vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1

Transcription

1 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 Hkkjr ljdkj foùk ea=kky; vkffkzd dk;z fohkkx vkffkzd izhkkx tuojh] 2018

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3 fo"k; lwph vè;k; la- i`"b la vè;k; dk uke v vii ix xiii vkhkkjksfdr izkddfku ladsrk{kj Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk ij nl u, rf; vfkzo;olfkk dh flfkfr% fo'ys"k.kkred flagkoyksdu vksj uhfrxr lahkkouk,a 1 flagkoyksdu% vyikof/d lanhkz esa flagkoyksdu% eè;kof/ 2 eky,oa lsok dj (th,lvh) ds ifjizs{; esa Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk dk,d uwru izca/d,oa laf{kir foospuk 32 Hkwfedk 33 djnkrk 34 dj vk/kj rfkk bldk LFkkfud forj.k 35 iqeks± ds ikjlifjd ysus&nsus dk vkdkj 37 vurjjkz"vªh; O;kikj] vurj&jkt;h; O;kikj vksj vkffkzd le`f¼ 39 O;kikj esa lozjs"b% Hkkjrh; fu;kzr lekurkoknh vioknkredrk 40 Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk esa vuksipkfjdrk 42 fu"d"kz 3 fuos'k vksj cpr esa fxjkov vksj flfkfr esa lq/kj% Hkkjr ds laca/ esa fofhkuu ns'kksa dk vuqhko 43 izlrkouk 45 fuos'k vksj cpr esa f'kffkyrk dh igpku 48 cpr cuke fuos'k% lao`f¼ ij izhkko 51 fuos'k esa ^Hkkjr tslh* fxjkov ls mcj ikuk 53 fu"d"kz% Hkkjr ds fy, lcd 4 jktdks"kh; la?kokn vksj tokcnsgh esa leuo;% D;k blesa fueu larqyu vojks/ gsa\ 55 izlrkouk 59 LFkkuh; iz'kklu% D;k gs 63 jkt; vksj LFkkuh; ljdkjsa% fcydqy fhkuu iz'u gs 65 fu"d"kz% fueu larqyu ik'k\ 5 D;k fodkl esa foyafcr vfhkl`fr,d ck/k cu tkrh gs\ D;k Hkkjr mlls cp ldrk gsa

4 68 izlrkouk 71 fdarq pkj izfrdwy ifjflfkfr;ka (^^gkslzesu**) 81 Hkkjr ds fy, lcd 6 tyok;q] ifjorzu vksj Ñf"k 82 izlrkouk 86 rkieku vksj o"kkz ds lkef;d vksj LFkkfud isvuz 88 Ñf"k mrikndrk ij eksle dk izhkko 93 fdlkuksa dh vkenuh ij izhkko 95 fu"d"kz vksj uhfrxr izhkko 7 du;k ugha] iq=k pkfg,% D;k fodkl gh bl lel;k dk lek/ku gs\ 102 izlrkouk 105 Hkkjr vksj vu; ns'k 110 Hkkjrh; jkt;ksa dk fu"iknu 111 iq=k gh pkfg,% tue ij fo"ke fyaxkuqikr 112 iq=k ^^esjk** pkg% vafre larku vksj ^^vokafnr** ym+fd;ksa dk fyaxkuqikr 116 fu"d"kz 8 Hkkjr esa fokku vksj izks ksfxdh dk :ikarj.k 119 fokku D;ksa 120 vkxr vksj ifj.kke% dqn lk{; 124 ifj.kke 126 Hkkjr esa vuqla/ku vksj fodkl folrkj% Hkkoh ;kstuk 9 O;olk; djus dks vklku cukus dk vxyk ekspkz% le; ls U;k; 131 ifjp; 1 foyecrk vksj nsjh% rf; 1 foyecrk vksj nsjh% lahkkfor dkj.kksa 1 dsunzh; ljdkj dj% izdj.k vè;;u 1 U;k; ds iz'kklu ij O;; 1 uhfr fufgrkfkz vuqca/ (iv)

5 vkhkkjksfdr ;g vkffkzd leh{kk fey&tqydj fd, x, dk;z vksj ijlij lg;ksx dk ifj.kke gsa vkffkzd izhkkx vksj eq[; vkffkzd lykgdkj ds dk;kzy; ls ftu O;fDr;ksa dk ;ksxnku bl leh{kk dh jpuk vksj izdk'ku esa feyk gs] buesa 'kkfey gsa% vpzuk,lñ ekfkqj] latho lku;ky],pñ,ñlhñ izlkn],ñ,lñlpnsok] jktjh js] v:.k dqekj],avuh flfj;d] ihñdsñ vcnqy djhe] vf'ouh yky] vk'kqrks"k jkjkfodj] fuf[kyk esuu] vfhk"ksd vkpk;z] jtuh jatu] /eszunz dqekj] vkdka{kk vjksm+k] jfc jatu] nhid dqekj nkl],eñ jkgqy] vfhk"ksd vkuan] dfudk okèkoku] lksuy jes'k] [kkbz ys lge] xksjo dfv;kj] uhjt JhokLro] fot; dqekj eku] fj;kt vgen [kku] lyke ';ke lqunj flag] eksñ vkiqrko vkye] izn~;qr dqekj ikbu] ujsunz tsuk] izohu tsu] lqhkk"k pun] jkts'k 'kekz] vfer dqekj dsljokuh] e`r;qatk; dqekj] jaxhr?kks"k] dfiy ikvhnkj] lsõ;n tqosj gqlsu udch] jksfgr ykeck] fl¼kfkz bziu tkwtz] lqrhfkz jk;] lksfe=k pvthz] fln jfourqyk] ve`r vehjkiq],e-vkj- 'kj.k] ikfkz [kjs] ckscu ikwy] xk;=kh x.ks'k] fd'ku 'kkg] rstloh osyk;q/u] vuu;k dksfv;k] mrd"kz ldlsuk] fl¼kfkz gfj] uouhjt 'kekz vksj jksfgr punzka ;g leh{kk ekuuh; foùk ea=kh Jh v:.k tsvyh dh fviif.k;ksa vksj muds }kjk nh xbz tkudkjh ls cgqr ykhkkfuor gqbz gsa ;g leh{kk Jh lqjs'k izhkq] Jh fufru xmdjh] Jh jfo'kadj izlkn] Jh /eszunz iz/ku] Jh ih;w"k xks;y] Jh jk/keksgu lg] Jh izdk'k tkomsdj] Jh vkjñdsñ lg] Jh t;ar flugk rfkk ekuuh; foùk jkt; ea=kh Jh ihñ jkèkk d`".ku vksj Jh f'ko izrki 'kqdy lfgr vu; ekuuh; eaf=k;ksa dh fviif.k;ksa,oa tkudkjh ds fy, mudk ân; ls vkhkkj O;Dr djrh gsa ;g leh{kk Jh lq'khy eksnh] Jh glhc nzkcw] Jh Vhñ,eñ FkkWel,slsd] Jh euh"k fllksfn;k] Jh ;q¼ohj lg efyd] Jh dsyk'k xgyksr] Jh ;quwl [kku] Jh dsñ,yñ iokj rfkk Jh Lora=k nso lg lfgr ekuuh; jkt; ljdkjksa ds eaf=k;ksa ds lq>koksa ls Hkh ykhkkfuor gqbz gsa ;g leh{kk fueufyf[kr vf/dkfj;ksa dh fviif.k;ksa vksj muds }kjk nh xbz tkudkjh ls ykhkkfuor gqbz gs] fo'ks"k :i ls,uñdsñ lg] jktho dqekj] vt; R;kxh] ihñdsñ flugk] u`isunz fej] ihñdsñ fej] gleq[k vf/;k] lqhkk"k] lhñ xxz] vt; ukjk;.k >k] jktho dqekj] vj on esgrk] jktho eg "k] fojy vkpk;z] foosd nscjk;] jes'k punz] iz.kc lsu] Vhñlhñ,ñ vkuan] lqjthr HkYyk] fjfru jk;] v'khek xks;y] jru okry] vferkhk dkar] v:.kk lqanj jktu] lq'khy dqekj] okutk,u ljuk] v:.k dqekj] nqxkz 'kadj fej] izhfr lwnu] ;wñihñ lg] batsvh Jh fuokl] lhñdsñ fej] vejthr flugk] ijes'oju võ;j] jktho u;u pkscs] dfiy nso f=kikbh] 'kkshkuk dsñ ivuk;d] vt; dqekj HkYyk] v:.kk 'kekz] jhrk,ñ fr;ksfr;k] thrsunz 'kadj ekfkqj] vf'ouh yksgkuh] vt; Hkw"k.k ik.ms;] jkthou] dsñtsñ jes'k] vj cn eksnh] xksiky Ñ".k] Vhñvkjñ j?kquanu] ukxs'k lg] vkyksd JhokLro] fot; jk?kou] jke lsod 'kekz] fot; dsydj] okbzñohñ jsm~mh] eksavsd lg vgyqokfy;k] vk;'kj tsñ vgywokfy;k] dsñ,yñ izlkn],avuh fy;kutqyk] jaftrk nqcs] Vhñohñ lkseukfku] izdk'k dqekj],ñ fxfj/j] r:.k ctkt] lhekapy nkl] lksjhk 'kqdy] nsojh eq[kthz] cztsunz uouhr],lñihñ flag ifjgkj] T;ksfrZe; iksn~nkj] vk'kqrks"k 'kekz] vf[ky dqekj] vk'kqrks"k ftany] ;wñdsñ JhokLro] 'ksysunz dqekj fej] dsñihñ d`".ku],eñ,lñ lkgw] uhysunz fej] vkuan >k] vkyksd 'kqdy] vferkhk dqekj] xqytkj uvjktu] Vhñ jkts'ojh] iz'kkar xks;y],lñ lsyodqekj] xksfoun eksgu] latho flugk] vfer eksgu xksfoy] thñmhñ yksgkuh] latho ivtks'kh] dsñohñ izrki] izoh.k xxz] vk'kqrks"k ftany] moz'kh lk/qok.kh] chñdsñ flugk] ;wñ,lñ dqekor] vkjñdsñ tsu] nhikadj lkgk] vuqjk/k fe=kk] jktiky] ihñ laxhr dqekj] ihñvkjñ esjke] uanyky],lñdsñ flugk] ih;w"k dqekj],lñ dsñ frokjh] ;'kohj flag] v:.k dqekj] oanuk vxzoky] O;klu vkjñ] ihñdsñ Lokbu] chñ,uñ izqf"v] osadvje.k vkjñ gsxm+s] js.kqdk dqekj] eksfgr ldlsuk] iyyh dq.mq],pñdsñ jk;] jtuh'k] 'ksysunz 'kekz] lquhy 'kekz] vf'ouh dqekj] efgek] eukst] vkjñ,lñ iz'kkar] ohñ jsxh] jkts'k ck/oku] iou dqekj] ohñ d`".ku] xksiky jeu vk;axj] czã ;kno] f'kokuan ibz] iqyd xqgk rkdqrkz] vjfoan JhokLro] jkgqy ldlsuk] egsunz iqjksfgr] xkxhz vksj izhfr'k dqekj f=kikbh] vkjñ lrh'k] csykspu csgjk] 'kkschunz vdkbz] Lokfr vxzoky] vfhk'kkar iar] fot; dqekj] lqf"kerk nkl xqirk] jkts'k HkkfV;k] izeksn dqekj] MsfoM jlfdugk],lñ izgyknu võ;j] vk'kh"k dqekj] vk'kh"k xqirk] vf'ouh xqirk] lkfjdk] enu] Jhftr dsñohñ] usgk JhokLro] 'ksys'k dqekj fufdrk xxz] vaf'kdk HkVukxj] lq'kkar lwnu] uhjt dqekj 'kekz] lykdk dqtwj] ihñ dsñ JhokLro] ohñ,lñ lgjkor] vjfoan ik.ms;] tsñ iksn~nkj] xk;=kh HkV~Vkpk;Z] lqnhir HkV~Vkpk;Z] foin Hkatu iky] v:.k fo".kq dqekj] dkslrqhk] jktho tsu] lkse;jh frokjh] e/q pkan lkgwa vkffkzd leh{kk Vhe Hkkjr ds mppre U;k;ky;] fnyyh] cecbz] enzkl] dydùkk vksj bykgkckn mpp U;k;ky;ksa] vk;dj vihyh; vf/dj.k (vkbzvh,vh)] jk"vªh; xzhu fvªc;quy (,u-th-vh)] jk"vªh; mihkksdrk fohkkx fuokj.k vk;ksx (,ulhmhvkjlh)] fo qr vihyh; vf/dj.k (,ihvhbz,y)] jk"vªh; daiuh fof/ vihyh; vf/dj.k] (,u-lh-,y-,-vh-)] nwjlapkj fookn fucvku rfkk vihyh; vf/ dj.k (VhMh,l,Vh)] cksf¼d leink vihyh; cksmz (vkbzih,ch)] lhek 'kqyd mrikn 'kqyd,oa lsok dj vihyh; vf/dj.k (lhbz,lvh,vh)] U;k;ewfrZ Mh-ds tsu] U;k;ewfrZ Lora=k dqekj] U;k;ewfrZ jatukizdk'k nslkbz] U;k;ewfrZ,l-ts- eq[kksikè;k;] U;k;ewfrZ f'kodhfrz flag] johunz esfkkuh] th-mh- vxzoky] latho dqekj pkloky lat; ifjgkj] fr#vkj 'kfdrosy] eks- iqbzl vkye [kku] ihoh- x.ksfnokyk] lq[knk eatqenkj] fnus'k dqekj] osnsgh] Mh- dkys rfkk ysfkjke ykmw flag] dk vkhkkj izdv djrh gsa (v)

6 vkffkzd leh{kk Vhe vusd f'k{kkfonksa rfkk izsfdv'kujksa dk Hkh vkhkkj izdv djrh gs] ftuesa ;s 'kkfey gsa% ykmz fudksyl LVuZ] ykmz vm;j VuZj] tks; iqsyeku tflvu lsmaiqj] fno;ka'kh ok/ok] jkds'k cuthz] uanu uhyds.kh] lhek t; paunzu] fjdwa eqjxbz] vfhkthr cuthz],lvj MiQys] izqsfmjxks fxy lsamj] iwue xqirk] iqsfc;kuksa lsfyo;ks dksyckuks] iqsfc;ks lksyk fcvvkj] izrki esgrk] nsos'k diwj] nsos'k jk;] v'kksd xqykvh] nhidnkl xqirk] Hkkuq v#.k ekfkqj] lanhi lq[rkadj] gjh'k nkeksnju],afmª;kl cksj] fudksyl ykmhz] ym~tj 'kqxusp] ekbdsy fiz'dks] jkfuy,e- lyxknks] fuekjftr flag] 'ks[kj 'kkg] jtr drwfj;k] veysunq?kks"k] :De.kh cuthz] ekbdy xzhulvksu] dksvz ts foyeksvz] iqfjgk deky] dsjksfyu Ú;wM] jksfg.kh lkseukfku] ijhf{kr?kks"k] fgeka'kq] iqyd?kks"k] eksleh nkl] dsth ealwjk] vjfoan nrj] euh"k lcjoky] fl¼kfkz vxzoky,y fo'oukfku] ljhu os ] jktho eygks=kk] viwokz tkomsdj],lñ,eñ fot;kuan] ;kfeuh võ;j] fpue; rqecs],eñ,ñ meeu] euksjatu ivuk;d] esgqy xqirk] osadsvukjk;.k,l] f{kfrt c=kk] Lo:i ekeqm+h iqm+h] jkfxuh vkgwtk] jk?koh fo'oukfk] jksgu èkkfjoky] rstloh esykjdksm] o"kkz jko] xksdqy Iykgk] nsonùk eq[kksikè;k;] fuezy esf;w] eqbl Mªkcw] vuq"dk feùky] ifjf/ JhokLro] dju xqirk] ek/o dqekj] veu xqirk] vfrffk izdk'k] fuf[ky vxzoky] izg"kz tksgjs] Js; ivuk;d] n{k vksj muds lg;ksfx;ksa (lw;z izdk'k chñ,lñ] vgen ibku] gjh'k ujliik] Jqfr ukbzd)] lftn fpuk;] vk'kh"k xqirk] uhydab fej] dq'k 'kkg] izkaty Hk.Mkjh] ;kfeuh vkrefoykl] tks MkÅuh] tkd gjhym] fu'kk vxzoky] nso ivsy] pkjyl dsuuh] ukulh csmlky] pkfjvh ewj] feyu os".ko] viwokz tk/o] jfo oekz] 'kf'k/jk] jktsanz HkkfV;k] vkyksd tks'kh] lkse;dkafr?kks"k] Jhdkar fo'oukfku] ekdzl czuusuesj] vouh diwj] f{kfrt c=kk] Jhdkar fo'oukfk] efgiky] fefgj HkkLdj] vi.kkz d`".ku] czt ik.mk] thñ dsñ fd'ku] ekraxh panz'ks[kju] vfuy uk;j] psruk ;ksxs'k oekz] :ikyh?kusdj] fc'kk"kk HkV~Vkpk;Z] fuezyk ckyd`".ku] ohñ jktu] ih;w"k ik.ms;] fczxsfm;j vkjñvkjñ lg (lsokfuo`r)] fcyek ok/ok vksj lkfo=kh nsoha mi;qzdr ds lkfk&lkfk] Hkkjr ljdkj ds fofhkuu ea=kky;ksa] fohkkxksa rfkk laxbuksa us vius&vius {ks=kksa esa egroiw.kz ;ksxnku fn;k gsa vuqjkx vxzoky] vkjñihñ iqjh] nsok'kh"k gy/j] fot; dqekj],uñ Jhfuoklu] vkjñ fot; dqekjh] ohñdsñ izse dqekju] xqjehr Hkkj} kt] iznhi jk.kk] lk/uk 'kekz] T;ksfr cgy] lq'khy 'kekz] euh"k iuokj] lq"kek] equk'kkg] lqjs'k dqekj] vfudsr lg] tks/ lg] iquhr] vkseohj lg] vkjñvkjñ ehuk] lqhkk"k punz] jktdqekj rfkk eq[; vk Fkd lykgdkj ds dk;kzy; rfkk vk Fkd izhkkx ds vu; LVkiQ lnl;ksa }kjk dq'ky iz'kklfud ;ksxnku fn;k x;ka izksñ ohñ,lñ ckxyk] jes'kckcw vf.k;sjh] lqopkz olqnso] rfkk mudh Vhe us bl leh{kk dk fgunh vuqokn dk;z fd;ka gnh Vad.k dk;z okbzñ,lñ jkbksj] ehuk iar] jes'kpunz lqunfj;ky] lat; izlkn }kjk fd;k x;ka leh{kk dk doj i`"b dk fmtkbu tktz fmtkbu dksfpp ds tsdc tktz }kjk fd;k x;k] ftl dk;z esa fouhr dqekj }kjk lg;ksx fn;k x;ka punz izhkq vkiqlsv fiz Vx odlz izkñfyñ uks,mk us bl leh{kk ds vaxzsth o fgunh ikb dk eqnz.k dk;z leiuu fd;ka var esa ge bl leh{kk ds dk;z ls tqm+s lhkh O;fDr;ksa ds ifjokjksa ds izfr vkhkkj O;Dr djrs gsa] ftugksaus bl nksjku /S;Z vksj mnkjrk dk ifjp; rks fn;k gh lkfk gh bl leh{kk dks rs;kj djus esa viuk Hkjiwj lg;ksx,oa izksrlkgu Hkh fn;ka vj on lqczã.;u (eq[; vk Fkd lykgdkj) foùk eaa=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj (vi)

