SESSION V PHASE ONE: VEHICLE IN MOTION HS 178 R2/06

Transcription

1 SESSION V PHASE ONE: VEHICLE IN MOTION HS 178 R2/06

2 SESSION V PHASE ONE: VEHICLE IN MOTION Upn successfully cmpleting this sessin, the participant will be able t: Identify typical cues f Detectin Phase One. Describe the bserved cues clearly and cnvincingly. CONTENT SEGMENTS LEARNING ACTIVITIES A. Overview: Tasks and Decisin Instructr-Led Presentatins B. Initial Observatins: Visual Cues Impaired Operatin Vide Presentatin C. Initial Observatins: Visual Cues Impaired Operatin (Mtrcycles) Vide Presentatin D. Recgnitin and Descriptin f Initial Cues Instructr-Led Demnstratins E. Typical Reinfrcing Cues f the Stpping Sequence Participant's Presentatins F. Recgnitin and Descriptin f Initial and Reinfrcing Cues HS 178 R2/06

3 DWI DETECTION PHASE ONE: VEHICLE IN MOTION Yur first task in Phase One: Vehicle in Mtin is t bserve the vehicle in peratin t nte any initial cues f a pssible DWI vilatin. At this pint yu must decide whether there is sufficient cause t stp the vehicle, either t cnduct further investigatin t determine if the suspect may be impaired, r fr anther traffic vilatin. Yu are nt cmmitted t arresting the suspect fr DWI based n this initial bservatin, but rather shuld cncentrate n gathering all relevant evidence that may suggest impairment. Yur secnd task during phase ne is t bserve the manner in which the suspect respnds t yur signal t stp, and t nte any additinal evidence f a DWI vilatin. The first task, bserving the vehicle in mtin, begins when yu first ntice the vehicle, driver r bth. Yur attentin may be drawn t the vehicle by such things as: a mving traffic vilatin; an equipment vilatin; an expired registratin r inspectin sticker; unusual driving actins, such as weaving within a lane r mving at slwer than nrmal speed; r "Evidence f drinking" r drugs in vehicle. If this initial bservatin disclses vehicle maneuvers r human behavirs that may be assciated with impairment, yu may develp an initial suspicin f DWI. Based upn this initial bservatin f the vehicle in mtin, yu must decide whether there is reasnable suspicin t stp the vehicle. At this pint yu have three chices: stp the vehicle; cntinue t bserve the vehicle; r disregard the vehicle. HS 178 R2/06 V-1

4 2. INITIAL OBSERVATIONS: VISUAL CUES TO DWI Drivers wh are impaired frequently exhibit certain effects r symptms f impairment. These include: slwed reactins; impaired judgment as evidenced by a willingness t take risks; impaired visin; and pr crdinatin The next page presents cmmn symptms f alchl influence. This unit fcuses n alchl impairment because research currently prvides mre infrmatin abut the effects f alchl n driving than it des abut the effects f ther drugs n driving. Remember that whether the driver is impaired, the law enfrcement detectin prcess is the same, and the ffense is still DWI. The cmmn effects f alchl n the driver's mental and physical faculties lead t predictable driving vilatins and vehicle perating characteristics. The Natinal Highway Traffic Safety Administratin (NHTSA) spnsred research t identify the mst cmmn and reliable initial indicatrs f DWI. This research identified 24 cues, each with an assciated high prbability that the driver exhibiting the cue is impaired. These cues and their assciated prbabilities are described in the fllwing Special Sectin, Initial Visual DWI Detectin Cues. HS 178 R2/06 V-2

5 They als are discussed in Visual Detectin f Driving While Intxicated, a film spnsred by NHTSA t assist law enfrcement fficers t recgnize DWI detectin cues. This film is included in the training vide. COMMON SIGNS OF ALCOHOL INFLUENCE BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION 0.03% * * * * * * * * * * * *???? * * * * * * * * * * * *???? Slwed * * * Reactins * * * * * *??? Increased * * Risk * * Taking * *?? Impaired * Visin *? Pr Crdinatin INITIAL VISUAL DWI DETECTION CUES Fllwing are 24 cues which plice fficers may use t detect nighttime impaired drivers. The cues were develped frm a list f mre than 100 driving cues that have been fund t predict BACs f 0.08 percent r greater. Hundreds f law enfrcement fficers were invlved in three field studies invlving mre than 12,000 enfrcement stps. These cues represent the mst systematically develped methd available fr visually predicting whether a vehicle perated at night is being driven by a DWI driver r a sber driver. A pcket-sized bklet, The Visual Detectin f DWI Mtrists [DOT HS ] listing these cues is available free f charge frm: Natinal Highway Traffic Safety Administratin - Impaired Driving Divisin 400 Seventh Street, SW., Rm 5118 Washingtn, DC HS 178 R2/06 V-3

