alpha Value Line - NP Sizing and Technical Data Efficient Flexible Reliable

Transcription

1 alpha Value Line P Sizing and echnical Daa Efficien lexible Reliable

2 alpha Value Line P Raios PS PL P PR 3 orsional backlash [arcmin] Oupu ype Smooh oupu shaf Grooved oupu shaf Oupu shaf wih involue oohing Oupu flange Moor aachmen version Inpu ype Applicaion or high axial and radial forces In coninous operaion In cyclic operaion HIGH ORQUE version oodgrade lubricaion Wih coupling a oupu As linear sysem Wih mouned pinion a oupu Wih screwed on B flange Opions urher echnical daa Max. inpu speed rpm Efficiency % 97% 97% 97% 97% 97% Max. orque 2α Max. radial force 2R

3 Conens WIESEI alpha adaped for any axis he perfec drive soluion whaever he requiremens are WIESEI alpha develops complee, singlesupplier soluions for driving any axis. hey can be used in virually any applicaion from highprecision axes in machine ools and manufacuring sysems o packaging machinery where maximum produciviy is a mus. Sizing of he alpha Value Line P 4 P 00S 6 P 01S P 02S P 03S 12 P 04S 14 Glossary 16 Order codes 17 he name WIESEI alpha is synonymous wih premium qualiy and opimal reliabiliy, high precision and synchronizaion accuracy, maximum power densiy, a long lifeime and very simple moor mouning. he alpha Value Line is a new produc family ha unies hese characerisics which are specially adaped for applicaions in he value segmen or highend secondary axes in a classappropriae way. Benefis of he alpha Value Line: Rapid availabiliy regardless of he bach size Opimal flexibiliy Abiliy o reac promply o changing cusomer requiremens Assembly o order 3