7 izkddfku finys o"kz dh vkffkzd leh{kk ij gqbz izfrfø;k tcjnlr] lq[kn jgh vksj tkfgj gs fd blls gekjh fteesnkjh c<+ xbza O;ogkj&vFkZ'kkL=k ds vuqlkj] euq"; uqdlku ls cpus ij vf/d cy nsrk gs] ctk; mruk gh ykhk izkir djus ija ;fn ;g ckr lp gs rks finys o"kz dh leh{kk ij gqbz izfrfø;k us gesa bl fpark esa Mky fn;k gs fd dgha,slk u gks fd ge ikbdksa dh meehnksa ij [kjs u mrjsaa bl o"kz dh] vksj ekstwnk Vhe dh pksfkh rfkk bl ljdkj ds dk;zdky dh vafre leh{kk djrs gq,,d vksj pquksrh ;g Fkh fd Fkdku ds tksf[ke ls cpk tk,a leh{kk dsls vius n`f"vdks.k esa u;kiu] fo'ys"k.k dh n`<+rk] lkexzh dh izklafxdrk vksj fopkjksa dh rktxh yxkrkj cukdj j[ks\ gekjk HkkX; vpnk gs fd gekjs cpko ds fy, Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk viuh vuar le`f¼ vksj tfvyrk ds lkfk miflfkr gks xbz ftlus vuos"k.k ds fy, ges vlhfer volj fn,a ;g Hkh lkshkkx; dh ckr gs fd finys pkj o"kks± esa vkffkzd uhfr,sls dbz uhfrxr iz;ksxksa ds fy, dm+h ijh{kk jgh gs ftuds fy, le> vksj fo'ys"k.k dh cm+h t:jr gsa ;g Hkh 'kqø gs fd ljdkj esa dk;z dj jgs gekjs lgdehz vkadm+s lk>k djus esa brus fnysj jgs gsa fd muls u, fopkjksa dk vuqlj.k fd;k tk ldk rkfd u, rf; vksj izek.k lkeus vk ldsaa turk dh ekax ij] ge bl o"kz,d gh lkfk [kam 1 vksj 2 izdkf'kr djus dh ijaijk ij okil vk x, gsaa [kam 1 esa fo'ys"k.kkred flagkoyksdu rfkk vksj vf/d vuqla/ku,oa fo'ys"k.kkred lkexzh gksrh gsa [kam 2 esa pkyw foùk o"kz dh vf/d o.kzukred leh{kk gksrh gs ftlesa vfkzo;olfkk ds lhkh {ks=kksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gsa,d O;kid fo"k;&olrq dk lksp&le>dj vuqlj.k fd, fcuk] [kam 1 dk vf/dka'k gekjh lahkor% vf/d nh?kkzof/d pquksfr;ksa ij dsfunzr gsa blfy,] flagkoyksdu vksj th,lvh] fuos'k&cpr esa fxjkov] vksj jktdks"kh; la?kokn,oa tokcnsgh tsls lkef;d izklafxdrk ds vè;k;ksa ds vfrfjdr ikap vè;k;,sls Hkh gsa tks nh?kkzof/d vkffkzd lekfhk:irk] efgyk&iq#"k vlekurk] tyok;q ifjorzu vksj d`f"k] vihyksa vksj U;kf;d izfø;k esa foyac] rfkk fokku vksj izks ksfxdh ls tqm+h pquksfr;ksa ij dsfunzr gsaa finys o"kz dh leh{kk dh rjg gh] bl ckj Hkh vfkzo;olfkk ij jks'kuh Mkyus ds fy, cm+s vkadm+ksa dh [kkst dh xbz gs vksj leh{kk ds ys[kdksa ds fy, rks dqn {k.k mudh vka[kksa ds lkeus ls inkz gvkus ds perdkj ds leku jgs gsaa mnkgj.kkfkz] th,lvh ds dk;kzuo;u ds lkfk dezpkjh Hkfo"; fuf/ laxbu (bzih,iqvks) vksj dezpkjh jkt; chek fuxe (bz,lvkbzlh) ds folr`r u, vkadm+ksa dh miyc/rk us Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk ds ckjs esa iw.kzr%,d u;k n`f"vdks.k fn;k& Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk dk lexz vk/kj ij vksj jkt;okj osnsf'kd vksj vkarfjd O;kikj] dj&tky dk vkdkj vksj forj.k] vksj vuksipkfjd,oa vksipkfjd {ks=k ds Lrj ds laca/ esaa blh izdkj] tyok;q ifjorzu ds lahkkfor izhkko dk fo'ys"k.k djus ds fy, rkieku vksj tyok;q ds laca/ esa LFkkfud :i ls miyc/ fofo/ vkadm+ksa dks blrseky fd;k x;k gsa tulkaf[;dh vksj LokLF; losz{k.k (Mh,p,l) rfkk jk"vªh; ifjokj LokLF; losz{k.k (,u,iq,p,l) ls izkir ifjokj Lrj ds vkadm+s efgykvksa ls tqm+s eqíksa ds fo'ys"k.k dk vk/kj jgs gsaa bl o"kz dh leh{kk ds eq[ki`"b dk jax lhkh egk}hiksa esa O;kIr efgykvksa ds fo:¼ gks jgh fgalk dk var djus ds c<+rs vkanksyu ds lefkzu ds izrhd ds :i eas pquk x;k gsa lekt eas vf/d iq=kksa dh izcy pkg dh lel;k dk lek/ku vksj efgykvksa dks f'k{kk,oa iztuu rfkk vkffkzd {kerk ls ysl djds mudk l'kdrhdj.k vkt Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk ds lkeus xahkhj pquksfr;ksa ds :i esa [km+h gs ftudk o.kzu vè;k; 7 esa fd;k x;k gsa vusd fo'ofo ky; leh{kk dks Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk ls tqm+s ikb~;øeksa ds fy, 'ks{kf.kd lk/u ds :i esa vf/dkf/d viuk jgs gsaa blls izsfjr gksdj] foùk ea=kky; ds vkffkzd izhkkx us ekuo lalk/u fodkl ea=kky; dh enn ls ns'khkj eas fo kffkz;ksa vksj f'k{kdksa ds fy, laiw.kz esflo vksiu vkwuykbu dkslz (,evksvkslh) 'kq: fd;ka vk'kk gs fd bu [kamksa ds ckn Hkh mu ijaijkvksa ij vkxs Hkh dk;z fd;k tk ldsxka ges'kk dh rjg] ge vkffkzd izhkkx ds dezpkfj;ksa ds izfr xgjk vkhkkj O;Dr djrs gsa ftuds HkkxhjFk iz;klksa us bl leh{kk dks rs;kj fd;ka ysfdu mudk vuqla/ku dsoy blfy, lahko gks ldk D;ksafd vusd ljdkjh dezpkfj;ksa us viuk le;] lgk;rk vksj vkadm+s fn,a,d ladsrkred ysfdu laf{kir lwph eas eky vksj lsok dj usvodz (th,lvh,u)_ jktlo] tso fokku] Ñf"k rfkk efgyk vksj cky&fodkl fohkkx_ Hkkjrh; eksle fokku fohkkx (vkbz,emh)_ bzih,iqvks_ bz,lvkbzlh_ fofhkuu vkffkzd vihyh; vf/dj.k_ dsanzh; mrikn vksj lhek&'kqyd cksmz (lhchbzlh)_ dsanzh; izr;{k dj cksmz (lhchmhvh)_ Hkkjrh; LVsV csad vksj jk"vªh; izfrn'kz losz{k.k dk;kzy; (,u,l,lvks) ds lgdehz Hkh 'kkfey gsaa (vii)

8 bl leh{kk eas mrlkg vksj ibuh;rk dk esy djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gsa ;g,slh pquksrh gs tks mruh gh dfbu gksrh tkrh gs] ftruh vkt ds ;qx esa ge viuh,dkxzrk dks [kks jgs gsa (NksVs&eksVs v[kckjh vksj V~foVj lans'kksa ds vknh gksus ds pyrs)a bl leh{kk dk mn~ns'; ges'kk ls fooj.kksa dks feykdj] u, vkadm+ksa ds l`tu] xgu vuqla/ku vksj fopkjksùkstd uhfrxr rdks± dks feykdj ;ksxnkuksa dk,d laxzg rs;kj djuk jgk gsa vfkzo;olfkk ds laca/ esa th,lvh ds tfj, feys iw.kzr%,d u, ifjizs{; ds vykok] bl leh{kk esa ppkz fd, x, dqn iz'u bl izdkj gsa% D;k ge nwljs ns'kksa ds vuqhko dks le>dj vius ns'k esa fuos'k esa gks jgh ekstwnk fxjkov dks 'kh?kz iyv ldrs gsa\ D;k ljdkj ds nwljs vksj rhljs fv;j izr;{k dj dk laxzg.k dj ldrs gsa ftlds fy, mugsa 'kfdr iznku dh xbz gs] vksj ;fn ugha] rks bldk D;k vfkz gs\ fyax laca/h eqn~nksa ij] D;k gesa vafre larku ds fyax vuqikr ij è;ku dsfunzr djuk pkfg,\ fdu flfkfr;ksa esa vksj fdl gn rd vksj dgka] d`f"k ij tyok;q ifjorzu dk izhkko lcls vf/d eglwl fd;k tk,xk\ D;k Hkkjr dh vkffkzd nksm+ esa vkxs vkus dh pkj n'kd yach] xfr'khy izfø;k esa dksbz vojks/ gksxk\ D;k ljdkj vksj U;k;ikfydk dks 'kfdr;ksa ds lgdkjh i`fkddj.k ij lger gks tkuk pkfg,] tslkfd dsunz vksj jkt; dkjksckj djus dh flfkfr esa lq/kj ykus ds fy, lgdkjh la?kokn ds :i esa djrs gsaa D;k Hkkjr esa fo'o ds 'kh"kz Kku ltzdksa dh Js.kh esa ykus ds fy, vusd fokku vksj izks ksfxdh fe'ku gksus pkfg,\,sls iz;kl ls tqm+h vusd pquksfr;ksa ds vfrjdr] bl leh{kk ds lhkh ys[kdksa dks iqjkusiu ds [krjksa ls Hkh lko/ku jguk pkfg, tslkfd Vh-,l-,fy,V us dgk Fkk% ^^D;ksafd finys o"kz ds 'kcn finys o"kz dh Hkk"kk ds FksA vksj vc vxys o"kz ds 'kcnksa dks ubz vkokt pkfg,**a vjfoan lqczã.;u (eq[; vkffkzd lykgdkj) foùk ea=kky; Hkkjr ljdkj (viii)

9 ladsrk{kj 3,e,e,,,okbZ,jk,e,,lbZ,,u,,lbZvkj,Vh,aMlh chlh,e chbz chihlh,y chvkjvkbzlh,l lh,,,am, lh,mh lh,th lh,thvkj lhchvkj lh,iqihvkbz lhth, lhth,lvh lhvkbzlh lhvkbzvkjih lh,y,l,l lhvkslh lhvksih lhihvkbz lhihvkbz(,,y) lhihvkbz(lh) lhih,lbz 3 ekg py vkslr var;ksn; vuu ;kstuk vfrfjdr lalk/u tqvkuk nf{k.k iwohz,f'k;kbz jk"vª la?k f'k{kk fjiksvz dh okf"kzd miflfkfr dqy rduhdh vksj okf.kft;d fcfy;u D;wfcd ehvj ctv vuqeku Hkkjr isvªksfy;e fuxe fyfevsm czkthy] :l] Hkkjr] phu vksj nf{k.k vizqhdk lgk;rk ys[kk vksj ys[kk ijh{kk fu;a=kd pkyw [kkrk?kkvk Hkkjr ds egkys[kk fu;a=kd la;qdr okf"kzd o`f¼ nj d`f"k tsfod lalk/u mihkksdrk [kk ewy; lwpdkad ys[kk egkfu;a=kd dsunzh; olrq vksj lsok dj ifjpyu esa eqnzk dkjiksjsv Í.k 'kks/u v{kerk ladyi izfø;k Í.k lac¼ lfclmh Ldhe Í.knkrkvksa dh lfefr nyksa dk leesyu mihkksdrk ewy; lwpdkad mihkksdrk ewy; lwpdkad (d`f"k Jfed) mihkksdrk ewy; lwpdkad (la;qdr) dsunzh; ljdkjh {ks=k m e lhihvkbz(vkbzmcy;w) mihkksdrk ewy; lwpdkad (vks ksfxd dkexkj) lhihvkbz(vkj,y) lhvkj,vkj lh,l, lh,lvks lhvh, lhoh lhmcy;wih M,,yokbZ,l Mh,vkjvkbZ MhchVh MhchVh,y mihkksdrk ewy; lwpdkad (xzkeh.k Jfed) tksf[ke&hkkfjr vkflr vuqikr esa iwath tyok;q LekVZ d`f"k dsunzh; lkaf[;dh dk;kzy; lhek 'kqyd vf/fu;e?kv&c<+ dk lg&laca/ turk ds ikl eqnzk v'kdrrk lek;ksftr thor o"kz d`f"k vuqla/ku vksj f'k{kk fohkkx izr;{k ykhk varj.k,yihth dk izr;{k ykhk varj.k MhMh, nksgk fodkl dk;zlwph MhthlhvkbZ,aM,l okf.kft;d vklwpuk vksj lkaf[;dh egkfuns'kky; Mhth,iQVh MhvkbZih,,e MhvkbZihih MhvkbZ,llhvks,e,l Mh,lvkbZvkj MhVh, bzchvkjmh bz,iqvh, bzvkbzch bz&,u,,e bzihlhth bzvkj,am Mh bzvh,iq bz;w bzmcy;wvkj,l,iq,vks,iqlh,iqlhvkbz,iqmhvkbz,iqbzbz,l,iq,iqihvkbz,iqvkbzvkbz,iqvkbzihch,iqvh,,l,iqvhih,iqokbz thlh, thlhlh thlhlh, thlh,iq thmhih th,iqlhbz th,iqlh,iq thvkbzvkbz th,uvkbz th,uih, thihvkbz fons'k O;kikj egkfuns'kky; fuos'k,oa yksd vkflr izca/u fohkkx vks ksfxd uhfr vksj lao/zu fohkkx laforj.k deiuh fokku o vks ksfxd vuqla/ku fohkkx?kjsyw VSfjiQ {ks=k ;wjksih; iqufuzek.k vksj fodkl csad ;wjksih; eqdr O;kikj la?k ;wjksih; fuos'k csad bysdvªksfud jk"vªh; d`f"k ckt+kj iwath olrq laca/h fu;kzr lao/zu baftfu;fjax vuqla/ku vksj fodkl fofue; O;kikfjr fuf/ ;wjksih; la?k fuokzfpr efgyk izfrfuf/ [kk vksj d`f"k laxbu foùkh; Í.knkrk Hkkjrh; [kk fuxe fons'kh izr;{k fuos'k fons'kh fofue; vtzu,iq,vks [kk ewy; lwpadkd fons'kh lalfkkxr fuos'kd fons'kh fuos'k lao/zu cksmz fons'kh i;vzd igqap fons'k O;kikj uhfr foùk o"kz ldy iqly {ks=k xyiq lg;ksx ifj"kn iawth vkflr;ksa dk l`tu gsrq vuqnku ldy iwath fuekz.k ldy?kjsyw mrikn ljdkjh vafre mihkksx O;; ldy fu;r iwath fuekz.k osf'od uoksues"k lwpdkad ldy jk"vªh; vk; ldy xsj&fu"iknu vfxze fyax lekurk lwpdkad (ix)

