PROVISIONAL AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/ATSIP D th Edition. Manual on Classification of Motor Vehicle Traffic Crashes

Transcription

1 ANSI/ATSIP D PROVISIONAL AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/ATSIP D th Editin Manual n Classificatin f Mtr Vehicle Traffic Crashes

2 PROPOSED AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Apprval f an American Natinal Standard requires verificatin by ANSI that the requirements fr due prcess, cnsensus, and ther criteria fr apprval have been met by the standards develper. Cnsensus is established when, in the judgment f the ANSI Bard f Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much mre than a simple majrity, but nt necessarily unanimity. Cnsensus requires that all views and bjectins be cnsidered, and that a cncerted effrt be made tward their reslutin. The use f American Natinal Standards is cmpletely vluntary; their existence des nt in any respect preclude anyne, whether he has apprved the standards r nt, frm manufacturing, marketing, purchasing r using prducts, prcesses, r prcedures nt cnfrming t the standards. The American Natinal Standards Institute des nt develp standards and will in n circumstance give an interpretatin f any American Natinal Standard. Mrever, n persn shall have the right r authrity t issue an interpretatin f an American Natinal Standard in the name f the American Natinal Standards Institute. Requests fr interpretatins shuld be addressed t the secretariat r spnsr whse name appears n the title page f this dcument. This dcument r sme f the infrmatin cntained in this dcument has been prcessed in accrdance with ANSI s requirements fr a Prvisinal American Natinal Standard r Prvisinal Amendment t an ANS. The same r similar dcument r amendment (as applicable) will underg the standards develpment prcess set frth in the ASD s accredited prcedures. This Prvisinal ANS r pertinent Prvisinal Amendments(s) shall be withdrawn n r befre the tw year anniversary date f its apprval as such. Published by Assciatin f Transprtatin Safety Infrmatin Prfessinals (ATSIP) c/ R. Rbert Rasmussen II, 6394 Greystne Creek Rad Mechanicsville, Virginia Secretariat: Jan Vecchi, TSASS Prject Manager 2017 by the Assciatin f Transprtatin Safety Infrmatin Prfessinals All rights reserved N part f this publicatin may be reprduced in any frm, in an electrnic retrieval system r therwise, withut prir written permissin f the publisher. Printed in the United States f America pg. ii

3 Cntents Eighth Editin Revised and New D16.1 Definitins... v Frewrd... vi D th Editin Cnsensus Bdy Members... vii 1 Intrductin Definitins Transprt Vehicles and Transprt Ways Land Ways, Land Vehicles and Users Injuries and Damage Crashes Lcatin Rad Vehicle Crash Types Lcatin f Rad Vehicle Crashes Schl Bus Cmmerce Classificatin Classificatin f Persns by Injury Severity Classificatin f Rad Vehicles by Damage Severity Crash/Accident Classificatin by Transprt Vehicle Type Crash Classificatin by Injury Severity Crash Classificatin by Damage Severity Crash Classificatin by Number f Vehicles Crash Classificatin by First Harmful Event Crash Classificatin by Lcatin Type f Mtr Vehicle Classificatin Autmbile Classificatin by Size Autmbile Classificatin by Weight Mtrcycle Classificatin by Type Truck Classificatin by Weight Classificatin f Persns by Wrk Status Classificatin f Crashes by Wrk Status Classificatin f Crashes by Level f Vehicle Autnmy Classificatin f Crashes by Driver Distractin Invlvement Classificatin f Crashes by Vehicle Special Use / Functin Glssary References iii

4 Characteristics f Mtr Vehicle Traffic Crashes Index 72 Table f Figures Figure 1 Trafficway (See 2.2.1, thrugh ) 5 Figure 2 Trafficway including Frntage Rad (See 2.2.1, thrugh ).. 5 Figure 3 Trafficway with Multiple Radways in the Same Directin (See 2.2.1, thrugh )...14 Figure 4 Driveway Access (See 2.5.9) 25 Figure 5 Intersectin (See )...27 Figure 6 Channelized Intersectin (See )...27 Figure 7 Frntage Rad (See )...28 Figure 8 Gre (See )..28 Figure 9 Interchange Crashes (See 2.7.7)...32 iv

5 Eighth Editin Revised and New D16.1 Definitins Revised frm 7 th Editin New fr 8 th Editin Ref# Descriptin Ref# Descriptin Transprt device Mtrcycle Cnversin Kit Cmmercial Mtr Vehicle Autcycle Trafficway Ttal Lanes in Radway Nn-mtrist Parking Lt Way Definitin Bicycle Lane Entrance/exit Ramp Crash Fatal Injury (K) Entrance/exit Ramp-related Crash Suspected Serius Injury (A) 3.16 Vehicle Autmatin Classificatin Suspected Minr Injury (B) 3.17 Distracted Driving Classificatin Pssible Injury (C) 3.18 Vehicle Special Use Classificatin N Apparent Injury (O) 2.4 Crashes Unstabilized Situatin Aircraft Accidents Watercraft Accidents 3.9 Type f Mtr Vehicle Classificatin v

6 Frewrd (This frewrd is nt part f American Natinal Standard, Manual n Classificatin f Mtr Vehicle Traffic Crashes, Eighth Editin) This American Natinal Standard has been used fr many decades and serves t maintain unifrmity fr thse wh reprt, analyze, classify, and therwise use traffic crash data. The Standard has been develped fr use thrughut the United States and its Territries, t facilitate reprting and classificatin f crashes acrss jurisdictins. The unifrmity f reprting that results frm this standard facilitates develpment f data n crashes in and ut f traffic fr natinwide use. Such data becmes the basis fr decisins abut traffic safety initiatives thrughut the cuntry. The principal changes in this Eighth Editin are the incrpratin f new definitins/classificatins and mdificatins t existing definitins/classificatins (see Eighth Editin Revised and New D16 Definitins chart n page iv.) During the review fr this Eighth Editin, care was taken t maintain cnsistency between this standard and the Mdel Minimum Unifrm Crash Criteria guidelines. Evidence f cnsensus n this standard is btained thrugh the ANSI cmmittee methd. The D16 Cmmittee n Classificatin f Mtr Vehicle Traffic Crashes, als called a Cnsensus Bdy, includes diverse representatin frm data cllectrs, managers, users, analysts, and researchers. Cnsensus Bdy members are listed n the next page. Recmmendatins fr additinal qualified members are welcme. Questins may arise regarding the applicatin r interpretatin f the Standard in unusual situatins. Review f the Standard and its cntinued cverage f all aspects f mtr vehicle crashes will ensure that prblems r changes may be addressed. The ANSI Cmmittee is particularly interested in questins which help t identify prblems in the Manual r subjects that need mre detailed cverage. In additin, suggestins fr imprvement f the Manual are actively slicited and may be submitted at any time. Please submit questins r cmments t the Bard f Directrs, Assciatin f Transprtatin Safety Infrmatin Prfessinals at: c/ R. Rbert Rasmussen II, 6394 Greystne Creek Rad, Mechanicsville, Virginia When submitting questins r cmments, please include a telephne number and/r address where yu may be cntacted shuld additinal infrmatin r clarificatin be required. vi

7 D16 8 th Editin Cnsensus Bdy Members The fllwing members f the D16 Cnsensus Bdy participated in the review and vting f the Eighth Editin's new and revised definitins and classificatins: 1 Participated in ANSI 7 th Editin cnsensus bdy. 2 Participated in the MMUCC 5 th Editin expert panel. Secretariat Jan L. Vecchi 12 Prgram Manager Transprtatin Safety Analysis Systems and Services, Inc. Data Cllectrs Sergeant Thmas Grman Cnnecticut State Plice Trp H Majr Mike McDnald 2 (Retired) Directr f Infrmatin Technlgy/CJIS Systems Officer Delaware State Plice Matthew Packard Clrad State Patrl Marty Pllck Tennessee State Patrl Mark Thmpsn Law Enfrcement Liaisn Utah Highway Patrl/Highway Safety Office Data Users/Engineers Daniel J. Magri 1 Luisiana Department f Transprtatin and Develpment Planning Divisin Mike Pawlvich Iwa DOT R. Rbert Rasmussen, II (Retired) Prgram Administratin Manager III Virginia Department f Transprtatin Eagan Fster Traffic Engineer City f Dublin, OH Data Managers Charles Grass University f Cnnecticut Kathleen Haney 2 Traffic Recrds Crdinatr Minnesta Department f Public Safety Office f Traffic Safety Juliet Little Traffic Recrds Crdinatr State f Cnnecticut Chris Osburn 2 TITAN Prgram Directr and Tennessee TRCC C-chair Tennessee Department f Safety and Hmeland Security Warren Stanley 2 Crash Data and Reprting Branch Manager Washingtn Dept. f Transprtatin Data Analysts Researchers Dan Blwer 1 Assciate Research Scientist emeritus University f Michigan Transprtatin Research Institute Cindy Burch University f Maryland, Baltimre - Natinal Study Center fr Trauma & EMS vii

8 J. Patrick Dlan III Statistical Research Specialist/TRCC C-Chair Tennessee Department f Safety and Hmeland Security Bb Scpatz, PhD. 12 Senir Transprtatin Analyst VHB Dennis Kleen Iwa Department f Transprtatin FARS Manager and Driver Data Miles Brkes Traffic Recrds Research Analyst (FARS) Alaska Highway Safety Office Federal Agencies Jenny Guarin 2 Federal Mtr Carrier Safety Administratin Office f Analysis, Research and Technlgy, Analysis Divisin Sarah Weissman-Pascual 2 Natinal Highway Traffic Safety Administratin, Natinal Driver Register and Traffic Recrds Divisin Other Interested Agencies Jhn McDnugh 2 President Natinal Institute fr Safety Research Brian Tefft 1 AAA Fundatin fr Safety Research Debrah Trmbley Senir Prgram Manager Natinal Safety Cuncil Ken Klsh Manager Statistics Department Natinal Safety Cuncil Barbara Harsha Principal BLH Cnsulting, LLC (GHSA) Mark Pritchard Lead Data Analyst American Assciatin f Mtr Vehicle Administratrs Bb Pllack 2 Federal Highway Administratin viii