6 VISUAL CUE DESCRIPTIONS 1. PROBLEMS MAINTAINING PROPER LANE POSITION [p= ] A. Weaving - Weaving ccurs when the vehicle alternately mves tward ne side f the radway and then the ther, creating a zig-zag curse. The pattern f lateral mvement is relatively regular as ne steering crrectin is clsely fllwed by anther. B. Weaving Acrss Lane Lines - Extreme cases f weaving when the vehicle wheels crss the lane lines befre crrectin is made. C. Straddling A Lane Line - The vehicle is mving straight ahead with the center r lane marker between the left-hand and right-hand wheels. D. Swerving - A swerve is an abrupt turn away frm a generally straight curse. Swerving might ccur directly after a perid f drifting when the driver discvers the apprach f traffic in an ncming lane r discvers that the vehicle is ging ff the rad; swerving might als ccur as an abrupt turn is executed t return the vehicle t the traffic lane. In the illustratin belw, a swerve was executed t return t a lane after a perid f drifting tward ppsing traffic. E. Turning With Wide Radius - During a turn, the radius defined by the distance between the turning vehicle and the center f the turn in greater than nrmal. The vehicle may drive wide in a curve. F. Drifting - Drifting is a straight-line mvement f the vehicle at a slight angle t the radway. As the driver appraches a marker r bundary (lane marker, center line, edge f the radway), the directin f drift might change. As shwn in the illustratin, the vehicle drifts acrss the lane marker int anther lane, then the driver makes a crrectin and the vehicle drifts back acrss the lane marker. Drifting might be bserved within a single lane, acrss lanes, acrss the center line, nt the shulder, and frm lane t lane. G. Almst Striking Object r Vehicle - The bserved vehicle almst strikes a statinary bject r anther mving vehicle. Examples include: passing abnrmally clse t a sign, wall, building, r ther bject; passing abnrmally clse t anther mving vehicle; and causing anther vehicle t maneuver t avid cllisin. HS 178 R2/06 V-4

7 2. SPEED AND BRAKING PROBLEMS [p= ] A. Stpping Prblems (t far, t shrt, t jerky) - Stpping t far frm a curb r at an inapprpriate angle. Stpping t shrt r beynd limit line at an intersectin. Stpping with a jerking mtin r abruptly. B. Accelerating r Decelerating Rapidly - This cue encmpasses any acceleratin r deceleratin that is significantly mre rapid than that required by the traffic cnditins. Rapid acceleratin might be accmpanied by breaking tractin; rapid deceleratin might be accmpanied by an abrupt stp. Als a vehicle might alternately accelerate and decelerate rapidly. C. Varying Speed - Alternating between speeding up and slwing dwn. D. Slw Speed (10 m.p.h. + Under Limit) - The bserved vehicle is being driving at a speed that is mre than 10 MPH belw the speed limit. 3. VIGILANCE PROBLEMS [p= ] A. Driving In Oppsing Lanes r Wrng Way On One-Way Street - The vehicle is bserved heading int ppsing r crssing traffic under ne r mre f the fllwing circumstances: driving in the ppsing lane; backing int traffic; failing t yield the right-f-way; driving the wrng way n a ne-way street. The last circumstance is illustrated belw. B. Slw Respnse t Traffic Signals - The bserved vehicle exhibits a lnger than nrmal respnse t a change in traffic signal. Fr example, the driver remains stpped at the intersectin fr an abnrmally lng perid f time after the traffic signal has turned green. C. Slw Or Failure T Respnd T Officer s Signals - Driver is unusually slw t respnd t an fficer s lights, siren r hand signals. D. Stpping in Lane fr N Apparent Reasn - The critical element in this cue is that there is n bservable justificatin fr the vehicle t stp in the traffic lane; the stp is nt caused by traffic cnditins, traffic signals, an emergency situatin, r related circumstances. Impaired drivers might stp in the lane when their capability t interpret infrmatin and make decisins becmes impaired. As a cnsequence, stpping in lane fr n apparent reasn is likely t ccur at intersectins r ther decisin pints. HS 178 R2/06 V-5