10 th,lmhih ldy jkt;?kjsyw mrikn th,lvh olrq vksj lsokdj th,loh, ldy jkt; ewy; o/zu thvh ldy Vu thoh, ldy ewy; o/zu thmcy;w xhxkokv~,p,iqlh,l vkokl foùk deiuh,p,iqlh,l gkbmªksýyksjksdkczu,pihlh,y fgunqlrku isvªksfy;e fuxe fyfevsm,pihvkbz vkokl ewy; lwpdkad,pokbzoh,l vf/d mit okyh fdle vkbzchlh v'kks/u v{kerk vksj fnokfy;kiu lafgrk vkbzlh,vkj Hkkjrh; Ñf"k vuqla/ku ifj"kn~ vkbzth,l varjjk"vªh; Hkw&LVs'ku vkbzth,lvh,dhñr olrq vksj lsok dj vkbz,e,iq varjjk"vªh; eqnzk dks"k vkbzihvks bafm;u isvsav vkwfiql vkbzihih cksf¼d leink mrikn vkbzihvkj cksf¼d leink vf/dkj vkbzih;w varj&lalnh; la?k vkbzvkj,l Hkkjrh; lqnwj laosnu vkbz,l,l C;kt jktlgk;rk ;kstuk vkbzvh&chih,e lwpuk izks ksfxdh&dkjksckj izfø;k izca/ vkbzvhlh buiqv dj Í.k dslhlh fdlku Í.k i=k dsmcy;w,p fdyksokv?kavk,y,,iq udnh lek;kstu lqfo/k,ybzch tue thou izr;k'kk,ybzmh izdk'k&ldanu }foifkh,ybzvks fueu Hkw&d{k,y,iQihvkj Je cy Hkkxhnkjh nj,yvkbzlh Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe,yihth nzfor isvªksfy;e xsl,yihvkbz lahkkfjdh fu"iknu MhMCY;w,l is;ty,oa LoPNrk LokLF;,oa ifjokj dy;k.k ihvkj iapk;rh jkt ea=kky;,e0 fjt+oz eqnzk,e3 LFkwy eqnzk,elh11 X;kjgoha fefuflvª;y dkwuúsal,emhth,l lglzkcnh fodkl y{;,ebzvkbz,l Hkkjr ;kstuk ls i.; fu;kzr,ebzih,evkbzth,evkbzih,e,y,,l,e,evkj,e,evh,e,evhih,,e,ubz,l,evksbz,iqlhlh,eihlh,e,l,iq,e,l,ebz,e,lih,e,l,l,evh,emcy;w,u,ch,vkjmh,u,vkjbzmhlhvks,u,,l,uch,iqlh,uch,iqlh,l,ulhmh,l,ulh,yvh,ulhvh,ulhmcy;w,umhvh,y,u,iqlh,u,iq,l,,u,p,,u,pch,u,pmhih,uvkbzlhvkj,,uvkbzvhvkbz,uih,,u,lmhlh,u,l,lvks vksmh,iq vks,e,l,l vksvksihbz ih2ih ih, ihmh,l U;wure fu;kzr dher eè; vk; lewg U;wure vk;kr ewy; fu;kzr lhkkvksa dk lnl; ekr`ro e`r;q nj fefy;u fefvªd Vu fefy;u fefvªd Vu izfr o"kz fofuekz.k cgqjk"vªh; m e i;kzoj.k] ou vksj tyok;q ifjorzu ea=kky; eksfnzd uhfr lfefr lhekar LFkk;h lqfo/k lw{e] y?kq vksj e>ksys m e U;wure lefkzu ewy; cktkj flfkjhdj.k ;kstuk fefvªd Vu esxkokv jk"vªh; Ñf"k vksj xzkeh.k fodkl csad jk"vªh; oklrfod leink fodkl ifj"kn~ jk"vªh; ys[kk lkaf[;dh xsj&csa dx foùkh; daiuh xsj&csa dx foùkh; daiuh vifjorzuh; Í.k i=k jk"vªh; daiuh fof/ vf/dj.k jk"vªh; iwath {ks=k jk"vªh; efgyk vk;ksx fuoy ekax vksj le; ns;rk,a [kk fhkuu Í.k jk"vªh; [kk lqj{kk vf/fu;e jk"vªh; LokLF; ys[kk jk"vªh; vkokl csad jk"vªh; jktekxz fodkl ifj;kstuk jk"vªh; tyok;q yphyk d`f"k uoksues"k jk"vªh; Hkkjr ifjorzu lalfkku xsj&fu"iknu vkflr;ka jk"vªh; dks'ky fodkl ifj"kn~ jk"vªh; uewuk losz{k.k dk;kzy; [kqys esa 'kksp eqdr [kqyk cktkj fcøh ;kstuk fd;k x;k iqqvdj [kpz ih;j Vw ih;j vuafre oklrfod lkoztfud forj.k iz.kkyh (x)

11 ihbz futh bfdovh,l,l, loz f'k{kk vfhk;ku ih,iqlhbz futh vafre mihkksx O;;,l;w;wVhvkbZ Hkkjr fof'k"v fudk; U;kl m?ke ih,y os;fdrd Í.k Vh,,u dj dvksrh [kkrk la[;k ih,e,okbz iz/ku ea=kh vkokl ;kstuk Vhch jktdks"kh; gqamh ih,e,iqchokbz iz/ku ea=kh iqly chek ;kstuk VhihMh,l yf{kr yksd forj.k iz.kkyh ih,evkbz Ø; esustj lwpdkad Vhvkj,vkbZ Hkkjr nwjlapkj fofu;ked izkf/dj.k ih,eds,lokbz iz/ku ea=kh Ñf"k lpkbz ;kstuk ;wmh,okbz mttoy fmldkwe vk'oklu ;kstuk ihvks,y isvªksfy;e rsy vksj Lusgd ;wmhvkbz,lb f'k{kk gsrq,dhd`r ftyk lwpuk iz.kkyh ihvks,l Ø; LFkku ;w,ych,l 'kgjh LFkkuh; fudk; ihihvkbz mrikn ewy; lwpdkad ;w,u la;qdr jk"vª ihvkjvkbz,l iapk;rh jkt lalfkku ;w,ulhvh,mh la;qdr jk"vª O;kikj vksj fodkl leesyu ih,lch ljdkjh {ks=k csad ;w,umhih la;qdr jk"vª fodkl dk;zøe ih,lch,l ih,lbz ih,l,iq ihvhvkj ihohch D;w,iQvkbZ vkj,.m Mh vkjchvkbz vkjb vkjbvkbzvh,l ljdkjh {ks=k csad ljdkjh {ks=k m e ewy; flfkjhdj.k fuf/ Nk=k&f'k{kd vuqikr futh {ks=k csad vgzd fons'kh fuos'kd vuqla/ku vksj fodkl Hkkjrh; fjtoz csad la'kksf/r vuqeku oklrfod leink fuos'k U;kl ;w,ub,llhvks ;w,lmh ;w,lth,l ;wvh,l ohth,iq ohvkjvkj MCY;w,lhvkj MCY;wihvkbZ MCY;wVhvks la;qdr jk"vª 'ksf{kd] oskkfud vksj lkald`frd laxbu la;qdr jk"vª Mkyj la;qdr jk"vª HkwxHkhZ; losz la?k jk"vª {ks=k O;ogk;Zrk varj fof/;u fhkuurk izfrlfkkiu nj Hkkfjr vkslr ekax nj [kqnjk ewy; lwpdkad fo'o O;kikj laxbu vkjthvkbz Hkkjr ds egkjftlvªkj vkj,e,l, jk"vªh; ekè;fed f'k{kk vfhk;ku vkjvks, vkflr;ksa ij ykhk vkjvksb bfdovh ij ykhk vkjvkjch,l {ks=kh; xzkeh.k csad vkjvkjvkj fjtoz jsiks nj vkj,l, iqul±jpuk ekud vfxze vkjvhvkbz f'k{kk dk vf/dkj,l, rukoxzlr tksf[keiw.kz vfxze,lch,e(th) LoPN Hkkjr fe'ku (xzkeh.k),llhch vuqlwfpr okf.kft;d csad,lmhth /kj.kh; fodkl y{;,lmhth,l /kj.kh; fodkl y{;ksa,lmhvkj fo'ks"k vkgj.k vf/dkj,lbchvkbz Hkkjr izfrhkwfr vksj fofue; cksmz,lbvkbz,l Hkkjr lsok fu;kzr ;kstuk,lth,lvh jkt; olrq vksj lsok dj,l,pth LO;a lgk;rk lewg,l,yvkj lkafof/d udnh vuqikr,lvkjvkj cht izfrlfkkiu nj (xi)

12

13 Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk ij nl u, rf; 1- iathd`r vizr;{k vksj izr;{k djnkrkvksa esa Hkkjh o`f¼ gqbz gsa µ th,lvh i¼fr iwoz (fp=k 1d) dh rqyukk esa th,lvh ds varxzr fof'k"v vizr;{k djnkrkvksa esa 50 izfr'kr o`f¼a µ blh izdkj ls] uoecj] 2016 rd (fp=k 1[k) O;fDrxr vk;dj iqkby djus okys O;fDr;ksa esa yxhkx 1-8 fefy;u dh o`f¼ (#>ku o`f¼ ls vf/d) jgh gsa fp=k 1d fp=k 1[k In Million Additional 1.8 million taxpayers added post-novemeber 2016 Registratns in million New Unique GST Registrants Old Unique Registrants 0 Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov vksipkfjd d`f"krj Hkqxrku fpv~bk fo'okl ls dgha T;knk gs µ lkekftd lqj{kk (bzih,iqvks@bz,lvkbzlh) mica/ ds lanhkz esa vksipkfjdrk dks ifjhkkf"kr fd, tkus ij 30 izfr'kr ls vf/d_ µ th,lvh ds nk;js esa vkus ds lanhkz esa ifjhkkf"kr fd, tkus ij 50 izfr'kr ls vf/da % of Non-farm employment (LHS) Employees (crore, RHS) % of Non-farm employment Employee in crore Defined by Social Security Defined by Tax Net 0

14 xiv vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 3- jkt;ksa dh le`f¼ muds varjjk"vªh; vksj varj&jkt;h; O;kikj ls lg&lacaf/r gksrh gsa tks jkt; varjjk"vªh; rksj ij vf/d fu;kzr djrs gsa vksj nwljs jkt;ksa ds lkfk vf/d O;kikj djrs gsa] muds vis{kkd`r vf/d /uh gksus dh lahkkouk gksrh gsa fdarq ;g lg&laca/ le`f¼ vksj varjjk"vªh; O;kikj ds eè; vf/d etcwr gksrk gsa varjjk Vªh; fu;kzr vksj jkt;ksa dh le`f¼ izfr O;fDr th,lmhih esa Ln GSDP Per Capita KE PUN WE AP CG RJ OD JH MP TN HR MH KA TE GJ Ln GSDP Per Capita MH KE KA GJ TN TE PUN WE AP CG RJ OD JH MP HR 10.5 UP correlation=0.70 BH Export to GSDP 10.5 UP correlation=0.49 BH X+M to GSDP 4- Hkkjr dk lqn`<+ fu;kzr <+kapk vu; cm+s ns'kksa ls dkiqh vf/d lerkoknh gsa 'kh"kz 1 izfr'kr Hkkjrh; iqeks± dk ys[kk&tks[kk fu;kzrksa dk 38 izfr'kr gs] vu; lhkh jk"vªksa esa bldk Hkkx dkiqh vf/d (czkthy] tezuh] esfdldks vksj ;w,l, easa Øe'k% 72] 68] 67 vksj 55 izfr'kr) gsa vksj 'kh"kz 5 izfr'kr] 10 izfr'kr vksj blh izdkj ls vu; ds fy, ;g lgh gsa Share in Exports USA India Brazil Mexico Germany 0 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% Percent of Firms

15 Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk ij nl u, rf; xv 5- dim+k izksrlkgu isdst ls jsmhesm xkjesavks dk fu;kzr lao/zu o"kz 2016 esa?kksf"kr vurfuzfgr jkt; djksa (vkjvks,l,y) ls jkgr ls jsmhesm xkjesavksa (ysfdu vu; ugha) esa 16 izfr'kr dh o`f¼ gqbza 130 Announcement of package Notification Disbursement Other Ready-Made Garments Ready-made Garments: Manmade Fibres Other Manufactured Goods Other Labour Intensive Jun-15 Jul-15 Aug-15 Sep-15 Oct-15 Nov-15 Dec-15 Jan-16 Feb-16 Mar-16 Apr-16 May-16 Jun-16 Jul-16 Aug-16 Sep-16 Oct-16 Nov-16 Dec-16 Jan-17 Feb-17 Mar-17 Apr-17 May-17 Jun-17 Jul-17 Aug-17 Sep Hkkjrh; lekt dh iq=k pkgr dh izcy Hkkouk ekrk&firk rc rd cpps isnk djrs jgrs gsa tc rd fd mugsa okafnr iq=kksa dh izkfir ugha gks tkrha bl rjg dh iztuu {kerk&lvkfiax :y ls fyaxkuqikr xyr fn'kk esa eqm+ tkrk gs%& ;fn ;g vafre cppk gs rks ;g iq#"kksa ds i{k esa eqm+ tkrk gs ijurq ;fn ;g vafre ugha gs (Hkkjr laca/h 'khs"kzlfk nks isuy ns[ksa) rks ;g L=kh ds i{k esa tk,xk tgka,slk iztuu {kerk&lvkfiax :y ugha gs ogka vuqikr larqfyr cuk jgrk gs Hkys gh cppk vafre gs vfkok ugha (bamksusf'k;k ds fupys isuy ns[ksa)a tue ij fyaxkuqikr tc cppk vafre ugha gs (2015&16) tue ij fyaxkuqikr tc cppk vafre gsa 1.80 India 1.82 India Ideal SRB= st Child 2nd Child 3rd Child 4th Child 5th Child 1st Child 2nd Child 3rd Child 4th Child 5th Child 1.80 Indonesia Indonesia Ideal SRB= st Child 2nd Child 3rd Child 4th Child 5th Child 1st Child 2nd Child 3rd Child 4th Child 5th Child

16 xvi vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 7- dj {ks=k esa vr;f/d eqdnesckth ls cpk tk ldrk gs ftlesa ljdkj dkjzokbz djds deh yk ldrh gsa dj fohkkx esa fifv'ku dh nj cgqr Åaph gs blds ckotwn eqdnesckth esa thr dh nj cgqr de vksj Hkh de gksrh tk jgh gs (30 izfr'kr ls Hkh de)a & fgr ewy; ds 56 izfr'kr ekeyksa esa ls dsoy 2 izfr'kr_ & fgr ewy; dk 1-8 izfr'kr ds fy, yxhkx 66 izfr'kr ekeys yafcr (izr;sd 10 yk[k #i, ls de)a dj fohkkx laca/h ihfv'ku nj vksj liqyrk nj ekpz 2017 Direct Tax Cases Indirect Tax Cases vuafre vuqeku Court Success Rate Petition Rate Success Rate Petition Rate Supreme Court 27% 87% 11% 63% High Courts 13% 83% 46% 39% ITAT/CESTAT 27%* 88%* 12% 20% 8- cpr dks c<+kok nsus ls vf/d egroiw.kz fuos'k esa ubz tku iqwaduk vksj c<+kok nsuk vf/d egroiw.kz gs iwjs ns'k ds vuqhkoksa ls ;g ckr irk pyrh gs fd fuos'k ds de gksus ds ckn fodkl dh xfr /heh gqbz gs ijurq ;g t:jh ugha gs fd bl /heh xfr dk dkj.k cpr gsa fuos'k esa ifjorzu vksj fodkl esa ifjorzu cpr esa ifjorzu vksj fodkl esa ifjorzu Change in growth (T-3, T+3) Tha96 Mly97 Cam80 Mad09 Jor82 Mau81 Cos82 Pan77 Mlw95 Tan95 Cyp82 Cot81 Dom90 Mor84 Sin99 Ind13 Bol01 Isr84 Jam75 Sou84 Gha06 Mau95 Pak10 Jor96 Per83 Cam89 Sri84 Sri01 Mau12 Hon09 Bra82 Per99 Sin85Zim96 Cyp10 Egy90 Per89 Tun85 Arg79 Sou91 Col98 Egy11 Isr75 Bol80 Moz03 Pan83 Dom02 Mal98 Hon81 Mal11Gua08 Isr0 Mlw10 Pan00 Jam07 Par98 Moz91 Chl98 Kor97 Mly84 Chn88 Tur98 Zim76 Gua81 Mlw80 Arg00 Uru82 Mex82 Phi83 Arg88 Sie13 Nic77 El 79 Idn Average change in Investment Change in growth (T-3, T+3) Per84 Cot78 Cos83 Mex88 Ken94 Bra93 Chl10 Par06 Tha98 Kor00 Bol84 Sin99 Mau03 Idn93 Jam75 Ken78 Cot86 Bol13 Mor93 Pak05 Bra90 Cam07 Col91 Cyp06 Mor11 Mly80 Chn98 Hon98 Dom84 Arg79 Sin85 Tun10 Pan75 Phi81 Pan83 Hon81 Per13 Ind11 Zim00 Pan00 Sou89 Jam94 Gua79 Mly08 Cyp90 Chl97 Sou81 Arg08 Mlw79 Cam Average change in Saving

17 Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk ij nl u, rf; xvii 9- Hkkjrh; jkt;ksa vksj LFkkuh; ljdkjksa }kjk futh izr;{k dj laxzg vu; la?kh; ns'kksa esa muds led{k djksa ds laxzg ls dkiqh de gsa ;g fgllk mudh oklrfod izr;{k djk/ku 'kfdr;ksa dh vis{kk de gsa dqy jktlo esa izr;{k dj% jkt; vksj LFkkuh; ljdkj (izfr'kr esa) 50.0 Direct Tax/Total Revenue: States 30.0 Direct Tax/Total Revenue: Local Governments Brazil Germany India India ULGs Brazil Germany India RLGs 10- tyok;q ifjorzu dk iqqvfizuv Li"V gs vksj pje eksle ls d`f"k mitksa ij izfrdwy izhkko im+rk gsa µ eksle ds izhkko dk vuqhko dsoy vr;f/d rkieku o`f¼ vksj o"kkz dh deh ls gh fd;k tkrk gsa µ ;g izhkko flafpr {ks=kksa dh vis{kk xsj&flafpr {ks=kksa esa nqxuk vf/d gksrk gsa rkieku ifjorzuksa dk (o"kz 2005&2015 ds vkslr vksj 1950&1980 ds vkslr ds eè; fmxzh lsfyl;l ifjorzu) rkieku fmlkby ds vuqlkj rkieku ifjorzuksa dk d`f"k mit ij izhkko ([kjhiq izfr'kr) 8% 6% 4% Unirrigated Areas Irrigated Areas 2% 0% -2% -4% Deciles of Temperature Distribution -6% -8% -10% -12% Cooler Warmer