9 Manual n Classificatin f Mtr Vehicle Traffic Crashes 1 Intrductin The primary purpse f the Manual n Classificatin f Mtr Vehicle Traffic Crashes is t prmte unifrmity and cmparability f mtr vehicle traffic crash statistics nw being develped in Federal, state, and lcal jurisdictins. The definitins in this Manual are related, but nt necessarily identical, t the definitins fund in the Manual f the Internatinal Statistical Classificatin f Diseases, Injuries and Causes f Death (ICD); United States Cde, Title 23, Highways; and the Manual n Unifrm Traffic Cntrl Devices, ANSI D6.1e These dcuments were develped fr a variety f purpses. This variety is reflected in the definitin f terms; similar terms d nt necessarily have similar definitins. The bdy f the Manual is divided int three sectins, ne cntaining definitins, ne cntaining classificatin instructins, and a separate alphabetical listing f ANSI D.16 definitins fr ease f reference. Within the first sectin, the definitins are presented in an rder which avids dependence upn special terms nt previusly defined. In additin, an attempt has been made t make every definitin cmplete; mdificatins f definitins are nt intrduced intentinally in subsequent sectins r subsectins. The use f this standard des nt require the use f all classificatins described in the Manual r prhibit the use f additinal classificatins. Crash reprt frms and summaries shuld, hwever, be cmpatible with the Manual t permit cmpilatin and cmparisn f infrmatin cllected in different jurisdictins. Nthing in this Manual is t be cnstrued as a requirement fr crash reprting r investigatin. Reprting requirements which gvern drivers r law enfrcement are generally established by state law r city rdinance, while requirements fr investigatin are rdinarily specified in investigative agencies plicies and prcedures. The assignment f crashes t a gegraphical lcatin, such as a city, cunty, r state, des nt imply that the jurisdictin is respnsible fr such crashes r that it culd have prevented them. Such arbitrary assignments indicate nly that the crashes ccurred within the gegraphical limits f the jurisdictin. NOTE: The change in the title f this standard frm Manual n Classificatin f Mtr Vehicle Traffic Accidents t Manual n Classificatin f Mtr Vehicle Traffic Crashes is the result f the evlutin f terminlgy use frm accident t crash generally as it relates t mtr vehicles. The use f the term crash instead f accident is nt a change in the classificatin ther than the term. Traffic safety advcates recgnize that, while neither term, accident nr crash, adequately defines all incidents and cllisins, the term accident cnntes an unpreventable event. Many crashes invlve behavirs such as speeding, aggressive driving, driver impairment, r distractin. All f these are preventable behavirs. It is als understd that sme incidents that are included here are nt well-defined by the term crash (such as fires and explsins). Hwever, hw the terminlgy is understd in the cmmunity generally impacts hw these incidents are treated by legislatures, safety prgrams, and the media. Currently, bth terms are used by varius agencies and within state and federal statutes and regulatins. Terminlgy was nt changed as it relates t ther types f transprt vehicles, such as aircraft, watercraft, and trains. Thse industries may have different definitins and understanding f what cnstitutes an accident versus what is a crash. 2 Definitins 2.1 Transprt Vehicles and Transprt Ways persn: A persn is any living human. Within the cntext f this manual, a fetus is cnsidered part f a pregnant wman rather than a separate individual. After death, a human bdy is nt cnsidered t be a persn prperty: Prperty is any physical bject ther than a persn. Inclusins: Real prperty, persnal prperty Animal wild r dmestic Sign, guardrail, impact attenuatr 1

10 2.1.3 transprt device: A transprt device is any device designed primarily fr mving persns r prperty alng with the device itself frm ne place t anther, except (1) a weapn, (2) a device used primarily within the cnfines f a building and its premises, r (3) a persnal cnveyance. Inclusins: Aircraft, including drnes Watercraft Train, including individual cars, cabse, engine Snwmbile Farm Tractr Autmbile (See ) Van (See ) Utility Vehicle (See ) Bus (See ) Truck (See except ) Trailer (See ) Semitrailer (See ) Mtrcycle (See 2.2.9) Bicycle Mped (See ) Exclusins: Devices nt designed primarily fr mving persns r prperty fr transprtatin purpses, such as cnstructin machinery, farm r industrial machinery, army tanks, etc. Devices which d nt mve frm ne place t anther, such as pipelines, elevatrs, escalatrs, ski lifts, cnveyr belt systems, etc. Weapns, such as guns, trpedes, etc. Devices used primarily within buildings and their premises, such as frk lifts in factries r lumber yards, mtrized baggage trucks in railrad statins, etc. Human-pwered, nn-mtrized devices nt prpelled by pedaling, such as skis, scters, rller skates, baby carriages, etc. Persnal cnveyances transprt vehicle: A transprt vehicle cnsists f ne r mre devices r animals and their lad. Such devices r animals shall include at least ne f the fllwing: 1.) A transprt device, r a unit, made up f cnnected transprt devices, while idle r in use, fr mving persns r prperty frm ne place t anther, 2.) An animal r team f animals while in use fr mving persn r prperty ther than the animal r team itself frm ne place t anther, r 3.) A mvable device such as cnstructin, farm, r industrial machinery utside the cnfines f a building and its premises while in use fr mving persns, the device itself, r ther prperty frm ne place t anther. If such a device r animal has a lad, the lad is part f that transprt vehicle. Lads include: Persns r prperty upn, r set in mtin by, the device r animal Persns barding r alighting frm the device r animal Persns r prperty attached t and in psitin t mve with the device r animal If the lad upn a transprt device includes anther transprt device, the entire unit including the lad is cnsidered a single transprt vehicle. Inclusins: 1.) Transprt Devices Bxcar cupled t a cabse Truck tractr twing a semitrailer and a trailer (See ) Autmbile r ATV twing a persn n skates, skatebard, sled r bicycle Snwmbile twing a skier Autmbile twing anther autmbile 2

11 2.) Animals Hrse and rider Dg team drawing a sled Team f hrses drawing a sled Burr carrying a lad f firewd 3.) Other Mvable Devices Rad grader while traveling under its wn pwer frm a maintenance dept t a wrking place Any mwer while being ridden dwn a street under its wn pwer Farm tractr while pulling a wagn laded with crn frm a field t a strage place Army tank while mving under its wn pwer frm a firing range t a mtr pl aircraft: An aircraft is a transprt vehicle designed primarily fr, r in use fr, mving persns r prperty thrugh the air frm ne place t anther watercraft: A watercraft is a transprt vehicle designed primarily fr, r in use fr, mving persns r prperty n r thrugh, and supprted by, water frm ne place t anther land vehicle: A land vehicle is a transprt vehicle which is neither an aircraft nr a watercraft transprt way: A transprt way is any way r place reserved r cmmnly used fr the peratin f transprt vehicles. Exclusins: Hiking trail, sidewalk, ftpath airway: An airway is a transprt way reserved primarily fr use by aircraft taking ff, in flight, r landing waterway: A waterway is a transprt way reserved primarily fr use by watercraft land way: A land way is the space within prperty lines r ther bundary lines f any transprt way that is neither an airway nr a waterway. 2.2 Land Ways, Land Vehicles and Users trafficway: A trafficway is any land way pen t the public as a matter f right r custm fr mving persns r prperty frm ne place t anther Figures 1 and 2 belw are examples f cmmn cnfiguratins and cmpnents f trafficways. They are nt required fr a land way t be a trafficway. Inclusins: Within areas with guarded entrances, such as military psts r private residential develpments, land ways are trafficways if the guards custmarily admit public traffic Privately cnstructed and/r maintained rad pen t the public fr mving persns r prperty fr transprtatin purpses Lcal rad in a residential develpment, which is pen t the public Land way prviding vehicular access and/r circulatin frm a trafficway t a business pen t the public (See ) Examples: 1.) Land way within a gated cmmunity when the gates are pen t the public 2.) Circulating system f radways in the land way f a shpping center r shpping mall which prvides public access t the parking lts 3.) A rad prviding access t the public frm the trafficway t the parking lt f a majr chain stre 4.) A rad with unrestricted access in a private retirement cmmunity Exclusins: A land way under cnstructin is nt a trafficway if traffic is prhibited frm entering by signing r barriers which are in cnfrmance with applicable standards. Hwever, if any part f the land way is pen t traffic while the remainder is clsed, that part which is pen fr traffic is a trafficway. 3

12 Likewise, any temprary bypass f a cnstructin site is a trafficway. A land way temprarily clsed t travel and marked by signing r barriers which are in cnfrmance with applicable standards is nt a trafficway even thugh used by authrized vehicles, such as maintenance vehicles, r when intentinally r inadvertently used by unauthrized vehicles. A land way pen nly t lcal traffic is nt cnsidered clsed. A rad in a gated cmmunity that is nly pen t residents and their guests A land way nt pen t the public Parking space and parking aisle (See ) Examples: 1.) Driveway t a residence r business 2.) Military base r gated cmmunity with restricted access 3.) Parking aisle prviding entry t parking spaces r stalls private way: A private way is any land way ther than a trafficway. The space within a crssing f a private way and a trafficway shall be cnsidered a trafficway railway: A railway is any private way reserved primarily fr land vehicles mving persns r prperty frm ne place t anther n rails railway vehicle: A railway vehicle is any land vehicle that is (1) designed primarily fr, r in use fr, mving persns r prperty frm ne place t anther n rails and (2) nt in use n a land way ther than a railway. Inclusins: Street car n private way Exclusins: Street car perating n trafficway (See 2.2.8) railway train: A railway train is any mtrized railway vehicle rad vehicle: A rad vehicle is any land vehicle ther than a railway vehicle. (See and 2.2.8) persnal cnveyance: A persnal cnveyance is a device, ther than a transprt device, used by a pedestrian (See ) fr persnal mbility assistance r recreatin. These devices can be mtrized r human pwered, but nt prpelled by pedaling. Inclusins: 1.) Rideable tys Rller skates, in-line skates Skatebard Skates Baby Carriage Scter Ty Wagn 2.) Mtrized rideable tys Mtrized skatebard Mtrized ty car 3.) Devices fr persnal mbility assistance Segway-style device Mtrized and nn-mtrized wheelchair Handicapped scter Exclusins: Glf cart Lw Speed Vehicle (LSV) (See ) G-cart Minibike "Pcket" mtrcycle Mtr scter Mped (See ) mtr vehicle: A mtr vehicle is any mtrized (mechanically r electrically pwered) rad vehicle nt perated n rails. (See , , , ) 4

13 Figure 1: Trafficway (See 2.2.1, thrugh ) Surce: Mdel Minimum Unifrm Crash Criteria, 5 th Editin Figure 2: Trafficway including frntage rad (See 2.2.1, thrugh ) Surce: Mdel Minimum Unifrm Crash Criteria, 5 th Editin 5

