LIFE Project Number LIFE02 ENV/GR/ LAYMAN S REPORT. Reporting Date 15/03/05

Transcription

1 LIFE Prject Number LIFE02 ENV/GR/ LAYMAN S REPORT Reprting Date 15/03/05 LIFE PROJECT NAME Imprvement f Urban Envirnment Quality f Air and Nise Levels by an Integrated, Cst Effective and Multi- Level Applicatin f Clean Vehicle Technlgies Prject lcatin Prject start date: 01/09/2003 Data Prject Prject end date: 31/08/04 Extensin date: 28/02/05 Ttal Prject duratin (in mnths) Ttal budget EC cntributin: (%) f ttal csts (%) f eligible csts 50 Name Beneficiary Cntact persn Pstal address Visit address 24 mnths Extensin mnths 6 mnths Data Beneficiary Centre fr Research and Technlgy Hellas / Hellenic Institute f Transprt Dr. Evangels Bekiaris Telephne Fax: th km. Charilau-Thermi Rd., PO Bx 361, 57001, Thermi, Thessalniki, Greece 6 th km. Charilau-Thermi Rd., PO Bx 361, 57001, Thermi, Thessalniki, Greece Prject website abek@certh.gr Layman s Reprt 1

2 Prject scpe and bjectives It is widely accepted tday that the severe envirnmental effects f vehicles as well as the great dependence f rad transprt n fssil fuels have stimulated the develpment and intrductin, especially in urban envirnmental f new means f transprt in the frm f clean vehicles, mainly pure/hybrid electric vehicles (bth 4-wheelers and 2- wheelers) and natural gas vehicles. These vehicles have prven in practice that they can cntribute significantly t the reductin f air pllutin and nise levels, while maintaining a mderate energy cnsumptin. The prject aim was t demnstrate the psitive effects f the use f clean vehicles in the urban envirnment f Thessalniki, Greece s secnd largest city and a majr business and trade centre f the Balkans. It is ntable that never befre have such vehicles been intrduced in the city, having a ppulatin f arund 1 millin peple and experiencing a great degree f urbanisatin. It was therefre the prject s bjective t demnstrate pssible cntributin f clean vehicles fr mitigatin f air pllutin and excessive nise levels in the city by perfrming pilt tests with a small fleet f clean vehicles. has resulted in the demnstratin f an innvative apprach fr the mitigatin f air pllutin and nise prblems in the city f Thessalniki with a prjectin t ther Eurpean cities thrugh the intrductin f a system based n the cmbinatin f clean vehicles and advanced transprt telematics and management technlgies. Furthermre, thrugh its disseminatin activities and pilt studies, has wrked twards frmulatin f an ec-cnsciusness in the citizens f an urban envirnment, such as the city f Thessalniki. It has als cntributed twards standardisatin and plicy recmmendatins, especially fr Greece which significantly lacks the prgress achieved in this sectr acrss Central and Nrthern Eurpe. Prject tasks The prject cnsisted f the fllwing 10 interrelated tasks: 1. Scenaris f Use and State f the Art Benchmarking 2 Equipment Installatin and System Develpment 3 Impact f User Training 4 Pilt Applicatin 5 Pilt Assessment 6 Legal and Organisatinal Issues 7 Cst Benefit Analysis (CBA) and Cst Efficiency Analysis (CEA) 8 Applicatin Guidelines and Plicy Recmmendatins 9 Disseminatin 10 Prject Management The prject was implemented in three phases, as presented belw: Layman s Reprt 2

