Physical Characteristics of PM from 2- Stroke and 4-Stroke Motorcycle Engines

Transcription

1 Physical Characteristics of PM from 2- Stroke and 4-Stroke Motorcycle Engines G. Martini, P. Bonnel, C. Astorga-LLorens, A. Krasenbrink Institute of Environment and Sustainability European Commission Joint Research Centre ISPRA (Italy) Vehicle Emissions Laboratory (VELA) - Institute for Environment and Sustainability 1

2 Background and objectives of the study: Background: Amendment of the European Directive 97/24/EC EURO3 stage for two and three-wheelers from 2006 Reduction of particulate emissions Main Objectives: To evaluate particulate measurement techniques To determine particulate mass emissions from 2-stroke engines To assess particulate emissions for big four-stroke engines to check if they diverge significantly from passenger cars with similar engine sizes 2

3 Test Fleet: Motos Eng. (cc) 2S 4S Remarks MT X Pre Euro1 Moped No Cat MT X Direct Injection No Cat MT X Conventional 2-stroke With OxCat MT X Carburetor MT X Controlled TWC MT X Carburetor MT X SAI MT X Controlled TWC MT X Controlled TWC EFI = Electronic Injection SAI = Secondary Air Injection OC = Oxidation Catalyst TWC= Three Way Catalyst 3

4 Test Matrix: Motos EURO2 EURO3 WMTC ECE47 ECE 40 6UDC 6UDC+EUDC (*) MT X X X MT X X X X MT X X X MT X X X MT X X MT X X MT X X X MT X X MT X X (*) Worldwide Motorcycle Test Cycle 4

5 Test Procedure: 1a. ECE 47 Test Cycle (Mopeds only) 50 "COLD" PHASE "HOT" PHASE 40 Speed [km/h] Time [s] 5

6 60 Test Procedure: 1b. EURO 2 Test Cycle Conditionning 2 phases ECE15 (UDC) of 195 s = 390 s km 1.013*2 phases = km Max. Speed: 50 km/h Average Speed: 19 km/h Measurement 4 phases ECE15 of 195 s = 780 s km 1.013*4 phases = km Max. Speed 50 km/h Average Speed: 19 km/h 50 NO SAMPLING SAMPLING 40 Speed [km/h] Time [s] 6

7 Test Procedure: 1c. EURO 3 Test Cycle (<=150 cc) UDC Cycle - 6 phases ECE15 of 195 s = 1170 s km 1.013*6 phases= km Max. Speed: 50 km/h Average Speed: 19 km/h SAMPLING 40 Speed [km/h] Time [s] 7

8 Test Procedure: 1d. EURO 3 Test Cycle (>150 cc) Speed [km/h] Part One UDC Cycle - 6 phases ECE15 of 195 s = 1170 s km 1.013*6 phases= km Max. Speed: 50 km/h Average Speed: 19 km/h SAMPLING Time [s] Part Two EUDC Cycle of 400 s km Max. Speed: 120 km/h Average Speed: 62.6 km/h 8

9 Test Procedure: 2. Test Set-up Carried out at the JRC-VELA1 emissions test facility Roller bench 48 suitable for testing small two wheelers Conventional CVS system + dilution tunnel 9

10 Particulate Emissions Characterisation: Measurement of particulate total mass The legislative procedure prescribed for Diesel was used to measure particulate total mass In addition, a cyclone was used to avoid contaminating the sampling system and the analysers with very large droplets of lubricant Particulate physical properties: Number/size distribution (TSI SMPS) Mass/size distribution (LPI) 10

11 Particulate physical properties: Number/size distribution (TSI SMPS) Constant speed (40 km/h) Sampling: from dilution tunnel Mass/size distribution (Low Pressure Impactor) 11+1 stages Volume flow rate: 25 l/min Measuring range: µm-16 µm Constant speed (40 km/h) and ECE 47 cycle Sampling: from dilution tunnel 11

12 12

13 13 Total Mass

14 Total Mass, (g/km) Particulate Emissions from Mopeds - Total Mass ECE 47 Cycle Moped - 2-stroke Pre-Euro 1 Moped - 2 stroke Direct Injection Cold Phase ( ) Hot Phase ( ) Moped - 2 stroke Oxycat MT001-M-50 MT002-M-50 MT003-M-50 Motorcycle 14

15 Particulate Emissions from Mopeds and Motorcycles - Total Mass Euro 2 Cycle (ECE 40) Total Mass, (g/km) Moped - 2 stroke Pre-Euro 1 Moped - 2 stroke Direct Injection Moped - 2 stroke Oxycat Cold Phase (UDC 1-2) Hot Part (UDC ) Complete Cycle 4-stroke motorcycles MT MT MT MT MT Motorcycle 15

16 Total Mass, (g/km) Particulate Emissions from Mopeds and Motorcycles - Total Mass (Filter) Complete Euro 3 Cycle (6 Urban Driving Cycles) 0.20 Moped - 2 stroke Pre-Euro 1 Moped - 2 stroke Direct Injection Moped - 2 stroke Oxycat MT MT MT MT MT MT MT Motorcycle 4-stroke Motorcycles EURO4 Diesel Passenger cars = 0,025 g/km 16

17 Mass/Size Distribution 17

18 Particulate Emissions from Mopeds ECE 47 Cycle - Mass/Size Distribution (LPI 11 stages) 1.20E E E-02 Pre-Euro 1 Moped MT001-M-50 (Min) MT002-M-50 (Min) MT003-M-50 (Min) Diesel passenger car dm/dlogd (g/km) 6.00E E-02 Euro 1 - Oxycat 2.00E-02 Euro 1 - Direct Inj. 0.00E Aerodynamic Diameter (nm) 18