14 Inclusins: Electrically pwered bus attached t cables Trlley n highway tires Lw speed vehicle (LSV) (See ) Mtr-driven cycle (See ) All wrking mtr vehicles (See ) Examples: 1.) A tw truck using its winch t pull a vehicle ut f a ditch 2.) Electric r telephne cmpany truck with cherry picker repairing cables n a utility ple 3.) Rad paint striping truck in the prcess f painting lines n the radway 4.) Garbage truck being laded with trash Exclusins: Mtrized persnal cnveyance (See ) Examples: Inclusins: A cnventinal glf cart that was mdified, after its riginal manufacture, t increase its tp speed int the mph range An riginally manufactured custm glf cart (that is nt a mdified cnventinal glf cart) that has a tp speed abve 20 mph but nt greater than 25 miles per hur 1 Examples: 1.) Neighbrhd Electric Vehicle (NEV) 2.) Fleet glf carts sld t glf curses that have been speed-mdified t increase their tp speed int the mph range 3.) Persnal glf carts sld t individual persns that have been speed-mdified r riginally manufactured t achieve a tp speed abve 20 mph but nt greater than 25 miles per hur 4.) Other lw speed mtr vehicles designed fr transprt n lcal streets Exclusins: 1.) Mtrized skate bard 2.) Mtrized ty car 3.) Mtrized wheelchair r handicapped scter Cnventinal glf cart nt mdified r riginally custm manufactured t achieve tp speeds abve 20 mph Autmbile 4.) Segway-style device Any persnal cnveyance (See ) lw speed vehicle: A lw speed vehicle (LSV) is a mtr vehicle with fur r mre wheels whse tp speed is greater than 20 miles per hur, but nt greater than 25 miles per hur (mph). LSVs are required t be equipped with basic items f safety equipment: headlamps, stp lamps, turn signal lamps, tail lamps, reflex reflectrs, parking brake, windshields f either type AS-1 r AS-5 glazing, rearview mirrrs, seat belts, and vehicle identificatin numbers (VINs). Any size slw mving farm tractr/equipment Examples: 1.) A glf cart used slely t carry ne r mre peple and glf equipment t play glf, sld t glf curses 2.) A glf cart used t carry ne r mre peple and may carry glf equipment t play glf, sld t individual persns wh may use them t travel n trafficways t and frm glf curses and t play 1 LSVs will be subject t Federal Mtr Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS), N. 500, Lw Speed Vehicles. 6

15 glf, t travel n trafficways fr purpses unrelated t glf, r fr all these purpses 3.) A glf cart that has been speed-mdified after its manufacture r riginally custm manufactured t achieve tp speeds greater than 25 mph 4.) Mtrized wheelchair Law enfrcement vehicle perfrming ther wrk activities, such as traffic stps, crash investigatin, patrlling, and traffic cntrl, which is nt related t cnstructin, maintenance, r utility wrk n the trafficway Vehicle perfrming a wrk activity ther than highway cnstructin, maintenance, r utility wrk 5.) Mtrized skatebard 6.) Mtrized handicapped scter 7.) Persnal transprt devices such as the Segway wrking mtr vehicle: A wrking mtr vehicle is a mtr vehicle in the act f perfrming cnstructin, maintenance, r utility wrk related t the trafficway. This "wrk" may be lcated within pen r clsed prtins f the trafficway and mtr vehicles perfrming these activities can be within r utside f the trafficway bundaries. Inclusins: Cnstructin, maintenance, utility vehicle while mving frm ne jb site t anther Examples: 1.) An excavatin cmpany digging a fundatin fr a new building 2.) Garbage truck, delivery truck, taxi, emergency vehicle, tw truck, etc cmmercial mtr vehicle: A cmmercial mtr vehicle is any mtr vehicle used fr the transprtatin f gds, prperty r peple in interstate (See 2.9.2) r intrastate (2.9.3) cmmerce. Vehicle at wrk in a marked wrk zne Vehicle at wrk n the median, shulder, r radside. Mbile maintenance cnvy A law enfrcement vehicle which is participating strictly in a statinary cnstructin r mbile maintenance activity as a traffic slwing, cntrl, signaling, r calming influence Examples: 1) Asphalt rller wrking in a highway cnstructin zne 2) State highway maintenance crew mwing grass n radside 3.) Utility truck perfrming maintenance n the pwer lines alng the radway 4.) A private excavating cmpany cntracted by the state digging the fundatin fr a new verpass Exclusins: Vehicle perfrming a private cnstructin/ maintenance activity Inclusins: Mtr vehicle prviding transprtatin f gds, prperty, r peple fr cmpensatin (fr-hire) Privately-wned mtr vehicle prviding transprtatin f privately-wned gds r prperty in furtherance f a business enterprise Privately-wned mtr vehicle prviding passenger transprtatin in furtherance f a business enterprise Examples: 1.) A trucking cmpany hauling a manufacturing cmpany's gds fr a fee 2.) A mtr cach transprting passengers within and between cities and twns 3.) A truck r truck tractr wned by an individual truck driver used t carry gds r prperty under cntract 4.) An airprt shuttle bus service paid t transprt persns t htels and ther businesses 5.) A manufacturing cmpany hauling its wn prducts t retail stres 7

16 6.) A retail stre delivering prducts t its buyers 7.) A business engaged in the transprtatin f students t and frm schl and schl-related activities 8.) An agricultural farm hauling its prduce t market 9.) A taxi r limusine service transprting passengers fr a fee Exclusins: ther-rad-vehicle: An ther-rad-vehicle is any rad vehicle ther than a mtr vehicle. Inclusins: Animal-drawn vehicle (any type) Animal harnessed t a cnveyance Animal carrying a persn Street car (See 2.2.4) Pedalcycle (See ) Privately wned mtr vehicle prviding private transprtatin f persnal prperty r peple Examples: mtrcycle: A mtrcycle is any mtr vehicle having a seat r saddle fr the use f its peratr and designed t travel n nt mre than three wheels in cntact with the grund. 1.) A nncmmercial hrse rancher transprting hay bales frm his pasture n ne side f the rad t his stables n the ther side in a medium truck 2.) Hmewner carrying recyclables t a drp-ff pint in a persnally wned pickup truck greater than 10,000 lbs. 3.) Large family f 10 persns taking a trip in the family's 12-persn van NOTE The definitin f cmmercial vehicle fr the purpses f this standard relates t vehicle use. Federal Cde defines Cmmercial Mtr Vehicles in Part as fllws: Cmmercial mtr vehicle means any self-prpelled r twed mtr vehicle used n a highway in interstate cmmerce t transprt passengers r prperty when the vehicle 1) Has a grss vehicle weight rating (GVWR) r grss cmbinatin weight rating (GCWR), r grss vehicle weight r grss cmbinatin weight, f 4,536 kg (10,001 punds) r mre, whichever is greater; r (2) Is designed r used t transprt mre than 8 passengers (including the driver) fr cmpensatin; r (3) Is designed r used t transprt mre than 15 passengers, including the driver, and is nt used t transprt passengers fr cmpensatin; r (4) Is used in transprting material fund by the Secretary f Transprtatin t be hazardus under 49 U.S.C and transprted in a quantity requiring placarding under regulatins prescribed by the Secretary under 49 CFR, subtitle B, chapter I, subchapter C. Inclusins: Large mtrcycle (See ) Mtr-driven cycle (See ) Speed-limited mtr-driven cycle (See ) Mped (See ) Three-wheeled mtrcycle (See ) Mtr scter Mtrized r mtr-assisted bicycle Autcycle (See ) Exclusins: Cnstructin, farm r industrial machinery mtr-driven cycle: A mtr-driven cycle is any mtrcycle having an engine with less than 150 cubic centimeters displacement r with five brake hrsepwer r less. Inclusins: Mped (See ) Miniature mtrcycle (e.g., Pcket Bike") large mtrcycle: A large mtrcycle is any mtrcycle ther than a mtr-driven cycle. 8

17 speed-limited mtr-driven cycle: A speedlimited mtr-driven cycle is any mtr-driven cycle which: 1.) will nt attain a speed f mre than 30 miles per hur (48 kilmeters per hur) in ne mile (1.609 kilmeters) frm a standing start, 2.) has an engine with nt mre than 50 cubic centimeters displacement r with tw brake hrsepwer r less, and 3.) has a pwer drive system which des nt require its peratr t shift gears. Schl bus designed t carry nine r mre persns, including the driver (See 2.8.1) Transit bus (See ) Intercity bus (See ) Charter bus (See ) Other bus (See ) Limusine designed fr carrying nine r mre persns, including the driver Exclusins: mped: A mped is a speed-limited mtr-driven cycle which may be prpelled by pedaling. Any schl bus that is nt designed fr carrying nine r mre persns Exclusins: Mtr scter Mtrized r mtr-assisted bicycles mtrcycle cnversin kit: A mtrcycle cnversin assembly makes it pssible t cnvert a cnventinal tw-wheel mtrcycle int a mtrcycle having the lk and the stability f a tricycle-type vehicle, which imprves stability and increases ease f peratin three-wheeled mtrcycle: A three-wheeled mtrcycle is any mtr vehicle having a seat r saddle fr the use f its peratr, and having three wheels in cntact with the grund. Exclusins: Autcycle (See ) autcycle A large mtrcycle with ne rear wheel and tw frnt wheels, with either a saddle and handlebars r seat(s) and a steering wheel, that can be fully enclsed, partially enclsed, r unenclsed bus: A bus is a mtr vehicle with seating fr transprting nine r mre persns, including the driver. Inclusins: Van-based bus (See ) Small bus (See ) Large bus (See ) Any schl bus that is an autmbile r truck (See 2.8.1) Any schl bus that is a van r utility vehicle that is nt designed fr carrying nine r mre persns, including the driver Recreatin vehicle, mtrhme and van-based mtrhme Limusine nt designed fr carrying nine r mre persns small bus: A small bus is a bus with seating fr nine t fifteen persns, including the driver. Inclusins: Van-based bus (See ) Limusine with seating fr nine t fifteen persns, including the driver Utility vehicle with nine r mre seats (See ) large bus: A large bus is a bus with seating fr sixteen r mre persns, including the driver transit bus: A transit bus is a bus used fr passenger transprtatin ver fixed, scheduled rutes within primarily urban gegraphical areas. Inclusins: Bus that includes service within a city and between cities that share brders 9

18 Examples: 1.) City metr r ride-n bus 2.) Trlley (n highway tires) intercity bus: An intercity bus is a bus used fr lng-distance passenger transprtatin between cities ver fixed rutes with regular schedules. Inclusins: Crss-cuntry bus Bus service between cities sme distance apart, nt cities that share brders. Examples: 1.) Greyhund r Trailways bus charter bus: A charter bus is a bus prviding cntract service fr a grup tur r uting, usually n a rund-trip basis. Inclusins: Limusine designed fr carrying nine r mre persns, including the driver ther bus: An ther bus is any bus used fr transprtatin purpses ther than a schl bus (See 2.8), transit bus, intercity bus, r charter bus. Inclusins: Private cmpany prviding transprtatin services fr its wn emplyees and thers (htel shuttles, etc.) Nn-gvernmental rganizatin (such as churches and nn-prfit grups) Nn-educatinal unit f gvernment (such as departments f crrectins) utility vehicle: A utility vehicle is a mtr vehicle ther than a mtrcycle r large bus cnsisting primarily f a transprt device designed fr carrying persns, and generally cnsidered a multi-purpse vehicle that is designed t have ff-rad capabilities. These vehicles are generally fur-wheel-drive (4 x 4) and have increased grund clearance. A utility vehicle typically has a grss vehicle weight rating (GVWR) f 10,000 punds r less. Utility vehicles with wheelbases greater than 88 inches are classified by verall width. The wheelbase and verall width shuld be runded t the nearest inch. Primary size categries are: Mini the wheelbase is less than r equal t 88 inches. These are typically a micrcar with a high clearance, ffrad capability. Small the wheelbase is greater than 88 inches. Overall width is less than r equal t 66 inches. These are typically a shrt wheelbase and narrw tracked multi-purpse vehicle. Midsize the wheelbase is greater than 88 inches. Overall width is greater than 66 inches, but less than 75 inches. These are typically a multi-purpse vehicle designed arund a shrtened pickup truck chassis. Full-size the wheelbase is greater than 88 inches. Overall width is frm 75 inches t less than r equal t 80 inches. These are typically a multi-purpse vehicle designed arund an enlarged pickup truck chassis. Large the wheelbase is greater than 88 inches. Overall width is mre than 80 inches. These are typically a multi-purpse vehicle designed arund an enlarged pickup truck chassis. Inclusins: Small bus Examples: Small utility vehicle S-10, Blazer, Wrangler, Ranger, Jimmy, Tracker Midsize utility vehicle Cherkee, Cmanche, Yukn, Typhn, Explrer, Escape, Envy, Srrent, Element, Axim, Rde, Muntaineer, Xterra Full-size utility vehicle Blazer, Suburban, Brnc, F-Series, Sierra, Land Cruiser, Pathfinder, Armada, Ascender, Pilt, Escalade, Expeditin, Excursin, Yukn Large utility vehicle Hummer, Navigatr 10

