UC th Users Conference on BiAxial Fatigue Testing November 11 th, 2015

Transcription

1 UC th Users Conference on BiAxial Fatigue Testing November 11 th, 2015 Dipl. Ing. Ivo Krause Fraunhofer-Institut für Betriebsfestigkeit und Systemzuverlässigkeit LBF

2 MOTIVATION page 2

3 Truck & semitrailer vehicles LBF BiAx standard test is related to front wheel/hub Dedicated load file for rear hub has been used for a long time Special load files military/off-road vehicles, mobile crane etcetera have been developed on OE request frequently, but with limited scope Semi-trailer vehicles are a relative new vehicle category: strong global growth since 1990 s Global standard for road transportation Lateral loads not always related to lateral acceleration Lateral loads couldn t be measured directly Interest by wheel, axle and trailer industry page 3

4 Semi-trailer activity study Global In the 1980s in Europe road freight transport was still largely characterized by trucks with fixed bodies. Trade was limited to Western or Eastern Europe and due to the relatively short distances and the maximum length of meters, semi-trailers were not of great importance. North America had good road infrastructure. Transports over long distances and large numbers of semi-trailers were already in use. In Asia and Africa in the 1980s there was no trailer production worth mentioning. This changed dramatically. While the American trailer market struggled with extreme fluctuations because of economic conditions, Europe above all because the eastern countries were opening up recorded strong and comparatively steady growth in trailer production. It is only in recent years that the Asian market has also started to grow but that growth is now more significantly. page 4

5 Semi-trailer activity study Global (II) In America the three largest trailer manufacturers, Great Dane, Wabash and Utility Trailer, produce 56 per cent of all semi-trailers. Across Asia the three Chinese manufacturers CIMC, Shekou and Guangdong Minwei, taken together account for 48 per cent of production and dominate the market. Chinese International Marine Containers, CIMC for short, produces 110,000 units, making it the largest trailer manufacturer in the world. It is almost twice the size of the largest European producer. A glance at a map of Europe shows that here, too, only three manufacturers account for 48 per cent of trailer production: they are Schmitz, Krone and Kögel. Up to the beginning of the 1990s specialized bodies played an important role, but now transport in Europe is using standardized universal curtainsiders, built at affordable prices thanks to optimized series production. page 5

6 LBF standard load file heavy duty vehicles Duty vehicles (truck & bus) Standard: front wheel/hub Specific: rear hub and super single, semi-trailer hub Wheel structure page 6

7 Spectra providing 2D loading information page 7

8 Performance signatures and load cases I Straight driving Various different speed, payload & road condition (rough road) Cornering Various different speed and curve radii Low speed cornering (90 corner, mini roundabout) Steady turning at tracking and handling Transient turning (ramp-step steer and/or lane change) Obstacle avoidance and other special events Influence of braking in a turn Differentiation to misuse events page 8

9 Performance signatures and load cases II Individual truck/trailer load cases to be derived from operational signatures e.g. semitrailer specific loading with high lateral loads by narrow bending maneuvers and low velocity Load cases to be determined by WFT 4 x RoaDyn S6HT Individual trailer type load scatter to be derived from operational signatures Focused on platform semi-trailer (curtain-sided trailer, box trailer) page 9

10 Roundabouts history 1791 the first documented roundabout was planned by Pierre L Enfant in Washington one-way route system Columbus Circle in New York, planned by William Phelps Eno 1907 the first European one-way route system was built in Paris roundly L Arc-de-Triomphe, planned by urban planner and architect Eugène Hénard first British roundabout Sollershott Circuit was built in Letchworth, Hertfordshire page 10

11 Roundabouts history 1926 the term roundabout replaces gyratory Till 1930 several roundabouts were built in GB, right of way is ruled by politeness 1928 first traffic incidents in giving way to traffic from right side first studies of roundabout performances in GB 1950 no more roundabouts were built in USA, existing roundabouts were replaced by traffic light crossings first studies on priority of traffic in roundabouts 1966 in GB is priority given to traffic in roundabouts 1967 first experiments in GB with a mini roundabout 1970 number of roundabouts is increasing in France and Australia page 11

12 Roundabouts history 1984 in France is priority given to traffic in roundabouts ,600 mini roundabouts were built in GB, increase of 9% per year 1990 rediscovery of roundabouts in USA 2000 approx. 17,000 roundabouts in France, 1,000 in Germany 2010 approx. 25,000 roundabouts in France, 3,200 in Germany, 9,000 in Australia, 1,200 in USA page 12

13 Roundabout efficiency Vehicles/24h Turbo Roundabout with traffic lights Mini Small Mid Outer diameter [m] page 13

14 Roundabout types Standard Type Size Germany Size France Mini 13 m 6-12 m Small m m Middle m Large Min. 45 m m Others like turbo page 14