18

19 vfkzo;olfkk dh flfkfr% fo'ys"k.kkred flagkoyksdu vksj uhfrxr lahkkouk,a 01 vè;k; tks vo';ahkkoh gs] og rks dhkh gksrk ugha_ gksrk ges'kk ogh gs tks dhkh lskpk ugha_ tkwu esumz dhut foxr o"kz ds nksjku cm+s lq/kj gq, FksA ;qxkurdkjh ifjorzu ykus okyk eky vksj lsok dj (th,lvh) 1 tqykbz] 2017 dh eè;jkf=k dks ykxw fd;k x;k Fkk vksj nh?kzdky ls cuh gqbz nksgjh rqyu&i=k (Vhch,l) dh lel;k dk lek/ku n`<+rkiwozd fd;k x;k Fkk ftlesa cm+h rukoxzlr daifu;ksa dks ubz Hkkjrh; fnokfy;kiu lafgrk ds v/hu lek/ku djus ds fy, lans'k fn;k x;k Fkk vksj ljdkjh {ks=k ds csadksa dks etcwr djus ds fy, cm+k iquiwzthdj.k isdst ykxw fd;k x;k FkkA bu mik;ksa ds ifj.kkelo:i igys dh xbz dqn uhfrxr dkjzokbz ds izhkkoksa ds dkj.k rfkk osf'od vfkzo;olfkk ds mrfkku ls fu;kzr esa gqbz lao`f¼ ds lkfk&lkfk o"kz dh nwljh Nekgh esa vfkzo;olfkk dh vkxs c<+us dh xfr izkjehk gks xbza blds dkj.k iwjs o"kz esa oklrfod thmhih o`f¼ 6¾ izfr'kr rfkk o"kz 2018&19 esa 7&7½ izfr'kr rd c<+uh pkfg, ftlls fo'o dh lokzf/d rsy xfr ls c<+rh gqbz cm+h vfkzo;olfkk ds :i esa Hkkjr dk iquzlfkkiu gksxka mhkjrh gqbz LFkwy vkffkzd fparkvksa ds fo:¼ vkxkeh o"kz esa uhfr laca/h lrdzrk vko';d gksxh] fo'ks"k:i ls] varjkz"vªh; rsy dh dhersa Åaps Lrj ij cuh jgs vksj c<+h gqbz LVkWd dh dhersa vpkud uhps vk,a] ftlls iwath izokg esa ^^vkdfled xfrjks/** vk ldrk gsa ifj.kkelo:i vxys o"kz gsrq dbz dk;z gsa% th,lvh dk iw.kzr% flfkjhdj.k] Vhch,l ds dk;ks± dk iwjk fd;k tkuk],;j bafm;k dk futhdj.k vksj o`gr&vkffkzd LFkkf;Ro dh pquksfr;ksa dk lek/kua nh?kzdkfyd ^^fudkl** dh lel;k dks nwj djus gsrq è;ku nsus ;ksx; ;g gs fd Vhch,l ds dk;ks± eas vykhkdkjh csadksa dks de djus vksj cm+s futh {ks=k dh lghkkfxrk ds fy, vfrfjdr lq/kj dh vko';drk gsa th,lvh ifj"kn vu; vusd uhfrxr lq/kjksa dks ykxw djus ds fy, lgdkjh la?kokn dh ekwmy ^^izks ksfxdh** dh is'kd'k djrh gsa eè;kof/ esa] rhu uhfrxr pquksfr;ka ekstwn gsa% ;Fkk jkstxkj% ;qokvksa vksj c<+rs dk;zcy fo'ks"kdj efgykvksa ds fy, i;kzir jkstxkj miyc/ djkuka f'k{kk% f'kf{kr vksj LoLF; Jecy dk l`tu djuka Ñf"k% Ñf"k {ks=k dk lqn`<+hdj.k djrs gq, Ñf"k mrikndrk dks c<+kuka la{ksi esa] nks la/kj.kh; dkjdksaµfuth fuos'k vksj fu;kzr ds cy ij Rofjr vkffkzd o`f¼ ds fy, Hkkjr vius ekgksy ds lq/kj dk tkjh j[ksa flagkoyksdu% vyikof/d lanhkz esa 1-1 foxr o"kz esa okdbz dqn cm+s lq/kj fd, x,a ;qxkarjdkjh ifjorzu ykus okyk eky vksj lsok dj (th,lvh) tqykbz 2017 esa ykxw fd;k x;ka brus cm+s isekus] dk;z{ks=k vksj tfvyrk okys uhfrxr ifjorzu ds pyrs] blesa vk'p;z ugha fd bl cnyko ds dkj.k uhfrxr] dkuwuh vksj lwpuk izks ksfxdh dh iz.kkyh ls tqm+h pquksfr;ka lkeus vkbza ftuls vlaxfbr {ks=k fo'ks"kdj izhkkfor gqvka njksa dks ;qfdrlaxr cukus vksj mugsa de djus rfkk vuqikyu ds cks> dks?kvkus ds fy, rrdky dkjzokbz dh xbza 1-2 nksgjs rqyui=k (Vhch,l) dh pquksrh] tks fuf'pr :i ls Hkkjr dh fodkl lahkkoukvksa esa lsa/ yxk jgh ckè;dkjh vm+pu gs] dk lek/ku djus ds fy, fu.kkz;d dkjzokbz dh xbza Vhch,l ds pkj izeq[k?kvdksa&igpku] lek/ku] iquiw±thdj.k vksj lq/kj&esa igpku ds?kvd dks vksj vkxs c<+k;k x;k tcfd vu; nks?kvdksa dk lek/ku djus ds fy, cm+s mik; fd, x,a ubz Hkkjrh; fnokfy;kiu lafgrk (ckbzchlh) esa,d,sls lek/ku ra=k dh O;oLFkk dh xbz gs ftlls dkjiksjsvksa dks vius rqyui=k Bhd djus rfkk vius ½.kksa dks de djus esa enn feysxh vksj,d vu; egroiw.kz mik; ds :i esa

20 2 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 fp=k 1 nks vkflr;ka] nks lans'k G-sec BSE Sensex (RHS) 36,000 32, , , May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan-18 20,000 lzksr% leh{kk ifjdyu] CywecxZ ljdkj us ljdkjh {ks=k ds csadksa ds rqyui=kksa dks etcwr cukus ds fy,,d cm+s iquiw±thdj.k isdst (thmhih dk yxhkx 1-2 izfr'kr) dh?kks"k.kk dh gsa tsls&tsls ;s nks lq/kj viuh idm+ etcwr djsaxs] osls&osls iqes± vkf[kjdkj fuos'k djuk 'kq: dj ldsaxh vksj csad mugsa volajpuk,oa fofuekz.k ds egroiw.kz] HkkjxzLr {ks=kksa esa m/kj ns ldsaxsa 1-3 bl o"kz c`gr vkffkzd?kvukøe ifjorzu'khy jgk gsa igyh Nekgh esa] Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk vlfkk;h rksj ij ^^fo;ksftr** gks xbz] ftlds pyrs etcwr c`gr vkffkzd cqfu;knh fl¼karksa ds lkfk izeq[k ns'kksa ds chp nwljk lcls vpnk izn'kzu djus okyk ns'k gksus ds ckotwn] bldh vfkzo;olfkk dh lao`f¼ nj esa fxjkov gks xbz tcfd 'ks"k fo'o dh lao`f¼ nj c<+rh jgha bldk dkj.k,slh dkjzokb;ksa esa fufgr Fkk ftuls vfkzo;olfkk dks >d>ksj fn;k% uksvcanh] u, eky vksj lsokdj esa 'kq#vkrh eqf'dysa] Åaph vksj c<+rh oklrfd C;kt njsa] Vhch,l pquksrh dk xgu izhkko vksj dqn [kk olrqvksa dh dherksa esa rsth ls gqbz fxjkov ftlls d`f"k vk; ij vlj im+ka 1-4 o"kz ds mùkjk/z esa] tsls&tsls bu /Ddksa dk vlj de gksuk 'kq: gqvk] oklrfod vfkzo;olfkk esa iqu:¼kj ds mrlkgo/zd ladsr ns[ks x,] lq/kjkred dkjzokbz dh xbz] vksj lkfk&lkfk pyrh osf'od vkffkzd iqu:¼kj dh izfø;k us fu;kzrksa dks c<+kok fn;ka dkjksckj ds ekgksy esa lq/kj ykus ds fy, dh xbz lap;h dkjzokb;ksa ds ifj.kkelo:i] Hkkjr fo'o csad dh bzt+ vkwiq Mwbax fctusl dh jsafdax esa 30 LFkku Åij c<+ vk;k] tcfd fons'kh izr;{k fuos'k (,iqmhvkbz) ra=k dks mnkj cukus ds fy, dh xbz,slh gh dkjzokbz ds dkj.k vkxe esa 20 izfr'kr dh o`f¼ gqbza lkfk gh lap;h uhfrxr fjdkmz ds lkfk eè;kof/d lanhkz esa fodkl dh mttoy gksrh lahkkoukvksa dks 14 o"kz esa igyh ckj lkwojsu jsfvax ds vixzsm ds :i esa eku;rk feyh (tslkfd finys o"kz dh vkffkzd leh{kk] [kam&1 ds ckwdl 1 esa rdz fn;k x;k gs)a 1-5 bu Bksl lq/kjksa ds lkfk gh c`gr vkffkzd flfkjrk dh gydh lh fpark,a FkhaA jktdks"kh;?kkvs] pkyw [kkrk vksj eqnzkliqhfr meehn ls vf/d cuh gqbz Fkh] Hkys gh vhkh [krjukd Lrj rd ugha igqaph Fkh] tks vkaf'kd :i ls varjjk"vªh; mpp rsy dhersa Hkkjr dh,sfrgkfld rksj ij c`gn vkffkzd vlqj{kk esa ifjyf{kr gqbza 1-6 iqu#¼kj,oa tksf[ke dk ;g }S/ cktkjksa esa vksj cktkj fo'ys"k.k esa izfrfcafcr gqvk gsa mnkgj. kkfkz] ck M ls gksus okyh vk; esa rsth ls o`f¼ gqbz ftlds ifj.kkelo:i izfrizkfir laca/h oø esa vlk/kj.k :i ls rsth vkbz] lkfk&lkfk LVkWd dhersa Hkh c<+rh jgha (fp=k&1)a Li"Vr;k cktkj rhoz lao`f¼ dh meehn esa jgrs gsa tks LVkWd dherksa esa o`f¼ dks vko';d cuk nsaxs ysfdu dqn c`gn vkffkzd fparkvksa dks Hkh vko';d cuk nsaxsa blh izdkj] jsfvax dk vixzsm Hkh lahkkfor c`gr vkffkzd tksf[keksa dh [krjs dh?kavh ctk jgk FkkA

21 vfkzo;olfkk dh flfkfr% fo'ys"k.kkred flagkoyksdu vksj uhfrxr lahkkouk,a izeq[k uhfrxr lq/kjksa ds ckotwn rfkk izeq[k uhfrxr dkjzokb;ksa ds vhkko esa Hkh] uhfrxr,tsamk Hkjiwj gsa vkus okys o"kz esa ljdkj dks Vhch,l ds pkj?kvdksa ij è;ku nsus dh t:jr gksxh vksj ;g lqfuf'pr djuk gksxk fd ljdkjh {ks=k ds csadksa ds iquiw±thdj.k vksj ½.kxzLrrk ds cm+s ekeyksa dk lek/ku djus dh izfø;k viuh liqy ifj.kfr rd igqaps vksj lkfk gh ljdkjh {ks=k ds csadksa esa lq/kj izfø;k Hkh 'kq: djs ftlls vkffkzd :i ls v{ke csadksa esa deh vk, vksj Hkfo"; esa futh {ks=k dh vf/d Hkkxhnkjh dk 'kqhkkajhk gksa ljdkj dks th,lvh ds dk;kzuo;u dks flfkj :i nsus dh Hkh t:jr gksxh rkfd fu;kzrdksa ds fy, vfuf'prrk [kre dh tk lds] vuqikyu djus esa vklkuh gks vksj dj vk/kj dk folrkj fd;k tk lds_,;j bafm;k dk futhdj.k djuk gksxk_ vksj ;g lqfuf'pr djuk gksxk fd c`gr vkffkzd flfkjrk dks gksus okys dbz u, tksf[ke nwj fd, tk,a rfkk vf/d gks xbz vkflr dherksa esa rhoz] ifjorzudkjh lq/ kjksa ls cpk tk ldsa 1-8 ;fn bu mís';ksa dks gkfly fd;k tkrk gs vksj osf'od vfkzo;olfkk viuh lao`f¼ dh xfr cuk, j[krh gs vksj rsy dh dhersa orzeku Lrj ij ugha cuh jgrh gsa rks Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk dks viuh eè;kofèkd fodkl {kerk dh vksj nksckjk vxzlj gksuk pkfg, ftldk finyh vkffkzd leh{kk esa 8 izfr'kr ls vf/d gksus dk vuqeku yxk;k x;k Fkk] Hkkjr lcls rst xfr ls fodkl djrh gqbz izeq[k ns'kksa dh viuh flfkfr iqu% izkir dj ysxka flagkoyksdu% eè;kof/ 1-9 ljdkj dh orzeku vof/ dh vkf[kjh volfkk dqn ihns gvus vksj Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy, O;kid lh[k ysus dk mi;qdr le; gsa 1-10 igyk] Hkkjr us lg;ksxh la?kokn dh jpuk ds :i esa eky,oa lsok dj ifj"kn dk vr;ur dkjxj lalfkkxr ra=k cuk;k gsa,sls le; ij tc varjjk"vªh;?kvuk,a vkffkzd jk"vªokn esa okil tkus vksj fu;a=k.kokn ds v/hu gks jgh gsa Hkkjrh; jkt;ksa vksj dsunz us LiQwfrZnk;d tokch O;k[;k nh gs] ftlesa LoSfPNd :i ls R;kxus vksj o`gn~rj lkewfgd ljksdkj ds fy, lkozhkksfedrk dk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk gsa 1-11 vkffkzd vksj lkekftd fodkl dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy, lgdkjh la?kokn jkt;ksa ds vius iz;klksa dk LFkkukiUu ugha gsa ijurq ;g,d egroiw.kz iwjd gsa jkt;ksa ds dfbu lajpukred lq/kjksa dh O;kid lel;kvksa dk lek/ku djus ds fy, bldh vko';drk gsa mnkgj.k ds fy, th,lvh ifj"kn dh ^^lgdkjh la?kokn izks ksfxdh** dk mi;ksx lk>k d`f"k e.mh] fo[kafmr vksj v{ke fo qr cktkjksa dks,dhd`r djus] vurj jkt;h; ty laca/h fooknksa dks fuivkus] izr;{k ykhk vurj.k dks fø;kfuor djus jkt;ksa esa lkekftd ykhk iksvzcy lqyhk djus vksj ok;q iznw"k.k dk lek/ku djus ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gsa 1-12 nwljk] 2015&16 dh vkffkzd leh{kk ds vè;k; 2 esa fof'k"v :i ls n'kkz;k x;k gs fd og ^ckgj fudyuk* lqlkè; cukrk gs] tks,d vfr izp.m pquksrh jgh gs_ og,sls lkeku;hdj.k dk :i /kj.k dj ysrk gs fd finys 50 o"kks± esa Hkkjr ^^lhfer izos'k ds lkfk lektokn ls ckgj fudyus dh lahkkouk ds fcuk iwathokn** dh vksj c<+k gsa vkbzchlh lek/ku izfø;k] Hkkjrh; dkjiksjsv {ks=k esa bl LFkk;h lel;k dk lek/ku djus ds fy, ewy;oku ^izks ksfxdh* lkfcr gks ldrk gsa gky gh esa izlrkfor foùkh; lek/ku vksj tek chek fo/s;d Hkh foùkh; lq/ kj ds fy, ;gh dk;z djsaxsa 1-13 Vhch,l pquksrh ds ekeys esa ckgj fudyuk fo'ks"k:i ls izp.m lkfcr gqvk gs D;ksafd mís'; vusd gsa vksj fojks/khkklh,oa jktuhfrd :i ls dfbu gsaa HkkjxzLr daifu;ksa ds ½.k dks laiks"k.kh; Lrj rd de djus gsrq uhfr fuekzrkvksa dks mik; djuk pkfg, FkkA lkfk&gh lkfk mugsa djnkrkvksa ij Hkkj de djuk] usfrd }Un lhfer djuk vksj fu;a=kdksa bfdovh /kjdksa ds i{knkj cuus dh vo/kj.kk ls cpuk FkkA vkbzchlh dk y{; vfr #X.k dks NksM+dj HkkjxzLr iqeks± dh 'kh?kzrk ls ikjn'khz rjhds ls uhykeh djds lcls vfèkd cksyh nkrkvksa dks nsdj bu lel;kvksa dk lek/ku djuk gsa bl izfø;k dk dk;z vhkh Hkh izxkeh :i ls py jgk gs% ;g lqfuf'pr djuk fd le; lkj.kh dk leeku gks vksj cksyh ds ifj. kke lhkh i{kksa }kjk igys ds ekeyksa esa Lohdkj fd, tk,a] bldh fo'oluh;rk LFkkfir djus ds fy, egroiw.kz gsa 1-14 rhljk] ljdkj dh uhfr dh,d izeq[k igyw ljdkjh lalk/uksa dks ;qfdrlaxr cukuk] de dherksa ij vfuok;z futh olrqvksa vksj lsokvksa ds lkoztfud izko/ ku ds fy, lfclmh NksM+us mudk] fo'ks"kdj fuèkzuksa dh vksj iqu% ekxzn'kzu djuka ljdkjh vkadm+ksa ls irk pyrk gs fd csad [kkrk iznku djus] dwfdax xsl] vkokl fctyh vksj 'kkspky; (vu; ds lkfk&lkfk) iznku djus esa izxfr gqbz gsa ;g lahkkouk cuh gs fd fu/zuksa vksj gkf'k, ij jgus okyksa ds thou esa vfkziw.kz lq/kj vk,xk (ckwdl 1) bl lq/kj dh xfr vksj ifjek.k ml rf; ij fuhkzj gksaxs fd fdl gn rd c<+h gqbz oklrfod miyc/rk@izko/ku dks csgrj oklrfod mi;ksx esa ifj.kr fd;k tkrk gs% 'kkspky; cukus dk 'kkspky; ds mi;ksx esa] csad [kkrksa dk foùkh; lekos'ku esa] dwfdax xsl dusd'ku dk yxkrkj xsl [kjhnus esa vksj xzkeh.k fo qrhdj.k dk folr`r ifjokjksa esa dusd'ku esaa