19 Small bus Utility vehicles with mre than nine seats; i.e., Chevy Suburban, Frd Excursin, Frd Expeditin, GMC Yukn XL, Chevy Tahe Exclusins: Fur-wheel-drive autmbiles (See ) are nt cnsidered utility vehicles autmbile: An autmbile is a mtr vehicle ther than a mtrcycle, utility vehicle, r lw speed vehicle cnsisting f a transprt device typically designed fr carrying eight r fewer persns. Autmbiles may be classified by size r weight, r bth. Size classificatin is based n wheelbase. Weight classificatin is based n curb weight, the weight f an autmbile with standard equipment and a full cmplement f fuel and ther fluids, but with n lad f persns r prperty. Befre classificatin, wheelbase shuld be runded t the nearest inch and curb weight shuld be runded t the nearest 100 punds. Primary size categries are: Small wheelbase 99 inches (2.51 meters) r less Midsize wheelbase 100 t 109 inches (2.54 t 2.77 meters) Large wheelbase 110 inches (2.79 meters) r mre Primary weight categries are: Light curb weight 2,400 punds (1,089 kilgrams) r less Midweight curb weight 2,500 t 3,400 punds (1,134 t 1,542 kilgrams) Heavy curb weight 3,500 punds (1,588 kilgrams) r mre Secndary size and weight categries may be develped by subdivisin f the primary categries. (See 3.10 and 3.11) truck: A truck is a mtr vehicle designed primarily fr carrying prperty. Inclusins: Single-unit truck (See ) Truck cmbinatin (See ) Exclusins: Truck tractr (See ) van: A van is a mtr vehicle cnsisting primarily f a transprt device which has a grss vehicle weight rating (GVWR) f 10,000 punds r less and is basically a bx n wheels that is identifiable by its enclsed passenger and/r carg area, step-up flr, and relatively shrt (r nnexistent) hd. Vans are classified by size based n frame type and verall vehicle bdy width. Befre classificatin, vehicle width shuld be runded t the nearest inch. Primary size categries are: Minivan Unibdy van: The bdy and frame are ne integral unit Small Frame-based small vans: The verall bdy width is frm 72 inches t less than r equal t 78 inches. These are frame-based standard carg vans r passenger vans. Midsize Frame-based midsize vans: The verall bdy width is frm mre than 78 inches t less than r equal t 80 inches. These are frame-based midsize carg vans r passenger vans. Large Frame-based large vans: The verall bdy width is mre than 80 inches. These are frame-based large carg vans r passenger vans. Inclusins: Passenger van (See ) Carg van r delivery van (See ) Van-based mtrhme (See ) Exclusins: Utility Vehicle Examples: 1.) Minivan Caravan, Vyager, Transprt, Lumina 2.) Small Astr Van, Safari 3.) Midsize Vandura, Ecnline 11

20 4.) Large Step van passenger van: A passenger van is any van where the area behind the driver r cab is designed fr carrying passengers. Inclusins: Sme autmbiles (See ) Minivan Van-based bus (See ) Exclusins: Carg van (See ) carg van: A carg van is any van where the area behind the driver r cab is designed fr transprting carg r perated fr general cmmercial use. Inclusins: Sme single-unit trucks (See ) van-based mtrhme: A van-based mtrhme is any van where a frame-munted recreatinal unit is added behind the driver r cab area van-based bus: A van-based bus is any passenger van designed fr carrying nine r mre persns, including the driver. Examples: 1.) Full-sized passenger van with nine seats r mre, including the driver 2.) Van cutaway r cab-chassis with nine r mre seats, including the driver Exclusins: Any limusine trailer: A trailer is a rad vehicle designed t be drawn by anther rad vehicle. Inclusins: Ple trailer (See ) Semitrailer (See ) Full trailer (See ) ple trailer: A ple trailer is a trailer designed t be attached t the twing rad vehicle by means f a reach r ple, r by being bmed r therwise secured t the twing rad vehicle, and rdinarily used fr carrying prperty f a lng r irregular shape such as ples, pipes r structural members that are generally capable f sustaining themselves as beams between the supprting cnnectins semitrailer: A semitrailer is a trailer, ther than a ple trailer, designed fr carrying prperty and s cnstructed that part f its weight rests upn r is carried by the twing rad vehicle full trailer: A full trailer is a trailer, ther than a ple trailer, designed fr carrying prperty and s cnstructed that n part f its weight rests upn r is carried by the twing rad vehicle. An auxiliary undercarriage assembly, cmmnly knwn as a cnverter dlly and cnsisting f a chassis, fifth wheel and ne r mre tw bars, is smetimes used t cnvert a semitrailer t a full trailer. A semitrailer equipped with a cnverter dlly is cnsidered a full trailer single-unit truck: A single-unit truck is a truck cnsisting primarily f a single mtrized transprt device designed fr carrying prperty. When cnnected t a trailer, such a device may be part f a truck cmbinatin. (See ) Examples: 1.) Tw-axle, fur-tire truck 2.) Tw-axle, six-tire truck 3.) Three r mre axle truck Exclusins: Truck tractr (See ) Truck cmbinatin (See ) truck tractr: A truck tractr is a mtr vehicle cnsisting f a single mtrized transprt device designed primarily fr drawing trailers truck cmbinatin: A truck cmbinatin is a truck cnsisting primarily f a transprt device which is a singleunit truck r truck tractr tgether with ne r mre attached trailers. 12

21 Inclusins: Truck tractr with semitrailer Truck tractr with semitrailer and ne r mre full trailers Single-unit truck with ne r mre full trailers grss vehicle weight (GVW): Grss vehicle weight is the actual weight f a rad vehicle including the weight f the rad vehicle, its lad f persns and prperty, and all added equipment grss vehicle weight rating (GVWR): A grss vehicle weight rating is the value specified by the manufacturer as the recmmended maximum laded weight f a single mtr vehicle. This rating includes the maximum rated capacity f a vehicle, including the base vehicle, munted equipment, and any carg and passengers. Mst f the time, GVWR is the sum f the maximum rated capacity f the axles f the vehicle. Inclusins: Initial r secnd-stage manufacturing GVWR ratings grss cmbinatin weight rating (GCWR): Grss cmbinatin weight rating is the value specified by the manufacturer(s) as the recmmended maximum laded weight f a cmbinatin (articulated) mtr vehicle. This is fr truck tractrs and single-unit trucks pulling a trailer(s). GCWR is the sum f the grss vehicle weight ratings (GVWR) f all units; pwer unit and its trailer(s) light truck: A light truck is a truck which has a grss vehicle weight rating (GVWR) f 10,000 punds (4,536 kilgrams) r less medium truck: A medium truck is a truck which has a grss vehicle weight rating (GVWR) f mre than 10,000 punds and less than r equal t 26,000 punds (4,536 t 11,793 kilgrams) heavy truck: A heavy truck is a truck which has a grss vehicle weight rating (GVWR) f mre than 26,000 punds (11,793 kilgrams) pedalcycle: A pedalcycle is a nn-mtrized ther rad vehicle prpelled by pedaling. Inclusins: Bicycle, tricycle, unicycle, pedalcar radway: A radway is that part f a trafficway designed, imprved, and rdinarily used fr mtr vehicle travel r, where varius classes f mtr vehicles are segregated, that part f a trafficway used by a particular class. Separate radways may be prvided fr ppsing directins f traffic r fr trucks and autmbiles (See Figures 1 and 2). Exclusins: Bridle path, bicycle path NOTE the abve definitin f radway is cnsistent with definitins in general use by law enfrcement and by traffic engineers. Other highway engineers cmmnly use the term "radway" as the term rad is defined in belw (t include shulder). The Mdel Inventry f Radway Elements and American Assciatin f State Highway and Transprtatin Officials guidelines and references may be different median: A median is an area f a trafficway between parallel rads separating travel in ppsite directins (See Figures 1 and 2). A flush r painted median shuld be fur r mre feet wide between inside radway edge lines. Medians fewer than fur feet wide shall have a barrier t be cnsidered a median. Cntinuus left-turn lanes are nt cnsidered painted medians. Inclusins: Physical barrier separating rads with travel in ppsite directins Depressed, raised, r flush area between rads with travel in ppsite directins Painted median f fur r mre feet wide between rads with travel in ppsite directins Examples: 1.) A depressed, grassy median separating directins f travel f a divided highway 2.) A median with a cncrete traffic barrier, guardrail, r ther physical barrier, separating rads f a multi-lane divided highway 13

22 3.) A flush painted median f fur r mre feet f a divided highway Exclusins: Shulder, separatr (See ) Turn lane (See ) Cntinuus left-turn lane separatr: A separatr is the area f a trafficway between parallel rads separating travel in the same directin r separating a frntage rad (See ) frm ther rads (See Figure 3). Inclusins: Physical barrier separating rads with travel in the same directin Physical barrier separating a frntage rad frm ther rads f a trafficway Depressed, raised, r flush area between rads with travel in the same directin Depressed, raised, r flush area between a frntage rad and ther rads f a trafficway Examples: 1.) A depressed grassy separatr f a freeway between the main travel lanes and a frntage rad 2.) A cncrete separatr between the express travel lanes and lcal travel lanes f a freeway Exclusins: Shulder, median radside: Radside is the utermst part f the trafficway frm the prperty line r ther bundary in t the edge f the first rad. (See Figure 3) Inclusins: Area between edge f trafficway and edge f radway with n shulder Area between edge f trafficway and edge f shulder Exclusins: Radways, shulders, separatrs, and medians Figure 3 Trafficway with Multiple Radways in the Same Directin (See 2.2.1, thrugh ) 14

