SCIENCE CHINA Technological Sciences. Vehicle survival patterns in China
|
|
- Blake Lynch
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 SCIENCE CHINA Technological Sciences RESEARCH PAPER March 2011 Vol.54 No.3: doi: /s Vehicle survival paerns in China HAO Han 12 WANG HeWu 12* OUYANG MingGao 12 & CHENG Fei 1 1 Sae Key Laboraory of Auomoive Safey and Energy Tsinghua Universiy Beijing China; 2 China Auomoive Energy Research Cener (CAERC) Tsinghua Universiy Beijing China Received July ; acceped December ; published online January The vehicle survival paern describes he process ha he survival raio of vehicles decreases wih he growh of vehicle age. Vehicle average life span and vehicle scrappage inensiy are he key feaures of vehicle survival paerns and are imporan for he projecion of China s vehicle scrappage and ownership. In his sudy we modeled he vehicle survival paerns of nine classificaions of vehicles in China by employing he Weibull disribuion and obained he vehicle survival raio funcions. I is esimaed ha he average life spans of privae passenger vehicles governmen and business vehicles non-operaing buses heavy duy medium duy and ligh duy rucks are and 8 years respecively. The scrappage inensiies of hese vehicles are similar. Average life spans of axis ransi buses and non-ransi operaing buses are 5 9 and 5.5 years wih he paern of mandaory scrappage. Vehicle scrappages in China are mainly regulaed by he upper limis of vehicle disances raveled specified by he compulsory scrappage sandards. vehicle survival paern average life span scrappage inensiy Ciaion: Hao H Wang H W Ouyang M G e al. Vehicle survival paerns in China. Sci China Tech Sci : doi: /s Inroducion *Corresponding auhor ( wanghw@singhua.edu.cn ) Since he 1990s China s vehicle annual producion and sales have experienced rapid growh. In 2009 hey reached and million respecively [1]. The increase of vehicle producion and sales were followed by he increase of vehicle scrappage. To regulae vehicle scrappage China implemened he compulsory scrappage sandards in 1986 and revised he sandards in The compulsory scrappage sandards specify he upper limis of service imes and disances raveled for differen classificaions of vehicles. The vehicle survival paern describes he process ha he survival raio of vehicles decreases wih he growh of vehicle age. Vehicle average life span and vehicle scrappage inensiy are he key feaures of vehicle survival paern and are imporan for he projecion of China s vehicle scrappage and ownership. The vehicle survival paern is affeced by many facors including he compulsory scrappage sandards designed lifeime and service condiion. Numerous sudies have been conduced on vehicle survival paerns in wesern counries since he 1950s when hose counries began o face an increasing number of vehicle scrappages [2 5]. Sudies on China s vehicle scrappage paerns were carried ou afer Yang e al. used he age disribuion and populaion of Beijing s ligh duy passenger vehicles in 1995 and he number of vehicles scrapped beween 1997 and 2002 and employed Weibull disribuion o esimae he vehicle survival paern of Beijing s ligh duy passenger vehicles [6]. The mehodology of his sudy is based on he invesigaion of vehicle age disribuion and is appropriae o be used in local area sudy. Argonne Naional Laboraory esimaed China s vehicle scrappage paerns by making adjusmens o foregone paerns according o he 1997 compulsory scrappage sandards and projeced fuure rends of he paerns [7]. This mehodology has low requiremen Science China Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 ech.scichina.com
2 626 Hao H e al. Sci China Tech Sci March (2011) Vol.54 No.3 on daa and is appropriae o be used when scrappage daa are no complee. In his sudy we employed Weibull disribuion o model China s vehicle survival paerns and regressed he key coefficiens of he model based on available daa. 2 Modeling of vehicle scrappage paerns 2.1 Vehicle survival raio and scrappage rae funcion Weibull disribuion was named afer Waloddi Weibull who described i in deail in I is widely used in he field of reliabiliy engineering. The failure laws of many elecronic and mechanical producs are in accordance wih he Weibull disribuion [8]. In his sudy we employed Weibull disribuion o model China s vehicle survival paerns. Vehicle scrappage rae is defined as he absolue value of he derivaive of vehicle survival raio wih respec o vehicle age. The funcions of vehicle survival raio and vehicle scrappage rae are described as k SP () SR () exp (1) RP Tim u k 1 kim im k () exp kim T T where SR im () is he survival raio of vehicles (ype m regisered in year i) a he vehicle age of ; SP im () is he number of no-scrapped vehicles (ype m regisered in year i) a he vehicle age of ; RP im is he oal number of vehicles of ype m regisered in year i; T im and k im are he characerisic parameers; v im () is he scrappage rae of vehicles (ype m regisered in year i) a he vehicle age of. Figure 1 is he schemaic diagram of vehicle survival raio and scrappage rae modeled by Weibull disribuion (T im =10 k im =4). The curve of vehicle survival paern can be divided ino hree phases. 1) In he preliminary sage vehicle survival raio is close o 1 and vehicle scrappage rae is quie low implying ha few vehicles are scrapped during he firs several years afer regisraion. 2) In he mass scrappage sage vehicle survival raio decreases quickly and vehicle scrappage rae is quie high implying ha quaniies of vehicles are inensively scrapped in his sage. 3) In he final sage boh vehicle survival raio and vehicle scrappage rae are approaching 0 implying ha mos regisered vehicles have been scrapped. The vehicle survival paern presened in Figure 1 agrees well wih he acual siuaion of vehicle scrappage. Leing =T im and subsiuing ino eq. (1) we obain SR im (T im )=1/e. I means ha when vehicle age reaches T im he vehicle survival raio reaches 1/e abou 36.8%. We define his raio as he characerisic raio and define T im as he vehicle average life span. (2) Figure 1 Schemaic diagram of vehicle survival raio and scrappage rae funcions. In his sudy we define ST im as he ime needed for vehicle survival raio o decrease from 90% o 10% as described by 1/ k 1/ k STim T ( ). (3) The derivaive of ST im wih respec o k im is negaive implying ha ST im decreases when k im increases. The bigger k im he more inensive he vehicle scrappage. 2.2 Influencing facors of he model The compulsory scrappage sandards The vehicle survival paern is affeced by many facors including he compulsory scrappage sandards designed lifeime and service condiion. The compulsory scrappage sandards specify he upper limis of service imes and disances raveled for differen classificaions of vehicles and have decisive impac on vehicle survival paerns. China announced he firs compulsory scrappage sandards in 1986 [9]. The sandards were revised in 1997 wih a more deailed classificaion of vehicles and scrappage limiaions [10]. The sandards were revised wih minor changes in 1998 and 2000 [11 12]. In 2006 China adoped he exposure draf of he new scrappage sandards [13]. The aleraions of he sandards lead o he changes of vehicle survival paerns Vehicle classificaion In his sudy we caegorized vehicles by hree dimensions of vehicle ype purpose and erriory of use as presened in Figure 2. The survival paerns of privae passenger vehicles governmen and business vehicles and non-operaing buses were obained based on firs-hand vehicle scrappage daa. The survival paerns of rucks were obained based on saisical daa of vehicle regisraion and populaion. The survival paerns of axis ransi buses and non-ransi operaing buses were obained based on he survey daa of annual disances raveled of hese vehicles and he upper limis of disances raveled specified by he compulsory scrappage sandards.