4 Sizing of he alpha Value Line P Auslegung alpha Value Line P Simplified sizing for servo based on he maximummoormomen: moor orque:mmmax A: Vereinfache Auslegung bei moors Servomooren über maximales i i 2α2α max* * Sizing based ondie heapplikaion applicaion B: Auslegung über Sep 1: 1: Schri Deermine he maximum Besimmung des maximalen applicaion orque: =: [] [] Applikaionsmomens Sep 3: 3: Schri Deermine he sizing facor wih he operabesimmung des Auslegungsfakors Auslegungsfakor f ingdem mode facor KM fa=km mi Beriebsarfakor fa: a 66 Sep 2: 2: Schri Deermine he operaing Besimmung des Beriebsarfakors KM: mode facor KM= 4, 4, ormaversellung z.b. in bei orma changing, e.g. Verpackungsmaschinen, packaging machines, drives Anriebe für Bearbeiungsvorfor processing equipmen, richungen, Sellanriebe, ec. acuaors, ec. S Berieb: operaion: Geringe Low duyeinschaldauer cycle Geringe Zyklenzahl Small number of cycles Geringe Dynamik Low dynamics Werkzeugwechsler mi gerinool changers wih low dyger Dynamik, namics, pick &Besückungsplace ganry poralachsen, Reifenaufbauaxes, ire building machines, maschine ec. ec. S Berieb: operaion: Milere MediumEinschaldauer duy cycle geringe Zyklenzahl Small number of cycles milere MediumDynamik dynamics z zz Operaing Beriebsmode arfakor facor KM K M 4 1,6 S Berieb: operaions: Milere ED cycle Medium duy Medium number of cycles Milere Zyklenzahl Medium dynamics Milere Dynamik 1,6 1,0 zzz 1 1 1, ,4 1 1,6 3. 3,2 2, 3.0 1, ,6 1, ,2 sporaisch (Beriebszei < 1h/ag) 1.01,2 4. 4, , , ,9 1, 2 1, 11 Linearmodule, Linear modules,linearachsen linear axes in in Holzbearbeiungsmaschiwoodworking machines, ball nen, screwanrieb drives,von ec.kugelgewinderieben ec. 2,6 2, 3 2,,2 3, 4.1 3, , zzz 3,6 3, 4 3, 1, , 4,1 4 a orque Charakerisisischer characerisic Drehmomenenverlauf Auslegungsfakor fa Cycle Zyklus.7 Sporadic (operaing ime < 1h/day) 1 shif 2/3 shif Auslegungsfakor f [] Sizing facor fa ypical Anwendungsapplicaions beispiel 6,2, 6, 1, 1, 2 2,2 2 Beriebsarfakor KM 2,2 Beriebsarfakor KM Schich 2,4 2Schich 2,6 2,4 2, 2, S1 Berieb: operaion: Hohe Einschaldauer High duy cycle Linearachsen Plasma, Linear axes in in plasma, laser Laser, or waerwassersrahlschneije cuers, porals, der, Porale, Werkzeugool changers wih high wechsler dynamicsmi hoher Dynamik S Berieb: operaion: Milere Einschaldauer Medium duy cycle Medium number of cycles Milere Zyklenzahl High dynamics Hohe Dynamik; Scara Roboer Poralroboer SCARA robos, ganry robos, Bearbeiungsspindeln ec. machining spindles, ec. S Berieb: operaion: Hohe Einschaldauer High duy cycle Hohe Zyklenzahl High number of cycles Hohe Dynamik High dynamics zzz zzz zzz P 00 2, 2. 2_eq = fa * 2α 2_eq = * 2α 2_eq = [] [] 3,0 3.0 P 01 2sage 2sufig 1sage 1sufig 2sage 2sufig sage 1sufig 2sage 2sufig P 03 P 04 1sage 1sufig 2sage 2sufig 1sage 1sufig 2sage 2sufig Max. Drehmomen Maximum orque a) a) M 2α Maximum orque a) a) Max. Drehmomen MA 2α Max. Drehzahl inpu speed n1max min1 00 ominal inpu speed Zul. Milere Drehzahl n1 min 300 radial force Max. Radialkraf 2RMax 2RMax Mean operaing noise Mileres Laufgeräusch LPA db(a) xx 14 xx Pain Lackierung IP 6 xx xx xx he maximum orques depend on he raio Maximale Drehmomene sind übersezungsabhängig Die kann plae mi dem Onlinekonfiguraor uner ausgewähl werden. You passende can selecadaperplae a suiable adaper using he online configuraor on Applikaionsspezifische Auslegung mi cymex Deailliere Hinweise denoeinzelnen Geriebebaugrößen finden sich aufon den jeweiligen Produkseien or applicaionspecific sizing wih cymex, seewww.wienseincymex.com Pleasezu refer he produc pages for deailed informaion individual gearhead sizes Moor andabriebsseie gearhead same direcion An und gleichsinnig Proecion class Schuzar Page Seie Pain Pearl dark grey innovaion blue Perldunkelgrau Innovaion blue Direcion of roaion Drehrichung a) P 02 1sage 1sufig Sep 4: 4: Schri Compareäquivalenes he equivalen applicaion orqueund wih he Abgleich Applikaionsmomen ) Schri ) maximum gearhead 2α (see (aus Sep abelle max. Geriebedrehmomen 2αable, 2,2 2.2 Sep : : Quick selecion of he echnical daa Schri echnische Daen Schnellauswahl i 3 Operaing mode facor KM Walzenanrieb DruckRoller drives in in prining maschinen, presses, sarsernanrieb drives in Abfüllmaschine rackers, ec. ec. Raio a) Übersezung i 3 2,