15 Roundabout types According to needs of direction, number of streets and traffic different types were developed page 15

16 Mini roundabouts BO-Kraftkreis German work rules for articulated buses Turning widths required for smaller normal or compact roundabouts a Main central island b Central overrun area, where provided c Remaining circulatory carriageway d Vehicle e 1m clearance minimum f Inscribed Circle Diameter Source: DESIGN MANUAL FOR ROADS AND BRIDGES page 16

17 Roundabouts summary Beside France, England and Germany roundabouts become more and more popular in other European countries France having approx. 50% (20 30 thousand) of all roundabouts World wide roundabouts become popular, as well in countries like Australia, New Zeeland or South Africa In USA there are currently approx. 2,000 roundabouts Traffic flow rate is highly efficient The smallest roundabouts which usually are build just for passcars can be passed by trucks straight away, no obstacles Mini roundabouts and larger ones have obstacles (island) in the middle Roundabouts are defined by many types page 17

18 3 AXLES SEMI-TRAILER SURVEY Usage Technical vehicle characteristics Wheel/hub issues page 18

19 Scope The survey was realized in Rhein-Main area at: High way service stations workshops express companies gravel plants page 19

20 Scope Persons interviewed: truck drivers mechanics carriers page 20

21 Questionnaire 3 parts 1. General information & technical characteristics 2. Usage & maintenance 3. Driving routes page 21

22 1. General information & technical characteristics Out of 250 surveyed persons, a total of 70 complete interviews were gained On average: 230 employees were employed at the companies surveyed 105 commercial vehicles as well as 117 semi-trailers are in property of the companies 90% of the semi-trailers are 3-axle-semi-trailers page 22

23 1. General information & technical characteristics Semi-trailers: Types Distribution [%]: Platform- Trailers Box-Trailers Tipper Tanker S ilo Low-Bed- Trailer page 23

24 Vehicle Manufacturers (in alphabetic order) Tractor DAF MAN Mercedes Renault Scania Volvo Semi-Trailer Bergerlight Carnehl Faymonville Feldbinder Goldhofer Kempf Kögel Krone Nooteboom Schmitz Cargobull Schwarzmüller Spitzer Axles BPW ROR SAF Schmitz page 24

25 1. General information & technical characteristics Distribution of the maximum axle-load 50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 5t 6t 7t 8t 8,5t 9t 10t 10,3t 11t 11,5t 12t ø Average axle-load: 8,9t page 25

26 2. Usage & Maintenance Running performance: km per year 470km per day (260 working days expected) Average tire-exchange-interval: km 1x per year page 26

27 2. Usage & Maintenance Average period of usage: 7,5 years approximately km Ratio: Fleet-size / Period of usage Max. 4 years with an average of +120 vehicles More than 10 years with an average of less than 20 vehicles page 27

28 2. Usage & Maintenance Typical usage & driving routes 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Distributor Long haul Construction site page 28

29 2. Usage & Maintenance Typical payload 70% 60% 70% 60% 50% 50% 40% 40% 30% 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% 0% Empty Partially Full 0% Empty Partially Full Volume Weight page 29

30 3. Driving Route Distribution of driving routes 80,00% 70,00% 60,00% 50,00% 40,00% 30,00% 20,00% 10,00% 0,00% Highway Country Road Construction sites City-routes page 30

31 3. Driving Route Road conditions v = 3km/h 100% 90% 80% good 70% 60% 50% v = 85km/h v = 64km/h v = 38km/h average bad 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Highway Country Road Construction site City-Routes page 31

32 Comparison: Platform / Tipper Platform Tipper Running performance per year km km Usage period 7,2 years 7,6 years Tire-exchange after km km Issues on wheels /hub 0% 0% page 32

33 Comparison: Platform / Tipper Usage: 90,0% 80,0% 70,0% 60,0% 50,0% 40,0% 30,0% 20,0% 10,0% 0,0% Distributor Long haul Construction sites 45,0% 40,0% 35,0% 30,0% 25,0% 20,0% 15,0% 10,0% 5,0% 0,0% Distributor Long haul Construction sites Platform Tipper page 33

34 Comparison: Platform / Tipper Driving routes: 80,0% 70,0% 60,0% 50,0% 40,0% 30,0% 20,0% 10,0% 0,0% 45,0% 40,0% 35,0% 30,0% 25,0% 20,0% 15,0% 10,0% 5,0% 0,0% Platform Tipper page 34

35 Conclusions 3-axle semi trailers survey 9 t axle load Two main types Platform/curtain siders are used for long haul/high way usage Tippers are used for short haul/distribution usage 120,000 km per year Tire replacement after 140 thds km platform / 90 thds km tipper Vehicles were kept up to 1 mio. km by first owner No significant issues of wheel/hubs page 35

36 MOTIVATION Thank your very much for your attention. page 36