3 Hao H e al. Sci China Tech Sci March (2011) Vol.54 No Figure 2 Vehicle classificaion in his sudy. 3 Parameer regression 3.1 Privae passenger vehicles governmen and business vehicles and non-operaing buses In China s saisical sandard of vehicle regisraion and populaion privae passenger vehicles governmen and business vehicles and non-operaing buses can no be separaed from he oal. In his sudy we esimaed he survival paerns of hese vehicles based on firs-hand vehicle scrappage daa. A oal number of 7024 scrappage records were colleced from Beijing Lianhe Vehicle Scrappage Company including 2765 samples of privae passenger vehicles 1472 samples of governmen and business vehicles 1088 samples of non-operaing buses and 1699 scrappage records of oher classificaions of vehicles. The scrappage records include he informaion of vehicle ype purpose of usage regisraion dae scrappage dae and owner of he vehicle. The scrappage daes are beween June 2006 and April Vehicles in oher areas of China are required o mee he same compulsory scrappage sandards implying ha samples from Beijing can largely represen he overall siuaion of China. Figure 3 presens he obained vehicle scrappage daa from Beijing Lianhe Vehicle Scrappage Company. The scrappage daes of mos records are afer 1997 implying ha hese scrappage were mosly deermined by he 1997 compulsory scrappage sandards. Therefore i is assumed ha he survival paern model parameers regressed by hese samples are consan. T jm and k jm are reduced o T m and k m. The parameers are regressed based on eq. (1) and he resuls are lised in Table 1. Figure 3 Vehicle scrappage daa from Beijing Lianhe Vehicle Scrappage Company. Table 1 Regressed coefficiens of he vehicle survival paerns in China Vehicle classificaion T m k m Remarks Privae passenger vehicles Governmen and business buses Non-operaing vehicles Heavy duy rucks Medium duy rucks Ligh duy rucks Taxis 5 Transi buses 9 Non-ransi operaing buses 5.5 The sample daa represen he effec of he 1997 compulsory scrappage sandards. The sample daa mainly represen he effec of he 1997 compulsory scrappage sandards. T m was esimaed based on he 1997 compulsory scrappage sandards.
4 628 Hao H e al. Sci China Tech Sci March (2011) Vol.54 No Trucks Hisorical saisical daa of ruck regisraion and populaion are available which can be used o regress he parameers of he ruck survival paern models. In his sudy he parameers were regressed using VP RP SR ( j i ) (4) jm im im i j where VP jm is he vehicle populaion of vehicle ype m a he end of year j. Eq. (4) describes he fac ha he vehicle populaion a he end of year j is he sum of survived vehicles regisered in he previous years (including vehicles regisered in year j). In his sudy he parameers of he ruck survival paern models were regressed based on saisical daa of ruck regisraion from 1980 o 2004 and ruck populaion from 2000 o 2004 as lised in Table 2 [7]. The ruck scrappages beween 1980 and 2004 were mosly deermined by he 1986 and 1997 compulsory scrappage sandards. During he period when he 1986 compulsory scrappage sandards were in effec he ruck regisraions were quie low implying ha survival paerns of his period had lile influence on he paerns aferwards. To simplify he models we assumed ha ruck scrappage beween 1980 and 2004 were deermined by he same compulsory scrappage sandards and he parameers of survival paern models were consan. To furher reduce he difficuly of parameer regression we firsly regressed parameer k m using he oal regisraion and populaion of rucks. Then we fixed he obained k m and regressed T m for heavy duy medium duy and ligh duy rucks respecively. The resuls are lised in Table Taxis ransi buses and non- ransi operaing buses In China he majoriy of axis ransi buses and non-ransi operaing buses are owned and managed by companies. They are managed in a flee and scrapped mandaorily. The vehicle age of scrappage depends on he service condiions of vehicles and he compulsory scrappage sandards. According o he 1997 compulsory scrappage sandards he upper limis of service imes and disances raveled were 8 a and km for axis 10 a and km for ransi buses and 10 a and km for non-ransi operaing buses. I is invesigaed ha he annul disances raveled are km for axis km for ransi buses and km for non-ransi operaing buses [14 16]. In his sudy we esimaed he annual disances raveled by aking he averages. In his case axis ransi buses and non-ransi operaing buses reach he limied disances raveled specified by he compulsory scrappage sandards a he vehicle ages of 5 9 and 5.5 a which are all lower han he limied service imes respecively. k m is assumed o be infinie o reflec he paern of mandaory scrappage. 4 Resuls and analysis The parameers of vehicle survival paern models were regressed as lised in Table 1. Based on parameers in Table 1 Figure 4 presens he survival raio funcions of all classificaions of vehicles. The followings can be concluded. 1) The average life span of privae passenger vehicles is higher han ha of governmen and business vehicles. This conclusion agrees well wih he acual fac. There are wo reasons for his phenomenon. The firs is ha operaing frequency of governmen and business vehicles is higher han ha of privae passenger vehicles; he second is ha he governmen and business cusomers are less sensiive o he cos of vehicle replacemen and have more moivaion o scrap he old vehicles. 2) Heavier rucks have longer average life span han ligher ones. This phenomenon agrees well wih he foreign sudies. The high cos of displacing heavy duy rucks reduces cusomer s will o scrap he old ones. Besides he upper limis of disances raveled for heavy and medium duy rucks are higher han ha for ligh duy rucks according o he compulsory scrappage sandards. 3) The values of parameer k m for privae passenger vehicles governmen and business vehicles non-operaing buses and rucks are similar implying ha heir scrappage inensiies Table 2 China s new regisraion and populaion of rucks New regisraion (housand) Populaion (million) Heavy duy Medium duy Ligh duy Heavy duy Medium duy Ligh duy
