Motor Vehicle Inspection And Maintenance Programs: International Experience And The Lessons Learned. Michael P. Walsh

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1 Motor Vehicle Inspection And Maintenance Programs: International Experience And The Lessons Learned Michael P. Walsh

2 Over 3.2 Million Premature Deaths Worldwide And Over 74 Million Years Of Healthy Lives Lost

3 New: June WHO Classifies Diesel Engine Exhaust As Group 1 Known Carcinogen 3

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5 Elements of a Comprehensive Vehicle Pollution Control Strategy Better Air Quality Clean Vehicle Technologies Low Emissions Clean Fuels Transportation & Land use Planning Appropriate Maintenance

6 Something Is Wrong With This Vehicle! Wasting Fuel Unreliable Possibly/Probably Unsafe Excess Emissions

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10 Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) Program Purpose: To Assure that vehicle is properly maintained and used Identify Dirtiest Vehicles & Get Them Repaired Identify Unsafe vehicles & Get them Repaired General Attributes: Relatively short Relatively simple Test Types Idle 2-Stage Idle Steady Speed Loaded Transient Loaded Administrative Structures Test and Repair Test Only (Centralized)

11 Pollutants to Consider Local pollutants Particulates (diesel, gasoline) Carbon monoxide (gasoline, CNG) Hydrocarbons (diesel, gasoline) Smoke (diesel) Oxides of nitrogen (diesel, CNG) Global pollutants Carbon dioxide (all)

12 BC: Linking Climate and Air Pollution Black Carbon (BC) is part of the air pollution mixture known as particulate matter (PM) Most strongly light-absorbing component of PM Formed by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuels, and biomass, and is a major component of soot Mainly found in the fine particle (PM 2.5 ) fraction, which is most strongly linked to adverse health effects 12

13 I/M Plays A Critical Role Improved Vehicle Maintenance Deterrent To Tampering Deterrent To Misfueling Primary Enforcement Mechanism For Other Strategies Alternative Fuel Retrofit Other Retrofit

14 Elements of A Successful I/M Program Centralized Testing Public Awareness Appropriate Test Procedures Strong Enforcement Good Quality I/M Appropriate Standards & Norms Privatized Government Oversight & Auditing Inspector Training

15 Network Type Centralized High through-put test only lanes Features Best approach Most cost effective Cheapest to manage Best quality control Decentralized Repair shops licensed to conduct test and perform repairs Features Requires extensive quality assurance Conflict of interest Low quality control Expensive due to loss of economies of scale Slide 15

16 Lessons From Mexico City Test and Repair Very convenient for vehicle owners Very Difficult to Control Often Degenerates into a visibly flawed program with no Public Support Test Only- Centralized Good Technical and Administrative Control Design program for profitability Legal framework to favor sanctions Minimize impact of technician on Results

17 The Lessons From Delhi: PUCs Not Performing Well Organizational Structure Not Conducive To Objective, High Quality Tests No well defined criteria for authorizing /registering PUC Center No auditing of PUC Center Lack of centralized agency for co-ordination Test Procedures Not Sufficiently Matched To Vehicle Technology Equipment Not Maintained, Calibrated Very Weak Standards (especially for catalyst equipped vehicles) No systematic analysis of the data collected Inadequate Enforcement (only 17% comply) Lack of Training (Trained Personnel Move On)

18 What is a Good Test Procedure? Should not cause clean vehicles to be repaired Must not allow dirty vehicles to pass Must be easy to perform Must be cost-effective The advantages of the program to the public must be seen to be MUCH greater than its social cost. Must be resistant to tampering and cheating 11/13/2013

19 No Load Tests (Idle) Fastest, cheapest and easiest to perform Can identify faulty vehicles w/o converter Not possible to measure NO x Not possible to measure transient emissions Detect only ~15 % of high emitting vehicles with converter

20 Steady-State State Loaded Tests Possible to measure NO x ASM driving cycles simulates a car during acceleration Appropriate to inspect vehicles with converters Type specific cut points Test time app. 10 minutes

21 Transient Loaded Tests Can identify all high polluters (50 % above set standards) Offer potential emission reductions of % (CO, HC, NO x ) Most expensive test method Test time app. 10 minutes

22 11/13/ & 3-wheelers

23 Driving cycle display PC and software to estimate mass emissions gas analyser for raw exhaust Dynamometer (simple rollers with flywheels)

24 Lessons From Mexico Gasoline Testing Protocols Easy to generate False Pass on Static (Idle) Tests Dynamometers and NOx testing are essential to minimize False Passes Short, loaded-mode, constant-speed test (ASM) easy to operate at reasonable investment and cost Dynamic tests technically better but more difficult for low-skill technicians

25 Lessons From British Columbia Program Upgrade At The Appropriate Time AirCare inspected 748,068 light-duty vehicles in 2001 and 778,521 in % of vehicles passed initial inspection 16% failed initial inspection Of the 16% that failed the initial inspection: 70% received a full pass on the re-test, 10% were partially repaired and received a conditional pass and 20% were retired from the fleet Introduction of IM240 for 1992 and newer vehicles has had a dramatic effect on the failure rate for these vehicles. Prior to 2001, the failure rate was less than 3%. In 2002, the failure rate reached 9.6%. Enhanced test is identifying excessively emitting vehicles that were not being identified by the previous test, the ASM.