23 shulder: A shulder is that part f a trafficway cntiguus with the radway fr emergency use, fr accmmdatin f stpped rad vehicles, and fr lateral supprt f the radway structure. (See Figure 1) rad: Rad is that part f a trafficway which includes bth the radway and any shulder alngside the radway. (See Figure 1) 15 Inclusins: Designated parking areas n a radway r between the radway and the curb ttal lanes in radway: The ttal number f lanes in a radway is cllected fr each vehicle, n the radway n which that vehicle was traveling. Thrugh lanes als include shared thrugh/turn lanes but exclude turn nly lanes, auxiliary lanes such as cllectr-distributr lanes, weaving lanes, frntage rad lanes, parking lanes, acceleratin/deceleratin lanes, tll cllectin lanes, and truck climbing lanes. Ttal lanes are cllected in tw parts as ttal thrugh lanes and ttal auxiliary lanes in-transprt: The term in-transprt" dentes the state r cnditin f a transprt vehicle which is in mtin r within the prtin f a transprt way rdinarily used by similar transprt vehicles. When applied t mtr vehicles, in-transprt" means n a radway r in mtin within r utside the trafficway. A transprt vehicle which is als a wrking mtr vehicle at the time f the unstabilized situatin (See 2.4.4) is nt "intransprt." In radway lanes used fr travel during sme perids and fr parking during ther perids, a parked mtr vehicle shuld be cnsidered in-transprt during perids when parking is frbidden. Inclusins: Mtr vehicle in traffic n a radway Driverless mtr vehicle in mtin n the shulder, radside, r median Mtinless r disabled mtr vehicle abandned n a radway Mtr vehicle in mtin utside the trafficway A stpped mtr vehicle with any prtin f its primary utline as defined by the fur sides f the vehicle (e.g., tires, bumpers, fenders) and lad, if any, within the radway Examples: 1.) A driverless vehicle previusly parked n the shulder begins t rll frward because the parking brake was nt set 2.) A stpped vehicle partially n the shulder with tw tires n the radway 3.) A tractr trailer with its lad hanging ver the radway edge line 4.) A persn deliberately driving an all-terrainvehicle (ATV) dwn a median r the radside 5.) A plice vehicle patrlling r respnding t an emergency 6.) A plice r emergency vehicle stpped n the radway at the scene f a crash r traffic stp r ther actin, whether r nt the emergency lights have been activated 7.) Cnstructin, maintenance, r utility wrk vehicle traveling n a trafficway frm ne wrk site t anther lcatin 8.) Taxi, limusine, r ther passenger vehicle, with r withut passengers while n the radway r in mtin n a trafficway 9.) A schl bus stpped in a travel lane with signs and/r lights activated 10.) A private citizen using his pickup truck r lawn tractr with a blade remving snw frm the radways in his neighbrhd (Nt a highway maintenance activity) 11.) A farm tractr r cmbine mving frm a strage facility t a field under its wn pwer n the trafficway 12.) A mving mtr vehicle n a private driveway 13.) A car pulling away frm a gas pump in a gas statin

24 14.) An ATV driving n a recreatinal ff-rad trail inside r utside the trafficway 15.) A vehicle perating in the clsed prtin f the trafficway 16.) A van left unattended in a lane during rush hur when parking is prhibited because it is in an pen travel lane at the time Exclusins: Transprt vehicle stpped ff the radway within the trafficway Transprt vehicle stpped in parking lanes during perids when parking is allwed Transprt vehicle perfrming cnstructin, maintenance, r utility wrk related t the wrk zne f a trafficway 8.) A highway rad grader grading a sft, slped radside 9.) Highway snw remval truck remving r plwing snw as part f a highway maintenance activity nt in-transprt: Nt in-transprt means any transprt vehicle which is nt "in-transprt. Inclusins: Legally parked transprt vehicles ff the radway Mtinless vehicles ff the radway Wrking mtr vehicles (See ) Examples: 1.) A stpped vehicle n the shulder t change a tire A stpped mtr vehicle with any prtin f its primary utline as defined by the fur sides f the vehicle (e.g., tires, bumpers, fenders) and lad, if any, nt within the radway Examples: 1.) A disabled utility vehicle stpped n the shulder, median, r radside 2.) An autmbile parked in an area designated fr parking against the curb f a residential street r in a parking space/lane 3.) A truck stpped n the shulder where nly the extended side-view mirrr verhangs the radway edge line 4.) A pwer cmpany truck wrking n the pwer lines in an elevated basket in a maintenance wrk zne 5.) A paint striping highway truck in the act f painting the lines in a mbile maintenance zne 6.) A cncrete mixer discharging its lad f cncrete in a cnstructin wrk zne 7.) An asphalt spreader r rller repaving the radway 2.) An asphalt spreader r rller repaving the radway 3.) A car stpped at the exit f a gas statin waiting t enter the radway 4.) A pickup stpped n a private driveway 5.) A car legally parked against the curb n a residential street 6.) A parked truck cmpletely n the shulder f a rad Exclusins: Transprt vehicles in-transprt parked mtr vehicle: A parked mtr vehicle is a mtr vehicle nt in-transprt, ther than a wrking mtr vehicle, that is nt in mtin and nt lcated n the radway. In radway lanes used fr travel during sme perids and fr parking during ther perids, a parked mtr vehicle shuld be cnsidered in-transprt during perids when parking is frbidden. Inclusins: Any stpped mtr vehicle where the entirety f the vehicle's primary utline as defined by the fur 16

25 sides f the vehicle (e.g., tires, bumpers, fenders) and lad, if any, is nt within the radway Examples: 1.) A driver f vehicle stpped curbside n a city street pens his dr int the travel lane 2.) A truck stpped n the shulder where nly the extended side-view mirrr verhangs the radway edge line 3.) A mtinless vehicle n the shulder, median, r radside 4.) A truck stpped at a gas statin pump 5.) A car stpped in a private driveway 6.) A van parked in a metered parking lane, even when the meter time has expired Exclusins: A mtr vehicle in mtin anywhere within the trafficway bundaries r any vehicle that has any prtin f its primary utline r lad, if any, verlapping r falling cmpletely within the radway A mtr vehicle left unattended n a radway, where parking is always prhibited Examples: 1.) A vehicle driving dwn the rad shulder, median, r radside 2.) A driverless mtr vehicle withut engine pwer starts in mtin frm a stpped psitin n the shulder 3.) A stpped vehicle partially n the shulder with tw tires n the radway 4.) A tractr trailer with part f its lad extending ver the radway edge line 5.) A van left unattended in a lane during rush hur when parking is prhibited because it is in an pen travel lane at that time 6.) A delivery service leaves a truck stpped at the curb f a street marked with "n parking at any time" signs while making a delivery ccupant: An ccupant is any persn wh is part f a transprt vehicle pedestrian: A pedestrian is any persn wh is nt an ccupant. Inclusins: Persn n ft Persn walking, running, jgging, hiking, sitting, r lying within the trafficway r n private prperty, etc. Persns in buildings Persn n persnal cnveyance (See ) A persn ejected frm a transprt vehicle wh has cme t rest in the trafficway during a prir unstabilized situatin and struck in a secnd r subsequent unstabilized situatin Exclusins: A persn ejected frm a transprt vehicle during ne unstabilized situatin is still cnsidered an ccupant and nt a pedestrian fr the purpses f that unstabilized situatin driver: A driver is an ccupant wh is in actual physical cntrl f a transprt vehicle r, fr an ut-f-cntrl vehicle, an ccupant wh was in cntrl until cntrl was lst passenger: A passenger is any ccupant f a rad vehicle ther than its driver pedalcyclist: A pedalcyclist is any ccupant f a pedalcycle in-transprt mtrist: A mtrist is any ccupant f a mtr vehicle. Inclusins: Occupants f mtr vehicles nt in-transprt 17

26 nn-mtrist: A nn-mtrist is any persn ther than a mtrist. Inclusins: Any Pedestrian (See ) Occupants f transprt vehicles ther than mtr vehicles traffic unit: A traffic unit is a land vehicle r a pedestrian. Inclusins: Mtr vehicles in-transprt (See ), mtr vehicles nt in-transprt (See ), railway trains Pedestrians and pedalcyclists Other nn-mtrists bikeway: A bikeway is that part f a trafficway specifically designated as being pen fr pedalcycle travel r, where varius classes f pedalcycle are segregated, that part f a trafficway pen fr a particular class. (See ) bicycle trail: A bicycle trail (als knwn as a shared use path) is a bikeway reserved fr pedalcycles and separated frm radways by pen space r barriers bicycle lane: A bicycle lane is a bikeway adjacent t travel lanes which has been designated fr preferential r exclusive use by pedalcyclists thrugh striping, signage, r pavement markings shared rad: A shared rad is any bikeway which is part f a radway, but nt a bicycle lane. 2.3 Injuries and Damage injury: An injury is bdily harm t a persn. Exclusins: Effects f diseases such as strke, heart attack, diabetic cma, epileptic seizure fatal injury (K): A fatal injury is any injury that results in death (See 3.1.3) within 30 days after the mtr vehicle crash in which the injury ccurred. If the persn did nt die at the scene but died within 30 days f the mtr vehicle crash in which the injury ccurred, the injury classificatin shuld be changed frm the attribute previusly assigned t the attribute Fatal injury fatality: A fatality is any death resulting frm a fatal injury. (See 3.1.3) suspected serius injury (A): A suspected serius injury is any injury ther than fatal which results in ne r mre f the fllwing: Severe laceratin resulting in expsure f underlying tissues/muscle/rgans r resulting in significant lss f bld Brken r distrted extremity (arm r leg) Crush injuries Suspected skull, chest, r abdminal injury ther than bruises r minr laceratins Significant burns (secnd and third degree burns ver 10% r mre f the bdy) Uncnsciusness when taken frm the crash scene Paralysis suspected minr injury (B): A suspected minr injury is any injury that is evident at the scene f the crash, ther than fatal r serius injuries. Inclusins: Lump n the head, abrasins, bruises, minr laceratins (cuts n the skin surface with minimal bleeding and n expsure f deeper tissue/muscles) pssible injury (C): A pssible injury is any injury reprted r claimed which is nt a fatal, suspected serius, r suspected minr injury. Pssible injuries are thse that are reprted by the persn r are indicated by his/her behavir, but n wunds r injuries are readily evident. Inclusins: Mmentary lss f cnsciusness 18

