CHARACTERIZATION TYPICALLY USED IN VECTOR CONTROL SZUMLAS, Y. LAN AND B. K. FRITZ

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1 Americn Mosquito Control Assocition, 23(3): , 2007 Journl (C) 2007 by Americn Mosquito Control Assocition, Inc. Copyright OF TRUCK-MOUNTED ATOMIZATION CHARACTERIZATION TYPICALLY USED IN VECTOR CONTROL EQUIPMENT C. HOFFMANN, T. W. WALKER, D. E. MARTIN, J. A. B. BARBER, T. GWINN, V. L. SMITH, W. SZUMLAS, Y. LAN AND B. K. FRITZ D. control mediclly importnt rthropod vectors humn nd niml disese is high ABSTRACT. for both public helth nd militry ficils. Becuse droplet size pesticide spry mteril is priority criticl fctor ffecting vector control pplictions, droplet-size spectr produced by 11 spryers nd 3 formultions were evluted. Droplet-size spectr were mesured by lser diffrction instrument, spry hot-wire system, nd rotting slides. re were considerble differences in droplet-size spectr by different spryers tested. volume medin dimeter (Dv0.5) for wter-bsed sprys produced rnged from 9. to gm nd %vol <20 gm rnged between 2.% nd 97.9%. correltions sprys Dv0. mesured by lser system (Dv0.-lse0 nd mss medin dimeter, Suter dimeter, between Dv0. mesured by AIMS probe were ll significnt. Generlly, slide Dv0.ss were numericlly nd to Dv0. from lser system nd Suter dimeter from Army Insecticide Mesuring similr probe. re ws less consistent greement between % <32 gm vlues obtined from slides System those from or 2 smplers. informtion presented cn be used by pplictors to select nd control mediclly importnt rthropods high priority for both public helth nd is ficils. One most common militry for controlling rthropod vectors, pr- methods mosquitoes, is ppliction insecticideticulrly by eir ground or eril spryers. When most effective ppliction. Droplet size mke one most significnt fctors tht ffect is well vector control ppliction works. how re is need to obtin bseline refore, equipment tht ws or is currently in on Defense (DoD) Ntionl Stock Deprtment so s to provide method comprison System evlution for potentilly new pest mnge- or equipment (i.e., electric or diesel-powered ment equipment). trdemrk, vendor, or proprietry 1Mention does not constitute gurntee or wrrnty product product by USDA or US Nvy nd does not its pprovl to exclusion or products imply my lso be suitble. tht Reserch Service-Arewide USDA-Agriculturl Mngement Reserch Unit, 2771 F&B Rod, Pest Sttion, TX College A&M University, Public Helth Entomology Florid Reserch nd Eduction Center, 000 Frnkford Pnm City, FL Avenue, 2800 South Finncil Court, 5ADAPCO, one is mesuring droplet size from When equipment, distnce tomiztion system from spryer cn be mesuring Droplets tht re greter thn 50 lm importnt. generlly not considered erosol droplets re 1988); refore, se droplets hve (Mtws gret propensity settling out or depositing on ground before reching slide locted 3-10 m mde by sm- plced too fr wy from spryer. plers smpler bis cn occur with very smll Additionl Droplets tht remin in ir, prtic- droplets. those <20 gm, cn hve low collection ulrly onto smplers (Rthburn 1970) nd efficiencies be undersmpled by slide nlysis methods. my hve been numerous studies to deter- re optimum or best droplet size to mine vector control efforts (Himel 1969, mximize droplet-size spectr for specific equipment specific (Younglove nd McCool 199, Brown et l. Droplet size cn be mesured with wtersensitive 1998). crds (Hfmnn nd Hewitt 2005), or mgnesium oxide slides (Mount et l. Teflon Brown et l. 1998b, Meisch et l. 2005), or 1970, Numerous reserchers hve lso evluted 1986). products for ir efficcy on controlling specific species mosquitoes (Inmn t l. different Hm et l. 1999, Crockett et l. 2002). It 1997, from.7 to 211 tm, depending on spryer, nd percent spry volume contined in droplets rnged thn 20 gm (%vol <20 gm) rnged between 0.5% nd 98.9%. Dv0.5 mesurements for oil-bsed less spryer tht produces droplet-size spectr