3 DEVELOPMENT OF THE FRAMEWORK FOR THE INTRODUCTION AND USE OF CLEAN VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES SCENARIOS OF USE STATE OF THE ART BENCHMARKING EQUIPMENT INSTALLATION SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT PILOR PROGRAMME OF USER TRAINING PILOT TESTS OF CLEAN VEHICLES TESTING OF VEHICLES ASSESSMENT OF PILOTS PROJECT WORK DISSEMINATION AND FRAMEWORK OF SUGGESTED POLICIES PROJECT DISSEMINATION LEGAL AND ORGANISATIONAL ISSUES FINANCIAL STUDIES APPLICATION GUIDELINES AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS Management structure The rganigram f prject is presented belw. Prject Steering Grup E.Bekiaris () C.Fkilidis (Muthe) G.Aifadpulu (TRUTh) A.Admitis (IASA) C.Michailidis (Thess.) F.Vergels (AVERE) Quality Cntrl Bard V.Mizaras (TRUTh) M.Ouzunglu (IASA) K.Mavrakis (Thess) G.Magget (AVERE) M.Zrpidis (Muthe) Technical Management E. Bekiaris Administrative Management E.Bekiaris Quality Assurance V.Mizaras TRUTh G.Vassilakpuls (HIT) N.Karakatsanis (TRUTh) Task1 P.Charalambides Mu-The Task 2 V.Mizaras TRUTh Task 3 K.Michailidis Thess Task 4 E. Bekiaris Task 5 E. Bekiaris Task 6 E.Bekiaris Task 7 E.Bekiaris Task 8 E. Bekiaris Task 9 A.Amditis IASA Subtask 1.1 Mu-The Subtask 1.2 Mu-The Subtask 1.3 Subtask 2.1 Subtask 2.2 IASA Subtask 2.3 Mu-The Subtask 3.1 Thess Subtask 3.2 Thess Subtask 3.3 Thess Subtask 4.1 Mu-The Subtask 4.2 Subtask 4.3 Mu-The Subtask 5.1 Subtask 5.2 Subtask 5.3 Subtask 6.1 Subtask 6.2 Subtask 7.1 Subtask 7.1 Subtask 7.1 Subtask 7.1 Subtask 9.1 IASA Subtask 9.2 IASA Subtask 9.2 IASA Subtask 1.4 Mu-The Subtask 2.4 Mu-The Subtask 5.4 Subtask 5.5 Subtask 2.5 TRUTh A Prject Steering Grup cnsisting f ne persn frm each partner and led by Dr. E. Bekiaris, the prject crdinatr, was respnsible fr all majr decisins cncerning the Layman s Reprt 3

4 executin f the prject. Three specific persns led the management activities f the prject: Dr. Evangels Bekiaris () was the crdinatr, Administrative and Technical Manager f the prject. Mr. Vasilis Mizaras (TRUTH) was the Quality Manager. The Prject Quality Cntrl Bard (PQCB) was respnsible fr the assessment f the quality f the prject s activities and deliverables. Each deliverable was reviewed by tw partners and an external expert. Descriptin f the techniques/methdlgy implemented and the results achieved Wrk started with an analysis and quantificatin f the transprt related air quality and nise prblems in the city f Thessalniki. The findings f this analysis indicate the fllwing: There is a large penetratin f private cars at the city, with apprximately 30% f the ppulatin wning a private car. Mst f the car wners prefer t use their car fr their trip. By far, mst f the trips are made t the city centre. Mst f the nn-private car users use the bus, the percentage being higher in the west areas, including the ld city, thus revealing the specific imprtance f public transprt fr these areas. The rutes with the greater traffic vlume are mainly thse arund the city centre such as Egnatia Rd., Tsimiski, Rd. and Vas. Olgas Avenue. The rads t the city centre present the highest cngestin levels (and thus emissin levels), especially during the mrning and early afternn hurs, when peple g t wrk, therefre it is imprtant t have clean vehicles being used by wrking peple. The shrtage f parking spaces, especially at the city centre, reveals the need t supprt the transprt system with a mbility management scheme. Free parking can therefre be a tl fr the prmtin f clean vehicles. The statistical analysis shws that fr a wide penetratin f clean vehicles at a mass scale, mainly peple at the uter area f the city shuld be targeted. The pilt intrductin f clean vehicles, as this is envisaged in, can address users f car rental cmpanies, as there is a large and f generic nature number f users using ne specific vehicle, mainly fr wrk and entertainment. An analysis f measured emissins arund the city f Thessalniki has shwn that pllutin in the Nrth-West directin is mainly attributed t industrial activity, where as in the Suth (East and West) directin there is a great influence f urban activity, including mtrisatin. Furthermre, measured values f nise levels, reveal that majr rads arund the city centre present a high level f nise pllutin. Cnsidering the specificities f the Greek market and the availability f such technlgies, the fllwing vehicles / technlgies were selected and implemented: A hybrid electric vehicle, the Tyta Prius, which cmbines a 72hp thermal engine with a 45hp electric mtr which can be supplied by the thermal engine and/r a NiMH battery f 274V. Layman s Reprt 4