27 Claim f injury, limping, r cmplaint f pain r nausea n apparent injury (O): N apparent injury is a situatin where there is n reasn t believe that the persn received any bdily harm frm the mtr vehicle crash. There is n physical evidence f injury and the persn des nt reprt any change in nrmal functin damage: Damage is harm t prperty that reduces the mnetary value f that prperty. Inclusins: Harm t wild animals, r birds, which have mnetary value animal Exclusins: Harm t wild animals, r birds, which have n mnetary value Harm t a snw bank unless, fr example, additinal snw remval csts are incurred because f the harm Inclusins: Vehicle which culd be driven but wuld be further damaged thereby Exclusins: Damage which can be remedied temprarily at the scene withut special tls r parts ther than tires Tire disablement withut ther damage even if n spare tire is available Headlamp r taillight damage, which wuld make night driving hazardus but wuld nt affect daytime driving Damage t turn signals, hrn, r windshield wipers which makes them inperative functinal damage: Functinal damage is any rad vehicle damage, ther than disabling damage, which affects peratin f the rad vehicle r its parts. Inclusins: Mechanical failure during nrmal peratin, such as tire blwut, brken fan belt, r brken axle Dr, windw, hd, r trunk lid which will nt perate prperly rad vehicle damage: Rad vehicle damage is damage t a rad vehicle. Inclusins: Damage t any part f a rad vehicle Exclusins: Injury t any persn, whether r nt the persn is part f the rad vehicle mtr vehicle damage: Mtr vehicle damage is rad vehicle damage t a mtr vehicle ther-rad-vehicle damage: Other-rad-vehicle damage is rad vehicle damage t an ther-rad-vehicle disabling damage: Disabling damage is rad vehicle damage which precludes departure f the vehicle frm the scene f the crash in its usual perating manner by daylight after simple repairs. Brken glass which bscures visin Any damage which wuld prevent the mtr vehicle frm passing an fficial mtr vehicle inspectin Tire damage even thugh the tire may be changed at the scene Bumper which is lse Exclusins: Dented r bent fender, bumper, grill, bdy panel; destryed hubcap 2.4 Crashes harmful event: A harmful event is an ccurrence f injury r damage. 19

28 Inclusins: Injury r damage resulting when a driver dies r lses cnsciusness because f a disease cnditin such as a strke, heart attack, diabetic cma, r epileptic seizure. In such a case the immediate effect f the disease, such as the driver's death r lss f cnsciusness, is nt itself cnsidered t be a harmful event deliberate intent: Deliberate intent is the classificatin given t the cause f an event which ccurs when a persn acts deliberately t cause the event r deliberately refrains frm prudent acts which wuld prevent ccurrence f the event. Inclusins: Suicide Self-inflicted injury Hmicide Injury r damage purpsely inflicted Examples: 1.) When a driver intentinally kills r injures himself with a mtr vehicle, by driving it against a fixed bject r int a bdy f water fr example, the driver's death r injury is a result f deliberate intent. 2.) When a driver intentinally kills r injures anther persn with a mtr vehicle, by running int a pedestrian fr example, the death r injury is a result f deliberate intent. 3.) When a driver intentinally causes damage with a mtr vehicle, by ramming anther vehicle fr example, the damage is a result f deliberate intent. Exclusins: Injury r damage beynd that which was intended legal interventin: Legal interventin is a categry f deliberate intent in which the persn wh acts r refrains frm acting is a law-enfrcing agent r ther fficial. Examples: 1.) If a lawbreaker crashes either intentinally r unintentinally int a rad blck set up by plice t stp him, the crash is cnsidered a result f legal interventin. If a driver ther than the lawbreaker crashes int the rad blck, the crash is nt cnsidered t be a result f legal interventin. 2.) If a plice car is intentinally driven int anther vehicle, the crash is cnsidered t result frm legal interventin. If a lawbreaker being pursued by law enfrcement lses cntrl f his vehicle and crashes, the crash is nt cnsidered t result frm legal interventin unless law enfrcement intended that the lawbreaker crash. 3.) If, during the pursuit, the plice vehicle strikes a rad vehicle ther than the subject f the pursuit, a nn-mtrist, r prperty, then that harmful event is nt legal interventin plice pursuit: A plice pursuit is an event that is initiated when a law enfrcement fficer, perating an authrized emergency vehicle, gives ntice t stp t a mtrist the fficer is attempting t cntact, and that mtrist fails t cmply with the signal by either maintaining his/her speed, increasing speed, r taking ther evasive actin t elude the fficer's cntinued attempts t stp the mtrist. This ntice needs t be either thrugh the use f visual r audible emergency signals, including alternating flashing headlights, r a cmbinatin f emergency devices. A pursuit is terminated when the mtrist stps r when the attempt t apprehend is discntinued unstabilized situatin: An unstabilized situatin is a set f events nt under human cntrl. It riginates when cntrl is lst and terminates when cntrl is regained r, in the absence f persns wh are able t regain cntrl, when all persns and prperty are at rest. Examples: 1.) If intentinal acts cause injury r damage beynd that reasnably t be expected frm the acts, the unexpected injury r damage is nt the result f deliberate intent. There is, therefre, an unstabilized situatin unless the cntrary can be clearly established. 2.) In a mtr vehicle crash live electric wires fall n a mtr vehicle, but there is n injury frm the electric current while the ccupants remain in the 20

29 mtr vehicle. The unstabilized situatin ends with the ccupants in a temprary psitin f safety. Any subsequent injury resulting frm attempts by the ccupants t leave the mtr vehicle, r attempts by thers t rescue the ccupants, is a part f a new unstabilized situatin. 3.) In a mtr vehicle crash the ccupants f the mtr vehicle are carried r thrwn int water, but there is n injury frm the submersin and the ccupants reach a temprary psitin f safety. At this pint the unstabilized situatin has ended. Any subsequent injury frm attempts by the ccupants t reach shre, r frm attempts by thers t rescue the ccupants, is part f a new unstabilized situatin. 4.) An ccupant f a vehicle that is a sinking vehicle, r that enters int swift mving water, is nt in a psitin f safety. In these ccurrences, the unstabilized situatin has nt ended and any damage r injury is still part f the same unstabilized situatin. cmes t rest in the radway. Any subsequent injury resulting frm cntact with anther mtr vehicle in-transprt is part f a new unstabilized situatin. 9.) A pedestrian is struck by a mtr vehicle and thrwn int the path f anther mtr vehicle and the pedestrian is struck a secnd time befre cming t rest. There is nly ne unstabilized situatin. 10.) A mtr vehicle in-transprt brakes, attempting t avid a pedestrian crssing the radway. The mtr vehicle in-transprt strikes the pedestrian. At the same time (i.e., when the first vehicle started t brake and befre it came t rest), a secnd mtr vehicle in-transprt swerves t avid a cllisin with the braking vehicle, striking a utility ple. The tw mtr vehicles in-transprt d nt strike each ther, but these events are all within ne unstabilized situatin. Exclusins: 21 5.) In a mtr vehicle crash bjects are lsened but remain in place until all persns are remved frm danger frm bjects that might fall r rll. N prperty damage wuld result if the bjects fell r rlled. This ends the unstabilized situatin. Any subsequent injury attributable t the fall r rll f the lsened bjects is nt part f the riginal unstabilized situatin. 6.) In a mtr vehicle crash the mtr vehicle catches n fire and is burning, but all ccupants have been rescued and the fire is under cntrl. N additinal prperty damage is expected. This is the end f the unstabilized situatin. If the heat f the fire ignites nearby cmbustible materials, any subsequent injury r damage frm the induced ignitin is nt a part f the riginal unstabilized situatin. 7.) In a mtr vehicle crash an invlved mtr vehicle carrying explsive materials is stpped and ccupants and bystanders are remved frm the scene. At this pint the unstabilized situatin is ended. If the explsive materials detnate during later attempts t remve r salvage them, any injury r damage resulting frm the explsin is nt a part f the riginal unstabilized situatin. 8.) A pedestrian is struck by a mtr vehicle intransprt which leaves the scene. The pedestrian Sets f events which are the result f deliberate intent r legal interventin NOTE if thrugh investigatin fails t establish whether a crash scene is the result f ne r mre unstabilized situatins, then it shuld be treated as a single unstabilized situatin cataclysm: A cataclysm is an avalanche, landslide/mudslide, hurricane, cyclne, dwnburst, fld, trrential rain, cludburst, lightning, trnad, tidal wave, earthquake, r vlcanic eruptin (See transprt crash). The fllwing are typical definitins f cataclysms: Avalanche: A mass f snw, rck, and/r ice falling dwn a muntain r incline. (Surce: Natinal Weather Service) Landslide/Mudslide: Fast mving sil, rcks, and water that flw dwn hills, muntain slpes, and canyns. (Surce: Natinal Weather Service) Hurricane: A trpical cyclne with surface winds in excess f 32 m/s (64 knts r 74 mph) in the Western Hemisphere. There are varius reginal names fr these strms. (Surce: Natinal Weather Service)

30 Cyclne: A large-scale circulatin f winds arund a central regin f lw atmspheric pressure, cunterclckwise in the Nrthern Hemisphere. (Surce: Natinal Weather Service) T qualify as a cataclysm, the winds must be 74 mph r greater. Dwnburst: A strng dwndraft current f air frm a cumulnimbus clud, ften assciated with intense thunderstrms. Dwndrafts may prduce damaging winds at the surface. T qualify as a cataclysm, the winds must be 74 mph r greater. Fld: The inundatin f a nrmally dry area caused by an increased water level in an established watercurse, such as a river, stream, r drainage ditch. A flash fld can be caused by a Cludburst r Trrential Rainfall that ccurs in a shrt perid f time, generally less than six hurs. Als, at times a dam failure can cause a flash fld, depending n the type f dam and time perid during which the break ccurs. Lightning: A visible electrical discharge prduced by a thunderstrm. The discharge may ccur within r between cluds, between a clud and air, between a clud and the grund, r between the grund and a clud. (Surce: Natinal Weather Service) Trnad: A vilently rtating clumn f air, usually pendant t a cumulnimbus, with circulatin reaching the grund. It nearly always starts as a funnel clud and may be accmpanied by a lud raring nise. On a lcal scale, it is the mst destructive f all atmspheric phenmena. Earthquake: Shck waves detectable and smetimes causing vilent tremrs at the earth's surface, generally riginating by mvements alng deep-seated fault planes. Vlcanic Eruptin: Frmed by the partial melting f existing rck and disslved gases; the liberatin f this gas and magma under cnsiderable pressure is cnsidered an eruptin. Prducts f the vlcanic eruptin include lava flws, pyrclastic materials (vlcanic glass), vlcanic dust/ash, and gases. Inclusins: Any wind abve the minimum speed assciated with a categry ne hurricane (75 mph r mre) Damage prduced by very large hail Exclusins: Natural events nt listed abve Examples: 1.) Rain, snw, fg, small hail, ice, smg, etc. 2.) Winds belw the minimum speed assciated with a categry ne hurricane (74 mph r less) 3.) A few small falling rcks nt assciated with a landslide r avalanche 4.) An ld tree falling nly due t a rtting rt system 5.) Shallw standing water crash: A crash is an unstabilized situatin which includes at least ne harmful event. (See 2.2.4) cntact vehicle: A cntact vehicle is any rad vehicle which cmes in cntact with ne r mre rad vehicles, nn-mtrists, r prperty in a cllisin crash, r has a nncllisin crash. A cntact vehicle is directly invlved in a crash. (See Cllisin crash and Nncllisin crash) nncntact vehicle: A nncntact vehicle is any vehicle ther than a cntact vehicle. A nncntact vehicle is indirectly invlved in a crash. Examples: 1.) A vehicle changes lanes int the path f anther vehicle (withut making cntact) causing a crash. The vehicle changing lanes is a nncntact vehicle. 2.) A schl bus is stpped n the radway picking up r discharging pupils and ne f the pupils is struck withut the schl bus being struck. The schl bus is a nncntact vehicle. 3.) A pedestrian darts int the radway causing a mtr vehicle t stp suddenly withut striking the pedestrian. A fllwing vehicle swerves t avid the stpped vehicle and cllides with a fixed bject. The first vehicle is a nncntact vehicle. 22

