PLANNING PROCESSES FOR MASS TRANSIT SYSTEMS IN LATIN AMERICA

Transcription

1 PLANNING PROCESSES FOR MASS TRANSIT SYSTEMS IN LATIN AMERICA Francisca Benitez Santiag Carrill Maria Mónica Salazar Santiag Silva Restrep Fernanda Villaseñr Curitiba, Brazil Bgta - Clmbia Bgta, Clmbia Santiag - Chile Santiag, Chile Mexic City, Mexic Surce: Ggle 1

2 WHAT IS A BUS RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM? Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) is a high quality bus-based transit system that delivers fast, cmfrtable, and cst-effective services at metr-level capacities Surce: 2

3 SUMMARY 3

4 MARKET FAILURES THAT AFFECT URBAN MASS TRANSIT PROVISION Unclear prperty rights n the curbside and n the rad Transprters cllusin Principal-agent prblem between drivers and wners (incentives misaligned) Cngestin Pllutin

5 HOW BRT CAN HELP TO SOLVE THOSE MARKET FAILURES Reserve tracks and restrictive access elevated statins (Platfrm-level barding) Fares can be set at the level a which they finance lng-term cst prvisin Private bus wners charge by Km, nt per passenger, and drivers are emplyees with a fixed salary Minimize cngestin with busway alignment, wide drs and ff-bard fare cllectin

6 CURITIBA, THE FIRST EXPERIMENT Initially planned in 1965, the Rede Integrada de Transprte began peratins in 1974 Curitiba has 1.87 millin habitants and its BRT transprts 0.56 millin per day in 7 crridrs with 123 statins and 83.9 Km Standard fare $0.86 USD Busses perate with Bidiesel and diesel

7 TRANSMILENIO IMPLEMENTED IN 2000 Bgtá, Clmbia

8 Bgtá s transprtatin system was ne f the least efficient in the regin. In terms f vehicles per capita, age f fleet, average speed n rush hur. Hwever, the demand fr public transprtatin was nly cmparable t Quit, Ecuadr.

9 112.9 km and 14 km f nging cnstructin in carrera statins (including six statins at calle 6 and Sacha) 2,213,236 passengers per day and 565,100,000 annual passenger bardings 12 crridrs (Calle 80, Caracas, Caracas Sur, Eje Ambiental, Nrte, Américas, NQS central, NQS sur, Suba, Calle 26, Carrera 10 and Carrera 7)

10 PROS Capacity (cmpared t prir mdel) Efficiency in terms f number f trips and users Primary stage f integrated transprtatin system

11 CONS Centralized planning Deficient exclusive rad netwrk. Capacity (demand grwth rate f 12.8%)

12 METROBUS Mexic City, Mexic IMPLEMENTED IN 2005

13 Baseline transprtatin prir t BRT 3.5 millin passenger cars 180,000 mtrcycles 130,000 taxis 30,000 public transit buses 200 kilmeters subway June km f exclusive bus lanes enabled 177 statins thrughut 6 lanes (crridrs) 1,065,000 passengers per day Replaced 350 standard buses with 97 new articulated BRT vehicles.

14 PLANNING PROCESS 2002 Wrld Resurces Institute (EMBARQ-WRI) 5-year agreement à Mexic City gvernment, Ministry f Envirnment: Sustainable Transprtatin Prgram in Mexic City Center fr Sustainable Transprtatin, result f jint effrts f three entities: an internatinal rganizatin, EMBARQ-WRI; a gvernment entity, the Gvernment f Mexic City, and a Mexican nn-gvernmental rganizatin, the CeIBA.

15 METROBUS TRANSPORT PRIVATE ENTITIES PRIVATE TRUSTS COLLECTION ENTITIES 10 FIRMS ONE PRIVATE TRUST PER EACH LINE FIVE COMPANIES

16 TRANSANTIAGO Santiag, Chile IMPLEMENTED IN 2007

17 The plicy f lw entry csts and unrestricted cmpetitin applied in the 1990s allcated resurces inefficiently cmpetitin amng the buses, metr, and taxis generated a disrganized, nnintegrated system that frced users t assume a majr mnetary expense and use multiple frms f transprtatin. Fnt, M. (2015). Transantiag: Urban Develpment in Chile. In The State and the Private Sectr in Latin America (pp ). Palgrave Macmillan US.

18 108 kms (67 miles) f exclusive bus lanes enabled 11% bus quantity increase Number f transactins per day: 3,227,563 Number f bus stps: 11,325 Created under an evlving framewrk and based n public-private cllabratin. Netwrk f institutinal, business, and public actrs running and supervising its cmpnents.

19 CONS Plan implementatin and peratin Bus frequency Technlgy failures Mayr plitical disagreements Failure t educate cmmunity

20 PROS Envirnmental Impact Smart card fare and cllectin system Increased Public Safety

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22 TRANSMILENIO TRANSANTIAGO METROBUS Bgtá Santiag Méxic City PLAN DESIGN Lcal Authrities Private-Public partnership Lcal Authrities, Internatinal Nn-Prfit and lcal NGO PLAN IMPLEMENTATION Lcal Authrities Natinal Gvernment Lcal Authrities FINANCING Natinal, Lcal and Multilateral Bank Gvernment Subsidy Glbal Envirnmental Fund Shell Fundatin Gvernment f Mexic City MAIN CHALLENGES Capacity Centralized planning Negative spillvers n secndary rutes Majr plitical disagreements in the implementatin phase High expectatins Oppsitin grups Levels f service

23 FINAL REMARKS Ideally, a scheme f decentralizatin in the prvisin f public services shuld be under the respnsibility f the level f Gvernment that respnds directly t the users and beneficiaries f this. Hwever, centralized planning is ften used t minimize the high csts f investment and deficiencies in technical knwledge fr lcal authrities. This results in a prcess f crdinatin between different levels f Gvernment that many times ends in the impsitin f the natinal agenda ver the lcal ne.