8 E. Driving Withut Headlights At Night - The bserved vehicle is being driven with bth headlights ff during a perid f the day when the use f headlights is required. F. Failure t Signal r Signal Incnsistent with Actin - A number f pssibilities exist fr the driver s signaling t be incnsistent with the assciated driving actins. This cue ccurs when incnsistencies such as the fllwing are bserved: failing t signal a turn r lane change; signaling ppsite t the turn r lane change executed; signaling cnstantly with n accmpanying driving actin; and driving with fur-way hazard flashers n. 4. JUDGMENT PROBLEMS [p= ] A. Fllwing T Clsely - The vehicle is bserved fllwing anther vehicle while nt maintaining the legal minimum separatin. B. Imprper Or Unsafe Lane Change - Driver taking risks r endangering thers. Driver is frequently r abruptly changing lanes withut regard t ther mtrists. C. Illegal r Imprper Turn (t fast, jerky, sharp, etc.) - The driver executes any turn that is abnrmally abrupt r illegal. Specific examples include: turning with excessive speed; turning sharply frm the wrng lane; making a U illegally; turning frm utside a designated turn lane. D. Driving n Other Than Designated Radway - The vehicle is bserved being driven n ther than the radway designated fr traffic mvement. Examples include driving: at the edge f the radway, n the shulder, ff the radway entirely, and straight thrugh turn-nly lanes r areas. E. Stpping Inapprpriately In Respnse T Officer - The bserved vehicle stps at an inapprpriate lcatin r under inapprpriate cnditins, ther than in the traffic lane. Examples include stpping: in a prhibited zne; at a crsswalk; far shrt f an intersectin; n a walkway; acrss lanes; fr a green traffic signal; fr a flashing yellw traffic signal; abruptly as if startled; r in an illegal, dangerus manner. F. Inapprpriate Or Unusual Behavir (thrwing bjects, arguing, etc.) - Thrwing bjects frm the vehicle, drinking in the vehicle, urinating at radside, arguing withut cause, ther disrderly actins. HS 178 R2/06 V-6

9 G. Appearing t be Impaired - This cue is actually ne r mre f a set f indicatrs related t the persnal behavir r appearance f the driver. Examples f specific indicatrs might include: Eye fixatin Tightly gripping the steering wheel Sluching in the seat Gesturing erratically r bscenely Face clse t the windshield Driver s head prtruding frm vehicle POST STOP CUES p > Difficulty with mtr vehicle cntrls 2. Difficulty exiting the vehicle 3. Fumbling with driver s license r registratin 4. Repeating questins r cmments 5. Swaying, unsteady, r balance prblems 6. Leaning n the vehicle r ther bject 7. Slurred speech 8. Slw t respnd t fficer/fficer must repeat 9. Prvides incrrect infrmatin, changes answers 10. Odr f alchlic beverage frm the driver Ask fr Visual Detectin f DWI Mtrists. (DOT HS ). HS 178 R2/06 V-7

10 VISUAL DETECTION OF DWI MOTORCYCLISTS NHTSA has als develped research identifying driving impairment cues fr mtrcyclists (ANACAPA Sciences, DOT HS , 1993). Excellent Cues (50% r greater prbability) Drifting during turn r curve Truble with dismunt Truble with balance at a stp Turning prblems (e.g., unsteady, sudden crrectins, late braking, imprper lean angle) Inattentive t surrundings Inapprpriate r unusual behavir (e.g., carrying r drpping bject, urinating at radside, disrderly cnduct, etc.) Weaving Gd Cues (30 t 50% prbability) Erratic mvements while ging straight Operating withut lights at night Recklessness Fllwing t clsely Running stp light r sign Evasin Wrng way 3. DIVIDED ATTENTION It is imprtant t understand the effects f alchl are exhibited in driving s that the significance f visual cues will be recgnized. Driving is a cmplex task invlving a number f subtasks, many f which ccur simultaneusly. These include: steering; cntrlling the acceleratr; signaling; cntrlling the brake pedal perating the clutch; perating t gearshift; bserving ther traffic; bserving signal lights, stp signs & ther traffic cntrl devices; and making decisins (whether t stp, turn, speed up, slw dwn). HS 178 R2/06 V-8