31 2.4.9 transprt crash: A transprt crash is a crash (1) that invlves a transprt vehicle in-transprt, (2) in which the first harmful event is nt prduced by the discharge f a firearm r explsive device, and (3) that des nt directly result frm a cataclysm where the timing is such that the cataclysm is ccurring at the time f the crash. (See Cataclysm) 9.) Pwer lines r verhead traffic signal falling n a mtr vehicle in-transprt (there is n cataclysm) Exclusins: Crashes ccurring as a direct result f and during a cataclysm Inclusins: A crash ccurring as a result f natural events which are nt a cataclysm. A crash related t a cataclysm, but ccurring after the cataclysm has ended Examples: 1.) Mtr vehicle driven int water after a hurricane r fld because a bridge was washed ut by the hurricane r fld (after a cataclysm has ended) 2.) Mtr vehicle driven int fallen materials cvering a radway after a landslide r avalanche (after a cataclysm has ended) 3.) Mtr vehicle driven int a fallen tree in a radway after a trnad r hurricane (after a cataclysm has ended) 4.) After an earthquake, a mtr vehicle intransprt drives int a hazard created by buckled r cllapsed features f the radway left behind after the earthquake is ver (after a cataclysm has ended) 5.) A tree branch frm a rtted tree r a tree with a deterirated rt structure falls acrss several mtr vehicles in the radway frm winds belw 74 mph r mre (less than a categry ne hurricane) 6.) 25 mph wind prpels a trash can frm a city sidewalk int a passing mtr vehicle 7.) A mtr vehicle is struck by lsened, deterirated, r previusly damaged parts that fall frm an verpass as it passes under (there is n cataclysm) Examples: 1.) Mtr vehicle is swept away while a bridge it was crssing is washed ut during a hurricane r fld (crash directly results frm a cataclysm) 2.) Mtr vehicle is struck and damaged by falling materials (rck and earth r snw) f significant size r amunt t be a landslide r avalanche (crash directly results frm a cataclysm) 3.) Mtr vehicle n radway is struck by a windblwn tree during a trnad r winds f 74 mph r mre (crash directly results frm a cataclysm) 4.) A mtr vehicle in-transprt suffers damage because f structures cllapsing, buckling, r shifting during an earthquake (crash directly results frm a cataclysm) 5.) A mtr vehicle in-transprt suffers damage frm glf-ball-sized hail during a trnad 6.) Mtr vehicle sustains damage frm very large rain drps during trrential rain aircraft accident: An aircraft accident is a transprt accident that invlves an aircraft intransprt watercraft accident: A watercraft accident is a transprt accident if it (1) invlves a watercraft in-transprt and (2) is nt an aircraft accident mtr vehicle crash: A mtr vehicle crash is a transprt crash that (1) invlves a mtr vehicle in-transprt, (2) is nt an aircraft accident r watercraft accident, and (3) des nt include any harmful event invlving a railway train in-transprt prir t invlvement f a mtr vehicle intransprt. Exclusins: 8.) The scafflding at a building under cnstructin cllapses and falls n a mtr vehicle traveling n the radway adjacent t the building (there is n cataclysm) Any schl bus crash in which n schl bus is directly invlved and which invlves n ther mtr vehicle (See 2.8.2) 23

32 Examples: 1.) If a child appraching a schl bus, stpped with its red lights flashing, is struck by a pedalcycle, but neither the pedalcycle nr the child cme in cntact with the schl bus, then there is (1) a schl bus crash that is nt a mtr vehicle crash and (2) an ther-rad-vehicle crash (cllisin invlving pedalcycle) railway accident: A railway accident is a transprt accident that (1) invlves a railway train in-transprt and (2) is nt an aircraft accident, watercraft accident, r mtr vehicle crash ther-rad-vehicle crash: An ther-rad-vehicle crash is a transprt crash that (1) invlves an ther-radvehicle in-transprt and (2) is nt an aircraft accident, watercraft accident, mtr vehicle crash, r railway accident street car crash: A street car crash is an therrad-vehicle crash that invlves a street car in-transprt pedalcycle crash: A pedalcycle crash is an therrad-vehicle crash that (1) invlves a pedalcycle in-transprt and (2) is nt a street car crash rad vehicle crash: A rad vehicle crash is a transprt crash that is either a mtr vehicle crash r an ther-rad-vehicle crash traffic crash: A traffic crash is a rad vehicle crash in which (1) the unstabilized situatin riginates n a trafficway r (2) a harmful event ccurs n a trafficway. Exclusins: A rad vehicle in-transprt has bth its unstabilized situatin and harmful events n a private way nntraffic crash: A nntraffic crash is a rad vehicle crash which is nt a traffic crash. Inclusins: A rad vehicle in-transprt has bth its unstabilized situatin and harmful events n a private way rad vehicle traffic crash: A rad vehicle traffic crash is a traffic crash rad vehicle nntraffic crash: A rad vehicle nntraffic crash is a nntraffic crash mtr vehicle traffic crash: A mtr vehicle traffic crash is a mtr vehicle crash which is als a traffic crash mtr vehicle nntraffic crash: A mtr vehicle nntraffic crash is a mtr vehicle crash which is a nntraffic crash ther-rad-vehicle traffic crash: An ther-radvehicle traffic crash is an ther-rad-vehicle crash which is a traffic crash ther-rad-vehicle nntraffic crash: An therrad-vehicle nntraffic crash is an ther-rad-vehicle crash which is a nntraffic crash injury crash: An injury crash is any rad vehicle crash that results in ne r mre injuries fatal crash: A fatal crash is any injury crash that results in ne r mre fatal injuries nnfatal injury crash: A nnfatal injury crash is any injury crash ther than a fatal crash n apparent injury crash: A n apparent injury crash is any rad vehicle crash ther than an injury crash. A n apparent injury crash is als called a prperty-damagenly crash. (See ) prperty-damage-nly crash: A prpertydamage-nly crash is a n apparent injury crash. 2.5 Lcatin urban area: An urban area is an area whse bundaries shall be thse fixed by respnsible state and lcal fficials in cperatin with each ther and apprved by the Federal Highway Administratin, U.S. Department f Transprtatin. Such bundaries are established in accrdance with the prvisins f Title 23 f the United States Cde. Urban area bundary infrmatin is available frm state highway r transprtatin departments. If bundaries have nt been fixed as abve fr any urban place designated by the Bureau f the Census having a ppulatin f 5,000 r mre, the area within bundaries fixed by the Bureau f the Census shall be an urban area rural area: A rural area is any area which is nt within urban areas. 24

33 2.5.3 Interstate System: The Interstate System is the Natinal System f Interstate and Defense Highways as defined in Sectin 101, Title 23, United States Cde interstate highway: An Interstate highway is a trafficway n the Interstate System driveway access: A driveway access is a prtin f the trafficway at the end f a driveway (See ), prviding access t prperty adjacent t a trafficway. (See Figure 4) Inclusins: ther U.S. rute numbered highway: An ther U.S. rute numbered highway is a trafficway numbered by the American Assciatin f State Highway Transprtatin Officials, but nt an interstate highway ther state rute numbered highway: An ther state rute numbered highway is a trafficway within a state trafficway system, but nt an interstate highway r ther U.S. rute numbered highway cunty rad: A cunty rad is a trafficway within a cunty trafficway system that is nt an Interstate highway, ther U.S. rute numbered highway, r ther state rute numbered highway city street: A city street is a trafficway within a city trafficway system that is nt an Interstate highway, ther U.S. rute numbered highway, ther state rute numbered highway, r cunty rad. Entrance t private residence Entrances t gas statin sidewalks which crss ver a driveway access Exclusins: Any area nt within a trafficway driveway: A driveway is a private way which prvides vehicular access t the public frm a trafficway t prperty, parking, r lading areas utside the bundaries f the trafficway, but is nt cnsidered pen t the public fr transprtatin purpses as a trafficway. A driveway is utside the trafficway and is typically nt prvided an fficial identificatin name r number. Figure 4 Driveway Access (See 2.5.9) 25

34 Inclusins: A private drive prviding access t a residence Entrance t business r ther private entity nt pen t the public fr transprtatin purpse Exclusins: Privately cnstructed and/r maintained rad pen t the public fr mving persns r prperty frm ne place t anther Parking lt (See ), which includes parking stalls, parking lt aisles, and parking lt ways Entrance t a business r ther entity pen t the public Driveway access (See 2.5.9) intersectin: An intersectin is an area which (1) cntains a crssing r cnnectin f tw r mre radways nt classified as driveway access and (2) is embraced within the prlngatin f the lateral curb lines r, if nne, the lateral bundary lines f the radways. Where the distance alng a radway between tw areas meeting these criteria is less than 10 meters (33 feet), the tw areas and the radway cnnecting them are cnsidered parts f a single intersectin (See Figure 5) junctin: A junctin is either an intersectin r the cnnectin between a driveway access and a radway ther than a driveway access at-grade intersectin: An at-grade intersectin is an intersectin where all radways crss r jin at the same level channelized intersectin: A channelized intersectin is an at-grade intersectin in which traffic is diverted int definite paths by raised r painted traffic islands. (See Figure 6) grade separatin: A grade separatin is a crssing at different levels f tw trafficways, r a trafficway and a railway interchange: An interchange is a system f intercnnecting radways in cnjunctin with ne r mre grade separatins, prviding fr the mvement f traffic between tw r mre radways n different levels ramp, exit/entrance: An exit/entrance ramp is an auxiliary radway used fr entering r leaving thrugh-traffic lanes frntage rad: A frntage rad is a radway generally paralleling an expressway, freeway, parkway, r thrugh street s designed as t intercept, cllect, and distribute traffic desiring t crss, enter, r leave such facility and t furnish access t prperty which therwise wuld be islated as a result f cntrlled-access features. The frntage rad may be within the same trafficway as the main radway r in a separate trafficway. (See Figure 7) gre: A gre is an area f land where tw radways diverge r cnverge. The area is bunded n tw sides by the edges f the radways, which jin at the pint f divergence r cnvergence. The directin f traffic shall be the same n bth sides f these radways. The area includes shulders r marked pavement, if any, between the radways. The third side is 60 meters (apprximately 200 feet) frm the pint f divergence r cnvergence r, if any ther rad is within 70 meters (230 feet) f that pint, a line 10 meters (33 feet) frm the nearest edge f such rad. (See Figure 8) Inclusins: Area at rest area entry r exit ramp Area at truck weigh statin entry r exit ramp Area where tw main radways diverge r cnverge Area where a ramp and anther radway, r tw ramps, diverge r cnverge Area where a frntage rad and anther radway, r tw frntage rads, diverge r cnverge Exclusins: fully-cntrlled access highway: A fullycntrlled access highway is a trafficway n which preference is given t thrugh traffic by permitting access nly frm ther trafficways and by prviding grade separatins at all crssing trafficways. Island fr channelizatin f vehicle mvements Island fr pedestrian refuge 26