needed for ir prticulr ppliction sitution. KEY WORDS Atomiztion, droplet size, spryer, hndheld spryer, vector control INTRODUCTION spry equipment nd insecticides, pesticide selecting pplictors utilize lot informtion to spryer. This settling out lrge from bises droplet spectrum mesure- droplets ments (towrd smller droplets) nd spry cloud formtion informtion droplet et l. 1973, Curtis nd Beidler 1996, Lgren et l. 2002). Fewer studies hve detiled Crockett lser-bsed systems (Picot et l. 1985, Young with Entomologicl Center Excellence, Box 3, 3Nvy 937, Jcksonville, FL Building Snford, ws beyond scope this study to consider FL whole rnge ctive spry ingredients. 321

2 Report Documenttion Pge Form Approved OMB No Public reporting burden for collection informtion is estimted to verge 1 hour per response, including time for reviewing instructions, serching existing dt sources, gring nd mintining dt needed, nd completing nd reviewing collection informtion. Send comments regrding this burden estimte or ny or spect this collection informtion, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Wshington Hedqurters Services, Directorte for Informtion Opertions nd Reports, 1215 Jefferson Dvis Highwy, Suite 120, Arlington VA Respondents should be wre tht notwithstnding ny or provision lw, no person shll be subject to penlty for filing to comply with collection informtion if it does not disply currently vlid OMB control number. 1. REPORT DATE REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED to TITLE AND SUBTITLE Chrcteriztion Truck-Mounted Atomiztion Equipment Typiclly Used in Vector Control 5. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) United Sttes Deprtment Agriculture -Agriculturl Reserch Service,Arewide Pest Mngement Reserch Unit,2771 F&B Rod,College Sttion,TX, PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR S ACRONYM(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public relese; distribution unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 1. ABSTRACT see report 15. SUBJECT TERMS 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR S REPORT NUMBER(S) 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT. REPORT unclssified b. ABSTRACT unclssified c. THIS PAGE unclssified Sme s Report (SAR) 18. NUMBER OF PAGES NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON Stndrd Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18

3 1. Testing truck-mounted tomizer equipment Fig. showing verticl trverse spry plume re is need for equipment tht does not policy, on gsoline-type fuel. Army Regultion AR run (1997) sttes tht fuel support for ground in overses ters must use single forces fuel, JP-8. In overses ters kerosene-type predominnt fuel requirements support where Nvy, PJ-5 my be substituted for JP-8. No equipment designed to use gsoline-type new re to be cquired or developed, except for fuels not intended for deployment or equipment outside continentl United employment refore, mnufcturers spry equip- Sttes. hve developed diesel-driven spryers, ment were included in this study. which objective this study ws to use lser nlysis system to obtin bseline droplet droplet spry cloud formtion informtion on vilble nd truck-mounted spryers tht re incorport- or could be included into DoE) pest mngemened progrms. Spry droplets were lso with use Teflon-coted slides mesured Army Insecticide Mesuring System nd totl 3 replicted spry tests, comprised A 11 spryers nd 3 spry formultions, were for this study. spryers were completed from equipment tht is commonly used selected vector nd flying insect control pplictions. for 7 formultions were divided into 2 groups, or oil bsed. specific testing protocol, wter formultions, equipment tested, nd phys- spry property mesurement procedures re discusseicl in following sections. protocol Testing ech combintion spryer For nd spry 3 independent replictions were formultion, A repliction comprised operting