5 Hao H e al. Sci China Tech Sci March (2011) Vol.54 No he projecion of China s vehicle scrappage and ownership. Suppored by he Naional High Technology Research and Developmen Program of China ( 863 Projec) (Gran No. 2008AA11A157). Figure 4 Vehicle survival raio funcions of all classificaions in China. are similar. 4) The average life spans of axis ransi buses and non-ransi operaing buses are quie low and hese vehicles are mandaorily scrapped. 5) The survival raios of all classificaions of vehicles are approaching 0 before hey reach he limied service ime specified by he compulsory scrappage sandards implying ha vehicle scrappage in China are mainly regulaed by he upper limis of vehicle disances raveled specified by he compulsory scrappage sandards. 5 Conclusive remarks In his sudy we modeled he vehicle survival paerns in China by nine vehicle classificaions and obained he survival raio funcions of vehicle age. I can be concluded ha among passenger vehicles he average life span of privae passenger vehicles is higher han ha of governmen and business vehicles. Heavier rucks have longer average life span han ligher ones. The average life spans of axis ransi buses and non-ransi operaing buses are quie low and hese vehicles are mandaorily scrapped. Vehicle scrappage in China are mainly regulaed by he upper limis of vehicle disances raveled specified by he compulsory scrappage sandards. The resuls obained by his sudy are valuable for 1 China Auomoive Technology & Research Cener. China Auomoive Indusry Yearbook Beijing: China Auomoive Indusry Yearbook Press Walker F V. Deerminans of auo scrappage. Rev Econ Sais (4): Parks R W. Deerminans of scrapping raes for poswar vinage auomobiles. Economerica (5): Greenspan A Cohen D. Moor vehicle socks scrappage and sales. Rev Econ Sais (3): Chen C Niemeier D. A mass poin vehicle scrappage model. Transp Res PT B-Mehod (5): Yang F Yu L Song G H e al. Survival probabiliy-based dynamic vehicle age disribuion model. China Safey Sci J (6): Huo H Wang M Johnson L e al. Projecion of Chinese moor vehicle growh oil demand and CO 2 emissions hrough Transp Res Rec : Pinder III J E Wiener J G Smih M H. The Weibull disribuion: A new mehod of summarizing survivorship daa. Ecology (1): Naional Economy Commisssion. Regulaions on Acceleraing he Scrappage of Old Vehicles. Beijing: Naional Economy Commisssion Office of Naional Vehicle Scrappage Leading Group. Vehicle Scrappage Sandards. Beijing: Office of Naional Vehicle Scrappage Leading Group Office of Naional Vehicle Scrappage Leading Group. Announcemen on Adjusing he Scrappage Sandards for Ligh Duy Trucks. Beijing: Office of Naional Vehicle Scrappage Leading Group Office of Naional Vehicle Scrappage Leading Group. Announcemen on Adjusing Some Clauses of he Scrappage Sandards. Beijing: Office of Naional Vehicle Scrappage Leading Group Naional Developmen and Reform Commission. Compulsory Scrappage Sandards for Moor Vehicles (exposure draf). Beijing: Naional Developmen and Reform Commission China Academy of Transporaion Science. Curren saus and projecion of China s moor vehicle populaion and annual disance raveled. In: 2010 Conference on he China Susainable Energy Program of Energy Foundaion. Beijing: Energy Foundaion China Auomoive Technology & Research Cener. Invesigaion of disance raveled of passenger vehicles in some ciies. In: 2010 Conference on he China Susainable Energy Program of Energy Foundaion. Beijing: Energy Foundaion Vehicle Emission Conrol Cener. Progress on invesigaion of China s moor vehicle annual disance raveled. In: 2010 Conference on he China Susainable Energy Program of Energy Foundaion. Beijing: Energy Foundaion 2010
Reliability Analysis of Pre-stressed Concrete Continuous Girders Bridge using Incremental Launching Method on Different Codes
Applied Mechanics and Maerials Submied: 2014-08-27 ISSN: 1662-7482, Vol. 681, pp 205-208 Aeped: 2014-08-27 doi:10.4028/www.scienific.ne/amm.681.205 Online: 2014-10-20 2014 Trans Tech Publicaions, Swizerland
More informationFault Analysis and Diagnosis of Aeroengine Fuel Metering Device
016 Inernaional Conference on Mechanical, Conrol, Elecric, Mecharonics, Informaion and Compuer (MCEMIC 016) ISBN: 978-1-60595-35-6 Faul Analysis and Diagnosis of Aeroengine Fuel Meering Device Kai Yin,
More informationOptimal Control Strategy for PHEVs Using Prediction of Future Driving Schedule
World Elecric Vehicle Journal Vol. 5 - ISSN 232-6653 - 212 WEVA Page 149 EVS26 Los Angeles, California, May 6 9, 212 Opimal Conrol Sraegy for PHEVs Using Predicion of Fuure Driving Schedule Daeheung Lee
More informationVehicle Class Composition Identification Based Mean Speed Estimation Algorithm Using Single Magnetic Sensor
Vehicle Class Composiion Idenificaion Based Mean peed Esimaion Algorihm Using ingle Magneic ensor DEG Xiaoyong, HU Zhongwei, ZHAG Peng, GUO Jifu (Beiing Transporaion Research Cener, Beiing 00055, China)
More informationCHAPTER 4 WEIBULL ANALYSIS
48 CHAPTER 4 WEIBULL ANALYSIS 4. INTRODUCTION Weibull analysis is used o analyze he daa from all phases of produc life. The Weibull disribuion is one of he mos exensively used lifeime disribuions in reliabiliy
More informationSpecification for Wire Rope Type Electrical Hoist
YUANTAI CRANE Specificaion for Wire Rope Elecrical Hois Compac srucure, ligh weigh, safe and reliable. High universaliy, inerchangeabiliy and lifing capaciy. Convenien,easy mainenance and operaion,sable
More informationA regenerative braking control strategy for electric vehicle with four in-wheel motors
A regeneraive braking conrol sraegy for elecric vehicle wih four in-wheel moors Wei Xu 2, Haiyan Zhao 1,2, Bingao Ren 2, Hong Chen* 1,2 1. Sae Key Laboraory of Auomoive Simulaion and Conrol, Changchun,
More informationDevelopment of Brushless DC Motor with low cogging torque for Ceiling Fan
PEDS29 Developmen of Brushless DC Moor wih low cogging orque for Ceiling Fan Chuan-Sheng Liu Member, IEEE Naional Formosa Universiy Dep. of Aeronauical Engineering 632 Yunlin, Taiwan csliu@nfu.edu.w Absrac
More informationDrive systems. Cranes with character. ABUS crane systems targeted operation. Moving on up. crane systems. t t v. max.
