Cooperative ITS and Connected Automated Vehicles Ola Martin Lykkja, Q-Free ASA,

Transcription

1 Cooperative ITS and Connected Automated Vehicles Ola Martin Lykkja, Q-Free ASA,

2 Topics 2 About Q-Free Tolling ecall Cooperative ITS Connected Vehicles Connected Automated Vehicles NB IoT Parking sensor

3 Q-Free Worldwide 3 UK Serbia Slovenia Tolling - 25 million On-Board Units equipped lanes employees - 20 Countries Traffic management Parking License Plate Imaging

4 Q-Free Products and Services Main title Congestion Charging Multi Lane Free Flow Lightning Multi Lane Free Flow Law Enforcement Content Truck Tolling Weight in Motion Congestion Charging Traffic Liights Back Office Parking & Access control VMS Signs Environment sensors Video Tolling Traffic Surveillance Traffic Management Road User Charging Vehicle & Pedestrian Counting Back Office Truck Tolling GNSS Video Tolling

5 Tolling 5

6 Tolling 6 2 million tags in Norway It is used as an identification system The information in the tag is cryptographically protected. It is not possible to read out any data without correct keys. Both access control and authenticated replies. Note: This applies to Norway, the toll service operator decides security level.

7 European Electronic Toll Service 7 The goal of the EU commission is to make it possible to travel all over Europe with one tolling tag and get the bill back to you home address though your home toll provider. Directive 2004/52/EC on the interoperability of electronic road toll systems (update in progress) Decision 2009/750/EC on the definition of the European Electronic Toll Service (EETS) and its technical elements For a comprehensive introduction, refer to Guide for the application of the directive on the interoperability of electronic road toll systems

8 AutoPASS in Norway 8 AutoPASS conform to the EC directive. More than 230 toll stations financing 60 projects. 15 new projects approved by Stortinget including Oslopakke 3. Mandatory tolling tag for all trucks over kg since Regulations: Forskrift om betaling av bompenger ( ) Forskrift om krav til bruk av elektronisk betalingsenhet i motorvogner over kg ( ) Forskrift om samvirkningsevnen mellom elektroniske trafikantbetalingssystemer i Europa ( ) 10 billion NOK are collected each year by 600 million transactions. Cooperation with Øresund bridge, Denmark, Austria (EasyGo)

9 Tolling globally with European technology (CEN DSRC) 9 Road user charging Congestion charging Annual collection in billion NOK (approx): Norway 10 Sweden 2.5 France 115 Austria 18 Spain 16 Australia 17 Thailand 4 Italy 70 (slightly different) Japan 170 (different technology)

10 Personvern i AutoPASS 10 Alle skilter blir fotografert Bildet blir beskåret til kun å inneholde skilt (skjer i kameraet) Brikke avleses (kryptografisk signet) Dersom brikke er gyldig: o Bildet slettes umiddelbart (blir ikke sendt fra veikant/bomstasjon) Ikke gyldig brikke: o Bildene (foran og bak) overføres til sentralsystem o Skilt tolkes automatisk, registreringsnummer leses ut o Bilen eier hentes fra motorvognregister o Bildet slettes 60 dager etter betaling Faktura utstedes Opplysninger beholdes i bompengeselskapets online system i 1 år Faktura (som også inneholder passeringsinformasjon) oppbevares i 10 år (regnskapsloven) Brikken er knyttet til bilen med registreringsnummeret, bilen har ikke krav på personvern

11 Personvern i AutoPASS 11 Kjørte jeg for fort?

12 Reisetid med AutoPASS 12 I Norge måler SVV reisetider ved å observere AutoPASS brikker i egne reisetidsportaler. Brikke-id leses ut fra brikken og anonymiseres med en hash funksjon med ca mulige hash-verdier. Hashingen skaper tvetydighet og dette opptrer som støy i reisetidene og filtreres ut.

13 GNSS-basert veiprising 13 Operational systems: o Germany o Slovakia o Hungary o Switzerland o New Zealand o Russia o Belgium Trials and tests Oregon and Minnesota in USA Many places Planned and under consideration o écotaxe in France (cancelled Oct 2014) o Finland (postponed) o Sweden (postponed) o Bulgaria o Romania o Singapore, all vehicles, all roads (starts in 2020)

14 GNSS tolling deployment in Germany Started in 2005 LKW-Maut Toll Collect GmbH Trucks > kg km motorways 4500 road segments Collects 4-5 billions Euro/year on-board units 50% is foreign trucks Enforcement gantry on A65