11 Safe driving demands the ability t divide attentin amng these varius tasks. "Divided attentin" simply means the ability t cncentrate n tw r mre things at the same time. Under the influence f alchl and/r ther drugs, a driver's ability t divide attentin is impaired. As a result, the impaired driver tends t cncentrate n nly the mst imprtant r critical parts f driving and t disregard the less imprtant parts, ften creating unexpected r dangerus situatins fr ther drivers. Tw examples were particularly evident in the vide segment Visual Detectin f Driving While Intxicated. In ne instance the driver signaled fr left turn, but actually turned right. In the ther, the driver remained stpped at a green light. In each case the driver was unable t divide attentin. The first driver was cncentrating n steering, lking fr the street where he wished t turn and slwing fr the turn. The driver realized that a signal was required and actually perated the signal lever. But the driver didn't have enugh attentin left t mve the lever in the right directin. Therefre he signaled left, but turned right. The secnd driver was stpped at a traffic light, but he did nt have enugh attentin left t react t the specific clr f the light. Therefre he did nt respnd t the green light. Sme f the mst significant evidence frm all three phases f DWI detectin can be related directly t the effects f alchl and/r ther drugs n divided attentin ability. We will return t the cncept f divided attentin in Sessin VI. Persnal Cntact and Sessin VII. Pre-arrest Screening. 4. RECOGNIZING AND DESCRIBING INITIAL CUES Observing the vehicle in peratin is the first task in DWI detectin. Prper perfrmance f that task requires tw distinct but related abilities: the ability t recgnize evidence f impairment; and the ability t describe that evidence clearly and cnvincingly. It is nt enugh that yu bserve and recgnize symptms f impaired driving. Yu als must be able t describe what happened s that thers will have a clear mental picture f what tk place. Imprving yur ability t recgnize and clearly describe bservatinal evidence requires practice. HS 178 R2/06 V-9

12 5. THE STOPPING SEQUENCE Yur secnd task during Phase One f the detectin prcess is t bserve the manner in which the driver respnds t yur signal t stp, and t nte any additinal evidence f a DWI vilatin. Cues reinfrcing the suspicin f DWI may be fund in the stpping sequence. After the cmmand t stp is given, the impaired driver may exhibit additinal imprtant evidence f DWI. These cues may include: an attempt t flee; n respnse; slw respnse; an abrupt swerve; sudden stp; and striking the curb r anther bject. Sme f these cues are exhibited because the stp cmmand places additinal demands n the driver's ability t divide attentin. The signal t stp creates a new situatin with which the driver must cpe. Flashing emergency lights r a siren demand and divert the driver's attentin, requiring that the driver nw divide attentin between driving and respnding t the stp cmmand. Stpping itself requires the driver simultaneusly t turn the steering wheel, put n the brakes, use a turn signal, and s n. Thus the driver's task becmes mre cmplex when the stp cmmand is given. An impaired driver may nt be able t handle this mre cmplex task and additinal evidence f impairment may appear. It is yur respnsibility t recgnize, recrd and cnvey the additinal evidence f driving impairment that may cme t light during the stpping sequence. This task, like Task One, bserving the vehicle in peratin, requires: the ability t recgnize evidence f impairment; and the ability t describe that evidence clearly and cnvincingly. Recgnizing and describing the reinfrcing cues f DWI that appear during the stpping sequence requires practice. HS 178 R2/06 V-10

13 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE INSTRUCTIONS: Cmplete the fllwing sentences. 1. The Phase One tasks are 2. Tw cmmn symptms f impairment are: a. b. 3. Alchl impairs the ability t amng tasks. 4. Three cues reinfrcing the suspicin f DWI which may be bserved during the stpping sequence are: a. b. c. HS 178 R2/06 V-11