5 2 electric scters, that use a 48V battery fr prviding energy t a 1.5kW electric mtr. They have a maximum speed f 45km/h and a range f apprximately 50 km. 2 electrically assisted bicycles, that use a 36V battery, with which they can travel distances in the range f km. 2 black bxes installed n the hybrid vehicle and n ne f the scters. This device is a prgrammable data recrding system: electrnic sensrs are installed and perfrm varius measurements, like distance, speed, acceleratin/deceleratin, ft brake ccurrences, engine revlutins, perid driven n thermal and n pure electric tractin, etc. A GPS antenna-receiver was installed n the hybrid vehicle, s as t stre the actual crdinates in an industrial PC. A fuel cnsumptin meter was als installed n the hybrid vehicle s as t recrd actual energy cnsumptin. An industrial PC was installed n the hybrid vehicle, s as t synchrnise data btained frm the black bx, the GPS receiver and the fuel cnsumptin meter. An RFID tag and smart cards were implemented s as t authrise the hybrid vehicle s access t a specifically retained parking place. A prtable emissin analyser was used, s as t perfrm analysis f the emissins. Figure 1: The Tyta Prius Layman s Reprt 5

6 Figure 2:The Energy Mnitr inside the Tyta Prius Figure 3: An electric scter used in Layman s Reprt 6

7 Figure 4: The electrically-assisted bicycles f Electrmechanical Barrier Cntrl Unit and Reader Phtcells Layman s Reprt 7

8 Figure 5: The installatin fr the parking f Prius at the centre f Thessalniki (Halken Rd.), equipment parts (tp) and realisatin (end) In parallel, a driver training scheme was develped, including detailed cntent, scenaris and a multimedia training tl, s as t prmte the idea f ec-driving. 30 drivers f varius grups have been trained in the usage f the clean vehicles f. Figure 6: The intrductry page f the clean vehicles sectin f multimedia tl Figure 7:The intrductry page f the test yur knwledge subsectin f the multimedia tl Layman s Reprt 8