Cranes wih characer max. 0 ABUS crane sysems argeed operaion Drie sysems crane sysems Moing on up. Pole change sysems he fas way from A o B Experienced crane operaors are horoughly conersan wih he behaiour
More informationfor your rolling needs
In 2015 he firs ma rolling machine from Inwaec was insalled in a branch of he uniform renal and linen supply company Canadian Linen. Since hen pleny of ma rollers has followed. None of he oher ma rollers
More informationOver Voltage Protector
CPS polarized ype PSPL, CPS non-polarized ype PSNP. OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTOR For overvolage proecion has developed a new device : he CPS. This is a device whose original concep gives i very ineresing characerisics
More informationCombustion and Emission Performance in a Can Annular Combustor
Combusion and Emission Performance in a Can Annular Combusor Gang Pan, Hongao Zheng Absrac In order o design a dual-fuel combusor for he Chemically Recuperaed Gas Turbine (CRGT), numerical research on
More informationLINEAR BAR GRILLS. Supply, Return, Extract Linear bar grilles and registers
Supply, Reurn, Exrac Linear bar grilles and regisers LG-1 F W B N B B TIM model LG-1 is a reurn air grille wih fixed profiled linear blades of 0 wih 3 mm hickness, se a 12.5 mm or 6 mm pich. F = Frame
More informationEmpirical analysis of palm oil futures price volatility based on. EGARCH model
Inernaional Journal of Laes Research in Engineering and Technology (IJLRET) www.ijlre.com Volume 04 - Issue 06 June 018 PP. 6-67 Empirical analysis of palm oil fuures price volailiy based on EGARCH model
More informationDigital Microelectronic Circuits ( ) Dynamic Logic. Lecture 10: Presented by: Adam Teman
Digial Microelecronic Circuis (361-1-3021 ) Presened by: Adam Teman Lecure 10: Dynamic Logic 1 Moivaion Las lecure, we learned abou Pass Transisor Logic. Using his echnique (i.e. passing a signal hrough
More informationThe Comparison Cost of EVs Charging via Plug-in Electricity and Gasoline Source
Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Auomaion 16, 6(1): 1-7 DOI:.5923/j.jmea.160601.01 The Comparison Cos of EVs Charging via Plug-in Elecriciy and Gasoline Source Mukhar M. A. Morad 1, Ahmad Murad 1,
More information5TT3 4 voltage and frequency relays
s SENTRON 5TT3 4 volage and frequency relays Sandard-complian grid and plan proecion for in-plan power generaion sysems Reliable grid monioring for energy infeed The 5TT3 4 volage and frequency relay is
More informationSwarm Grid: Collective synchronization of electricity grid devices
Swarm Grid: Collecive synchronizaion of elecriciy grid devices TR/ROBOLABO/2013-001 Developed by ROBOLABO www.robolabo.esi.upm.es Auhors: Manuel Casillo-Cagigal Eduardo Maallanas Álvaro Guiérrez Las updae:
More informationAbstract. Therefore the objective of the paper is to project the long-term growth of motor vehicles, and subsequently IJERTV2IS90454
Perol and Diesel s in Delhi: Nirogen Oxide Emission Dr. Debabraa Das Indus Business Academy Plo No. 44, Knowledge Park-III Greaer Noida-201308 Uer Pradesh, India Absrac In he age of moorizaion vehicular
More information[Liu, 5(12): December2018] ISSN DOI /zenodo Impact Factor
[Liu, 5(1): December018] ISSN 48 804 DOI- 10.581/zenodo.09405 Imac Facor- 5.070 GLOBAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND RESEARCHES RESEARCH ON THE COMPARISONS BETWEEN SABAH CYCLE AND DIESEL CYCLE OF
More informationUniversal Step-Down DC/DC Converter Design Using AIC1563
Universal Sep-Down DC/DC Converer Design Using AIC56 Ben Tai Absrac olage required in he modern elecronic sysems are single or muliple regulaed volages such as., 5, 2, -5, or 2, ec. I can be supplied by
More informationTHE electric vehicle (EV) markets of many countries have. Two-Stage Optimal Scheduling of Electric Vehicle Charging based on Transactive Control
1 Two-Sage Opimal Scheduling of Elecric Vehicle Charging based on Transacive Conrol Zhaoxi Liu, Member, IEEE, Qiuwei Wu, Senior Member, IEEE, Kang Ma, Member, IEEE, Mohammad Shahidehpour, Fellow, IEEE,
More informationUsing ICT-Controlled Plug-in Electric Vehicles to Supply Grid Regulation in California at Different Renewable Integration Levels
1 Using ICT-Conrolled Plug-in Elecric Vehicles o Supply Grid Regulaion in California a Differen Renewable Inegraion Levels Chrisoph Goebel, Member, IEEE, and Duncan S. Callaway, Member, IEEE Absrac The
More informationResearches of Elastic Elements an ABS-Controller System
Researches of Elasic Elemens an ABS-Conroller Sysem D.C. THIERHEIMER, L. GACEU, M. CLINCIU, O. CÂMPIAN, D. OLA, W.W. THIERHEIMER Faculy of Food and Tourism Transilvania Universiy of Brasov Eroilor 29,
More informationCombustion of Diesel sprays under real-engine like conditions: analysis of low- and high-temperature processes
ILASS Europe 21, 23rd Annual Conference on Liquid Aomizaion and Spray Sysems, Brno, Czech Republic, Sepember 21 Combusion of Diesel sprays under real-engine like condiions: analysis of low- and high-emperaure
More informationXSz 8... XSz 50 Solenoid actuated fail-safe safety valve