conducted. spryer for 30 sec t distnce 90 cm (36 from lser bem droplet mesuring in.) During 30 sec, bem from system. system ws directed verticlly downwrd to lser nd smple entire spry plume trverse 1); smpling took between 15 nd 20 sec. (Fig. personl protective equipment, such s system Droplet-sizing Symptec Helos lser diffrction droplet- A system (Symptec Inc., Clusthl, Germnysizing ws utilized in this study. Hel0s from 0.5 to 875 gm in 32 sizing bins. A rnge constructed frme nd forklift ws used specilly trverse system through spry plume. to men dimeter (Dv0.5) is term used Volume commonly to describe spry droplet-size most Dv0.5 is droplet dimeter (micro- spectr. where 50% spry volume or mss meters), contined in droplets smller thn this vlue. is volume contined in droplets less thn spry gm (%vol <20 gm) ws clculted for ll 20 This term (%vol <20 gm) llows user tests. equipment to determine portion this mteril tht will most likely sty lt pplied n ppliction nd potentilly impinge on fter tretments, where deposition onto trget brrier objective, my wnt to minimize this is spry to keep spryed mteril portion missing or drifting out trget re. from developed by KLD Industries (Huntington ws NY). KLD Industries model DCIII Sttion, 322 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION VOL. 23, NO. with droplet-sizing system. Teflon-coted slides nd Simultneously, method were deployed to obtin compr- AIMS tive mesurements droplet size. Approprite respir- gloves, goggles, nd Tyvex suits, were worn tors, ll tests contining ctive ingred- during ients. only 3 stndrd formultions were refore, Aqu-Reslin(R) (permethrin nd pi- investigted: butoxide, Byer Environmentl Science, peronyl NJ) ws used s ctive formul- Montvle, wter nd oil were used s generics, typicl tion; stndrd lser droplet-size evlution within protocols. result Deprtment Army As uses 623-nm He-Ne lser nd ws fitted system R5 lens, which mde dynmic size with nd Dv0.9 vlues, which describe E)v0.1 spry volume (10% nd 90%, proportion contined in droplets specified respectively) or less, were lso mesured. percent size flying insect. Persons using equipment for llowing for comprison dropletsize (AIMS), dt from 3 mesurement regimes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Insecticide Mesuring System Army AIMS probe uses hot-wire instrument- tion to mesure spry droplet size. system

4 + 90% NIS 90% NIS t 0.25% v/v 2.5 ml Wter 1: Wter solution with Aqu-Reslin t 25% v/v 250 ml Aqu-Reslin(R) nonionic surfctnt. NIS, no wter ws dded. n/, tken ccording to stndrd operting were provided with unit. probe ws procedures to 7.0 m/sec. Distnce from nozzles vried 5.0 pressure, mke, nd model. After ech with probe ws clened with solution mesurement 50% cetone/50% xylene. thousnd droplets were mesured by One during ech repliction. AIMS system probe computed mss medin dimeter stwre equivlent to volume medin (essentilly Dv0.s), Suter men dimeter, nd dimeter, men dimeter, nd lso recorded volume droplets mesured. number droplets 1,000 thn 30 gm ws converted to percent greter less thn 30 tm (% <30 gm) for droplets to % <32-tm (percent comprison Hock Impinger (John. W. Hock Co., FL). slides were 25-mm-wide Ginesville, microscope slides nd were rotted Teflon-coted RPM. One unknowns with t rotting slide is collection efficiency ssocited with different droplet sizes. Hock ws positioned pproximtely 3 m wy Impinger but directly in front outlet from dditionl exposure. One hundred rndomly ny droplets were mesured under clibrted selected droplet dt into Droplet Anlysis collected vilble from Adpco Inc. (Snford, Progrm formultions Spry different spry formultions (Tble 1) Three evluted. formultions selected re were tht re commonly used in vector products ctive ingredient Aqu-Reslin, wheres 2 formultions (wter + 90% nonionic or [NIS] nd BVA Oil) were used s surfctnt rel-world solutions to limit use mimics contining ctive ingredients. se