9 The user acceptance tests had t address a wide public. Thus, a city car rental applicatin was set-up, where the hybrid vehicle was rented t AVIS custmers. In parallel, the vehicle was driven by ther invited persns. During the pilt tests, 76 peple have driven the hybrid vehicle. Only 2 ut f 76 users had driven a clean vehicle befre. After analysing the data cllected during the hybrid vehicle applicatin, it was fund that 53.95% f users think that driving a hybrid car des nt require any special familiarisatin % f users wuld surely use such a car and 38.16% say that they wuld rather use such a car. Only 1.32% f the users answered that they wuld rather nt use such a car. Only 23.68% f the users wuld buy such a vehicle if it was 10-20% mre expensive than a cnventinal car f the same categry. The majrity (55.26%) wuld nly buy it if it had the same price % f users stated that they wuld nly buy it if it was cheaper than a cnventinal car f the same categry. Users cmmented that there shuld be mre incentives by the state, s as t better prmte the use f such cars. The electric scters were given t the Mtrcycle Assciatin f Thessalniki and t interested driving instructrs. After a shrt ride, they were asked t express their pinin regarding the electric scter. In the same way, the electric bicycle was given t the Assciatin f Cyclist Unins f Macednia-Thrace and t ther interested persns, wh were again asked t express their pinin after a shrt ride with the bicycle. During the tests a ttal f 53 users have driven an electric scter and a ttal f 39 users have driven an electric bicycle. As regards the scters applicatin, the scter was well accepted by experts and users. Even peple withut an eclgical cnscience were enthusiastic abut this new technlgy. A pssible imprvement culd be that it is equipped with a bigger mtr fr heavy drivers and driving n slpes. Anther prblem is that, due t the lack f any nise, ther traffic participants can nt hear it and they have t detect it nly thrugh the visin, which may cause accidents. Varius users questined the cst t change the battery and the batter life. 1 ut f 53 users wuld surely buy this scter, whereas 41.51% f the users wuld buy it instead f a cnventinal ne, under certain cnditins. As regards the bicycles applicatin, the design f the electric bicycle makes the user believe that it is a mtrcycle and nt a bicycle. Besides, it is heavy and nt adequate fr cities like Thessalniki, where the rad netwrk is nt level but has varius uphill / dwnhill segments. It is difficult t use it utside an urban area in Greece, due t the uneven grund mrphlgy and the lack f special lanes fr bicycles. Hwever, 53.85% f the 39 users stated that they wuld buy such a bicycle, instead f a cnventinal ne, under certain cnditins. A critical review f the Greek and Eurpean legislative framewrk regarding clean vehicles hmlgatin, relevant prmtin plicies and further actins needed, accrding t the tests f the pilt, has taken place. It was fund that incentives in varius Eurpean cuntries mainly target electric r hybrid electric vehicles. Only in sme cuntries des the legislatin generally refers t clean vehicles, thus encmpassing ther types f technlgies t. Regarding natural gas vehicles incentives mainly refer t lw taxatin in the use f natural gas as fuel. The Eurpean Cmmissin has priritised the use f bifuels, natural gas in the medium term and hydrgen and fuel cells in the lng term and has prpsed tw directives regarding the use f bifuels. The USA legislatin is much mre cmplete and addresses all types f clean technlgies. It refers in general t Layman s Reprt 9

10 Alternative Fuels Vehicles and gives varius incentives bth fr the purchasers f vehicles as well as fr the seller f fuel and the infrastructure prvider. As a cnclusin f the experiences gained by the prject, has prduced an Applicatins guidelines handbk n clean vehicles technlgies.21 applicatin guidelines were frmulated, f which 6 are f general nature and refer t general planning prcess, 6 refer t enhancing the driver s cmfrt, 6 refer t reducing the ttal cst f the clean vehicle s as t becme cmparable t that f a cnventinal car and 3 refer t enhancing the awareness / acceptance f the public regarding clean vehicles technlgies. 6 guidelines are existing nes, 7 are existing but verified by the findings f and 8 are new, and have derived frm the findings, during the prjects tests and surveys. These guidelines aim at assisting in designing an integrated supprt and interventin plicy, s as t facilitate the wide intrductin f clean vehicles int traffic, until they becme cmpetitive as far as market rules are cncerned. Prblems faced During the prject executin there was a significant delay in the implementatin f the planned natural gas applicatin due t the bligatry and time cnsuming prcedures and authrisatins that needed t be granted fr the pening f the tender by the Municipality f Thessalniki and legal and financial issues regarding the lcatin and peratin f the natural gas filling statin. Furthermre, it was initially planned in t build a natural gas filling statin, suitable fr the filling f ne mini-bus f Municipality f Thessalniki during the prject life, which hwever wuld nt be adequate fr permanent nrmal peratin. The Municipality f Thessalniki hwever wuld nt prceed with the purchase f the natural gas vehicle, unless a permanent statin was built, that wuld be adequate and suitable fr use even after the prject end. Thus, negtiatins started with the Public Gas Crpratin (DEPA), s that they wuld cfinance the building f such a statin in Thessalniki. The discussins s as t frmulate an acceptable by all partiers agreement fr the building and peratin f the natural gas filling statin, plus the examinatin f pssible legal implicatins, has unfrtunately taken much lnger than expected. There were cnstantly implicatins cntinuing t arise, i.e. it has been finally clarified that the wner wuld nt be able t sell natural gas fr private use. Because s much time has elapsed withut any prcess in this issue, the natural gas applicatin has been abandned by the prject, as the Municipality culd nt purchase a natural gas vehicle in case there wuld be n adequate filling statin in the area. Assessment f the envirnmental impact f the prject, describing the envirnmental benefits (illustrated with quantified infrmatin) A technical evaluatin pilt test was perfrmed, s as t cmpare the perfrmance in terms f fuel cnsumptin and emissins f the hybrid car with that f a cnventinal car f similar cubism. The measurements were taken simultaneusly frm bth vehicles at exactly the same driving cnditins, since the tw vehicles where mving tgether, ne after the ther. The fllwing figure shws that the cnsumptin f the hybrid vehicle is Layman s Reprt 10