> > /-way or size: G /4... G, /4... NT > > ouble valve conrol sysem, inherenly failsafe wihou residual pressure > > ynamic self monioring > > For use wih pneumaic cluch and brake sysems and oher -way safey
More informationA NEW LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL METHOD IN POWER SYSTEM USING VEHICLE-TO-GRID SYSTEM CONSIDERING USERS CONVENIENCE
A NEW LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL METHOD IN POWER SYSTEM USING VEHICLE-TO-GRID SYSTEM CONSIDERING USERS CONVENIENCE Koichiro Shimizu*, Taisuke Masua, Yuaka Oa, and Akihiko Yokoyama The Universiy of Tokyo Tokyo,
More informationEuropean Commission - Energy Policy
In naional currency Euro-super 95 Gas oil auomobile Auomoive gas oil Dieselkrafsoff Gasoil de chauffage Heaing gas oil Heizöl (II) Soufre
More informationEuropean Commission - Energy Policy
In naional currency Euro-super 95 Gas oil auomobile Auomoive gas oil Dieselkrafsoff Gasoil de chauffage Heaing gas oil Heizöl (II) Soufre
More informationEuropean Commission - Energy Policy
In naional currency Euro-super 95 Gas oil auomobile Auomoive gas oil Dieselkrafsoff Gasoil de chauffage Heaing gas oil Heizöl (II) Soufre
More informationEuropean Commission - Energy Policy
In naional currency Euro-super 95 Gas oil auomobile Auomoive gas oil Dieselkrafsoff Gasoil de chauffage Heaing gas oil Heizöl (II) Soufre
More informationEuropean Commission - Energy Policy
In naional currency Euro-super 95 Gas oil auomobile Auomoive gas oil Dieselkrafsoff Gasoil de chauffage Heaing gas oil Heizöl (II) Soufre
More informationEuropean Commission - Energy Policy
In naional currency Euro-super 95 Gas oil auomobile Auomoive gas oil Dieselkrafsoff Gasoil de chauffage Heaing gas oil Heizöl (II) Soufre
More informationEuropean Commission - Energy Policy
In naional currency Euro-super 95 Gas oil auomobile Auomoive gas oil Dieselkrafsoff Gasoil de chauffage Heaing gas oil Heizöl (II) Soufre
More informationEuropean Commission - Energy Policy
In naional currency Euro-super 95 Gas oil auomobile Auomoive gas oil Dieselkrafsoff Gasoil de chauffage Heaing gas oil Heizöl (II) Soufre
More informationEuropean Commission - Energy Policy
In naional currency Euro-super 95 Gas oil auomobile Auomoive gas oil Dieselkrafsoff Gasoil de chauffage Heaing gas oil Heizöl (II) Soufre
More informationEuropean Commission - Energy Policy
In naional currency Euro-super 95 Gas oil auomobile Auomoive gas oil Dieselkrafsoff Gasoil de chauffage Heaing gas oil Heizöl (II) Bulgaria (BGN) 2,557.14 2,607.14 1,647.60 Soufre
More informationDeterminants of Traffic Fatalities in Sweden
Advances in Managemen & Applied Economics, vol. 7, no. 2, 2017, 1-21 ISSN: 1792-7544 (prin version), 1792-7552(online) Scienpress Ld, 2017 Deerminans of Traffic Faaliies in Sweden Sherzod Yarmukhamedov
More informationEuropean Commission - Energy Policy
In naional currency Euro-super 95 Gas oil auomobile Auomoive gas oil Dieselkrafsoff Gasoil de chauffage Heaing gas oil Heizöl (II) Soufre
More informationEuropean Commission - Energy Policy
In naional currency Euro-super 95 Gas oil auomobile Auomoive gas oil Dieselkrafsoff Gasoil de chauffage Heaing gas oil Heizöl (II) Soufre
More informationEuropean Commission - Energy Policy
In naional currency Euro-super 95 Gas oil auomobile Auomoive gas oil Dieselkrafsoff Gasoil de chauffage Heaing gas oil Heizöl (II) Soufre
More informationEuropean Commission - Energy Policy
In naional currency Euro-super 95 Gas oil auomobile Auomoive gas oil Dieselkrafsoff Gasoil de chauffage Heaing gas oil Heizöl (II) Soufre
More informationEUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate-General for Energy
In naional currency Euro-super 95 1000L Gas oil auomobile Auomoive gas oil Dieselkrafsoff 1000L Gasoil de chauffage Heaing gas oil Heizöl (II) 1000L Soufre
More informationEUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate-General for Energy
In naional currency Euro-super 95 1000L Gas oil auomobile Auomoive gas oil Dieselkrafsoff 1000L Gasoil de chauffage Heaing gas oil Heizöl (II) 1000L Soufre
More informationEuropean Commission - Energy Policy
In naional currency Euro-super 95 Gas oil auomobile Auomoive gas oil Dieselkrafsoff Gasoil de chauffage Heaing gas oil Heizöl (II) Soufre
More informationEuropean Commission - Energy Policy
In naional currency Euro-super 95 Gas oil auomobile Auomoive gas oil Dieselkrafsoff Gasoil de chauffage Heaing gas oil Heizöl (II) Soufre
More informationEuropean Commission - Energy Policy
In naional currency Euro-super 95 Gas oil auomobile Auomoive gas oil Dieselkrafsoff Gasoil de chauffage Heaing gas oil Heizöl (II) Soufre
More informationEuropean Commission - Energy Policy
In naional currency Euro-super 95 Gas oil auomobile Auomoive gas oil Dieselkrafsoff Gasoil de chauffage Heaing gas oil Heizöl (II) Soufre
More informationEuropean Commission - Energy Policy
In naional currency Euro-super 95 Gas oil auomobile Auomoive gas oil Dieselkrafsoff Gasoil de chauffage Heaing gas oil Heizöl (II) Soufre
More informationEuropean Commission - Energy Policy
In naional currency Euro-super 95 Gas oil auomobile Auomoive gas oil Dieselkrafsoff Gasoil de chauffage Heaing gas oil Heizöl (II) Soufre