5 al ph a a l ph a Berücksichigung von Radial oder Axialkräfen am Abrieb: Accoun mus be aken of he radial and axial forces a he oupu: Bei Kräfen den Abrieb bie 6zusäzlich Schri und 7 durchführen moniere Pleaseauf also carry ou seps and 7 if forces are6 presen a he oupu(z.b. (e.g.durch if iming bel pulleys, Riemenscheiben, Rizel oder Hebel). pinions or levers are mouned here). Schri 6 (falls vorhanden): Sep 6 (if exerne exernal Kräfe forces are presen): Besimmung derhe wirkenden Kräfe Deermine forces acing onund he oupu Überprüfung der he Randbedingungen and check boundary condiions 2r Yy22 Radialkraf 2r: [] Radial force 2r = [] Radial force disance x2 = Absand Radialkraf x2: [mm] [mm] Axial force 2a = [] Axialkraf 2a: [] Axial force disance y2 = Absand Axialkraf y2: [mm] [mm] (required if 2a is anlieg) presen) erforderlich wenn 2a 2a Xx22 Condiions axial forceaxialkraf 2a is presen: Bedingungen beiifwirkender 2a: 1. * ( * ) Me o me: Sizing wih cymex 2. y x ( ) o me: Sizing wih cymex 2a * (2r 0,2 * ) is erfüll 1. 2a 0,2 2r Me 2. y2 x2 2 ( 2 ) is erfüll is nich erfüll: Auslegung mi cymex is nich erfüll: Auslegung mi cymex Sep 7: Schri 7: Deermine he maximum equivalen force acing on he oupu 2_eq Besimmung der max. äquivalenen Kraf auf den Abrieb 2_eq 2_eq = 2r + * 2a 2RMax 2_eq = 2r + 0,2 * 2a 2RMax (2RMax can be deermined from he diagram below) (Besimmung 2RMax aus Diagramm unen) 2_eq = + * 2_eq = + 0,2 * 2_eq = [] [] 2_eq = [] [] is erfüll o me: Higher axial and radial forces wih he PS, PL and PR. is nich erfüll: Höhere Radialkräfe mi den Varianen PS, PL und PR sind möglich. KrafKraf am amabrieb Abrieb P P Maximum radial force 2RMax [] 2RMax 0 Maximale Radialkraf 2R_max [] Me P 00 P 04 P 01 P P 02 P 02 P 01 P 00 P 03 P 04 P 04 P 03 sporadisch / 1Schich P 02 2/3Schich P 01 P 00 Sporadic / 1 shif 2/3 shif 11 0 Absand Radialkraf x2 [mm] Radial force disance x2 [mm] 1 1 0

6 P 00S 1sage Raio a) i Maximum orque 4 M 2α 7 2sage n1max min Max. orsional backlash j arcmin Sandard Sandard 13 Max. axial force d) 2AMax m Operaing noise LPA f) kg lbm db(a) o +40 o 4 Lubricaed for life Pain Housing: pearl dark grey / DriveSide: Innovaion Blue Direcion of roaion Moor and gearhead same direcion ype of proecion IP Z (relaes o he drive) Clamping hub [mm] A B C a) b) c) d) s2 3.s2 3.s2 4 3.s2 Oher raios available on reques. Permied 0 imes during he service life of he gearhead. If 2α > 2o, hen 2o is he maximum permied value. A coninous operaion and 20 C ambien emperaure. Higher speeds possible if calculaed using cymex. Refers o he cener of he oupu shaf a n2 = 10 rpm. Depending on he and he seleced adaper plae. A i = / i = and n1= 3000 rpm a no load. You can selec a suiable adaper plae using he online configuraor on Quick gearhead selecion based on he moor characerisic*: Max. orque 2α max moor * i *Please refer o caalog pages 4 and for deailed informaion on manual selecion based on he applicaion. or applicaionspecific sizing wih cymex, see Lubricaion Momen of ineria 1 Max. inpu speed Weigh incl. sandard adaper plae e) n1 min1 2RMax ominal inpu speed c) Max. radial force d) 0 2o Ambien emperaure f) 2 Emergency sop orque b) Max. permied housing emperaure e) 2

7 a l ph a Moor shaf [mm] 1sage Up o 11 4) (B) Up o 14 4) (C) 2sage Up o 11 4) (B) Up o 14 4) (C) Alernaives: Oupu shaf varians Oupu shaf wih key E = key as per DI 6, shee 1, form A onoleraed dimensions ±1 mm 1) Check moor shaf fi. 2) Min./max. permissible moor shaf lengh. Longer moor shafs are adapable; please conac us. 3) he dimensions depend on he moor. 4) Smaller moor shaf s are compensaed by a bushing wih a minimum hickness of 1 mm.! Moor mouning according o operaing manual 7