22 4 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 ckwdl 1- futh olrqvksa,oa lsokvksa ds fy, ljdkjh izko/ku bl ckwdl esa] dqn izeq[k futh olrqvksa,oa lsokvksa ds ljdkj }kjk izko/ku esa dh xbz izxfr dk pkvz fn;k x;k gsa d- LoPNrk (^^LoPN Hkkjr**) vkadm+k lzksr tux.kuk 2011,u,iQ,p,l 2015&16 lkj.kh 1% 'kkspky; dojst vksj mi;ksx 'kkspky; dojst (xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa ifjokjksa ds izfr'kr esa D;wlhvkbZ (2017) uoacj 2017 (,lch,e&,evkbz,l) 'kkspky; mi;ksx ('kkspky; okyksa ds izfr'kr esa) D;wlhvkbZ (2017) vf[ky Hkkjr&xzkeh.k lzksr% tux.kuk] jk"vªh; ifjokj LokLF; losz{k.k 2015&16_ r`rh; i{k vkdyu ds :i esa Hkkjrh; xq.koùkk ifj"kn }kjk vk;ksftr LoPN losz{k.k xzkeh.k 2017 ij vk/kfjra 4626 xkaoksa esa 1-4 yk[k xzkeh.k ifjokjksa dk losz{k.k fd;k x;k FkkA LoPN Hkkjr fe'ku,evkbz,l iz.kkyh }kjk ;Fkk lwfpra [k- csad [kkrs fp=k 1 tu/u [kkrs (djksm+ esa) fp=k 2- vk/kj&la[;k okys tu/u [kkrs (djksm+ esa) No. of Jan Dhan Accounts Zero balance accounts, % of total (RHS) Aadhar seeded Jan Dhan Accounts % of total Jan Dhan Accounts (RHS) 75% 65% 55% % % % 0 Dec-2014 Dec-2015 Dec-2016 Dec Dec-2014 Dec-2015 Dec-2016 Dec % lzksr% foùkh; lsok,a fohkkx] losz{k.k ifjdyu x- vkokl&iz/kuea=kh vkokl ;kstuk&xzkeh.k fp=k 3- iwjk fd, x, vkokl (yk[k esa) Completion of old Indra Awas Yojana Houses 3.2 lakh under IAY lakh under PMAY-G ** lzksr% xzkeh.k fodkl ea=kky;] ihys jax ds CykWd iqjkuh bafnjk vkokl ;kstuk ds varxzr iwjk fd, x, vkokl n'kkzrs gsa_ gjs jax ds CykWd iz/kuea=kh vkokl ;kstuk&xzkeh.k ds varxzr iwjk fd, x, vkokl n'kkzrs gsa ftls 22 uoacj] 2016 dks 'kq: fd;k x;k FkkA

23 vfkzo;olfkk dh flfkfr% fo'ys"k.kkred flagkoyksdu vksj uhfrxr lahkkouk,a 5?k- xsl dusd'ku% mttoyk fp=k 4% tkjh fd;k x;k mttoyk dusd'ku (lap;h fefy;u) fp=k 5% mttoyk jhfiqy (fefy;u esa dqy vksj vkslr ) ~44 % issued to SC/ST % Mar-2014 June-2015 Sept-2016 Dec Consumers who came back for refills Average number of refills of those who came back (RHS) 0 lzksr% isvªksfy;u vksj izkñfrd xsl ea=kky; 1 ebz 2016 ls 30 vizsy] 2017 ds chp ds vkadm+ksa ij vk/kfjr gsa 1-15 pksfkk] gkfy;k o`gr vkffkzd?kvukøe ;gh iqu% ;kn fnykrk gs fd lef"v vkffkzd flfkjrk dh ym+kbz dhkh thrh ugha xbz gs] ;gka rd fd izeq[k fot; (2014 ds ckn) Hkh ges'kk vuafre gksrh gsa vksj ges'kk lrdzrk dh vko';drk gsa 1-16 Hkkjr dh nks varfuzfgr lef"v vkffkzd Hksn;rk,a gsaa] bldk jktdks"kh; vksj pkyw [kkrk] nksuksa gh rsy dh dhersa c<+us ij cn~rj gks tkrs gsaa jktdks"kh; Hksn;rk,a ls futkr ikus ds fy, dj thmhih vuqikr dh flfkjrk dks rksm+us dh vko';drk gsa ;g vr;f/d è;kukd"kzd gs fd dsunz dk dj thmhih vuqikr 1980 ds n'kd ls vf/d ugha gs] 6-5 izfr'kr vkslr vkffkzd lao`f¼ ds fp=k 2% dj jktlo (thmhih ds izfr'kr esa) fp=k 3% lkeku; ljdkj ds Í.k esa tqvkbz xbz vkdfled nsunkfj;ksa dk lap;h va'knku (thmhih ds izfr'kr esa) General Government Central Government Total Liabilities Contigent Liabilites (RHS) * * * lzksr% ctv nlrkost] losz{k.k ifjdyu jkt; vksj dsunz ljdkj ds ctv ij vuqeku vk/kfjr gsa 2015&16 vksj 2016&17 ds mn; (mmh,okbz) 'kkfey gs vksj 2017&18 esa izlrkfor csad iwathdj.k 'kkfey gsa

24 6 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 ckotwn [;g Hkkjr ds bfrgkl esa cgqr rhoz jgh gs] (fp=k 2)A c`gr&vkffkzd flfkjrk ds fy, ldkjkred vizr;{k izhkko ls eky,oa lsok dj bl jktdks"kh; xfrghurk dks rksm+us esa lgk;rk dj ldrk gs foeqnzhdj.k&eky,oa lsok dj dh vof/ esa dj foojf.k;ka Hkjus okyksa dh la[;k esa myys[kuh; o`f¼ ds lk{; fey jgs gsa (CkkWDl 2)A 1-17 Hkkjr dks,glkl gks jgh,d vksj Hksn~;rk gs% vkdfled nsunkfj;ksa dk oklrfod nsunkfj;ksa esa ifjorzu gksuk (fof'k"v :i ls jkt; fmldkwe Í.kksa vksj ljdkjh {ks=k ds csadksa ds iqu%iwathdj.k ds tfj,) Bksl lao`f¼ vksj Li"V :i ls vuqdwy Í.k dh xfr'khyrk ds gksrs gq, Hkh Í.k esa deh djus dh izxfr esa ck/k Mky jgk gsa fp=k 3 n'kkzrk gs fd 2000&01 ls dqy ljdkjh Í.k esa vkdfled nsunkfj;ksa ls thmhih dk yxhkx 5 izfr'krkad c<+k gsa u dsoy dsunzh; ljdkj ijurq jkt; ljdkjksa dks Hkh bl pquksrh dk lkeuk djus dh vko';drk gsa 1-18 pkyw [kkrk Hksn~;rk ls futkr ikus ds fy, fu;kzr o`f¼ dk iz{ksi ifk c<+kus dh vko';drk gsa ;gka] fodkl dk;z uhfr dk lefkzu djus ds fy, c`gr vk Fkd uhfr gsrq,d egroiw.kz lh[k dh vko';drk gsa fofuekz.k dk iqu#¼kj vksj bl {ks=k dks varjjk"vªh; :i ls izfrli/hz cukuk esd bu bafm;k dk;zøe dk tqm+ok y{; jgk gs] fp=k 4% fofuekz.k thoh, (thmhih ds izfr'kr esa) ftls O;olk; djus dh ykxr de djus dh dk;zuhfr }kjk lgk;rk feyh gsa blds ifj.kkelo:i thmhih esa fofuekz.k dh fgllsnkjh c<+h gs ijurq cgqr ugha (fp=k 4) A rfkkfi] fofuekz.k dh vurjjk"vªh; izfrli/kzredrk Hkh vf/d ugha c<+h gs] tks fofuekz.k fu;kzr&thmhih vuqikr esa fxjkov vksj fofuekz.k O;kikj larqyu esa nf'kzr gksrk gs (fp=k 5)A 1-19 Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk us izfrli/kzredrk [kks nh gs D;ksafd bldh oklrfod izhkkoh fofue; nj tuojh 2014 ls yxhkx 21 izfr'kr c<+h gs (fp=k 6) D;ksafd uhfr fuekzrkvksa us varjjk"vªh; frgjh lel;k dks le>us ds fy, la?k"kz fd;k gs] fd,d Lora=k eksfnzd uhfr vksj fofue; nj ds mís'; eqdr iwath [kkrs ds lkfk lgvflrro ugha j[k ldrs gsa (js 2013] xksihukfk 2017)A 1-20 lel;k ;g gs fd lao`f¼ ds fy, izfrli/hz fofue; nj vksj eqdr iwwath [kkrs] nksuksa gh lgk;d gksrs gsaa ckwdl 3 n'kkzrk gs fd izfrli/hz dhersa (bl ekeys esa dim+k {ks=k dh izlrqr isdst) fu;kzr fu"iknu esa cm+k myv&iqsj dj ldrk gs) lkfk gh] eqdr iwath fons'kh cpr vkd "kr djrh gs] fuos'k ds fy, vfrfjdr fuf/;ka eqgs;k djkrh gsa tks fd lao`f¼ ds fy, Hkh t:jh gsa vr% uhfr fuekzrk mu nksuksa ds chp p;u dsls djsaxs\ fp=k 5% fofuekz.k fu;kzr vksj O;kikj larqyu (thmhih ds izfr'kr esa) Manufacturing Exports Trade Balance (RHS) AE* ^ -1.6 lzksr% MhthlhvkbZ,l] leh{kk ifjdyua,-bz-µlh,lvks }kjk vfxze vuqekua fofuekz.k fu;kzr esa rsy] lksuk vksj pkanh 'kkfey ugha gsaa ^2017&18 O;kikj vuqeku o"kz Hkj esa,d ckj vizsy&uoacj O;kikj vkadm+k esa gksrk gs] finys rhu o"kks± ds nksjku ok "kd dqy esa igys 8 eghuksa dh vkslr fgllsnkjh ij vk/kfjr gsa

25 vfkzo;olfkk dh flfkfr% fo'ys"k.kkred flagkoyksdu vksj uhfrxr lahkkouk,a 7 ckwdl 2% foeqnzhdj.k ds ckn djnkrkvksa esa o`f¼ foeqnzhdj.k dk,d y{; vfkzo;olfkk ds vksipkfjdhdj.k dks c<+kuk vksj vf/dkf/d Hkkjrh;ksa dks vk; dj tky esa ykuk Fkk] ftlesa dsoy 59-3 fefy;u O;fDrxr djnkrk 'kkfey gs (dj Hkjus okys vksj 2015&16 esa ftuds dj dh lzksr ij dvksrh dh xbz) ;s vuqekfur xsj&ñf"k dk;z cy ds 24-7 izfr'kr ds led{k gsaa D;k ;g gqvk gs vksj fdl gn rd gqvk gs\ izfke n`f"v esa,slk yxrk gs fd u, djnkrkvksa dh la[;k esa dkiqh o`f¼ gqbz gsa fp=k 1 esa foeqnzhdj.k ls (uoacj 2016&uoacj 2017) 13 eghuksa esa u, dj nkrkvksa dh dqy la[;k dh rqyuk igys ds 13 eghus ds le; ls dh xbz gsa uoacj 2016 ds ckn 10-1 fefy;u dj Hkjus okys tksm+s x, tcfd igys ds Ng o"kks± esa vkslr 6-2 fefy;u FkhA fp=k 1% u, dj nsus okys (fefy;u esa) fp=k 2% ekfld u, djnkrk (fefy;u esa) New Filers Time-trend pre-demonetization Post-demonetization level Growth at pre-trend Postdemonetisation Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov May-10 Jul-10 Sep-10 Nov-10 Jan-11 Mar-11 May-11 Jul-11 Sep-11 Nov-11 Jan-12 Mar-12 May-12 Jul-12 Sep-12 Nov-12 Jan-13 Mar-13 May-13 Jul-13 Sep-13 Nov-13 Jan-14 Mar-14 May-14 Jul-14 Sep-14 Nov-14 Jan-15 Mar-15 May-15 Jul-15 Sep-15 Nov-15 Jan-16 Mar-16 May-16 Jul-16 Sep-16 Nov-16 Jan-17 Mar-17 May-17 Jul-17 Sep-17 Nov-17 lzksr% jktlo fohkkx (lhchmhvh) fiqj Hkh] foeqnzhdj.k ds izhkko dk iqjtksj vkdyu u, dj nkrkvksa esa iwoz&ekstwnk izo`fùk esa o`f¼ dk è;ku j[kuk gksxka bldk lek/ku djus ds fy, ge izrhixeu fo'ys"k.k djrs gsaa ifj.kke fp=k 2 esa n'kkz;k x;k gsa {ks=kh;rk dks fglkc esa ysdj ge ikrs gsa fd u, djnkrkvksa esa ekfld izo`fùk esa o`f¼ 0-8 izfr'kr gs (ok "kd 10 izfr'kr o`f¼)a uoacj 2017 rd dj nkrkvksa dk Lrj bl izo`fùk ls izkir ladsr ls 31 izfr'kr vf/d Fkk] tks lkaf[;dh; :i ls cgqr vf/d varj 1 n'kkzrk gsa bldk vfkz ;g gqvk fd foeqnzhdj.k&lg&th,lvh ds dkj.k vfrfjdr djnkrk eksvs rksj ij 1-8 fefy;u csbrs gsa] tks ekstwnk djnkrkvksa dk 3 izfr'kr gsa vkxs ds fo'ys"k.k ls irk pyrk gs fd cgqr ls ekeyksa esa u, djnkrkvksa us vkslr vk; dh lwpuk nh gs] tks vk; dj ds vkjafhkd 2-5 yk[k ds vkl&ikl gs] tks igys ds jktlo izhkko dks lhfer dj nsrk gsa le; chrus ij] tsls&tsls vk; c<+rh gs cgqr ls u, djnkrk vkjafhkd lhek ls Åij gksaxs] rc jktlo izkfir c<+uh pkfg,a 1-21 vè;k; 3 esa ns'k ds fofhkuu {ks=kksa ls izkir vuqhkoksa ds vk/kj ij dqn isphnk fu"d"kz fudys gsa] ftlls ;g irk pyrk gs fd vfrfjdr cprksa ls lao`f¼ esa rsth vk tk,] ;g t:jh ugha gsa blh chp jkfmªd (1998) us rdz fn;k gs fd ftl izfrli/hz fofue; nj ls fuos'k vksj o`f¼ esa rsth vkrh gs] mlh ls cpr Hkh gksxha nwljs 'kcnksa esa] bl rjg ds vk Fkd lk{; ekstwn gsa ftuls irk pyrk gs fd izfrli/hz fofue; njsa lg fu;kzr o`f¼ ds fy, vf/d egroiw.kz gsaa lkfk gh ckwdl 4 n'kkzrk gs fd fofue; njksa dh?kjsyw jktuhfrd vfkzo;olfkk eqdr iwath [kkrs vksj,d l'kdr] de izfrli/hz fofue; nj dk lefkzu djrh gsa 1-22,d ikapoka lcd ;g gs% fd Hkz"Vkpkj vksj fuczy 'kklu fevkus ds egroiw.kz lkekftd@vk Fkd iqk;ns gsa ysfdu buds fuokjd mik;ksa esa Hkh dkiqh islk yxrk gsa th,lvh vksj uksvcanh ds ekeys esa vfkzo;olfkk ds vuksipkfjd uxnh xgu {ks=k izhkkfor gq,a Vhch,l ds ekeys esa] vkbzchlh uhykeh ds Í.k ds xsj fu"iknu ds ekeys esa iqeks± ds izorzdksa ij ikcanh yxkus dk iqslyk usfrdrk ds iru ij yxke yxkus ds fy, Hkys gh t:jh gks] fd iqeks± dks vius Í.kksa dks okil u djus ds fy, 1 fof'k"v :i ls ge fueufyf[kr izrhixeu vkadyu djrs gsa% Log Fm = αt + β (D-GST) + FE m tgka F m ekg M esa u, djnkrkvksa dh la[;k gs] T le; izo`fùk gs] D-GST uoacj 2016 ds ckn dh vof/ ds fy, MWeh gs_ vksj FE dj nsus esa eksle fo'ks"k gsrq fglkc ds fy, ekg fu;r izhkkoa xq.kd djnkrkvksa esa :>ku o`f¼ n'kkzrk gs tcfd B(;k lgh vfkz esa eb-1) ml lhek dks ekirk gs fd u, djnkrk ds LokHkkfod :>ku dks fglkc esa ysus ds ckn uoacj 2016 ds ckn dgka rd vf/d gsaa uoacj 2010 dh ctk; uoacj 2012 esa izfrn'kz 'kq: djus ls foeqnzhdj.k MWeh ds ckn ds fy, vuqeku vk/k jg tkrk gsa