19 Mass/Size Distribution (LPI 11 stages) - Measurement Repeatibility ECE 47 (Cold Phase + Hot Phase) dm/dlogd, (g/km) MT001-M-50 MT001-M-50 MT002-M-50 MT002-M-50 MT003-M-50 MT003-M Aerodynamic Diameter (nm) 19

20 Particulate Emissions from Mopeds - Total Mass - LPI vs Filter ECE 47 Cycle (Cold Phase + Hot Phase) % Filter LPI dm/dlogd, (g/km) % 88% MT001-M-50 MT002-M-50 MT003-M-50 Aerodynamic Diameter (nm) 20

21 Particulate Emissions from Mopeds and Motorcycles Mass/Size Distribution (LPI 11 stages) - EURO2 (Cold+ Hot Phase) Cycle dm/dlogd, (g/km) MT001-M-50 MT002-M-50 MT003-M-50 MT006-C2-200* Aerodynamic Diameter (nm) * 6 UDC_Euro 3 Cycle (no 40 s idling) 21

22 4.00E-04 MT007-C2-500 Mass/Size Distribution (LPI 11 stages) - WMTC E E-04 dm/dlogd, (g/km) 2.50E E E-04 WMTC 1_2_3 1.00E E E Aerodynamic Diameter (nm) 22

23 Number/Size Distribution 23

24 Number/Size Distribution - Constant Speed 20 km/h Engine Technology Effect 7E+13 6E+13 5E+13 MT001-M-50 (Day 1) MT002-M-50 (Day 1) MT003-M-50 (Day 1) Moped - 2 strokes Pre - Euro 1 [dn/dlog Dp]/km 4E+13 3E+13 Moped - 2 strokes Euro 1 - Direct Inj. Moped - 2 strokes Euro 1 - Oxycat 2E+13 1E Electrical Mobility Diameter (nm) 24

25 Number/Size Distribution - Constant Speed: 40 km/h Engine Technology Effect 9E+13 8E+13 MT001-M-50 (Day 1) 7E+13 MT002-M-50 (Day 1) MT003-M-50 (Day 1) Moped - 2 strokes Pre - Euro 1 6E+13 [dn/dlog Dp]/km 5E+13 4E+13 3E+13 Moped - 2 strokes Euro 1 - Direct Inj. Moped - 2 strokes Euro 1 - Oxycat 2E+13 1E Electrical Mobility Diameter (nm) 25

26 [dn/dlog Dp]/km 8.00E E E E E E E+13 MT001-M-50 (Pre Euro1 2-stroke Moped) SMPS Number/Size Distribution - Constant Speed: 20 km/h 5 consecutive scans Scan 1 Scan 2 Scan 3 Scan 4 Scan E E Electrical Mobility Diameter (nm) 26

27 [dn/dlog Dp]/km 5.00E E E E E E E E E E E+00 MT002-M-50 (2-stroke Moped - 50 cc Direct Injection) Number/Size Distribution - Constant Speed: 40 km/h 5 consecutive scans Scan 1 Scan 2 Scan 3 Scan 4 Scan Electrical Mobility Diameter (nm) 27

28 [dn/dlog Dp]/km 7E+13 6E+13 5E+13 4E+13 3E+13 2E+13 MT001-M-50 Number/Size Distribution - 20 km/h Day to Day Repeatability Each curve is the average of 5 daily scans MT001-M-50 (Day 1) MT001-M-50 (Day 2) MT001-M-50 (Day 3) MT001-M-50 (Day 4) 1E Electrical Mobility Diameter (nm 28

29 MT006-C2-200 (4 strokes) SMPS Number/Size Distribution - Constant Speed: 20 km/h 10 consecutive scans 4.00E E+12 [dn/dlog Dp]/km 3.00E E E E E+12 Scan 1 Scan 2 Scan 3 Scan 4 Scan 5 Scan 6 Scan 7 Scan 8 Scan 9 Scan E E Electrical Mobility Diameter (nm) 29

30 MT006-C2-200 (4 strokes) SMPS Number/Size Distribution - Constant Speed: 40 km/h 4 consecutive scans 7.00E E+11 [dn/dlog Dp]/km 5.00E E E+11 Scan 1 Scan 2 Scan 3 Scan E E E Electrical Mobility Diameter (nm) 30

31 1.60E+14 MT002-M-50 (2 strokes- Dir. inj) SMPS Number/Size Distribution - Constant Speed: 40 km/h Effect of Thermodenuder - 6 consecutive scans 1.40E E+14 [dn/dlog Dp]/km 1.00E E E+13 Series1 Series2 Series3 Series4 Series5 Series6 4.00E E E Electrical Mobility Diameter (nm) 31

32 Effect of Thermodenuder - MT002-M-50 (2 strokes - Injection) Number/Size Distribution - Constant Speed: 40 km/h 9E+12 8E+12 [dn/dlog Dp]/km 7E+12 6E+12 5E+12 4E+12 3E+12 Without Thermodenuder Thermodenuder Switched Off Thermodenuder Switched On Dilution air 2E+12 1E Electrical Mobility Diameter (nm) 32

33 Conclusions: The engine technology has a huge effect on particulate emissions from mopeds Pre-Euro1 conventional 2-stroke engines emit high masses and numbers of particulate matter. There is some potential to reduce these levels using 2-stroke engines with direct injection and/or catalytic converters technologies. All 4 stroke engines, even the less modern ones, emit masses of particulate matter comparable to those observed for gasoline passenger cars On going works now focusing on: 1. Toxicity of PM (also for passenger cars), performing chemical analysis of the PM emissions 2. Limits of the instruments (Repeatability from test bench to test bench, Detection limits) 33