8 P 01S 1sage Raio a) i 3 Maximum orque M 2α Maximum orque HIGH ORQUE MA 2α Emergency sop orque 2o b) 4 7 2sage n1 min Max. inpu speed n1max min1 00 Max. orsional backlash j arcmin Sandard Sandard Max. axial force d) 2AMax Max. radial force d) 2RMax m e) Operaing noise f) kg lbm LPA db(a) Max. permied housing emperaure Ambien emperaure 1 o +40 o 4 Lubricaion Lubricaed for life Pain Housing: pearl dark grey / DriveSide: Innovaion Blue Direcion of roaion Moor and gearhead same direcion ype of proecion Momen of ineria IP Z A 9 (relaes o he drive) Clamping hub [mm] B C D E a) b) c) d) f) 2 ominal inpu speed c) Weigh incl. sandard adaper plae e) s2 3.s s s s s2 0. Oher raios available on reques. Permied 0 imes during he service life of he gearhead. If 2α > 2o, hen 2o is he maximum permied value. A coninous operaion and 20 C ambien emperaure. Higher speeds possible if calculaed using cymex. Refers o he cener of he oupu shaf a n2 = 10 rpm. Depending on he and he seleced adaper plae. A i = / i = and n1= 3000 rpm a no load. You can selec a suiable adaper plae using he online configuraor on Quick gearhead selecion based on he moor characerisic*: Max. orque 2α max moor * i *Please refer o caalog pages 4 and for deailed informaion on manual selecion based on he applicaion. or applicaionspecific sizing wih cymex, see

9 a l ph a Moor shaf [mm] 1sage Up o 14 4) (C) Up o 19 4) (E) 2sage Up o 11 4) (B) Up o 14 4) (C) Alernaives: Oupu shaf varians Oupu shaf wih key E = key as per DI 6, shee 1, form A onoleraed dimensions ±1 mm 1) Check moor shaf fi. 2) Min./max. permissible moor shaf lengh. Longer moor shafs are adapable; please conac us. 3) he dimensions depend on he moor. 4) Smaller moor shaf s are compensaed by a bushing wih a minimum hickness of 1 mm.! Moor mouning according o operaing manual 9

10 P 02S 1sage Raio a) i Maximum orque M 2α HIGH ORQUE MA 2α Maximum orque Emergency sop orque 3 2o b) 4 2sage n1 min Max. inpu speed n1max min Max. orsional backlash j arcmin Sandard Sandard Max. axial force d) 2AMax Weigh incl. sandard adaper plae 2RMax m e) Operaing noise f) kg lbm LPA db(a) Max. permied housing emperaure o +40 Ambien emperaure o 4 Lubricaion Lubricaed for life Pain Housing: pearl dark grey / DriveSide: Innovaion Blue Direcion of roaion Moor and gearhead same direcion ype of proecion Momen of ineria IP A 9 (relaes o he drive) Clamping hub [mm] B C D E a) b) c) d) f) 2 ominal inpu speed c) Max. radial force d) e) G 24 H s s s s s s2 3.s2 Oher raios available on reques. Permied 0 imes during he service life of he gearhead. If 2α > 2o, hen 2o is he maximum permied value. A coninous operaion and 20 C ambien emperaure. Higher speeds possible if calculaed using cymex. Refers o he cener of he oupu shaf a n2 = 10 rpm. Depending on he and he seleced adaper plae. A i = / i = and n1= 3000 rpm a no load. You can selec a suiable adaper plae using he online configuraor on Quick gearhead selecion based on he moor characerisic*: Max. orque 2α max moor * i *Please refer o caalog pages 4 and for deailed informaion on manual selecion based on he applicaion. or applicaionspecific sizing wih cymex, see

11 a l ph a Moor shaf [mm] 1sage Up o 19 4) (E) Up o 2 4) (H) 2sage Up o 14 4) (C) Up o 19 4) (E) Alernaives: Oupu shaf varians Oupu shaf wih key E = key as per DI 6, shee 1, form A onoleraed dimensions ±1 mm 1) Check moor shaf fi. 2) Min./max. permissible moor shaf lengh. Longer moor shafs are adapable; please conac us. 3) he dimensions depend on he moor. 4) Smaller moor shaf s are compensaed by a bushing wih a minimum hickness of 1 mm.! Moor mouning according o operaing manual 11