26 Lessons From British Columbia Program First Eight Years of Program

27 Main Emissions Challenge: PM Diesels Heavy-duty trucks and buses Small population but considerable fuel consumption Contribution to PM pollution is far more important than the number of vehicles indicate Spectacular growth of diesel cars, SUVs, trucks in some countries 2- & 3-wheelers Some Old vehicles Large Population: includes 2-stroke High growth rate in personal transport in some countries 11/13/2013

28 Diesels: - Visual Smoke Delhi Jaipur Agra, India Visual smoke rule Bangkok, Manila, New Zealand Mobile Phone and SMS reporting Hong Kong Trained Police Spotters From Free Acceleration to Dynamometer lug-down Pass rate down from 90% to 15% 11/13/2013

29 Free Accel. Test Procedures SAE J1667 vs ECE R24 standards Test Results depend on the Tester Even with additional Controls to limit Tampering has Poor Reproducibility in I&M Environment RPM, Oil Temp Master Reference Tables 11/13/2013 Procedures need improvement Not effective on recent technology vehicles

30 Problems with Free Acceleration Smoke Tests Smoke readings differ depending on How Well the vehicle Is Warmed Up. It is very difficult to get consistent readings. Results vary depending on the way the accelerator pedal is pressed by various operators. Doesn t really measure particulate. The smoke readings at different centers do not match.

31 Smoke and PM are NOT the same! PM (mg/km) Relationship Between Opacity and PM Emissions (DT80 Protocol, 1435 Tests on 700 Buses of Same Make / Model) Maximum Opacity (%) Smoke opacity can be a useful indicator of engines needing maintenance But smoke is not a reliable guide to particle emission levels - need to measure particle concentration directly.

32 Lessons From Hong Kong; Diesel Tests Under Load

33 Santiago, Chile Dynamometer test used for urban diesel buses for over 10 years BHP Engine Dyno & over 80 11/13/2013

34 Enforcement Most critical factor to the success of I/M Without good enforcement, stop now! Critical to getting emission reduction benefits Enforcement mechanisms are required to: Insure all subject vehicles get tested Insure tests are honest and fair Insure failed vehicles are properly repaired Insure failed vehicles are honestly retested Prevent adjustment after retest Slide 34

35 Roles and Responsibilities Government Role Set standards and establish procedures Oversee program and collect data Certify inspectors and repair technicians Conduct audits and evaluate program benefits and costs Police Role Insure vehicle owners participate in program Test Industry Role Set up and run inspection stations Train inspectors and repair technicians Conduct public education campaign Repair Industry Role Fix failed vehicles Slide 35

36 Auditing of Test Centers Individual auditors to be selected based on their technical expertise. Auditors must undergo a training and evaluation program on regular basis. Certified auditors should be used for conducting unannounced audits to check * equipment status * records of measurement and calibration * presence of qualified and trained operators * proper test procedure being followed Audit plan must be worked out to regularly audit all test centers

37 Data Collection & Analysis Collected automatically and sent to Data Management Center using the internet Emission performance of in use vehicles organized by vehicle type, model, age etc. Identifying the performance of the PUC center (center showing all passes, center giving excessively large number of certificates, etc.) Keeping track of vehicles which have undergone the PUC test & identifying the vehicles due for the test Useful for defining future norms & procedures

38 Repairs Technicians must have skills to conduct repairs Need training for an emission focus Need basics on emission controls, engine operation, etc. Need test equipment and training in its use Repair industry support Repair industry must support program goals Need to understand details of how program works Slide 38

39 Remote Sensing Definition Measure emissions while vehicle drives on road Features Measures HC, CO, NOx, Particles May measure speed or acceleration. etc. Uses lasers or NDIR Tests many cars per hour Set up on roadways Takes picture of license plate Advantages Very cheap tests Complements I/M Challenges Prevent readjustment Screen uninspected vehicles Comprehensiveness Selecting appropriate locations Single lanes Slight acceleration

40 Lay out of test site for Remote Sensing

41 Fixed-location Remote Sensing Very High Capacity Measure CO, HC and Opacity Ratio Concentration measurements Would require operational testing Pass Invalid Fail 11/13/2013 Source: Donald Steadman RSD Speed & Accel Sensor Camera

42 Elements of A Successful I/M Program Centralized Testing Public Awareness Appropriate Test Procedures Strong Enforcement Good Quality I/M Appropriate Standards & Norms Privatized Government Oversight & Auditing Inspector Training