11 in all cases lwer than that f the cnventinal vehicle. The biggest difference is bserved in the urban rute Average Cnsumptin (lit/100km) Rute 1 Rute 2 Rute 3 Average Cnsumptin Picass 13,3 7,33 Average Cnsumptin Prius 6,35 4,46 6,63 4,82 Figure 8: Average fuel cnsumptin per vehicle and rute There is a decrease in fuel cnsumptin by the hybrid vehicle cmpared t that f the cnventinal vehicle in all three rutes f the experiment. The reductin is 52% fr a rute in an urban area, 39% fr a mixed rute and 27% fr a highway rute. This is explained by the fact that within a city, the vehicle mves at lwer speeds, thus the electric mtr is activated, while utside the city the mtr engine is used mst f the time. Furthermre, when a cnventinal vehicle drives utside a city, its fuel cnsumptin per kilmetre is reduced. On the ther hand, the hybrid vehicle s fuel cnsumptin is nt s much affected by the driving cnditins. Mean values f CO2 emissins fr the cnventinal vehicle were measured frm 14.02% fr the highway rute t 15.26% fr the urban rute, thus they were nt depending much n the driving cnditins. These values were much lwer fr the hybrid vehicle in all cases, namely 3.84% fr urban rute, 6.04% fr mixed rute and 8.67% fr highway. Layman s Reprt 11

12 Average CO2 Cncentratin (%) Rute 1 Rute 2 Rute 3 Average Picass CO2 15, , , Average Prius CO2 3, , , Figure 9: Average CO2 cncentratin per vehicle and rute Cst-benefit discussin n the results (ecnmic and envirnmental benefits) An integrated plicy f incentives is prpsed, s as t achieve, n current prices, a reductin in the price f a new technlgy car f arund 2,500 Eur seems t be a minimum required financial incentive. Such a reductin is arund 8% t 10% f the vehicle price. Of curse, by itself it is nt enugh t prmte mass sales, since generally the price difference frm cnventinal cars is 20% t 25%. Hwever, if ne cnsiders als the ecnmy due t the reduced fuel cnsumptin, the ecnmy in car life cycle due t exemptin frm circulatin tax as well as the satisfactin f the wner due t the pssessin f a high technlgy prduct, fr which ne is nrmally prne t pay smething mre, it can be expected that such an incentive culd activate the sales, initially at a limited level and then cntinuusly increasing. Prpsed Mnetary Incentives include: Reductin f the taxable incme f the custmer by an amunt equal t 30% f the price f the new technlgy car, equally distributed in 3 cnsecutive financial years (10% per year). Return f part f the VAT, crrespnding t 30% f the purchase price. Exemptin frm any circulatin restrictins in the urban areas, including any future tll fees fr entering the city centre. Exemptin frm financial bligatins like testimnies f acquisitin. Layman s Reprt 12