12 P 03S 1sage Raio a) i Maximum orque Maximum orque 3 M 2α HIGH ORQUE MA 2α 4 2sage o ominal inpu speed c) n1 min Max. inpu speed n1max min Max. orsional backlash j arcmin Sandard Sandard Max. axial force d) 2AMax Max. radial force d) 2RMax m e) Operaing noise f) kg lbm LPA db(a) Max. permied housing emperaure Ambien emperaure 1 o +40 o 4 Lubricaion Lubricaed for life Pain Housing: pearl dark grey / DriveSide: Innovaion Blue Direcion of roaion Moor and gearhead same direcion ype of proecion Momen of ineria IP C 14 (relaes o he drive) Clamping hub [mm] D E G a) b) c) d) f) 2 Emergency sop orque b) Weigh incl. sandard adaper plae e) H 2 I 32 K s s s s s s s Oher raios available on reques. Permied 0 imes during he service life of he gearhead. If 2α > 2o, hen 2o is he maximum permied value. A coninous operaion and 20 C ambien emperaure. Higher speeds possible if calculaed using cymex. Refers o he cener of he oupu shaf a n2 = 10 rpm. Depending on he and he seleced adaper plae. A i = / i = and n1= 3000 rpm a no load. You can selec a suiable adaper plae using he online configuraor on Quick gearhead selecion based on he moor characerisic*: Max. orque 2α max moor * i *Please refer o caalog pages 4 and for deailed informaion on manual selecion based on he applicaion. or applicaionspecific sizing wih cymex, see 12

13 a l ph a Moor shaf [mm] 1sage Up o 2 4) (H) Up o 3 4) (K) 2sage Up o 19 4) (E) Up o 2 4) (H) Alernaives: Oupu shaf varians Oupu shaf wih key E = key as per DI 6, shee 1, form A onoleraed dimensions ±1 mm 1) Check moor shaf fi. 2) Min./max. permissible moor shaf lengh. Longer moor shafs are adapable; please conac us. 3) he dimensions depend on he moor. 4) Smaller moor shaf s are compensaed by a bushing wih a minimum hickness of 1 mm.! Moor mouning according o operaing manual 13

14 P 04S 1sage Raio a) i Maximum orque M 2α ominal inpu speed n1 min Max. inpu speed n1max min Max. orsional backlash j arcmin Sandard Sandard Max. axial force d) 2AMax Max. radial force d) 2RMax Weigh incl. sandard adaper plae e) m Operaing noise LPA f) kg lbm db(a) o +40 o 4 Lubricaion Lubricaed for life Pain Housing: pearl dark grey / DriveSide: Innovaion Blue Direcion of roaion Moor and gearhead same direcion ype of proecion Momen of ineria IP E 19 (relaes o he drive) Clamping hub [mm] G H I K a) b) c) d) s s s s s Oher raios available on reques. Permied 0 imes during he service life of he gearhead. If 2α > 2o, hen 2o is he maximum permied value. A coninous operaion and 20 C ambien emperaure. Higher speeds possible if calculaed using cymex. Refers o he cener of he oupu shaf a n2 = 10 rpm. Depending on he and he seleced adaper plae. A i = / i = and n1= 3000 rpm a no load. You can selec a suiable adaper plae using he online configuraor on Quick gearhead selecion based on he moor characerisic*: Max. orque 2α max moor * i *Please refer o caalog pages 4 and for deailed informaion on manual selecion based on he applicaion. or applicaionspecific sizing wih cymex, see Ambien emperaure f) 0 2o Max. permied housing emperaure e) 2 Emergency sop orque b) c) 2sage

15 a l ph a 1sage Moor shaf [mm] Up o 3 4) (K) 2sage Up o 2 4) (H) Up o 3 4) (K) Alernaives: Oupu shaf varians Oupu shaf wih key E = key as per DI 6, shee 1, form A onoleraed dimensions ±1 mm 1) Check moor shaf fi. 2) Min./max. permissible moor shaf lengh. Longer moor shafs are adapable; please conac us. 3) he dimensions depend on he moor. 4) Smaller moor shaf s are compensaed by a bushing wih a minimum hickness of 1 mm.! Moor mouning according o operaing manual 1