26 8 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m fp=k&6 oklrfod izhkkoh fofu;e nj (vkjbzbzvkj&vkbz,e,iq) (tuojh 2014=100) Jan-14 Mar-14 May-14 Jul-14 Sep-14 Nov-14 Jan-15 Mar-15 May-15 Jul-15 Sep-15 Nov-15 Jan-16 Mar-16 May-16 Jul-16 Sep-16 Nov-16 Jan-17 Mar-17 May-17 Jul-17 Sep-17 Nov-17 lzksr% vkbz,e,iq] leh{kk ifjdyu izksrlkgu feyrk_ vksj rri'pkr~ os dqn NwV ds lkfk Í.k dk Hkqxrku djus ds fy, izlrko nsrsa ysfdu blls nhokfy;k iqeks± dh uhykeh ds fy, de cksyhnkrk vkxs vkrs vksj mruk ewy; Hkh feyus dh lahkkouk ugha jgrha 1-23 LisDVªe] dks;yk vksj uohdj.kh; ds uhykeh ds ekeyksa esa ikjn 'krk Fkh vksj eksvs equkiqs okys HkkM+ksa ls oklrfod@izr;{k :i ls fut+kr Hkh feyh] ysfdu flfkfr;ksa ls irk pyk fd ;g liqy cksyhnkrkvksa ds fy, vfhk'kki Hkh lkfcr gqvk] tgka iqeks± us vkflr;ksa ds fy, Åaph cksyh yxkbz] ftldh otg ls izr;sd {ks=k esas foijhr ifj.kke vk, gsaa 1-24 fu"d"kz ;g fudyrk gs fd ;FkklaHko,slh uhfr cus ftlls ;s ykxrsa U;wure jgsaa [kklrksj ls nam dh ctk, izksrlkgu nsus] iqjld`r djus ij T;knk Hkjkslk djuk pkfg,_ LVkWd lel;k dh ctk, izokg lel;k dks T;knk rottks nsuh pkfg,_ j.kuhfr;ksa dks lekir djus dh ctk, lq/kjus dh izfø;k viukbz tk, (tsls izfrca/] ifj.kkred vojks/] LVkWd lhek vksj Hkkoh foi.kuksa lfgr cktkjksa ij rkyk yxkuk br;kfn) 1-25 NBk lcd cktkj vksj jkt; dh Hkwfedk] futh iwath vksj ljdkjh lalfkkuksa ij tkjh varjkz"vªh;@jk"vªh; laoknksa ls lacaf/r gsa iwjs fo'o esa budh Øfed Hkwfedk dk iquezwy;kadu fd;k tk jgk gs] ftlesa jkt; dh n[kyankth ds izfr Li"V >qdko utj vkrk gsa ;g u;k varjkz"vªh; ekeyk os'ohdj.k ds izhkko dks uje djus vksj c<+rh gqbz fo"kerk ij vadq'k yxkus vksj vkflr;ksa ds iquzforj.k dh vko';drk ij vk/kfjr gsa elyu] ;g tksf[keksa dks de djus] foùkh; {ks=k dks fu;af=kr djus rkfd tksf[ke U;wure gks vksj izks ksfxdh {ks=k ij vadq'k yxkdj bldh cktkj 'kfdr dks lhfer djus,oa lapkj ekè;e ds :i esa bldk nq#i;ksx jksdus ls tqm+k gs vksj lapkj ekè;e ds :i esa bldk nq:i;ksx jksdus ij vk/kfjr gsa 1-26 ysfdu Hkkjr jkt; vksj cktkj dh Hkwfedkvksa dh vfuf'prrk dk,d vli"v {ks=k gs jkt; dh (dsunz,oa jkt; {kerk dh lhferrkvksa ds dkj.k vko';d lsok,a tsls LokLF;] f'k{kk vksj volajpukvksa dh fuxezrk Hkh ckf/r gksrh jgrh gsa mlh le;,dhd`r Hkqxrku varjki`"b (;wihvkbz) }kjk vc laozf/r izks ksfxdh vksj tse (tu/u&vk/kj&eksckby) lajpuk ds vkus ij dqn lq/kj vk;k gs] ysfdu vhkh dkiqh dke djuk gsa 1-27 futh {ks=k ds ckjs esa vli"vrk cjdkj gs vksj dqn gn rd ;g Hkkjrh; iwath ls lacafèkr gsa futh {ks=k dks lnso bl ykanuk ds lkfk la?k"kz djuk im+ jgk gs fd bldk tue gh ykblsal ijfev jkt esa gqvk FkkA dqn gn rd ;g ykanuk 1990 ds n'kd esa vkbz lwpuk izks ksfxdh esa rsth ls nwj gks xbz D;ksafd bl {ks=k us ljdkjh benkn dh ctk, varhkwzr izfrli/kzred ;ksx;rk

27 vfkzo;olfkk dh flfkfr% fo'ys"k.kkred flagkoyksdu vksj uhfrxr lahkkouk,a 9 ckdl 3% D;k fu;kzr laca/h izksrlkgu dkjxj gksrs gsa\ o"kz 2016 dk liqy ifj/ku isdst Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dks l'kdr djus] jkstxkj c<+kus] vkffkzd o`f¼ esa rsth ykus ds fy, ifj/ku {ks=k esa dkiqh {kerk gsa ;g ckr vksj Hkh lgh gs fd gky esa fo'o esa ol=kksa ds fu;kzr ds {ks=k esa phu dk va'knku?kv jgk gsa cgjgky] Hkkjr us vhkh rd bl volj dk iqk;nk ugha mbk;k gsa tcfd fo;ruke vksj ckaxykns'k us phu }kjk [kkyh fd, bl LFkku dk 'kh?kz iqk;nk mbk;k gsa vr%] twu 2016 esa eaf=keamy us ifj/ku {ks=k ds fy, 6]000 djksm+ #- ds isdst dk,yku fd;ka bl isdst esa lcls cm+k?kvd jkt;ksa }kjk olwys x, ijks{k dj tks fd fu;krksa esa lfuufgr Fks] dks fuf"ø; djus ds fy, jkt; dh olwfy;ksa ij fj;k;r nsuk FkkA ;s jkt;ksa }kjk olwys x, 'kqydksa ij fj;k;r] fu;kzrksa esa lfuufgr ijks{k djksa dks fuf"ø; djus ds fy, fu;kzrksa ds fy, ns; 'kqyd dh izfriwfrz djus ds vykok FkhA isdst ls igys dim+ksa ds fu;kzrksa ij ns; 'kqyd dh okilh 7-5» ls &9-8» ds chp FkhA isdst ds ckn] jkt;ksa }kjk olwys fu;kzr 'kqydksa ij fj;k;r ls fu;kzrksa esa 2-8» ls 3-9» rd o`f¼ gqbza izeq[k iz'u gs% D;k isdst liqy gqvk\ bldk mùkj nsus ds fy, ge Lohd`r varj esa varj (MhMh) i¼fr dk mi;ksx djrs gsa tks isdst ds izhkko dks (; fi =kqfviw.kz <+ax ls) vyx djus dh vuqefr nsrh gsa vfuok;z :i ls ;g fof/ tkuus dk iz;kl djrh gs fd D;k ol=k isdst izkjahk gksus ds ckn vu; rqyuh; {ks=kksa dh vis{kk ol=kksa ds fu;kzr esa vf/d o`f¼ gqbz gsa ifjf'k"v 1 esa bl i¼fr dks folrkj ls Li"V fd;k x;k gsa ;gka rhu eq[; fu"d"kz mhkj dj vkrs gsa% bl isdst ls ekuo fufezr js'kksa ls cus rs;kj dim+ksa dk fu;kzr c<+k_ bl isdst dk vu; js'kksa (flyd dikl vkfn) ls cus rs;kj dim+ksa ij i;kzir :i ls ldkjkred izhkko ugha im+k Fkk_ vksj flrecj 2017 rd le; ds lkfk ekuo fufezr js'ks ls cus rs;kj dim+s ij /hjs&/hjs izhkko pyrk jgk] vu; rqyukred lewgksa dh rqyuk esa ;g yxhkx 16 izfr'kr dk lap;h izhkko gks x;ka uhps fn;k x;k fp=k vu; Je iz/ku vksj fofufezr olrqvksa dh rqyuk esa dim+ksa ds fu;kzr esa o`f¼] ftls vkjvks,l,y izkir ugha gq, Fks dks n'kkzrk gsa isdst ds ckn ekuo fufezr js'kksa ls cus rs;kj dim+ksa ij Li"V :i ls ldkjkred izhkko lkeus vkrk gsa fp=k 1 rs;kj dim+ksa dk fu;kzr vksj vu; pqfuunk lewg (lwpdkad] twu 2015 = 100) 130 Announcement of package Notification Disbursement Other Ready-Made Garments Ready-made Garments: Manmade Fibres Other Manufactured Goods Other Labour Intensive Jun-15 Jul-15 Aug-15 Sep-15 Oct-15 Nov-15 Dec-15 Jan-16 Feb-16 Mar-16 Apr-16 May-16 Jun-16 Jul-16 Aug-16 Sep-16 Oct-16 Nov-16 Dec-16 Jan-17 Feb-17 Mar-17 Apr-17 May-17 Jun-17 Jul-17 Aug-17 Sep-17 lzksr% okf.kt; vksj m ksx ea=kky;,d uhfr dk fufgrkfkz ;g gs fd th,lvh ifj"kn dks th,lvh ls ckgj j[ks x, mriknksa (isvªksfy;e vksj fo qr) ls mriuu lfuufgr djksa vksj tks Lo;a th,lvh ls mriuu (mnkgj.k ds fy, fuos'k dj ½.k ftugsa ^^dj gvkus** ds dkj.k izfrcfu/r fd;k tkrk gs ftlds }kjk dj fiqj ls J`a[kyk esa okil vk tkrs gsa Ja[kyk ds djksa ls vf/d gksrs gs) dh xgu leh{kk vk;ksftr djuh pkfg,a bl leh{kk }kjk 'kh?kz gh bu lfuufgr fu;kzr djksa dks gvk fn;k tkuk pkfg,] ftlls Hkkjr ds fofuekz.k fu;kzrksa dks vr;f/d izksrlkgu fey ldsxka

28 10 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 ds vk/kj ij vius vki dks vxzlj fd;k] vizr;kf'kr 'kklu ekudksa dks viuk;k] varjkz"vªh; LVkWd,Dlpsat esa viuh miflfkfr ntz dh vksj fo'o ds cktkj esa [kwc uke dek;ka bu lhkh dkjdksa ls Hkkjrh; iwath dh fo'ofoluh;rk esa lq/kj vk;k gsa 1-28 ysfdu ;g nks"k 2000 ds eè; esa Hkkjh fdjk;k ekaxus vksj LisDVªe] dks;yk] tehu vksj i;kzoj.k laca/h i;zvdksa ls lacaf/r Hkz"Vkpkj ds dkj.k iqu% vorfjr gqvka vkt dh Vhch,l lel;k ml le; dh volajpuk esa rsth ds dkj.k mnky isnk gqvk gsa ftlds dkj.k turk dh /kj.kk gs fd izkseksvj eksvh [kky ds gksrs gsa] vksj fd Hkkjr esa ^^fcuk lerk ds iwathokn** gs] vksj lhfer nkf;rk dh ctk, 'kwu; nkf;rk gs] vkfn ds dkj.k Hkkjrh; iwath das fo"k; esa udkjkred /kj.kk dks vksj cy feyk gsa 1-29 vksj bl le;] rks lwpuk izks ksfxdh {ks=k dks iz'kklfud pquksfr;ksa ls tw>uk im+ jgk gs D;ksafd fons'kh xzkgdksa ds fy, fueu ykxr ij izksxzkfeax eqgs;k djkus dk bldk ekmy izks ksfxdh {ks=k esa rsth ls cnyrh ifjflfkfr;ksa ds dkj.k eqf'dy gks jgk gsa,d rjg ls ge dg ldrs gsa fd Hkkjr ^^(finyxxw) lektokn ls dyafdr iwathokn** dh vksj vxzlj gks jgk gsa ;g dyafdr iwathokn dk okrkoj.k gs ftlds dkj.k ljdkj dks,d lap;h fojklr] izkir gqbz gs ftlds dkj.k uhfr;ksa esa lq/kj ykuk nq"dj dk;z gsa nksgjh cfg[kkrk dh lel;kvksa dks le>kus gsrq gqbz izxfr myys[kuh; gsa 1-30 var esa] finys o"kz dh leh{kk blh lanhkz esa nksgjh cgh [kkrk O;oLFkk ij vadq'k yxkus esa ([k.m 1 vè;k; 2) esa rhu ifjorzuksa ijkar pquksfr;ka] vdq'ky iqufozrj.k dh lel;k] vko';d tu lqfo/kkvksa dks eqgs;k djkus esa lhfer liqyrk] [kkl rksj ij LokLF; vksj f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa vksj leifùk vf/dkjksa] ds futh {ks=k vksj dherksa esa izksrlkgu vkfn ds izfr vli"vrk] tsls 'ks"k dk;z dh igpku dh gsa 1-31 orzeku leh{kk ds fy, fd, x, u, fo'ys"k.k vksj o`gr vuqn'khz ewy;kadu ds vkyksd esa,d en ij iqu%cy nsuk vksj nks vu; dks tksm+uk vko';d gsa ftl en ij iqu% è;ku fn, tkus dh t:jr gs] og f'k{kk dk {ks=k gsa vli"v izks ksfxdh izfrokr ds n`f"vxr blds] Hkkjr dh izxfr ds ifk ij,d ck/k cu tkus ds tksf[ke ds ckn Hkh ^^f'k{kk** {ks=k dh leh{kkvksa dk funku 'kh?kz ugha fn[kkbz ns jgka [ns[ksa ckwdl&1vè;k; 5]] Hkkoh Je cy ds fy, gv~vs&dv~vs f'kf{kr dkfezd] ftuesa fujarj lh[kus@vkreklkr djus dh {kerk gks] dk gksuk vko';d gsa bu dkfezdksa esa efgykvksa dks vf/d la[;k esa 'kkfey fd;k tkuk pkfg, vksj,slk gksus ds fy, buesa iq#"k dkfezdksa ds VDdj dk vksgnk vksj Hkwfedk fuhkkus dh {kerk gksuh pkfg,a vè;k; 7 ls irk pyrk gs fd Hkkjr vhkh bl {ks=k esa cgqr ihns gsa 1-32 lokzf/d u;k eqík&dqn ekeyksa esa lcls iqjkuk eqík Hkh] d`f"k gsa d`f"k mriknu c<+us ls lnso liqy vkffkzd vksj lkekftd cnyko gq, gsa fiqj Hkh Hkkjrh; d`f"k mrikndrk esa o`f¼ de jgh gsa foxr pkj o"kks± esa oklrfod d`f"k laca/h thmhih vksj oklrfod d`f"k vkxe dk Lrj mu nks o"kks± ds (fp=k 7) dqn Hkkxksa esa [kjkc ekulwu ds dkj.k dqn c<+k gs vksj vè;k; 6 esa fo'ys"k.k crkrk gs fd tyok;q ifjorzu] ftldk izhkko Hkkjrh; d`f"k ij igys gh fn[kkbz nsrk gs] d`f"k mit 20&25 izfr'kr rd de dj ldrk gsa ljdkj ds d`f"k nckoksa dks de djus vksj fdlkuksa dh vk; dks nksxquk djus ds ljgkuh; mís'; dks iwjk djus ds fy, vkxs dk;zokgh dh vko';drk gs ftlesa fdlkuksa ds fy, fokku vksj izks ksfxdh ykus ds fu.kkz;d iz;kl] O;FkZ dh lfclmh (fctyh,oa mozjd)ds LFkku ij lh/s vkenuh dh lgk;rk vksj ikuh ds dq'ky fnm+dko ds tfj, flpkbz dk folrkj vkfn 'kkfey gsaa 1-33 nwljk ekeyk jkstxkj dh pquksrh gsa laxfriw.kz] O;kid vksj v ru vkdm+ksa dk vhkko xehkhj :i ls vkdyu dks ckf/r djrk gsa ; fi ckdl 5 u, izek.k nsrk gs tks crkrs gas fd vksipkfjd {ks=k esa jkstxkj vhkh rd fo'okl fd, x, Lrj dh rqyuk esa T;knk gsa) fiqj Hkh ;g Li"V gs fd vpns mpp mrikndrk okys jkstxkjksa ds lkfk mhkjrs ;qok Je cy dks jkstxkj iznku djuk Hkkjr esa,d xahkhj eè;kof/d pquksrh cuk jgsxka izhkko'kkyh izfrfø;k dks dbz Lrjksa vksj j.kuhfr;ksa ls xqtjuk imsxk] mijksdr lhkh ds lkfk lss leiks"k.kh;