mixtures or generic sprys llow users to test mimics Equipment truck-mounted spryers were evluted Eleven this study. All spryers tested re in ultr-low volume (ULV) spryers, considered Bufflo Turbine spryer, which is except low-volume (LV) spryer. se considered re referred to s truck mounted, spryers most spryers re too hevy to becuse crried by person nd must be mounted in be bck moving vehicle during spry Policy AR Army Systems Pro-Mist ULV Fogger 15 Beecomist A GUL VE with luminum frme (Beecomist MP, Inc., Telford, PA; Pro-Mist is Clrke Systems, spce spryer tht produces pesticide ULV spectrum by use high-speed, droplet hs net weight 137 lb (62.3 kg), nd fogger mximum flow rte 6.0 oz/min (177. ml). Grizzly(R) (Clrke Mosquito Control): Clrke Grizzly is powered by n 18-hp (69 cc) & Strtton gsoline engine tht drives Briggs rotry positive displcement blower. provides ir blst tht cretes pesticide blower droplet spectrum t lminr ir-flow unit weighs 75 lb (216 kg) nd hs nozzle. mximum flow rte 18.0 oz/min (532.3 ml). Phoenix Fogger 680 (B&G Chemicls & B&G Co, Inc., Dlls, TX): Phoenix Equipment 680 is powered by 6.8-hp Lombrdini Fogger engine tht drives positive displcement diesel blower. blower provides ir blst lobe SEPTEMBER 2007 CHARACTERIZATION OF TRUCK-MOUNTED SPRAYERS 323 Tble 1. formultions nd dilution rtes used in tomiztion studies. Spry Description Rte dded to liter wter Formultion BVA 13 ULV Oil Oil solution with only BVA 13 ULV Oil n/ nd mesurements (AIMS) system ws utilized, directly in front mchine nozzle, positioned wind velocity ws mesured to be from where without hving to use personl protective equipment equipment such s respirtors nd chemicl suits, while ensuring tht droplet-size spectrum is similr to tht obtined with ctive ingredient (Hfmnn et l. 2007). number droplets greter thn 30 gm less thn 32 gm) dt mesured by droplets lser system. Three spryers were powered opertions. diesel engines, which meet requirements by slides Rotting slides were collected with use Teflon-coted now [Clrke Mosquito Control, Roselle, product Pro-Mist is n ll-electric, lightweight IL]): rotry nozzle with resulting porous-sleeve being dispersed by n xil fn. erosol spryer. After being exposed to spry cloud 5-10 sec, slides were removed from for nd plced in seled slide rcks to prevent holders volume medin dimeter (Dv0.5) microscope. ech slide ws computed by inputting for FL; tht shers pesticide into droplets t control scenrios. One formultion contined

5 fogger weighs 310 lb nd hs flowrte nozzle. cpcity 35.0 oz/min (1,035 ml). Fog XKD (London Fog, Long Lke, London XKD is hevy-duty cold fogger tht MN): powered by 7-hp Htz diesel engine. is produces pesticide droplet spectrum by XKD positive-displcement" -cylinder mens nd single nozzle. unit weighs compressor lb (123.2 kg) nd hs flow-rte cpcity 271 oz/min (532.3 ml) Fog (London Fog): is London high-output ULV erosol genertor tht is by n 18-hp gsoline engine powered pesticide droplet spectrum by mens produces rotry positive displcement blower nd nylon nozzle. unit weighs 5 lb (202 kg) hs flow-rte cpcity 20.0 oz/min nd ml). (591. Fog, Medium Are Genertor (M.A. London Chemicl Aerosol Genertor (London Fog): G.), kg) nd hs flow-rte cpcity 10.0 oz/ (50 (295 ml). min Micro-Gen Chemicl Dispersl Unit, Whitmire G- (Whitmire Micro-Gen Reserch Lb- Model Inc., St. Louis, MO): Model G- is ortories, ULV chemicl dispersl unit powered by 5-hp & Strtton gsoline engine. pesticide Briggs spectrum is creted by nozzle-compres- droplet combintion tht produces blst ir, sor cuses shering pesticide s it which through spry nozzle. unit hs psses net weight 78.5 lb (35.7 kg), nd mximum rte c 6.0 oz/min (177. ml). flow Specilized Technologies Termintor Advnced engine powers direct-drive ir compressor. diesel compressed ir tomizes spry t liquid meet. unit weighs 125 lb, nd hs nd 3-6 oz/min ( ml) flow-rte cpcity. Termintor cn be used s portble when