15 How GNSS tolling works 15 On-board equipment in the vehicle collects GNSS positions Thin client: Positions are transferred over 3G/LTE network to a central system The tolling rules and fees are not known by the OBE Thick client All calculations are done in OBE, no position details are transferred The rules (map) must be known by the OBE The tolling invoice is transferred to a central system Privacy issues GNSS position may be leaked to 3 rd parties The use of GSM/3G networks for data transfer creates a record at the mobile phone operator

16 Thin client vs thick client The GNSS tolling concept support many computing models. GNSS does not need to be the ultimate big-brother tool. Privacy Thick Client Thin Client Calc. at TTP Thin Client Calc. at Proxy Thin Client Calc. at TSP

17 ecall 17

18 ecall Car calls 112 automatically 18 There is fatalities on EU roads each year. ecall is expected to reduce emergency response time and it's believed the system could save as many as 2500 lives each year.

19 ecall Privacy 19 No tracking No time information No SIM card required Current and optionally one or two past locations are transmitted to the PSAP location ambiguity

20 Cooperative ITS 20

21 Cooperative ITS systemer Bil-bil kommunikasjon (V2V) Bil-veikant kommunikasjon (V2I, V2X) Mange navn Connected Vehicle (CV) og DSRC/WAVE (i USA) ETSI G5 IEEE p Konseptet er at biler skal sende ut informasjon om seg selv hele tiden slik at andre biler kan motta dette og evaluerer kollisjons risiko. Men også mange andre applikasjoner.

22 M a n a g e m e n t N & etworking Transport Access Technologies... M a n a g e m e n t Applications Facilities N etworking & Transport... Access Technologies S e c u r i t y M a n a g e m e n t N & Facilities etworking Transport Access Technologies Management... S e c u r i t y... Security N & Facilities etworking Transport Access Technologies Ethernet Ethernet CAN bus... CAN bus S e c u r i t y... Security Management... Security N etworking & Transport... Technologies Access M a n a g e m e n t Security Applications Facilities N etworking & Transport... Access Technologies Ethernet Management S e c u r i t y M a n a g e m e n t... Security N & etworking Transport Access Technologies Ethernet... IPv 6 S e c u r i t y Architecture For Cooperative ITS 22 Personal ITS Station Central ITS Station Applications Central Gateway Central Host Applications Border Router Facilities Manage ment Facilities N etworking & Transport M anage ment Facilities N etworking & Transport Networking & Transport Access Technologies 3 Traffic Centre/Service Centre Access Technologies Ethernet Access Technologies Ethernet IPv 6 Vehicle ITS Station Data Sharing Cloud Roadside ITS Station 5.9 Mobile Router Vehicle Host Vehicle Gateway Roadside Gateway Access Router Roadside Host Border Router S e c u r i t y ECU ECU M a n a g e m e n t N etworking & Transport Access Technologies 5. 9 GHz Ethernet Ctrl SENS Loop Detector

23 Cooperative ITS Communications Architecture 23 ETSI, ISO and CEN. Follows ISO 7-layer ISO model. Clear layering, clear API. Q-Free was very active in promoting and standardizing this architecture. USA have their own model

24 Security 24 All ITS messages are signed Each vehicle has a large set of cert/keys in its vault. Dispose certs/keys after each drive, after a few hours How to store keys and certs? Is hardware TPM always better than software?

25 Cooperative ITS Data sharing perspective 25 Traffic Management Centre Control Centre Back Office

26 In-vehicle Configurations 26 In-vehicle retrofit (after-market ITS): Roof-top antenna ipad/android on dashboard or passenger device. Drawback: no automated safety features Fast introduction, but may(?) disappear with built-in capability In-vehicle integrated after-market High-end vehicles have retrofit in-dash computers Allows some integration for safety applications Built-in system from car maker Best from technical perspective Long time to saturate vehicle population Challenging market

27 C-ITS En stor familie standarder ETSI TC ITS IEEE og 1609 ISO 204 og CEN 278 SAE 3GPP LTE V2X (kanskje?) Sporing av biler Dette er primær mål men bare korttidssporing Forhindre langtidssporing Bytte identifikatorer «ofte»

28 Day one Applications Focus on Safety 28

29 Use case: Longitudinal collision risk warning Lane changes Stationary vehicles Electronic bake light Slow moving vehicle

30 Use case: Intersection collision risk warning

31 Use case: Signalled intersections 31 Provides vehicles and drivers with lane-level maps with signal phase information.