13 Especially fr the urban areas f Attica and Thessalniki, additinal subsidy fr the replacement f an veraged car (mre than 15 years f age and with cnfirmed circulatin during the last three years), with a new technlgy car, by 1,500 Eur. The fllwing table presents a pssible five years scenari fr the market entrance f new technlgy cars. Year Purchase f hybrid cars Purchase f electric cars Withdrawal f verage cnventinal cars Ttal Table 1: Five year scenari fr the market entrance f new technlgy cars with cncurrent withdrawal f veraged cars In any case, as usual when annuncing incentives, the gvernments are cmmitted fr a certain number f purchases annually. This guarantees the adequacy f apprved funds. The fllwing table presents an estimatin f the financial burden created by the abve incentives fr the previus scenari. The ttal cst fr the whle perid f 7 years (5 years prgram plus 2 years exemptin frm taxable incme) is estimated t 245 millin Eurs. 75 millin Eurs f these refer t refund f VAT, which wuld have nt been levied anyway in case f purchase f cnventinal cars since they are arund 30% cheaper. Therefre, this amunt can nt be cnsidered as expense. The rest 170 millin Eur are distributed t the tax exemptin f the purchasers f new technlgy cars by 79 millin Eur and t the subsidies fr withdrawal f verage cars by 91 millin Eur. (The tax exemptin was calculated t 350 Eur per annum and the VAT return t 900 Eur). Layman s Reprt 13

14 Annual Expenses f Incentives prgram in millin Eur Ttal 170 millin Eur Hybrids 76 - Electric 3 - Overage Year Figure 10: Annual expenses f the ttal prpsed incentives prgram (in millin Eur) At the end f the time frame f the abve scenari, there will be additinal 83,900 clean vehicles in circulatin in the areas f Athens and Thessalniki, while 60,800 veraged cars will have withdrawn. This fact alne is a significant benefit regarding envirnmental plicy, as it will familiarise the public with the eclgical vehicles and their advantages, as well as regarding internatinal prfile f the cuntry which will prve that it participates effectively and innvatively in the effrts t preserve the envirnment and save energy. Besides these benefits there are als measurable benefits. The new vehicles will cnsume n an annual basis arund 30,000 tns f fuel less than the cnventinal nes (urban cycle), thus the emitted CO2 will be reduced by 72,000 tns. The imprted il will be prprtinally reduced. Accrding t the fllwing figure, currently Attica cnsumes arund 1,250,000 tns f gasline, while in 2007 this amunt will be increased t 1,500,000 tns. The cnsumptin in Thessalniki at the same time will be 750,000 tns. The reductin f 30,000 tns crrespnds t 1.3% f the ttal gasline cnsumptin in Athens and Thessalniki in 2007 and crrespndingly t the emitted CO2, which percentages are nt at all negligible. Layman s Reprt 14

15 M e t r i c T n s Attica Thessalniki Ttal Figure 11: Gasline cnsumptin in Athens and Thessalniki Present and Frecast The mst imprtant is hwever that the reductin f pllutants in the city centres are multiple times the reductin in fuel cnsumptin because new technlgy cars in traffic jam cnditins are zer-plluting cars, while cnventinal cars in such cnditins pllute much mre than in nrmal cnditins. Of curse there can be n cmparisn t verage cars f 15 and 20 years, which pllute uncntrllably in such situatins. Surveys f Italian researchers estimate that a zer-plluting car which replaces a car f the mst mdern antiplluting technlgy, leads during its life cycle t savings f 8,000 Eur t the natinal ecnmy due t savings in expenses fr restratin f damages and public health prblems caused by pllutants and greenhuse airs emissins by cnventinal cars. Relevant studies frm American researchers cnclude t an amunt f 17,000 USD. Accrding t the mst cnservative Italian estimatin, a hybrid vehicle replacing a nn antiplluting vehicle aged 15 years r mre (which emits pllutants 8 times mre than a car f mdern antiplluting technlgy) shuld save an amunt equal t 25,000 Eur. Even if ne cnsiders that the withdrawing car f 15 years age pllutes nly twice as the car f mdern technlgy, the savings will still be arund 6,400 Eur. Hence, the savings fr the natinal ecnmy due t this reasn is mre than twice the ttal cst f the prpsed mnetary incentives. Prpsed Nn Mnetary Incentives include: - Free parking spaces. Such a measure can be lcally ffered by municipalities r by the state, in new self-financed parking lts, where their peratin license may require a certain number f free parking spaces fr clean vehicles. The relevant parking administratin shuld be telematically perfrmed, as in, and may even be time-restricted, i.e. fr 3 years after vehicles purchase. Layman s Reprt 15

16 - Free use f limited-access lanes, i.e. bus r Olympic lanes. Such a measure may be ffered nly temprarily, fr few years, while the number f clean vehicles is very lw and des nt bstruct public transprt. On the ther hand, the behaviur f such vehicles may be mimicked by cnventinal vehicles, leading t increase in vilatins in the use f such lanes. Again, telematics may adequately slve the prblem f plice enfrcement. - Free access t inner-city limited areas. This has been already perfrmed, by allwing the free circulatin in the Athens inner centre f clean vehicles during the whle day. This culd be widely applied, including pedestrian r ther histric areas as lng as such vehicles are few. - Intrductin f clean vehicles training in all driving schls, s that yung peple learn abut the existence f such cars and benefits, as well as in schls, s as t appeal future drivers and gradually create ec-cnsciusness. - Intrductin f free re-training curses, 1-2 hurs thery and ½ an hur praxis, n clean vehicles by manufacturers f clean vehicles fr each new client r fr a selected sample f thse interested t purchase a vehicle. Specific market related incentives, include: - Obligatin f all state authrities and municipalities t purchase nly clean vehicles. The higher purchase cst will be balanced by gain in the peratinal csts. - Prmtin f the use f clean vehicles as taxis, like in Sweden. At least fr Tyta Prius hwever, this requires a change in legislatin, as currently taxis shuld be sedan-types f vehicles and Prius is a 5-drs mdel. - Prmtin f their use as driving schl vehicles, hwever in such a case nvice drivers wuld be trained n nn-standard vehicles and may have difficulties t adapt later. Furthermre, nly few new drivers wish t be trained n an autmatic gearshift vehicle. Transferability f prject results The prject generally aimed at prmting the use f clean vehicles in an urban envirnment. This is f significant envirnmental value, since the emissins by cnventinal vehicles are a majr cause f air pllutin and nise in the cities. The prject was especially planned fr cities in which new vehicle technlgies have never befre been applied, such as Thessalniki, by cnducting analyses f the general framewrk and the actins and means that need t be develped fr the successful deplyment f such technlgies, as well as f the expected gains frm such an initiative. The vehicle fleet, even thugh small in size, has been used t derive imprtant qualitative and quantitative results (in terms f emissins and fuel cnsumptin gains) f clean vehicles cmpared t standard vehicles fr specific urban cnditins. The apprach, that is the use f clean vehicles in cmbinatin with telematic supprt and mbility management schemes is glbal, in the sense that it can be applied anywhere acrss Eurpe and is being demnstrated in a lcal envirnment, that f the city f Thessalniki. T this extent, the inclusin f AVERE, the majr Eurpean rganisatin devted t clean vehicles prmtin, is imprtant fr the Layman s Reprt 16

17 diffusin f the develped guidelines and plicy recmmendatins n a pan-eurpean basis. Thus, the cncept is glbal, but has been demnstrated n a lcal level. The activities realised in the prject can be easily applied in ther Eurpean cities f similar size. T this extent, the applicatin in Thessalniki was best suited t the purpse f, as the city has never befre been intrduced t such technlgies, nr had it the necessary infrastructure. paves the way fr the deplyment f clean vehicles in a city and its example can als be applied Eurpe-wide. This was als ne f the aims f the disseminatin strategy f the prject. Layman s Reprt 17