not being used s spryer. compressor UL V Fog Genertor Model MD, Series LECO (Lowndes Engineering Co., Inc., Vldost, D Clrke now owns ptents for LECOs): GA; LECO Model MD, Series D, is ULV fog by shering ction t nozzle s produced ir blst creted by rotry positive- result blower. unit weighs 360 lb displcement kg) nd hs mximum flow rte 1 oz/ (150 min. Turbine Model CSM2 Turbine Mist Bufflo 20 msec) 20C) solution Wter + 90% Wter NIS Aqu-Reslin(R) : 13 ULV BVA Oil 23-hp Kohler gsoline engine. spry mist is by blower cpble n ir blst up creted property mesurements Physicl tension nd viscosity hve significnt Surfce on spry droplet spectr (Bellinger et l. effect Dynmic surfce tension ws mesured 1996). SensDyne Surfce Tensiometer 6000 with Reserch Corp., Mes, AZ) with (Chem-Dyne use mximum bubble pressure method. gs flow-rte settings were vried until ge vlues were found less thn nd surfce thn 0.02 sec. n, tble percent greter settings ws built in 5% increments to flow-rte previous settings. This tble ws include with use 200-pro ethnol nd clibrted wter. probes were lowered into pure nd dynmic surfce tension, bubble smple, bubble ge, nd temperture were mesured rte, ech setting in tble. dynmic surfce t t 20 msec ws linerly interpolted from tension results. tests were replicted 3 times. ws mesured with Brookfield Viscosity Viscometer (Model LVT, Brookfield Synchro-Lectric Engineering, Middleboro, MA) with use UL dpter with centipoise rnge. spindle ws inserted into smple, nd ws strted nd run until dil reding motor nd reding ws recorded. stbilized nlyses Sttisticl Proc CORR in SAS ws used to clculte coefficients between vribles bsed correltion Person product-moment correltion on Person coefficient vlues close to coefficients. high degree liner correltion indicte declred t P < 0.05 level. To determine were significnce between dt sets, Pr0c sttisticl 32 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION VOL. 23, NO. Tble 2. properties spry solutions tested. Physicl Dynmic surfce tension Viscosity Spry NIS, nonionic surfctnt. Model CSM2 is mist spryer powered by to 10,000 cfm nd Hypro twin piston pump 10-gl/min output. unit weighs cpble lb (295.5 kg) without triler. 650 M.A.G. is n ULV erosol genertor tht is by 3.5-hp Briggs & Strtton gsoline powered It produces pesticide droplet spectrum engine. mens single-stge 2-cylinder compressor by single nozzle. unit weighs 110 lb nd Specil Technologies, Winnebgo, (Advnced Termintor's.7-hp (219 cc) Ynmr MN): outlet stinless-steel nozzle where ir powered by n 11-hp Briggs & Strtton genertor engine. pesticide droplet spectrum is gsoline between vribles tested. Significnt correltions GLM procedure ws used with Spryer (Bufflo Turbine LLC, Springville, NY):

6 Z Z ZZZZZ ' SEPTEMBER 2007 CHARACTERIZATION OF TRUCK-MOUNTED SPRAYERS l +1 +l +[ l l l l Z ZZ

7 Spryer (oz/min) (gm _+ SD) (lm - SD) (gm _+ SD) <20 grn ULV Fogger Pro-Mist MP 15 Grizzly(R) Clrke Phoenix Fogger B&G Fog XKD London 100 Fog MAG London Termintor AST Orifice No. 35 Orifice No. Micro-Gen Whitmire G Model Turbine 128 Bufflo CSM2 103 Model properties Physicl physicl properties spry solution re fctors tht ffect tomiztion importnt spry (Butler et l. 2001). Given lrge tests conducted, it ws desirble to use number tht mimicked ctive-ingredient sprys solutions limited exposure testing personnel but environment to ctive ingredients. nd physicl properties ll solutions tested re in Tble 2, with wter given s reference. shown TX) t 0.1% rte to wter ws used to Antonio, physicl properties Aqu-Reslin mimic primry objective this work ws to A system users with droplet-size spectr provide not to rnk system performnce. As such, dt, rnking spryers ws not un- sttisticl for se dt. Droplet-sizing dt from dertken Symptec Helos lser systems for wter- sprys is given in Tble 3. Dv0.5 bsed for wter-bsed sprys rnged mesurements.7 to 211 gm, depending on spryer. from %vol <20 gm rnged between 