16 Glossary Equivalen force a he oupu (2_eq) he equivalen force 2_eq a he oupu describes he decisive forces for gearhead selecion. Equivalen applicaion orque (2_eq) he equivalen applicaion orque 2_eq describes he decisive orque for gearhead selecion. Sizing facor (fa) he sizing facor f a describes he influence of he daily operaing ime and he operaing mode facor on he applicaion orque. Operaing mode facor (KM) he operaing mode facor KM describes he influence of he duy cycle, he number of cycles and he dynamics on he applicaion orque. Momen of ineria (relaes o he drive) (J) he mass momen of ineria J is a measure of he effor applied by an objec o mainain is momenary condiion (a res or moving). a l ph a Max. radial force (2R) Max. oupu orque (2α) he radial force 2R is he force componen acing a righ angles o he oupu shaf wih he P, PS, PR and PL or parallel o he oupu flange wih he P. I acs perpendicular o he axial force and can assume an axial disance of x2 in relaion o he shaf shoulder wih he P, PS, PR and PL or o he shaf flange wih he P, which acs as a lever arm. he laeral force produces a bending momen. 2α is he maximum orque which can be ransmied by he gearhead. his value may be lower, depending on he specific boundary condiions of he applicaion. Max. inpu speed (n1max) and nominal inpu speed (n1) wo speeds are of relevance when sizing a gearhead: he maximum speed and he nominal speed a he inpu. he maximum permissible speed n 1Max mus no be exceeded because i serves as cyclic operaihe basis for sizing on. he nominal speed n 1 mus no be coninuous operaion. exceeded in he housing emperaure limis he nominal speed, which mus no exceed 90 C. he nominal inpu speed specified in he caalogue applies o an ambien emperaure of 20 C. As can be seen in he diagram below, he emperaure limi is reached more quickly in he presence of an elevaed ouside emperaure, in oher words he nominal inpu speed mus be reduced if he ambien emperaure is high. he values applicable o your gearhead are available from WIESEI alpha on reques. Operaing noise (LPA) he emergency sop orque [] 2o is he maximum permissible orque a he gearhead oupu and mus no be reached more han 0 imes during he life of he gearhead. I mus never be exceeded. urher informaion can be found in he glossary of our curren produc caalog. Raed speed a 40 ºC 90 Housing emperaure [ºC] Low noise level LPA is a facor of growing imporance for environmenal and healh reasons. he gear raio and speed boh affec he noise level. General rule: A higher speed means a higher noise level, while a higher raio means a lower noise level. he values specified in our caalog relae o gearheads wih a raio i = / a a speed n = 3000 rpm Emergency sop orque (2o) 0 Raed speed a 20 ºC Difference = 20 ºC Raed inpu speed n1 [rpm] Ambien emperaure of 20 ºC Ambien emperaure of 40 ºC Housing limi emperaure 16

17 a l ph a Order codes for he alpha Value Line P P 0 2 S M 1 1 Raio See able or daa shees ype code S = Sandard = ood grade lubricaion Gearhead ype P 00 P 04 1 umber of sages 1 = 1sage 2 = 2sage G / Moor* Clamping hub bore hole See able Oupu shaf shape 0 = Smooh shaf 1 = Shaf wih key, form A, DI 6 Gearhead model = Sandard A = HIGH ORQUE Gearhead variaion M = Moor aachmen gearhead *ull moor designaion only required for deermining aached gearhead componens! Raio and able Size Sages Raios 1 sage 4,, 7,, Clamping hub s* [mm] (Z), 9 (A), 11 (B), 14 (C) 2 sage 16, 20, 2, 2, 3, 40, 0,, 70, (Z), 9 (A), 11 (B), 14 (C) 9 (A), 11 (B), 14 (C), 16 (D), 19 (E) 1 sage 3, 4,, 7,, 2 sage 12, 1, 16, 20, 2, 2, 30, 32, 3, 40, 0,, 70, (Z), 9 (A), 11 (B), 14 (C) 1 sage 3, 4,, 7,, 14 (C), 16 (D), 19 (E), 24 (G), 2 (H) 2 sage 9, 12, 1, 16, 20, 2, 2, 30, 32, 3, 40, 0,, 70, 9 (A), 11 (B), 14 (C), 16 (D), 19 (E) 1 sage 3, 4,, 7,, 19 (E), 24 (G), 2 (H), 32 (I), 3 (K) 2 sage 9, 12, 1, 16, 20, 2, 2, 30, 32, 3, 40, 0,, 70, 14 (C), 16 (D), 19 (E), 24 (G), 2 (H) 1 sage,, 3 (K) 2 sage 2, 32, 0,, 19 (E), 24 (G), 2 (H), 32 (I), 3 (K) *Inermediae s are possible in combinaion wih a bushing wih a minimum hickness of 1 mm. 17

18 WIESEI alpha inelligen drive sysems WIESEI alpha_value_line_p_us_04_201_i echnical changes reserved WIESEI alpha 1249 Humbrach Circle Barle, IL 603, USA el