29 vfkzo;olfkk dh flfkfr% fo'ys"k.kkred flagkoyksdu vksj uhfrxr lahkkouk,a 11 ckdl 4 C;kt vksj eqnzk njksa dh jktuhfrd vfkzo;olfkk jktuhfrd fu.kz; fofhkuu lewgksa dks fofo/ :i ls izhkkfor djrs gsaa ikbdksa ds fy,,d funszf'kdk ds :i esa] uhps nh xbz lkj.kh esa C;kt vksj eqnzk njksa ds laca/ esa fofhkuu lewgksa dh izkfkfedrk ds lkfk&lkfk muds dkj.kksa dh lwph nh xbz gsa mnkgj.k ds fy, os deifu;ka tks xsj&foi.ku ;ksx; olrqvksa dh fcøh djrh gsa vksj vius lkèkuksa ds fy, vk;krksa ij fuhkzj gas] etcwr eqnzk nj dks izkfkfedrk ns ldrh gsa%,slk,d mrd`"v ekeyk fo qr deifu;ksa dk gs tks?kjsyw laforj.k deifu;ksa dks fctyh csprh gas vksj vius iwathxr midj.kksa dk vk;kr djrh gsaa blds foijhr vkbzvh deifu;ksa tsls lsok fu;kzrd izfrli/kzred eqnzk njksa esa vf/d :fp ysaxs D;ksafd os eq[;r% fons'kksa esa lkeku cspsaxs] tcfd cgqr de lkeku dk vk;kr djsaxsa os yksx gh etcwr eqnzk nj dks izkfkfedrk nsrs gsa tks O;kid jk"vªh; {kerk ds lkfk leku eqnzk etcwrh dks izkfkfedrk nsrs gsaa lewg izkfkfedrk dkj.k fofuekzrk] lsokvksa ds fu;kzrd vksj fdlku viokn% vk;kr iz/ku fofuekzrk C;kt dh de njsa detksj eqnzk vf/d izkfkfedrk ugha?kjsyw :i ls ldsafnzr iqes± de C;kt njsa ykhk c<+rk gs cks> de gksrk gsa volajpuk deifu;ka fo'ks"k:i ls fo qr vksj uohdj.kh; etcwr eqnzk] de C;kt nj olrqvksa dk vk;kr fd, tkus ds ckotwn pwafd cktkj 'ks;j c<+rs gsa] ykhk c<+rk gsa ;g fu;kzrdksa (dim+k) vksj?kjsyw cktkj ds fy, mriknu djus okyh iqeks± ds fy, ykxw gksrk gs ysfdu vk;krksa (LVhy],Y;qehfu;e) ds lkfk izfrli¼kz dj jgk gsa mpp?kjsyw ewy; o¼zu okys lkwývos;j fu;kzrd detksj #i, dk lefkzu djsaxsa detksj #i;k fu;kzr jktlo dks c<+krk gs ysfdu vk;kr dh ykxr dks Hkh c<+krk gsa etcwr eqnzk vkxe dks izhkkfor fd, fcuk] tks #i, esa vftzr dh tkrh gs] ls ykxr?kvrh gsa ykxr de gksrh gs D;ksafd iqes± Mkyj esa fy, x, ½.k dks foùk iksf"kr djus ds fy, fo'ks"k :i ls iwathxr midj.kksa dk vk;kr djrh gsa C;kt dh de njsa?kjsyw ½.kksa ij ½.k 'kks/u ds cks> dks de djrh gsa ifjokj mpp C;kt njsa cpr ij izfriqy c<+rk gsa ikfjokfjd cpr ikfjokfjd m/kj ls vfèkd gksrh gsa bfdovh fuos'kd&?kjsyw de C;kt njsa dkwjiksjsv ykhk c<+rk gs blfy, izfriqy c<+rs gsaa bfdovh fuos'kd&fons'kh de C;kt nj] etcwr eqnzk la;kstu ls Mkyj izfriqy c<+rs gsaa ruko% de njksa ls eqnzk fo'ks"k :i ls detksj im+rh gsa ckam fuos'kd&?kjsyw fxjrh C;kt njsa iwathxr ykhk l`ftr djrk gsa csad de njksa dks izkfkfedrk nsrs gsa_ vu; fuos'kd (tsls,yvkbzlh) mpp njksa dks izkfkfedrk nsrs gsaa ckam fuos'kd&fons'kh mpp ysfdu fxjrh C;kt njsa] etcwr eqnzk la;kstu Mkyj izfriqy dks vf/d djrk gsa ruko% fxjrh njsa detksj eqnzka ljdkj de C;kt njsa de njsa ½.k 'kks/u dk Hkkj de djrh gsaa vfrfjdr o`f¼ vfkok egaxkbz ls jktlo c<+rk gsa xsj&vkffkzd dkjd etcwr eqnzk jk"vªh; vkffkzd lqn`<rk ds lkfk etcwr eqnzk vkrh gsa batuksa&futh fuos'k vksj fu;kzr dh rkdr ds lkfk rhoz vkffkzd fodkl ds fy, ekgksy cusxka gkfy;k?kvukøe osf'od ifjn`';% vk/kj js[kk vksj tksf[ke 1-34 varj jk"vªh; eqnzk dks"k (vkbz,e,iq) ds vuqlkj osf'od vfkzo;olfkk lefuorizk;% iqu:rfkku dh vksj c<+ jgh gs tks o"kz 2010 ls lokzf/d folrkjiw.kz gsa o"kz 2017 esa] eksvs rksj ij rhu pksfkkbz ns'kksa us viuh lao`f¼ njksa esa lq/kjksa dk vuqhko fd;k tks o"kz 2010 ls lokzf/d va'k gsa ifj.kkelo:i] osf'od ldy?kjsyw mrikn o`f¼ o"kz 2016 esa 3-2 izfr'kr ls c<+dj o"kz 2017 esa yxhkx 3-6 izfr'kr gks xbz] vksj o"kz 2018 esa varjjk"vªh; eqnzk dks"k us blesa 0-2 izfr'kr o`f¼ ds lkfk 3-9 izfr'kr fcunq dh o`f¼ gksus dh lahkkouk crkbz gsa ; fi] blesa mnky vk jgk gs] fiqj Hkh osf'od lao`f¼ vhkh Hkh 2000 ds n'kd dh lao`f¼ nj ls uhps gsa 1-35 ;g iqu:rfkku osf'od Lrj ij iqsy tkus dk,d dkj.k ;g gs fd fo'o O;kikj varrksxrok viuh tm+rk ls mhkj dj vk jgk gs] vksj blesa o"kz 2016 esa 2-5 izfr'kr

30 12 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 fp=k 7- Ñf"k % oklrfod thoh, vksj oklrfod jktlo (iqly 2014=100) (tuojh 2014=100) Real GVA Real Revenue lzksr%,xekdzusv leh{kk ifjdyu o"kz 2016 vksj 2017 ds fy, iqly dk ewy; finys o"kks± ds oklrfod d`f"k thoh, ls iqly thoh, dk mi;ksx djds thoh, dk vuqeku yxk;k x;ka oklrfod jktlo (fdlkuksa }kjk izkir mriknu vof/ ewy; vksj d`f"k ds fy, lhihvkbz }kjk de fd, x, oklrfod vk; ds fy, izksdlh gs d`f"k laca/h thoh, foùk o"kz ij vk/kfjr gksrk gs tcfd oklrfod jktlo dys.mj o"kz ij vk/kfjr gksrk gsa o`f¼ dh rqyuk esa o"kz 2017 esa 4-7 izfr'kr oklrfod o`f¼ ntz dh xbz gsa nwljk dkj.k ;g gs fd olrqvksa ds mriknd :l] czkthy vksj lånh vjc tsls ns'k tks finys dqn o"kks± ls grksrlkgd dherksa dh lel;k,a >syrs jgs gsa] mudks ekax esa o`f¼ gksus ls ykhk izkir gqvk gsa o"kz 2017 esa olrqvksa dh dherksa esa vk'p;ztud o`f¼ gqbz gs] ftuesa isvªksfy;e lcls vkxs gs ftldh dher esa 16 izfr'kr rd dh o`f¼ gqbz vksj ;g o"kz ds var rd 61 Mkyj izfr csjy rd igqap ldrh gsa 1-36 Hkys gh osf'od o`f¼ vksj olrqvksa dh dherksa esa o`f¼ gqbz gs] fiqj Hkh eqnzkliqhfr eq[; muur {ks=kksa esa 2 izfr'kr ls uhps cus jgrs gq,] myys[kuh; :i ls fu'py jgh gsa ifj.kkelo:i] ;wjkstksu vksj tkiku] ;w,l esa vk Fkd uhfr;ka rhoz okilh ds ckotwn vr;f/d mnkj jgh gsaa vk Fkd pø esa ckn dh volfkk esa bl vlokhkkfod ifjn`';&rhoz o`f¼] vr;f/d fueu C;kt njksa ds nqyzhkre la;kstu ls,d gh le; esa mpp ckam dhersa vksj LVkWd cktkj ewy;kadu Hkh mriuu gq, gsaa 1-37 lozleer iwokzis{kk bu flfkfr;ksa ds o"kz 2018 esa cus jgus dks vko';d ekurh gs] D;ksafd daifu;ka fuos'k esa o`f¼ djds c<+h gqbz ekax dh flfkfr;ksa ij izfrfø;k djrh gsa] vksj ljdkjsa (tslsfd la?k jkt; ljdkj) folrkjijd jktdks"kh; uhfr;ksa ij dk;z djrh gsa] tcfd muur ns'kksa dh vk Fkd uhfr;ka izsjd cuh jgrh gsa vksj fo'o O;kikj dk rsth ls c<+uk tkjh jgrk gsa 1-38 tksf[ke D;k gsa\ oklro esa] lkeku; Hkw&jktuSfrd vksj Hkw&vk Fkd tksf[ke gsa_ ;Fkk dksfj;u izk;}hi ij ;q¼_ eè; iwoz esa jktusfrd mfky&iqfky_ lånh vjfc;u rsy daiuh vjsedks ds lwphc¼ fd, tkus dh vk'kk esa lånh vjc (vksj :l) }kjk Hkkjh mriknu dvksrh] ftlls rsy dh dhersa vksj c<+ ldrh gsa_ iwath fu;a=k.kksa ds :i esa phu dh vizr;kf'kr ØsfMV o`f¼ ds vafre vuqeku] lao`f¼ eanh vksj osf'od vfkzo;olfkk ds ifj.kkeksa ls rhoz eqnzk fxjkov (vkffkzd leh{kk 2016&17] vè;k; 1) vksj O;kikj ruko ftlds dkj.k uksad&>ksad gks ldrh gs] vksj mlds ckn ;g fu;a=k.k ls ijs gks ldrh gsa 1-39 fdurq lahkor% eq[; tksf[ke muur vfkzo;olfkkvksa esa lef"v vkffkzd Lrj ij gksrs gsaa ;s tksf[ke rhu var% lacaf/r lzksrksa ls mriuu gksrs gsa tks ;s gsa%µ

31 vfkzo;olfkk dh flfkfr% fo'ys"k.kkred flagkoyksdu vksj uhfrxr lahkkouk,a 13 ckwdl 5- vksipkfjd {ks=k d`f"krj osru fpv~bksa ds u, vuqeku uohure vkdm+ksa ds vhkko esa jkstxkj pquksfr;ksa dk vkdyu djus esa :dkov vkrh gsa bl ckr dks le>rs gq, ljdkj us bl deh dks nwj djus ds fy, u, fn'kk&funsz'k miyc/ djkus ds fy, uhfr vk;ksx dks vf/d`r fd;k Fkk vksj jkstxkj ds laca/ esa vxyh O;kid leh{kk dh tk jgh gsa blh chp] ljdkjh vkdm+ksa ds fmthvkbts'ku vksj th,lvh ds izkjahk ls vksipkfjd jkstxkj ds dfri; iwokzuqeku yxkus dk volj feyk gsa vè;k; 3 esa bldk C;kSjk fn;k x;k gsa ;gka ge eq[; ckrksa dk laf{kir myys[k djrs gsaa vksipkfjd jkstxkj dks de ls de nks rjg ls ifjhkkf"kr dj ldrs gsaa igyk tgka fu;ksdrk vius dezpkfj;ksa dks fdlh izdkj dh lkekftd lqj{kk iznku dj jgs gsaa nwljs] tc iqes± VSDlusV dk fgllk gksrh gsaa rnuqlkj] lkj.kh bu ifjhkk"kkvksa ds vk/kj ij osru ds Hkqxrkuksa dk 2x2 esfvªdl n'kkzrh gasa,u,l,lvks ds 73osa losz{k.k nksj dk mi;ksx djrs gq, mu iqeks± dh igpku dh xbz gs tks djksa ;k lkekftd lqj{kk ra=k ds varxzr ugha gsaa ;g iwjh rjg ls vuksipkfjd lsy gs D;ksafd os iqes± VSDl vksj lkekftd lqj{kk usv nksuksa ls ckgj gsaa 2 lkj.kh 1- lkekftd lqj{kk vksj dj dh ifjhkk"kk ds vuqlkj vksipkfjd vksj d`f"krj osru Hkqxrku bih,iqvks@b,lvkbzlh esa ukekafdr iqez@m e dk uke (yk[k) dezpkjh (djksm+) Yes No Total Yes No Total th,lvh ds varxzr iathd`r Yes No lkj.kh n'kkzrh gs fd lkekftd lqj{kk dh n`f"v ls vksipkfjd jkstxkj 6 djksm+ csbrk gs ftlesa geas vuqekfur dqy 7-5 djksm+ esa 1-5 djksm+ ljdkjh dezpkfj;ksa (j{kk dks NksMdj) dks Hkh vo'; tksm+uk pkfg,a pwafd xsj&d`f"k dk;zcy (nqckjk lkj.kh ds vkdm+ksa esa ljdkj dks tksm+rs gq,) 24 djksm+ gksus dk vuqeku gs tks,u,l,lvks jkstxkj&csjkstxkj losz{k.k ds 68osa nksj (2011) ds vuqlkj gsa bl ifjhkk"kk ds vurxzr vksipkfjd jkstxkj xsj&d`f"k dkexkjksa ds 31 izfr'kr ds cjkcj gsa blh chp] dj dh n`f"v ls vksipkfjd jkstxkj 11-2 djksm+ gsa] ljdkjh fu;qfdr;ksa dks feykdj ;g dqy feykdj 12-7 djksm+ csbrk gsa blls Li"V gksrk gs fd 54 izfr'kr ds vklikl xsj&d`f"k dk;zcy vksipkfjd {ks=k esa gsaa cs'kd lhkh iqes± tks th,lvh dk Hkqxrku djrh gsa vksipkfjd u gksa] lkeku;r% bldk ;gh vfkz yxk fy;k tkrk gsa tslk fd vè;;u 3 n'kkzrk gs] fu;r lhek ls NksVh dbz iqeks± us th,lvh ds fy, iathdj.k fd;k gs ftlls fd os viuh [kjhn ij VSDl ØsfMV izkir dj ldsaa bldh rqyuk esa bu vkdm+ksa esa LokLF; vksj f'k{kk tsls th,lvh ls ckgj j[ks x, {ks=kksa esa dk;zjr vksipkfjd dkexkj 'kkfey ugha gsaa fo'ks"k la[;kvksa ds laca/ esa vkifùk;ksa ds ckn Hkh folr`r fu"d"kz tcjnlr gksus dh lahkkouk gs tgka vksipkfjd fpvbs orzeku eku;rkvksa ds eqdkcys dkiqh fo'kky gks ldrs gsaa ifjlaifùk ewy;kaduksa (dher bzfdovh vuqikrksa) esa lkeku; gksus dh izo`fùk gksrh gsa vksj ftruh rsth ls vksj ftrus vf/d mpprj fo'ks"k rksj ij vk Fkd pø esa foyac ls os c<+rs gsa] muds mruh gh rhozrk ls de gksus dh mruh gh vf/d lahkkouk gksrh gsa lkfk gh ckamksa vksj bfdovh nksuksa ds mpp ewy;kaduksa dh vof/ esa laf{kir cus jgus dh izo`fùk gksrh gs D;ksafd os rhoz ncko ls xqtjrs gsa] ;fn Hkkoh vtzu vksj vk Fkd fodkl dkiqh mttoy gksrs gsa] rks mpp bfdovh dherksa ds lkfk C;kt njksa dk lnso mruk de gksuk lgh ugha Bgjk;k tk ldrka vksj ;fn C;kt njksa esa o`f¼ gksrh gsµvfkok ;fn cktkjksa dks ;g Hkud Hkh gksrh gs fd dsanzh; csadksa dks viuk jos;k cnyus dh vko';drk gksxh] 2,u,l,lvks us tqykbz 2015 vksj twu 2016 ds chp vfuxfer xsj&d`f"k m eksa (fuekz.k dks NksM+dj) dk losz{k.k djk;k gsa vè;k; 4 ds ifjf'k"v 1 esa bu vuqekuksa dks fudkyus ds fy, mi;ksx esa ykbz xbz iz.kkfy;ksa ds C;kSjs ij ppkz dh xbz gsa