35 Figure 5 Intersectin (See ) Figure 6 Channelized Intersectin (See ) 27

36 Figure 7 Frntage Rad (See ) Figure 8 Gre (See ) 28

37 curb return: A curb return is the curved sectin f curb used at intersectins in jining straight sectins f curb crsswalk: A crsswalk is (1) that part f a radway at an intersectin included within the cnnectins f the lateral lines f the sidewalks n ppsite sides f the radway measured frm the curbs r, in the absence f curbs, frm the edges f the traversable radway, r (2) any prtin f a radway at an intersectin r elsewhere distinctly indicated fr pedestrian crssing by lines r ther markings n the surface f the radway parking lt: A parking lt is an area used primarily fr parking rad vehicles. When paved and marked, it cmmnly includes the fllwing areas: 1.) Parking stalls areas reserved primarily fr parked rad vehicles 2.) Parking lt aisles areas used primarily fr vehicular access t parking stalls. Parking lt aisles are nt trafficways. 3.) Parking lt ways (See ) parking lt way: A parking lt way is a land way which is used primarily fr vehicular circulatin within parking lts and fr vehicular access t parking lt aisles. Parking lt ways in parking lts pen t the public are trafficways turn lane: A turn lane is a lane exclusively designated fr vehicles turning frm ne trafficway t anther. Inclusins: Cntinuus left-turn lane It extends frm the first warning sign, signal, r flashing lights t the END ROAD WORK sign r the last traffic cntrl device pertinent t that wrk activity. Wrk znes als include radway sectins where there is nging, mving (mbile) wrk activity such as lane line painting r radside mwing nly if the beginning f the nging, mving (mbile) wrk activity is designated by warning signs r signals. Inclusins: The fllwing situatins within the trafficway: Lng-term statinary cnstructin such as building a new bridge, adding travel lanes t the radway, extending an existing trafficway, etc. (cnstructin activity/wrk) Wrk invlving mving activities such as striping the radway, median and radside grass mwing/ landscaping, pthle repair, snwplwing, lane line painting, etc., where there are warning signs r signals marking the beginning f the mving wrk area (Mbile maintenance activity/wrk) Shrt-term statinary wrk such as repairing/ maintaining electric, gas, water lines, r traffic signals (Utility activity/wrk) Areas identified by signage as a wrk zne where the nging wrk activity has temprarily paused Exclusins: Any private cnstructin, maintenance, r utility wrk utside the trafficway Exclusins: Thrugh travel lanes wrk zne: A wrk zne is an area f a trafficway where cnstructin, maintenance, r utility wrk activities are identified by warning signs/signals/indicatrs, including thse n transprt devices (e.g., signs, flashing lights, channelizing devices, barriers, pavement markings, flagmen, warning signs and arrw bards munted n the vehicles in a mbile maintenance activity) that mark the beginning and end f a cnstructin, maintenance, r utility wrk activity. Any area f the trafficway where there is mving maintenance activity (e.g., radside grass mwing/landscaping, pthle repair, snwplwing, lane line painting) withut warning signs r signals Citizen remving snw frm the trafficway as a neighbrly gesture Area identified by signage, where the activity has nt begun r is cmplete 29

38 2.6 Rad Vehicle Crash Types verturning crash: An verturning crash is a rad vehicle crash in which the first harmful event is the verturning f a rad vehicle in-transprt cllisin crash: A cllisin crash is a rad vehicle crash ther than an verturning crash in which the first harmful event is a cllisin f a rad vehicle in-transprt with anther rad vehicle, ther prperty, r pedestrians nncllisin crash: A nncllisin crash is any rad vehicle crash ther than a cllisin crash. Inclusins: Overturning crash (See 2.6.1) Jackknife crash (See 2.6.4) Accidental pisning frm carbn mnxide generated by a rad vehicle in-transprt Breakage f any part f a rad vehicle in-transprt, resulting in injury r in further prperty damage Explsin f any part f a rad vehicle in-transprt Fire starting in a rad vehicle in-transprt Fall r jump frm a rad vehicle in-transprt Occupant hit by an bject in, r thrwn against sme part f a rad vehicle in-transprt Injury r damage frm mving part f a rad vehicle in-transprt Object falling frm, r in, a rad vehicle in-transprt Object falling n a rad vehicle in-transprt Txic r crrsive chemicals leaking ut f a rad vehicle in-transprt Injury r damage nly t the rad vehicle that is f a nncllisin nature, such as a bridge giving way under the weight f a rad vehicle, striking hles r bumps n the surface f the trafficway, r driving int water, withut verturning r cllisin jackknife crash: A jackknife crash is a nncllisin crash in which the first harmful event results frm unintended cntact between any tw units f a multi-unit rad vehicle such as a truck cmbinatin cllisin invlving pedestrian: A cllisin invlving pedestrian is a cllisin crash in which the first harmful event is the cllisin f a pedestrian and a rad vehicle in-transprt cllisin invlving mtr vehicle in-transprt: A cllisin invlving mtr vehicle in-transprt is a crash that is bth a mtr vehicle crash and a cllisin crash in which the first harmful event is the cllisin f tw r mre mtr vehicles in-transprt cllisin invlving ther rad vehicle intransprt: A cllisin invlving ther rad vehicle intransprt is a crash that is bth an ther-rad-vehicle crash and a cllisin crash in which the first harmful event is the cllisin f tw r mre ther rad vehicles in-transprt cllisin invlving parked mtr vehicle: A cllisin invlving parked mtr vehicle (See ) is a crash in which the first harmful event is the striking f a mtr vehicle nt in-transprt (See ) by a rad vehicle intransprt (See ) cllisin invlving railway vehicle: A cllisin invlving railway vehicle is a cllisin crash in which the first harmful event is the cllisin f a rad vehicle in-transprt and a railway vehicle cllisin invlving pedalcycle: A cllisin invlving pedalcycle is a crash that is bth a mtr vehicle crash and a cllisin crash in which the first harmful event is the cllisin f a pedalcycle in-transprt and a mtr vehicle in-transprt cllisin invlving animal: A cllisin invlving animal is a cllisin crash in which the first harmful event is the cllisin f an animal, ther than an animal pwering an ther rad vehicle, and a rad vehicle in-transprt cllisin invlving fixed bject: A cllisin invlving fixed bject is a cllisin crash in which the first harmful event is the striking f a fixed bject by a rad vehicle in-transprt. Fixed bjects include such bjects as guardrails, bridge railings r abutments, cnstructin barricades, impact attenuatrs, trees, embedded rcks, utility ples, ditches, steep earth r rck slpes, culverts, fences, and buildings. 30

39 cllisin invlving ther bject: A cllisin invlving ther bject is any cllisin crash ther than a (1) cllisin invlving pedestrian, (2) cllisin invlving mtr vehicle in-transprt, (3) cllisin invlving ther rad vehicle in-transprt, (4) cllisin invlving parked mtr vehicle, (5) cllisin invlving railway vehicle, (6) cllisin invlving pedalcycle, (7) cllisin invlving animal, r (8) cllisin invlving fixed bject. 2.7 Lcatin f Rad Vehicle Crashes n-radway crash: An n-radway crash is (1) a crash in which the initial pint f cntact between clliding units in the first harmful event is within a radway r (2) a nncllisin crash in which the rad vehicle invlved was partly r entirely n the radway at the time f the first harmful event ff-radway crash: An ff-radway crash is any rad vehicle crash ther than an n-radway crash at-intersectin crash: An at-intersectin crash is a traffic crash in which the first harmful event ccurs within the limits f an intersectin. (See Figure 5) driveway access crash: A driveway access crash is a traffic crash in which the first harmful event ccurs n a driveway access (See 2.5.9) r invlves a rad vehicle entering r leaving anther radway by way f a driveway access. (See Figure 4) This requires at least ne traffic unit (vehicle, pedalcyclist, r pedestrian) t be physically n the driveway access within the trafficway. Inclusins: Crashes ccurring n sidewalks within the driveway access Examples: 1) A car turning int a private residence driveway striking a bicyclist riding n the sidewalk that crsses ver the driveway access 2.) A tractr trailer backing ut f a business entrance nt the trafficway, while partially n the driveway access, is struck by a car n the radway Exclusins: Driveway access-related crashes (See ) Examples: 1.) A car n the radway waiting t turn int a driveway is rear-ended by anther mtr vehicle 2.) A truck in the prcess f turning ut f a driveway, but is n lnger n the driveway, strikes a mtr vehicle (r nn-mtrist) n the radway driveway access-related crash: A driveway access related-crash is a traffic crash that (1) ccurs adjacent t a driveway, (2) is nt a driveway access crash, and (3) results frm an activity, behavir, r cntrl related t the mvement f traffic units nt r ut f a driveway. Inclusins: A traffic crash, ther than a driveway access crash, which ccurs at the cnnectin f a driveway and a radway and is related t the driveway access Examples: 1.) A car n the radway waiting t turn int a driveway is rear-ended by anther mtr vehicle 2.) A truck in the prcess f turning ut f a driveway, but is n lnger n the driveway, strikes a mtr vehicle (r nn-mtrist) n the radway Exclusins: Driveway access crash (See 2.7.4) intersectin-related crash: An intersectinrelated crash is a traffic crash in which the first harmful event (1) ccurs n an apprach t r exit frm an intersectin and (2) results frm an activity, behavir, r cntrl related t the mvement f traffic units thrugh the intersectin. (See Figure 5) 31

40 Figure 9 Interchange crashes (See 2.7.7) nnjunctin crash: A nnjunctin crash is a rad vehicle crash that is nt an at-intersectin crash, a driveway access crash, r an intersectin-related crash interchange crash: An interchange crash is a traffic crash in which the first harmful event ccurs within bundaries which include all ramps f auxiliary radways and include each radway entering r leaving the interchange t a pint 30 meters (100 feet) beynd the gre r curb return at the utermst ramp cnnectin. Interchange crashes may include at-intersectin crashes, intersectin-related crashes, driveway access crashes, r nnjunctin crashes. (See Figure 9) wrk zne crash: A wrk zne crash is a mtr vehicle traffic crash in which the first harmful event ccurs within the bundaries f a wrk zne r n an apprach t r exit frm a wrk zne, resulting frm an activity, behavir, r cntrl related t the mvement f the traffic units thrugh the wrk zne (See ). Inclusins: Cllisin and nncllisin crashes ccurring within the signs r markings indicating a wrk zne Cllisin and nncllisin crashes ccurring n apprach t, exiting frm, r adjacent t wrk 32