More informationEuropean Commission - Energy Policy
In naional currency Euro-super 95 Gas oil auomobile Auomoive gas oil Dieselkrafsoff Gasoil de chauffage Heaing gas oil Heizöl (II) Soufre
More informationEuropean Commission - Energy Policy
In naional currency Euro-super 95 Gas oil auomobile Auomoive gas oil Dieselkrafsoff Gasoil de chauffage Heaing gas oil Heizöl (II) Soufre
More informationEuropean Commission - Energy Policy
In naional currency Euro-super 95 Gas oil auomobile Auomoive gas oil Dieselkrafsoff Gasoil de chauffage Heaing gas oil Heizöl (II) Soufre
More informationBreaking Capacity. See Interrupting Rating. Current Rating
Fuse Facs The following Fuse Facs secion will provide a beer undersanding of boh fuses and heir ypical applicaion. The fuses described are curren-sensiive devices ha serve as an inenional weak link in
More informationEuropean Commission - Energy Policy
In naional currency Euro-super 95 Gas oil auomobile Auomoive gas oil Dieselkrafsoff Gas oil de chauffage Heaing gas oil Heizöl (II) Bulgaria (BGN) 1,143.50 1,201.75 1,047.83 Soufre
More informationEuropean Commission - Energy Policy
In naional currency Euro-super 95 Gas oil auomobile Auomoive gas oil Dieselkrafsoff Gas oil de chauffage Heaing gas oil Heizöl (II) Bulgaria (BGN) 1,147.12 1,202.70 1,059.31 Soufre
More informationEuropean Commission - Energy Policy
In naional currency Euro-super 95 Gas oil auomobile Auomoive gas oil Dieselkrafsoff Gas oil de chauffage Heaing gas oil Heizöl (II) Bulgaria (BGN) 1,146.08 1,199.92 1,053.00 Soufre
More informationEuropean Commission - Energy Policy
In naional currency Euro-super 95 Gas oil auomobile Auomoive gas oil Dieselkrafsoff Gas oil de chauffage Heaing gas oil Heizöl (II) Bulgaria (BGN) 1,022.92 1,076.92 971.17 Soufre
More informationReliability Evaluation of a Distribution Network with Microgrid Based on a Combined Power Generation System
Energies 2015, 8, 1216-1241; doi:10.3390/en8021216 Aricle OPEN ACCESS energies ISSN 1996-1073 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies Reliabiliy Evaluaion of a Disribuion Nework wih Microgrid Based on a Combined
More informationOPTIMIZATION OF THE HUB FORK OF A CARDAN JOINT
OPTIMIZATION OF THE HUB FORK OF A CARDAN JOINT Eugen AVRIGEAN ABSTRACT: The presen research focuses on he heoreical analysis of a cardanic ransmission componen, namely he hub fork, by means of he analyical
More informationEuropean Commission - Energy Policy
In naional currency Euro-super 95 Gas oil auomobile Auomoive gas oil Dieselkrafsoff Gas oil de chauffage Heaing gas oil Heizöl (II) Bulgaria (BGN) 1,122.38 1,251.43 1,083.00 Soufre
More informationHYDRAULIC JACKS & TOOLS
HYDRULIC JCKS & TOOLS 323 Hydraulic jacks & ools Table of conens Page characerisic of his force-oriened hydraulic Hydraulic cylinders, single-acing program is he operaing pressure which can be as high
More informationEuropean Commission - Energy Policy
In naional currency Euro-super 95 Gas oil auomobile Auomoive gas oil Dieselkrafsoff Gas oil de chauffage Heaing gas oil Heizöl (II) Bulgaria (BGN) 1,213.33 1,295.00 1,028.00 Soufre
More informationEuropean Commission - Energy Policy
In naional currency Euro-super 95 Gas oil auomobile Auomoive gas oil Dieselkrafsoff Gas oil de chauffage Heaing gas oil Heizöl (II) Bulgaria (BGN) 1,213.33 1,295.00 1,003.00 Soufre
More informationApplication of a New Hybrid Traffic Emissions Tool with a High Resolution in Time and Space: Impacts of Congestion
Applicaion of a New Hybrid Traffic Emissions Tool wih a High Resoluion in Time and Space: Impacs of Congesion Auhor Smi, Robin, McBroom, James Published 2010 Conference Tile Proceedings of he 24h ARRB
More informationPERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND LOCATION IDENTIFICATION OF STATCOM ON IEEE-14 BUS SYSTEM USING POWER FLOW ANALYSIS
ournal of Theoreical and Applied Informaion Technology 2005-2014 ATIT & LLS. All righs reserved. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND LOCATION IDENTIFICATION OF ON IEEE-14 BUS SYSTEM USING POWER FLOW ANALYSIS 1 SUNDARARAU.K,
More informationA fast actuator for an anti-lock braking system
74 Philips ech. Rev. 36, 74-84, 1976, No."3 A fas acuaor for an ani-lock braking sysem D. R. Skoyles I is very imporan for road safey ha cars should no skid when he brakes are applied suddenly. There is
More informationLagrangian Decomposition based Multi Agent Model Predictive Control for Electric Vehicles Charging integrating Real Time Pricing
1 Lagrangian Decomposiion based Muli Agen Model Predicive Conrol for Elecric Vehicles Charging inegraing Real Time Pricing Alessandro Di Giorgio, Andrea Di Maria, Francesco Liberai, Vincenzo Suraci, Francesco
More informationFlow Monitor FS10. Description FS10-.. Connection diagram FS10. Ordering information. Electrical connection. Flow rate ranges FS 10
Flow Monior FS0 Descripion Compac single poin flow monior, MIN or MAX monioring opions, suiable for waer, oil, air or media wih similar hermal conduciviies. Wih screw-in or plug-in ype monioring head for
More informationMULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION OF A BATTERY ENERGY MANAGEMENT FOR AN OFF-GRID SMART HOUSE. University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
Proceedings of BS: h Conference of Inernaional Building Performance Simulaion Associaion, Hyderabad, India, Dec. 79,. MULTIOBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION OF A BATTERY ENERGY MANAGEMENT FOR AN OFFGRID SMART HOUSE
More informationFlow Monitor FS10. Description FS10-.. Connection diagram FS10. Ordering information. Electrical connection. Flow rate ranges
Flow Monior FS0 Descripion Compac single poin flow monior, MIN or MAX monioring opions, suiable for waer, oil, air or media wih similar hermal conduciviies. Wih screw-in or plug-in ype monioring head for
More informationElectronic timer CT-MKE Multifunctional with 1 thyristor
Daa shee Elecronic imer CT-MKE Mulifuncional wih 1 hyrisor The CT-MKE is a mulifuncional elecronic ime relay. I is from he CT-E range. The CT-E range is he economic range of ABB s ime relays and offers
More informationMPA BAU Hannover Inspection Report Page 1. Strip Coating Line Babe 1/Babe 2
MPA BAU Hannover Inspecion Repor 082618.1 Page 1 MPA BAU Hannover Inspecion Repor # 082618.1 Su Cusomer: Manufacurer: Order: voesalpine Sahl GmbH voesalpine Sahl GmbH Srip Line Babe 1/Babe 2 9 June 2008/Markus
More informationPlug-in Electric Vehicles Parking Lot Equilibria with Energy and Reserve Markets
This aricle has been acceped for publicaion in a fuure issue of his journal, bu has no been fully edied. Conen may change prior o final publicaion. Ciaion informaion: DOI 1.119/TPWRS.216.269416, IEEE Transacions
More informationEuro On-Board Diagnostic System
Service. Self-Sudy Programme 231 Euro On-Board Diagnosic Sysem For perol engines Design and Funcion Now an inegral par of emission conrol and monioring in he USA, he On-Board Diagnosics (OBD II) sysem
More informationDesign of Retracting Wheel Mechanism for Amphibious Vehicle and Motion Analysis Huan Chen a, Lijie Zhao b*, Yan Li c
nd Inernaional onference on lecronic & echanical ngineering and Informaion Technology IT- esign of Reracing Wheel echanism for mphibious Vehicle and oion nalysis uan hen a Lijie hao b* an Li c School of
More informationTime-series Modelling of Server to Client IP Packet Length in First Person Shooter Games
Time-series Modelling of Server o Clien IP Packe Lengh in Firs Person Shooer Games A. L. Criceni, P. A. Branch, G. J. Armiage Cenre for Advanced Inerne Archiecures (CAIA) Swinburne Universiy of Technology
More informationAutomotive Controller for Utility Vehicles. Application Description
Auomoive Conroller for Uiliy ehicles Applicaion Descripion Auomoive Conroller for Uiliy ehicles Applicaion Descripion Overview DESCRIPTION The SauerDanfoss Transmission Conrol Concep allows a vehicle equipped
More informationEUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate-General for Energy
In naional currency Euro-super 95 1000L Gas oil auomobile Auomoive gas oil Dieselkrafsoff 1000L Gas oil de chauffage Heaing gas oil Heizöl (II) 1000L Soufre
More informationWorking Party on Agricultural Policies and Markets
Unclassified AGR/CA/APM(2005)24/FINAL AGR/CA/APM(2005)24/FINAL Unclassified Organisaion de Coopéraion e de Développemen Economiques Organisaion for Economic Co-operaion and Developmen 01-Feb-2006 English
More informationExperimental Study of Backdraft in a Compartment with Different Opening Geometries and its Mitigation with Water Mist
Experimenal Sudy of Backdraf in a Comparmen wih Differen Opening Geomeries and is Miigaion wih Waer Mis WENGUO WENG and WEICHENG FAN Sae Key Laboraory of Fire Science Universiy of Science and Technology
More informationDemag hot metal ladle cranes. Two-girder and four-girder process cranes for the ferrous and non-ferrous industry
Demag ho meal ladle cranes Two-girder and four-girder process cranes for he ferrous and non-ferrous indusry Demag process cranes providing performance in he ferrous and non-ferrous indusry Demag Cranes
More informationDrive System Application
Drive Sysem Applicaion Engineering braking chopper operaion Applicaion descripion for SINAMICS G120 and MICROMASTER 440 Warrany, liabiliy and suppor Noe The Applicaion Examples are no binding and do no
More informationWÜPLAST WÜPLAST. WÜRTH Industrie Service. Screws for thermoplastics. Screws for thermoplastics DE EN
WÜPLAST Screws for hermoplasics WÜRTH Indusrie Service DE EN WÜPLAST Würh Indusrie Service GmbH & Co. KG Indusriepark Würh, Drillberg 97980 Bad Mergenheim T +9 79 31 91-0 F +9 79 31 91-000 wueplas@wuerh-indusrie.com
More informationPaper ID ICLASS Effects of Hole Geometry and Its Internal Flow on Spray and Mixture Properties of Hole-Type Injectors for a DISI Engine
SNGLE SHOT A=T+824.24756623634 CLASS-26 Aug.27-Sep., 26, Kyoo, Japan Paper D CLASS6-66 Effecs of Hole Geomery and s nernal Flow on Spray and Mixure Properies of Hole-Type njecors for a DS Engine Kiyoaka
More informationH Pin Voltage Surveillance with Time-out. Features. Typical Operating Configuration. Description. Pin Assignment. Applications.