0.5% nd stndrd devitions (SDs) for lmost 98.9%. tests were very low, which is indictive ll repetbility lser mesurements. +_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ wter + 90% NIS solution did not prove to Aqu-Reslin formultion s closely s mimic oz/min, Dv0.5 ws 3.7 lm with rte + 90% NIS solution nd 26.5 gm for wter droplets thn those generted with lrger solution. difference in Dv0.5 Aqu-Reslin between 2 spry solutions ws significntly vlues different (P < 0.001) for ll spryers both solutions were tested. This difference where likely cused by higher dynmic surfce ws for wter + 90% NIS solution tension mn/m) thn tht Aqu-Reslin (9.8 sprys mke up mjority dult Oil-bsed control products used in USA. mosquito dt from lser mesurement Droplet-sizing is given in Tble. Dv0.5 mesure- system for oil-bsed sprys rnged from 9. to ments gm, depending on spryer. %v gm rnged between 2.% nd 97.9%. <20 Turbine is primrily used in brrier Bufflo where lrge droplet size is importnt, tretments, tht spry mteril will deposit on so oil-bsed insecticide Anvil 10+10(R) mimic et l. 2007). (Hfmnn 326 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION VOL. 23, NO. Tble. droplet spectr dt from lser diffrction system for spryers pplying BVA 13 ULV Oil. Spry rte Dvo. Dvo.5 Dvo.9 %vol Flow _ psi 18 London Fog _ _ _ _ _ No. 1 Orifice 3.2_ _ RESULTS For Pro-Mist spryer t flow nticipted. solution. For 3 spryers Aqu-Reslin wter + 90% NIS solution creted tested, Sn ddition 90% NIS (Wilbur-Ellis, solution (0.5 mn/m). solution. Oil-bsed sprys tomiztion results Wter-bsed sprys tomiztion results se results compliment previous folige. which showed tht BVA Oil is good work,

8 " ,--.: "6 +1 +l +l +1 5 d e,i e,i 5 d d d e,i r,i c l l e,i r +1 +l l l +1 Szr"rEMBEI 2007 CHARACTERIZATION OF TRUCK-MOUNTED SPRAYERS 327 +l +l +l l +l +l l +l l l

9 droplet mesurement systems Comprison spry droplet spectr produced by differ- spryers ws simultneously mesured with ent AIMS probe, Symptec, nd rotting slide for tests performed (Tble 5). rotting 15 were only deployed during repliction; slides re re no SDs. AIMS nd lser refore, were tken for ech 3- mesurements for ech spryer evluted. replictions correltions between Dv0.5 mesured lser system (Dv0.5-1ser) nd mss by dimeter (MMD), Suter dimeter, nd medin men dimeter mesured by AIMS volume were ll significnt (P < 0.05). re ws probe stronger correltion between Dv0.5-1ser nd (Person coefficient 0.78, n 9, P < MMD thn between Dv0.s-ser nd Suter dimeter ) (Person coefficient 0.56, n 9, P < or between Dv0.5-1ser nd volume men ) (Person coefficient 0.39, n 9, P < dimeter re ws lso significnt correltion 0.006). % <32 gm nd % <30/m (Person between 0.61, n 9, P < ). coefficient dt for rotting slides re limited 5). Generlly, slide Dv0.ss were numericlly (Tble similr to Dvo.5 from lser nd Suter dimeter from AIMS system nd similr to results from Brown et l. Probe droplets cptured on slides hve Becuse be counted mnully, this slide methodology to objectives this work were to present not informtion on droplet size generted by only spryers, but to compre methodologies different which or similr systems cn be evluted by give pplictors spryer-system performnce nd conclusions from work presented dt. totl 3 replicted spry tests, comprised A 11 spryers nd 3 spry formultions, were for this study. informtion completed cn be used by pplictors to select presented spryer tht produces droplet-size needed for ir prticulr ppliction spectr sitution. were considerble differences in re spectr produced by different droplet-size tested. Dv0.s mesurements for spryers wter-bsed sprys rnged from.7 to /m, depending on spryer; %vol 211 gm rnged between 0.5% nd 98.9%. <20 mesurements for oil-bsed sprys Dv0.s 2.