URBAN AGE SÃO PAULO WORKSHOP APRIL 2008
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1 URBAN AGE SÃO PAULO WORKSHOP APRIL 2008 Eng Olimpio de Melo Alvares Jr Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental - CETESB Mobile Sources Emissions Control in Brasil All rights are reserved by the presenter.
2 MOBILE SOURCES EMISSIONS CONTROL IN BRASIL Eng Olimpio de Melo Alvares Jr April 2008 Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental - CETESB
3 São Paulo Metropolitan Region 18 mil. people, 8 mil. vehicles 39 municipalities (one of them more than 10 mil. inhabitants) land use, traffic and public transport policies not integrated Car use dominant over public transport Vehicles main emissions source >90% MP, NOx + HC (ozone) and CO (atmosphere smells fuel) Vehicle noise pollution serious health problem
4 Fleet Evolution in the SPMR n de veículos x wheeled Diesel Gasolina C Álcool Total
5 São Paulo thermal inversion morning
6 SOS São Paulo
7 Air pollution health costs - SPMR Municipality São Paulo Other Municip. SPMR Total SPMR Respiratory Morbidity Hospital (SUS) 6,9 2,1 8,9 Hospital (other) 6,9 2,1 8,9 Absenteism 18,3 11,5 29,8 Cardiovascular Morbidity Hospital (SUS) 10,9 0,4 11,3 Hospital (other) 10,9 0,4 11,3 Absenteism 24,7 4,0 28,7 Mortality (present value work days losses in one year) 202,8 232,1 434,9 Total annual costs 281,2 252,6 533,8 Bird, Cetesb, FMUSP, IPEA (1998) milhões US$ em 1997
8 New vehicles emissions control program PROCONVE
9 PROCONVE Leves beginning g/km gasolina gasool etanol veículos leves novos - CO LIMITE EUA - 2g/km 24 g/km LIMITE BRASIL 12 g/km 2 g/km 0 Pre Ano Modelo veículos leves novos - HC 5 g/km 4,5 gasolina 4 3,5 3 gasool 2,5 2,1 g/km 2 Limite Brasil etanol 1,5 1,2 g/km 1 0,5 Lim. EUA - 0,26 g/km 0,3g/km 0 Pre Ano Modelo 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 g/km gasolina gasool etanol veículos leves novos - NOx 0,62 g/km LIMITE EUA 2,0 g/km LIMITE BRASIL 1,4 g/km 0,25 g/km 0,6 g/km 0 Pré Ano Modelo 0,2 0,18 0,16 0,14 0,12 0,1 0,08 0,06 0,04 0,02 0 Pre 80 g/km etanol gasolina veículos leves novos - ALDEíDOS gasool Limite EUA 0,15 g/km Limite Brasil Ano Modelo 0,03 g/km 0,015 g/km
10 Evolution of average emission factors new gasoline LDV (g/km) Year CO HC NOx RCHO ,0 4,7 1,2 0, ,0 3,0 1,4 0, ,3 1,4 1,4 0, ,7 0,6 0,6 0, ,73 0,13 0,21 0, ,33 0,08 0,08 0,002
11 Evolution of emission factors new HDV diesel (g/kwh) Year CO HC NOx PM ,86 0,68 10,7 0, ,62 0,54 6,55 0, ,85 0,29 6,16 0, ,93 0,17 4,64 0, ,89 0,15 4,68 0,079 (13 mode test cycle)
12 Evolution of emission factors new motorcycles < 150cc (g/km) Year CO HC NOx Pré ,0 1,0 0, ,25 0,82 0, ,90 0,75 0, ,30 0,32 0,17
13 Kein Diesel Ohne Filter 8% increment in the respiratory morbidity and mortality in the SPMR due to PM10 episodes 10 people die prematurely (average) every day in the SPMR Photo: Dr. Axel Friedrich Umweltbundesamt ARB Haagen-Smit Symposium- 2003
14 Old fleet - poor maintenance On-road control and I/M Programs
15 Devastating effect of poor maintenance On-board LDV measurements in São Paulo in 2004 partnership CETESB, Hewlett Foundation and International Sustainable Systems Research Center / California (ISSRC) 114 LDV on-board tests 7 worst emitters same CO mass emissions than the 107 left 6% vehicles emit 50% of emissions in this 114 LDV sample, confirming international studies in available bibliography
16
17
18 Welded tube Not a muffler Not a cat Original case
19 Fake catalytic converter Steel wool
20 Functionality of catalytic converters in São Paulo Field research - CETESB/AFEEVAS 2006 Year-model (71 % not functional) (34 % not functional) (29 % not functional) (11 % not functional) (Sample: 426 vehicles selected at random)
21 Inspection & Maintenance Mexico
22 LDV loaded inspection test ASM loaded I/M emission test in Mexico
23 Diesel HDV opacity test Opacity meter Sweden
24 Stationary noise emission test Photo: B&K Open sky measurement
25 Inspection station lanes audits Mexico
26 How to ensure inspection tests quality? Training, and certification of inspectors Internal and external procedures audits
27 Black soot on-road diesel emissions control
28 Black soot on-road diesel emissions control Environmental situation of older vehicles is serious Black soot emissions control not able to cover all spots of state Evasion of annual licensing estimated clandestine fleet 20-30%
29 Opacity on-road control
30 Future opacity on-road control Chile São Paulo discusses implementation of on-road control similar to Chilean experience
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