Opportunities and Challenges to Clean-up Diesel Cars Dr. Axel Friedrich Umweltbundesamt (UBA) Germany
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1 Opportunities and Challenges to Clean-up Diesel Cars Dr. Axel Friedrich Umweltbundesamt (UBA) Germany Clean Cars 2010 Brussels 2005
2 Diesel Share of PC- Market % of diesel cars in total new registrations Belgium Austria France Italy Netherlands Germany U.K. Sweden Western Europe Average Source: ACEA, Eurostat/ECMT,AID/Industry Sources, 2000
3 European Air Quality Directive 1999/30/EC: PM 10 limits (annual avarage) from 2005 on: 40 µg/m 3 from 2010 on: 20 µg/m 3 (to be confirmed) Directive 2001/81/EC on National Emission Ceilings (NEC) for Certain Atmospheric Pollutants i.a. the national emission ceiling for Germany to be attained by 2010: NOx max kt p.a. (all sources, mobile sources alone produce 500 kt p.a.)
4 Av. Day Variation of the Particle Number Con. Week day as Sum of Classes nm nm nm Particle number pro cm³ nm nm nm 5-10 nm 3-5 nm 0 00:00 02:00 04:00 06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 00:00 hour of the day
5 Av. Week Var. of the Particle Number Concentration over 12 Months Particle number per cm³ Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday nm nm nm nm nm nm 5-10 nm 3-5 nm
6 Correlation of Conc. of size dependant Particle number andair Pollutant 1,0 0,9 0,8 corr. 0,7 R² 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0, Particle diameter NO NO2 NOx Ruß PM10 Benzol CO
7 Nitrogen Oxide Emissions EUDC 0,6 0,5 EURO3 EURO4 0,4 NOx [g/km] 0,3 0,2 0, vehicle type Source: KBA Germany
8 Emissions in EU Driving Cycle [g/km] 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 Comparison of NO x -Emissions of Diesel- and Gasoline-PC Passat (EURO 3) 85 kw, 1.9 liter Diesel Lupo 3 LTDI (D4) 45 kw, 1.2 liter Gasoline Mercedes C200K ( D4) 120 kw, 2.0 liter
9 Cumulated NOx-Emissions vs. time in the Autobahn Driving Cycle VW LUPO TDI (Euro3D4, 3l) - kum VW PASSAT 1.9TDI mit Pumpe-Düse- Motor (EURO3) - kum Mercedes C200K (EURO 4) - kum speed Time [sec]
10
11 SCR-urea SCR Catalyst (S) Exhaust Gas urea (NH 2 ) 2 CO 4NH 3 + 4NO + O 2? 4N 2 + 6H 2 O 2NH 3 + NO + NO 2? 2N 2 + 3H 2 O 8NH 3 + 6NO 2? 7N H 2 O V H S O Oxidation Catalyst (V) 2NO + O 2? 2NO 2 4HC + 3O 2? 2CO 2 + 2H 2 O Oxidation Catalyst (O) 4NH 3 + 3O 2? 2N 2 + 6H 2 O 2CO + O 2? 2CO 2 Hydrolysis Catalyst (H) (NH 2 ) 2 CO + H 2 O? 2NH 3 + CO 2 Source - AECC
12
13 LNT and SCR lead the field on effective NOx control, but LNC showing improvement System Transient Cycle NOx Efficiency Effective Fuel Penalty SCR, 400-csi 85-90% 2-3% urea or about 1% in Europe LNT 80-95% 1.5 4% total regen. + desulf. Swept Volume Ratio 1.7 emerging Notes Being applied and specs being finalized; low temp. performance issues; 1.3 to 2 Desulfation strategy and durability issues; integrated DPF/LNT components emerging; PGM cost issues DeNOx catalyst 20-60% 2 to 6% 0.85 to 4 Generally not sensitive to sulfur; HC slip issues; durability needs proving 18
14 Strategies for Euro 5+(?) with After Treatment ESC Test Fluel comsumption (%) EGR + DPF + LNT (USA -Proposal ) SCR (95%) SCR (95%) EURO V EGR + DPF EURO IV EGR + DPF EURO 3 (Base line) 98 opt. combustion EURO V+? SCR (95%) SCR Catatalyst (60%) SCR (80%) NOx Emissions (g/kwh)
15 Source: ACEA, June 2003
16 Cost Effectiveness of Euro V Fuel consumption of a diesel car per year: 1000 l Improvement by using SCR (ACEA): 5% 50 l/ year = 50 additional production cost for a SCR system for a midsize car: 150 to 200. Only if the emission standard for NOx is g/km or less NOx aftertreatment technology has to be used. If the the NOx standard is set to only fuel consumption will be worse than for Euro III and threaten not only the goals of the NEC and Ozone directives but also the Kyoto goal.
17 Emission and Fuel Consumption Improvement with Cooled EGR in the New European Driving Cycle without EGR COOLER with EGR COOLER 100% NOx -6% Soot -27% Cycle FC -2% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% SAE-15
18 Source: IFEU 2004
19 Avoidance Potential of premature Mortality by Use of Particle Filter: Total Mortality: (3*0,6%) 1,8% (0,6 to 3,3%) Cardio pulmonal Mortality (3*0,9%) 2,7% (0,9 to 4,8%) Lung cancer Mortality (3*1,4%) 4,2% (1,2 to 6,9%) Total Mortality ( ) death cases per/a Cardio pulmonal Mortality ( ) death cases per/a Lung cancer (40.000) death cases per/a Source: Wichmann, Institute of Epidemiology, GSF
20
21 Efficiency of DPF for Solid Particles by SMPS Measurement Efficiency: Mean of two runs at each point 100,50% 100,00% 99,50% 99,00% 98,50% 98,00% 97,50% 97,00% 96,50% 96,00% 95,50% Cut off point of range (nm) point 1 point 2 point 3 point 4
22
23
24 Proposal of UBA for EURO 5 Limits for PC and LDT Date vehicle categ./class Reference Weight RW (kg) CO (g/km) HC (g/km) NOx (g/km) PM- (g/km) categ. class petrol diesel petrol diesel petrol diesel GDI diesel PC alle 1,0 0,05 0,08 0,0025 LDT I RW? ,0 0,05 0,08 0,0025 II III 1305 < RW? ,0 0,100 0,08 0, < RW Source: UBA, July ,25 0,125 0,10 0,0032
25
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