% nd 97.9%. between correltions between Dv0.s mesured by AIMS probe were ll mesured significnt. % <32/m vlues obtined from slides those from or 2 smplers. nd study ws supported in prt by grnt This Deployed Wr-Fighter Protection Re- from Progrm, funded by US Deprtment serch Defense through Armed Forces Pest Bord. uthors would lso like Mngement thnk following persons for ir contribu- to to this project: P. Jnk nd C.B. Hrris for tions ssistnce during dt collection; Bill Jney ir Regultion Fuels nd lubricnts Army policy for equipment design, opertion, stndrdiztion logistic support. Wshington, DC: HQ, Deprtment nd Army. RG, Horton PM, Gorsuch CS Reduce Bellinger drift. Clemson, SC: Clemson University. pesticide PIP-35. JR, Dukes JC, Beidler EJ, Chew V, Ruff J Brown comprison Teflon(R) slides nd Army A mesuring system for smpling erosol insecticide J Am Mosq Control Assoc 9: clouds. JR, Steinke WE, Zhi J, Sykes D Aqu- Brown droplet nlysis. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1: JR, Willims DC, Gwinn T, Melson RO. 1998b. Brown spry chrcteristics. Pn Am J Public Flit-gun 3: Helth Eng Asp 180: Physiochem RJ, Dennett JA, Hm CM, Nunez RD, Crockett MV Efficcy Biomist 30:30(R) nd Meisch Reslin(R) ginst Anopheles qudrimcultus in Aqu J Am Mosq Control Assoc 18: Arknss. CA, Beidler EJ Influence ground ULV Curtis droplet spectr on dulticide efficcy for Aedes 328 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION VOL. 23, No. from 9. to gm, depending on rnged spryer, nd %vol <20/m rnged lser system (Dv0.5-1ser) nd MMD, by dimeter, nd volume men dimeter Suter slide Dv0.ss were numericlly Generlly, to Dv0.s from lser system nd similr Suter dimeter from AIMS Probe. ws less consistent greement between re ACKNOWLEDGMENTS with Clrke Mosquito for supplying Anvil Bill Bgley with Wilbur-Ellis for supplying 10+10; nonionic surfctnt; Nonggng Bo with re ws less consistent greement (1993). % <32-gm vlues obtined from between Cropscience for supplying Aqu- Byer nd Robert Bonnett, London Fog, for Reslin; nd those from or 2 smplers. slides his ll-round generl ssistnce. considerbly longer thn or 2 tkes systems tested. mesurement REFERENCES CITED DISCUSSION were: Reslin(R) E, Miller MC, Miller PCH How surfce Butler surfctnt solutions influences chr- tension cteristics spry produced by hydrulic nozzles used for pesticide ppliction. Colloids Interfces A."

10 J Am Mosq Control Assoc 12:368- teniorhynchus CM, Brown JR, Musser RO, Rutledge CR, Hm MV Comprison electrosttic versus Meisch nonelectrosttic ULV sprys Aqu Reslin(R) CM optimum size for insecticide Himel droplets. J Econ Entomol 62: spry WC, Hewitt AJ Comprison three Hfmnn systems for wter-sensitive pper. Appl Eng imging 21: Agric WC, Wlker TW, Smith VL, Mrtin DE, Hfmnn BK Droplet-size chrcteriztion Fritz tomiztion equipment typiclly used in hndheld control. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 21: vector A, Zhi J, Munns HB Field evlution Inmn nigromculis in Merced County. Proc & Ppers Aedes Vector Control Assoc Clif 65: Mosq CS, Anthony DW, Mount GA Size Lgren droplets impinging on mosquitoes s de- erosol with scnning electron microscope. J Econ termined 66: Entomol GA Pesticide ppliction methods. 3rd Mtws Singpore: Longmn Singpore. ed. MV, Dme DA, Brown JA Aeril ultrlow-volume Meisch ssessment. Anvil ginst qudrimcultus. J Am Mosq Control Anopheles 21: Assoc GA, Lgren CS, Bldwin KF, Pierce NW. Mount Droplet size nd mosquito kill with ultr-low eril sprys dispersed from rotry-disc volume Mosq News 30: nozzle. JC, Bontemps X, Kristmnson DD Picot spry tomizer droplet spectrum down Mesuring 0.5 gtm size. Trns Am Soc Agric Eng 28(5): to CB Methods for ssessing droplet size Rthburn insecticidl sprys nd fogs. Mosq News 30: BW Prcticl pplictions Prticle Young Systems two-dimensionl imging spectrometer. Mesuring Pestic Form Appl Syst 5: T, McCool PM Droplet size chrcteriztion Younglove three eril mlthion spry progrms CHARACTERIZATION OF TRUCK-MOUNTED SPRAYERS 329 ginst qudrimcultus dults. J Am Mosq Anopheles Assoc 15: Control Aqu Reslin nd Permnone ginst Bull Environ Contm Toxicol 53: