt:s 47.7 E ! , E i46.9'; G : INI It i;s:8 t:ti 85N; ' / Z i. ; MA?..ti Hint Skri [.; ` ItPA Pkt; ;8:8 ;:7 8: ii.s : E t e is: ,: ,..g i: t

276 7: i8: : :t z ISiI; :5 8i8L 4. 74: : 8:48 It't 6 if Tt: : : ;Z:8 l:! 58:8 74: : S: 8:I I67: : 9: f:4 : t 8:4 8 ITS:i : IS:li RFSULTS--Fun 5 OAY 8 TIME : : : P VII 5.8 5, e i !At ! $ f4: /A ) t E f, TWA TSA :8 Z:i :4 : : :i IRA t: : : i g: : Z ;./ f: 9 :, RFA TWO IS9 RF t5. -: t:, : :4 itt.! lip - -:8i =8: q E ( :4 IT. 5f.9 I.4 / Si Sf GO OS 5 it OS if 6 8 TwC TSC : G RFC If 4 5 6i Ss. 9 5 TWO ISO PF Z ? IT 667 5/ / O IC :

277 le r./9. / : t : F ti; / S t: Z / / / / / Q ' / / / irs : / go.? 57.8 Z j f INA ;:gg.67 5/ k r / / I:i; le / St / i Q. Ni: rote g: ;:il O E S Mg ;Z:t /. 7.?7..6 id: t7.6 Z L / I s ( of /56. Ilt:i lilt gt: ;4: / (.6 IZ:t :g6?76. /56. r / t ? / :7; / / i;: / ;4:t r , /56.6 / / k 56..5r / ';;:5 "." / o/.5/ / / / s gre..g 58.8 /.46 i".t 75. 4c." ?? ZTO6. 5?.5. :4;

278 ? I: ;59 El ri: in:s f.o c. 656.$ UN : MI 5.8 : 5.8 : IP :g Inn :4 i;i:t 4: II:ii 7: : :; t I: :56 7: : II: i;s: :.59 76:; : :7 7:4 :.6 776: : :47 :Iti; 96::: ;:.:, :7 R: 5:4 :7 g: I:8 : 7: :f : ti? 76: g: ;.? MI ;.6 ii.t,, 75.4 i.5 8 7: IN ill fitil Ilili idil.6 Mit 6 II: t ;;. ip.; 4.6 HT IR.; 48. lig, :4 ift:? INA : :9 : : :86 76:4 / :7 : IP:: 4. : 7:4 IT) :8 gt: I5: :EI ;: :7 II:4 ; : 57: Z: II:; : ::6 74:6 74:6 ID? : : t "" 8644.A 7. : :Tf 57: 5. : 75.9 I5: :ri :i ;: : !Rif li Iffil,4: III! fill iii:i IN! Mit lilt IRA Ilil illi :7 it,:4. : 7I::: :..M : q ::: II:4 7: ;:l : gl..! :f li:s : 7: : : 7: : :7 g: M : ic7.: 5:7 : : :ec I U ' 4 Ill; fili t : NIU:. 4C55--RUD '' DAT (I 9 o t / A TTMF 'P.O r. VF /A E5 '5 g56 E55 E55 E5 E55 E55 '4 54 t55 ttfos E5 4 4 c t in TWA F F C d C ICA CFA rwn Sn RI..C t? ( C C C7.7.c Of !. -n.4.( Cl C C C C (s U C!WC e./. e TSC RFC..5.. U t TWD isn : RFD : : O

279 4 5. f f -C? b.b -U t : U E P P [ : E ? g : ? m e , e A C * e E C I/ ? Om.9 ; el) 76. e E C fl P C E C Oh E55 * C P Cl..?. 9.6.? P f ts n IR ?.9. 4 ' : ( E fl ER AA 7.b C e ' ( ( ' ef /.5. 7? '.? (. to P PO t;..7 fo / ftsns to if ? U Po il ' ' OP.4 n4.f ft ot ( II f ( f 5.r ? '59" ' t lim '. PP 7.6 t. P PP t 9( E (I Al '9 F. ( (.4 C6.7 4.f 7'.4 ( C n5.. ' ' % IS /.7.6? 7. 9t E n S Z.? P:; (4..5? (5 i ! M.( o T.; %..; :; 4;: 44 4:; :4 igl:; : f ?.5.

280 7 7 7? A ? OAV e o n 7, i , E ' ' HE ;..5../4 ' '5. ' C '.94 VFL ' A Q/A ' e E c , *E C5. E c f 94.5 In f c'.' '5. e ! f / 5. (94..7 ' f ' e t'l.a.a ' C' ,4 4.f 4.t E t , '. 5. '.. ' PEFULIS--PUO g 7: (5 6. C5 Ie Cl 7. ( C7 6. ill In.) An 4(A "7 7.9 TWn :: , A tni.e r 5. 9J.: ' ! j. 7g P - -U ? CY pro CI Cl co C OS '.P os.e 5.A Wr s.ci E l P 4.4. U n SC II o on 4 6 OA 7 77 OM I; 5 t RFC IWO ;: e rsn n C -.? -. 4 It ' or Si s 4 IS Si 5 RF ?....?

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