32 Use case: Electronic traffic signs Represent all kinds of signs in a machine readable format Always up to date and online Temporary signs Roadworks Accidents Speed School zones Better navigation and guidance systems

33 «Extended vehicle» concept Car manufacturer offers connectivity solutions. Collect a lot of information and resell to whoever wants to buy. Maintenance services Concierge services Deliver premium data to their customers to increase safety and value to (only) them. Emergency services Closed and proprietary car manufacturer cloud Entertainment services

34 Connected Automated Vehicles

35 Connected Automated Vehicles 35

36 Connected Automated Vehicles 36

37 Information is key to sucessfull CAV deployment 37 Maps Signaled intersections Traffic regulations in electronic format Signs Information from other vehicles The core of Cooperative ITS New initiative in CEN TV278/WG17 Urban ITS Management for Electronic Traffic Regulations METR Urban ITS Mandate (EC M/546)

38 Maps 38 The accuracy of these maps varies, but one mapping company claims that the HD map has absolute accuracy better than 1 meter and relative accuracy of 0.2 meters. Created by lidar, radar, and other sensors. That is hardly good enough for use with accurate GNSS.

39 Non-trival signs 39

40 Non-trival signs 40 Impossible to interpret all of this without local context information (ref: Beboerparkering in Oslo)

41 Challenge 41 Cities are increasingly forced to set local regulations to meet traffic problems These regulations are often temporary, or otherwise have time validity restrictions Regulations are usually geographically limited; sometimes down to lane level or parking bay level Dissemination and enforcement of regulations is difficult and costly today o temporary traffic signs, roadside billboards, newspaper notices, radio announcements, traffic police, parking wardens, o Some cities have started using proprietary Apps for some of the dissemination This is a highly manual and very costly process o Hampers mobility o Not transparent for outside users - also a language barrier

42 Management for Electronic Traffic Regulations 42 Rules are time-and-place referenced Many relevant standards already exist Security is paramount: Integrity and Availability Role split: o Generate/maintain regulations o Aggregate/disseminate regulations o Use regulations Trust is a major issue Need full end-to-end trust chain Security should be based on the C-ITS Platform Trust Model plus EU-US Harmonization to avoid regional lock-in Laws needs to be changed: The metal plate on a pole is no longer the only normative publication of the regulation.

43 VW emmision scandal aftermath Who decides when CAV is mainstream? 43 United Nations Economic Commission for Europe UNECE EU Parlament Norway

44 Two UNECE WP29 conventions: 1958 and states ECE-Regulations, type approvals Working on International Whole VehicleType Approval (IWVTA) ->2019 EU controls votings (28 votes). USA and China are not in 30 states GTR. Technical requirements No type approvals EU has one vote USA, China and South-Korea er in Less binding for members. Norway is full member in both.

45 UNECE - Current hot topics for vehicles 45 WP29 Task force CS/OTA Cyber Security and Over The Air issues Robustness against hacking Software updates Data security when sending/receiving data to/from infrastructure WP29 ITS/AD Intelligent Transport Systems and Automated Driving They invented the 6 SAE levels Use areas: urban/highway WP29 GRRF Brakes and Running Gear Driver support systems Interface between driver and automation WP1 Harmonization of traffic rules (see METR) Who is responsible? Adapt rules for CAD

46 UNECE WP29 Taskforce for CS/OTA 46 Created Nov-2016 Scheduled to complete Dec-2017 Support from ISO/IEC, ITU and ENISA. New ISO/SAE-standard Cyber Security (ISO/TC22)

47 Challenges in future vehicles 47 Vehicles have many ECU that communicates with each other CAN bus capacity is exhausted Most functions in the vehicle are controlled by a ECU today Software updates are more frequent Should the vehicle need to be type approved again after software update? The type approval authorities should get detailed information about software upgrades and have facilities to verify that a vehicle has the proper software. OTA and online (internet) access to ECU increase threat level Software and ECU maintenance will be an important part of maintenance The expected lifetime of vehicles will go down Who own the data? Vehicle owner or the car manufacturer?

48 Parking 48

49 Ground mounted outdoor vehicle detector 49 Telenor: Infrastructure, upgraded 3 base stations with NB IoT Huawei: NB IoT upgrades to Telenor network ublox: Modem modules Statens vegvesen: Access to parking lot in Trondheim Q-Free parking sensors XXX PRESENTATION

50 NB IoT 50 Low power wide area network based on LTE within the 3GPP architecture SGd SMS-GMSC IWMSC SMS Router S6a HSS CIoT UE CIoT Uu E-UTRAN S1 C-SGN T6a SGi SCEF CIoT Services

51 NB IoT 51 NB IoT Parking sensor enodeb base station Mobile operator IP / UDP / CoAP or NIDD / CoAP IoT Platform IP / HTTPS App Server on internett Security factors SIM cards, access control Air interface encrypted The IoT platform limits access to/from internett Very low bandwidth

52 ITS World Congress Yearly event 52

53 Q-FREE ASA XXX CORPORATE PRESENTATION PRESENTATION 53