EM MICELECTNIC-MIN S -Pin olage Surveillance wih Time-ou Feaures Proper microprocess resar afer power up Process rese a power down n-chip oscilla gives a ypical P of 60 ms ese oupu wking down o.6 No exernal
More informationTELESCOPIC BOOM CRAWLER CRANE
MACHINE WEIGHTS 35 METRIC TON CAPACITY STANDARD CRANE wih 3 secion- 27.2 m boom, 5,670 kg counerweigh, Main winch wih wire rope, and 750 mm 3-bar semi grouser rack shoes 31,802 kg OPTIONAL EQUIPMENT Exendable
More informationThe Anatomy of Knock. Citation. As Published Publisher. Version
The Anaomy of Knock The MIT Faculy has made his aricle openly available. Please share how his access benefis you. Your sory maers. Ciaion As Published Publisher McKenzie, Jacob, and Wai K. Cheng. The Anaomy
More informationAn Analytical Study of GPU Computation for Solving QAPs by Parallel Evolutionary Computation with Independent Run
An Analyical Sudy of GPU Comuaion for Solving QAPs by Parallel Evoluionary Comuaion wih Indeenden Run Shigeyoshi Tsusui Hannan Univ., JAPAN Noriyuki Fujimoo Osaka Prefecure Univ., JAPAN 1 Ouline of This
More informationEstimates of Small-Stock Betas are Often Very Distorted by Outliers
Esimaes of Small-Sock Beas are Ofen Very Disored by Ouliers obus beas are no much influenced by ouliers and provide a viable complemen o he OLS bea.. Douglas Marin and Tim Simin TECHNICAL EPOT NO. 351
More informationCROSSOVER EXCEPTIONAL MOBILITY... HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR THE FIRST DESIGNED AND BUILT WITH AMERICAN INGENUITY
THE FIRST CROSSOVER HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR G radall Indusries inroduces he cos-effecive soluion for governmens and conracors who need o do more work wih fewer machines on igh budges. Gradall s Discovery Series
More informationMultiMAXX HN DATA & FACTS
MuliMAXX HN DATA & FACTS Table of Conens MuliMAXX HN Uni Type Code... 4 Abou his Caalogue... 7 Capaciy Overview... 8 Uni Descripion... 9 Uni Overview... 9 Componens... 1 Uni Examples... 19 Applicaion Examples...
More informationStandards and Safety. New standards with new requirements no problem, thanks to Rexroth. Your tasks... European Machinery Directive 98/37/EC EN 954-1
4 Elecromechanical Cylinders EMC andards and afey andards and afey New sandards wih new requiremens no problem, hanks o Rexroh Wheher he ask involves machine ools, packaging and prining machines, assembly,
More informationOPTIMAL DESIGN AND PLANNING OF BIODIESEL SUPPLY CHAIN WITH LAND COMPETITION
OPTIMAL DESIGN AND PLANNING OF BIODIESEL SUPPLY CHAIN WITH LAND COMPETITION F. Andersen 1, F. Iurmendi 1, S. Espinosa 2 and M. Soledad Diaz 1 * 1 Plana Piloo de Ingeniería Química, PLAPIQUI, Universidad
More informationLC06511DMX, LC06514DMX. Battery Protection IC, OTP Function, 1-Cell Lithium-Ion Battery
Baery Proecion IC, OTP Funcion, 1-Cell Lihium-Ion Baery Overview LC06511DMX/LC06514DMX is a proecion IC for 1 cell lihium ion or lihium polymer baery wih buil in OTP. I provides highly accurae adjusable
More informationIndustrial buffer. RINGFEDER Friction Spring
RINGFEDER Fricion Spring Indusrial buffer Fricion Spring RINGFEDER can also be supplied as complee indusrial buffers. A range of approved smaller buffer ypes are shown in he able a page 22. Cusomized versions
More informationThe Impact of the Fracking Boom on Arab Oil Producers
The Impac of he Fracking Boom on Arab Oil Producers Ocober 18, 216 Luz Kilian Universiy of Michigan CEPR Absrac: This paper makes four conribuions. Firs, i invesigaes he exen o which he U.S. fracking boom
More informationNote t Metal glow plugs are always fitted in the 2.7 ltr. common rail engine.
Removing and insalling glow plugs Page 1 of 5 Removing and insalling glow plugs Noe Meal glow plugs are always fied in he 2.7 lr. common rail engine. Two differen ypes of glow plugs are fied in he 3.0
More informationService Training Edition European On Board Diagnosis. Trainer information (GB)
13.01 Ediion 09.1999 European On Board Diagnosis Trainer informaion (GB) Table of Conens Chaper Page 1 Inroducion 4 1.1 Legal Basis 4 1.1.1 Deadline for inroducion 4 1.1.2 Transiion period 4 1.2 Overview
More informationJoint Transportation and Charging Scheduling in Public Vehicle Systems - A Game Theoretic Approach
1 Join Transporaion and Charging Scheduling in Public Vehicle Sysems - A Game Theoreic Approach Ming Zhu, Xiao-Yang Liu, and Xiaodong Wang, Fellow, IEEE arxiv:1712.07947v3 [cs.sy] 27 Dec 2017 Absrac Public
More information