32 14 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 rks ckam vksj bfdovh nksuksa rhoz xfr ls leaftr gksaxsa,d fo'oluh; n`'; fo/ku fueu izdkj gksxk% varjjk"vªh; eqnzkdks"k vc Hkfo"; ok.kh dj jgk gs fd fodflr ns'kksa ds vkmviqv vurjky osf'od vkffkzd ladv ds ckn ls igyh ckj o"kz 2018 esa Hkj tk,axs osls gh etnwfj;ksa esa o`f¼ gksuk vksj ykhkksa dk de gksuk izkjahk gks tk,xk (ftlls bzfdovh ewy;kadu izsfjr gksaxs)1] vksj tsls gh eqnzkliqhfr esa o`f¼ gksrh gs] osls gh uhfr fuekzrk njksa esa o`f¼ djus] ckam ewy;kadu viliqhfr djus vksj 'ks;j dherksa dks vksj Hkh vf/d f'kffky djus ds fy, etcwj gksaxsa 1-40 ;fn ifjlaifùk dherksa esa leatu gqvk rks o`f¼ dk D;k gksxk\ fuf'pr :i ls 2007&09 dh rqyuk esa bldk izhkko vis{kkd`r de gksxk] D;ksafd fodflr ns'k vc mrus vlqjf{kr ugha gsa ftrus,d n'kd igys FksA fo'ks"kdj] bu ifjlaifùk;ksa ls lac¼ yhojst vis{kkd`r fueuùkj gs] tks lkalfxzd izlkj.k dks ;Fkk lahko de djsxk_ tcfd csadksa dks iwath ds mpprj Lrjksa] dksj tekvksa vksj tksf[ke iw.kz ifjlaifùk;ksa ds fueurj Lrjksa lfgr cgqr vfèkd lqjf{kr fd;k x;k gsa 1-41 fiqj Hkh blds dqn ifj.kke gksaxsa,d rks] leifùk esa c`gr ßkl ds dkj.k mihkksdrk vius [kpz esa dvksrh djus dks ckè; gksaxs] ftlds ifj.kkelo:i egroiw.kz cm+h iqweks± dks vius fuos'k esa deh djuh gksxh vksj ;fn,slk gksrk gs rks eksfnzd vksj jktdks"kh; uhfr;ksa ds fy, ljdkjh MsfoV ds vr;f/d Åapk gksus ls igys gh ls fueu C;kt njksa ds dkj.k folrkj djus dk cgqr de volj gksxk vksj ifjlaifùk dh dherksa esa vhkh,d vu; deh dh jktuhfrd foo'krk,a] [,d n'kd esa nwljh ckj deh] bl izhkko lfgr egroiw.kz gksxh fd vuqeku yxkuk dfbu gksxka 1-42 la{ksi esa] Hkfo"; ds tksf[keksa dk vkdyu nks?kvdksa ij fuhkzj djsxk% C;kt nj uhfr vksj ifjleifùk;ksa dk ewy;ua uhfr ds laca/ esa] vlk/kj.k:i ls fueurj njsa j[kuk] ikwy ØwxeSu ds 'kcnksa esa,d,slk ^^iwokzxzg cu x;k gs rks vius vksfpr; dks Bhd Bgjk;k tkus dh ryk'k esa gssa** izkjafhkd rksj ij osf'od vk Fkd eanh ds pyrs bls U;k;ksfpr Bgjk;k x;k] mlds mijkar cm+s mriknu varjksa ds dkj.k vksj vc bu vk/kjksa ij jf{kr fd;k tk jgk gs fd eqnzkliqhfr detksj jgh] ;gka rd fd mrikn laca/h eanh vksj Jfed cktkj Hkh rhoz xfr ls fo'oivy ls xk;c gks jgs gsaa D;k laoj.k mrikn vurjksa vksj jkstxkj ds volj c<+kus ds u, lk{; tqvkus ls og tquwu dk;e jgsxk\ 1-43 ewy; ds lanhkz esa] vuqeku yxkus okyk nks [krjksa esa iqal tkrk gs_ ^^;g le; dqn vyx gs** (bl ckj LVkWd ewy;u leiks"k.kh; gksaxs D;ksafd C;kt njsa vkt rd ds lcls de Lrjksa ij gsa) dh nqanqfhk ls izhkkfor gksus ls cpuk vksj ^^HksfM+;k vk;k] HksfM+;k vk;k** (vkf[kjdkj ckam dherksa esa lq/kj gks tk,xk] ftugksaus finys dbz o"kks± esa izr;sd o"kz lq/kj dh Hkfo";ok.kh dks >wb fl¼ fd;k gs) ds tky ls cpus dh dksf'k'k djuka Hkkjr ds (vlfkk;h) ^^vi;qxeu** dks le>uk 1-44 foùk o"kz 2018&19 ds fy, Hkkjr dh lao`f¼ dk iwokzdyu djus ds fy, 2017&18 esa D;k?kfVr gqvk gs bldks le>us dh vko';drk gsa ijorhz o"kz vlkeku; jgk gs] fo'ks"kdj tc varjjk"vªh; lanhkz esa fopkj fd;k tk,a,slk D;ksa gksrk gs\ bls fp=k 8 esa Li"V fd;k x;k gsa 1-45 o"kz 2016 ds izkjahk rd] tc vu; ns'kksa dh fodkl nj esa fxjkov py jgh Fkh rc Hkkjr dh fodkl nj c<+ksrjh ij Fkh ijarq ;gha ls izfrdwy flfkfr dh 'kq:vkr gqbza fo'o vfkzo;olfkk esa ledkfyd HkjikbZ dk vkjahk gks x;k] fdarq Hkkjr dk fodkl rfkk oklro esa vu; vusd ladsrdksa] tsls fd vks ksfxd mriknd] ØsfMV vksj fuos'k vkfn esa fxjkov vk xbza blds fy, fdlh Hkh Li"Vhdj.k esa] fu;fr esa gq, bl cnyko dks] Hkkjrh; lao`f¼ ds osf'od lao`f¼ ls ^^vyxko** dks Li"V fd, tkus dh vko';drk gksxh rfkk mu dkjdksa dh igpku djuh gksxh ftugksaus Hkkjr dh vfkzo;olfkk dks ekxz ls fmxk fn;ka bl ckjs esa pkj Li"Vhdj.k Lor% gh mhkj tkrs gsaa 1-46 izfke] Hkkjr dh eksfnzd n'kk,a 'ks"k fo'o dh n'kkvksa ls fo;ksftr gks xb±a fp=k 9 n'kkzrk gs fd o"kz 2016 ds eè; rd] oklrfod uhfrxr C;kt njsa osf'od izo`fùk ds lkfk ls uhps dh vksj py jgh FkhaA rc rd

33 vfkzo;olfkk dh flfkfr% fo'ys"k.kkred flagkoyksdu vksj uhfrxr lahkkouk,a 15 fp=k 8% Hkkjr dh rqyukred lao`f¼ OECD-Europe India OECD-EME US China (People's Republic of) Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q lzksr % vksbzlhmh] leh{kk ifjdyu] eksleh :i ls lek;ksftr oklrfod thmhih dk o`f¼ nj vu; vf/dka'k ns'kksa esa uhps ds Øe dh ;g xfr cuh jgh tgka la;qdr jkt; vesfjdk tqykbz vksj fnlacj 2016 ds chp esa C;kt njsa 1 izfr'kr ds vkslr fcanq ij jgha] ijarq Hkkjr esa mlh vof/ esa vkslr oklrfod C;kt njksa esa yxhkx 2-5 izfr'kr fcanqvksa dh o`f¼ gks xbza 1-47 eksfnzd n'kkvksa dh bl l[rh ls vkffkzd xfrfof/;ksa esa nks izdkj ls fnd~ifjorzuksa dks c<+kok feyka izfke] blls nwljs ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa Hkkjr esa mihkksx,oa fuos'k grksrlkfgr gqvka f}rh;] blls iwathxr var% izokg vkdf"kzr gqvk (fp=k 10)] fo'ks"k :i ls Í.k fy[krksa esa] ftlds dkj.k #i, dks etcwrh feyh] ftlls fuoy lsok fu;kzrksa (fp=k 11) rfkk fofuekz.k O;kikj larqyu (fp=k 12) nksuksa esa gh vojks/ mriuu gq,a o"kz 2016 ds vkjahk vksj uoacj] 2017 ds chp eqnzkvksa ds lewg dh rqyuk esa oklrfod :i esa vksj 9 izfr'kr dh o`f¼ gqbz (fp=k 6)A 1-48 nwljk vksj rhljk?kvd uhfrxr dkjokbz;ka% foeqnzhdj.k vksj th,lvh jgha foeqnzhdj.k us vlfkk;h :i ls ekax dks de dj fn;k vksj mriknu dks Hkh fp=k 9% Hkkjr esa oklrfod uhfrxr C;kt njsa vksj p;fur vfkzo;olfkk,a India Korea USA Apr-14 Jun-14 Aug-14 Oct-14 Dec-14 Feb-15 Apr-15 Jun-15 Aug-15 Oct-15 Dec-15 Feb-16 Apr-16 Jun-16 Aug-16 Oct-16 Dec-16 Feb-17 Apr-17 Jun-17 Aug-17 Oct-17 Dec-17 lzksr% losz{k.k ls izkir ifjdyu

34 16 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 fp=k 10% fuoy iwath var% izokg (fefy;u vesfjdh MkWyj) FPI Equity FPI Debt FDI Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q * lzksr% vkjchvkbz losz{k.kksa ls fd, x, ifjdyu fp=k- 11 lsok larqyu (thmhih ds izfr'kr esa) vksj vkjbzbzvkj (3,e,e,] vizsy] 2014=100) fp=k- 12 fofuekz.k O;kikj larqyu (thmhih ds izfr'kr esa vkjbzbzvkj (3,e,e,] vizsy] 2014=100) :Q :Q :Q :Q :Q2 Net Factor Services REER-IMF (RHS) :Q :Q :Q :Q :Q :Q :Q :Q :Q2 Manufacturing Trade Balance REER-IMF (RHS) :Q :Q :Q :Q :Q :Q :Q :Q :Q :Q :Q :Q lzksr% Hkkjrh; fjtoz csad] lh,lvks] leh{kk x.kuk,a vo:¼ fd;k] fo'ks"kdj vuksipkfjd {ks=k esa tgka eq[;r% ysunsu udnh esa gksrk gsa bl vk?kkr ls dkiqh gn rd mcj x, Fks tc udn thmhih vuqikr esa o"kz 2017 ds eè; rd flfkjrk vk xbza ysfdu ftl le; th,lvh dks ykxw fd;k Fkk ml le; vkiwfrz Ük`a[kyk] fo'ks"kdj mu NksVs dkjksckfj;ksa ds chp (ftugsa dkxth dkjzokbz dks iwjk djus esa dfbukbz dk lkeuk djuk im+k Fkk) vo:¼ gks xbz Fkh tks cm+h fuekzrk daifu;ksa dks eè;orhz mriknksa dh vkiwfrz djrs FksA 1-49 igys okyh vkffkzd leh{kk ds [k.m&2 ds vè;k; 1 esa eujsxk jkstxkj dh ekax esa o`f¼ dh x.kuk djrs gq, vuksipkfjd {ks=k esa foeqnzhdj.k ds izhkko dks nlrkostc¼ fd;k x;k gsa,d vksj lk{;&vizr;{k ijurq dnkfpr O;ofLFkr ugha gs tks foeqnzhdj.k vksj th,lvh ds la;kstu ls vkiwfrz laca/h vk?kkr dh vksj b'kkjk djrk gsa 1-50 fp=k 13 vksj 14 esa fofuekz.k] fu;kzr vksj vk;kr dh o`f¼ dks n'kkz;k x;k gsa buls irk pyrk gs fd ekpz&vizsy 2017 ds vkjahk ls flracj 2017 rd fu;kzr esa f'kffkyrk jgh fdurq vk;kr esa rh[kh o`f¼ gqbza,slk

35 vfkzo;olfkk dh flfkfr% fo'ys"k.kkred flagkoyksdu vksj uhfrxr lahkkouk,a 17 fp=k - 13 fofuekz.k fu;kzr ewy; esa o`f¼ (o"kkzuqo"kz] 3 ekg py vkslr) fp=k - 14 fofuekz.k vk;kr ewy; esa o`f¼ (o"kkzuqo"kz] 3 ekg py vkslr) 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% -5% -10% -15% World India China Other Asian Economies Dec-15 Jan-16 Feb-16 Mar-16 Apr-16 May-16 Jun-16 Jul-16 Aug-16 Sep-16 Oct-16 Nov-16 Dec-16 Jan-17 Feb-17 Mar-17 Apr-17 May-17 Jun-17 Jul-17 Aug-17 Sep-17 Oct-17 Nov-17 Dec-17 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% -5% -10% -15% World India China Other Asian Economies Dec-15 Jan-16 Feb-16 Mar-16 Apr-16 May-16 Jun-16 Jul-16 Aug-16 Sep-16 Oct-16 Nov-16 Dec-16 Jan-17 Feb-17 Mar-17 Apr-17 May-17 Jun-17 Jul-17 Aug-17 Sep-17 Oct-17 Nov-17 Dec-17 lzksr % vurkz"vªh; O;kikj lkaf[;dh (vkbzvhlh) vksj MhthlhvkbZ,l isvuz,f'k;k dh fdlh vu; mhkjrh vfkzo;olfkk vfkok lexz :i esa iwjs fo'o esa ns[kus dks ugha feyka blls ;g ladsr feyrk gs fd vfkzo;olfkk dks ml izfrli/kzred izhkko dk lkeuk djuk im+k ftlus foeqnzhdj.k@th,lvh ds nksjku fu;kzrksa esa eanh vksj vk;krksa esa rsth ykus dk dk;z fd;ka 1-51 Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk ij izfrdwy izhkko Mkyus okyk prqfkz dkjd Vhch,l ls tqm+h pquksrh FkhA blls dqn le; ds fy, gekjh vfkzo;olfkk finm+ xbz vksj fp=k 15 th,uih, vuqikr (ldy vfxze dk izfr'kr) blds izhkko Lo:i xsj&fu"iknd ifjleifùk;ksa esa o`f¼ gksrh xbz vksj cngky iqeks±,oa csadksa dh foùkh; flfkfr rsth ls yxkrkj cnrj gksrh xbza finys rhu o"kks± ds nksjku ih,lch ds equkiqs esa udkjkred o`f¼ gqbz D;ksafd v'kksè; ½.kksa dh HkjikbZ esa gksus okys O;; ds izko/ku esa dkiqh o`f¼ gqbz (fp=k 15,oa 16)A blls csadksa dh ØsfMV vkiwfrz dh {kerk iaxq gks xbz vksj m ksx ØsfMV ikus ls oafpr jgsa fp=k 16 lkoztfud {ks=k ds csadksa dh ykhkiznrk vksj izko/ku (#i;s fcfy;u esa) 25% 23% 21% 19% 17% 15% 13% 11% 9% 7% 5% 3% 1% FY99 FY00 FY01 FY02 Public sector banks All banks Public Sector Banks (GNPA+Restructured) FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16 FY17 FY18* 1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200 1, (200) PAT (Rs bn) Provisions (Rs bn) FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16 FY17 1H18 lzksr% vkjchvkbz] ØsfMV lwls] leh{kk izkddyu] foùkh; o"kz 18 ds fy, vkadm+s flracj] 2017 rd ds gsaa

36 18 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m fp=k 17% thoh,] th,iqlh,iq vksj vkbzvkbzih (o"kkzuqo"kz] izfr'kr esa) IIP Manufacturing Growth** GFCF growth (real) GVA Manufacturing growth Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 H fp=k 18% oklrfod ØsfMV o`f¼ (m ksx vksj v[kk ØsfMV] 3,e,e,] okbzvksokbz) Real_Industry Real_Non-Food Jun-14 Jul-14 Aug-14 Sep-14 Oct-14 Nov-14 Dec-14 Jan-15 Feb-15 Mar-15 Apr-15 May-15 Jun-15 Jul-15 Aug-15 Sep-15 Oct-15 Nov-15 Dec-15 Jan-16 Feb-16 Mar-16 Apr-16 May-16 Jun-16 Jul-16 Aug-16 Sep-16 Oct-16 Nov-16 Dec-16 Jan-17 Feb-17 Mar-17 Apr-17 May-17 Jun-17 Jul-17 Aug-17 Sep-17 Oct-17 Nov-17 lzksr% lh,lvks] leh{kk ifjdyu_ nwljh Nekgh ds avkadm+ksa ij vk/kfjr thoh,] th,iqlh,iq ds vafre MkVk cnqa rhljh frekgh dk vkbzvkbzih vdvwcj vksj uoacj ds vkadm+ksa ij vk/kfjr gs_ lhihvkbz vksj MCY;wihvkbZ ds vkslr dk iz;ksx djds viliqhfr dh xbz gsa vof/ lkj.kh 1% rsy dherksa esa cnyko dpps rsy (ØwM) dk Hkkjrh; leqpp; Mkyj@cSjy #i;s@csjy over % -9.1% over % -42.7% over % -7.9% * over % 11.5% lzksr% isvªksfy;e Iykfuax,oa vukfyfll lsy (ihih,lh)] leh{kk izkddyu ifjorzu dk ifjdyu uks eghus dh o"kzokj o`f¼ ds vk/kj ij fd;k x;k gs 1-52 vafre dkjd rsy dh dhersa FkhaA finys rhu o"kks± ds nksjku Hkkjr dks O;kikj dh 'krks± lacaèkh ldkjkred vk?kkr >syus im+s gsaa drq finys o"kz (lkj.kh&1) dh rqyuk esa o"kz 2017&18 dh igyh rhu frekfg;ksa esa rsy dh dhersa Mkyj dh n`f"v ls yxhkx 16 izfr'kr vf/d jgh gsaa ;g izkddfyr fd;k x;k gs fd 10 vejhdh Mkyj izfr csjy dh o`f¼ ls lao`f¼ nj esa 0-2&03 izfr'kr cnq dh fxjkov vkbz gs ftlls MCY;wihvkbZ LiQhfr nj esa yxhkx 1-7 izfr'kr cnq dh o`f¼ gqbz gs vksj pkyw [kkrk?kkvk yxhkx 9&10 fcfy;u vejhdh Mkyj rd igqap x;ka o"kz 2017&18 ds fy, lahkkouk,a vkffkzd xfrfof/ 1-53 eq[; iz'u ;g gs fd D;k vfkzo;olfkk U;wure Lrj rd igqap pqdh gs vksj ;fn,slk gs rkss fdl nj ls bldh eè;kof/ izo`fùk dks iqu% izkir fd;k tk ldsxka mpp vko`fùk ladsrdksa ls vkffkzd xfrfof/;ksa esa rsth ls lqèkkj ds ladsr fey jg gsaa fofhkuu ladsrdksa tsls leiw.kz tksm+s x, ldy ewy; (thoh,)] fofuekz.k thoh,] vks ksfxd mriknu lwpdkad (vkbzvkbzih)] ldy iw th fuekz.k 1-54 blh izdkj] o"kkzuqo"kz vk/kj ij oklrfod v[kk ØsfMV o`f¼ uoacj 2017 esa (4) izfr'kr gks x;h gs] tcfd m ksxksa ij oklrfod ØsfMV ds nokc esa deh vkbz gsa (fp=k 18)A blds vykok] nqczy csad ØsfMV dks vkaf'kd :i ls izfrlfkkfir djds dkwikszjsv lsdvjksa dks izokfgr fd, tkus okys xsj&csafdax lalk/uksa tsls,uch,iqlh ls ½.k ysus vksj ckam cktkj ls m/kj esa vizsy&fnlecj] 2017 esa inys o"kz dh rqyuk esa 43 izfr'kr dh o`f¼ gqbz gsa ;g va'kr% csad ØsfMV dh f'kffkyrk dh HkjikbZ dj x, gsaa eksvj lkbdy dh fcøh

37 vfkzo;olfkk dh flfkfr% fo'ys"k.kkred flagkoyksdu vksj uhfrxr lahkkouk,a 19 fp=k 19 eksvj lkbdyksa dh fcøh (ekslekuqlkj lek;ksftr] gtkj esa) fp=k 20 ;k=kh dkjksa dh fcøh (ekslekuqlkj le;ksftr] gtkj esa] Actual Data (SA) Oct 2016 Forecast Actual Data (SA) Oct 2016 Forecast Jan-15 Mar-15 May-15 Jul-15 Sep-15 Nov-15 Jan-16 Mar-16 May-16 Jul-16 Sep-16 Nov-16 Jan-17 Mar-17 May-17 Jul-17 Sep-17 Nov-17 Jan Jan-15 Mar-15 May-15 Jul-15 Sep-15 Nov-15 Jan-16 Mar-16 May-16 Jul-16 Sep-16 Nov-16 Jan-17 Mar-17 May-17 Jul-17 Sep-17 Nov-17 Jan-18 lzksr% Hkkjrh; eksvjxkm+h fofuekz.k lkslkbvh] leh{kk ifjdyua vksj vkwvks dh fcøh ls lacaf/r xzkeh.k ekax] vhkh rd foeqnzhdj.k ds iwoz dh flfkfr esa okil ugha vk ikbz gs] ysfdu blesa lq/kj gks jgk gs (fp=k 19 vksj 20)A fp=k 21- lsok fu;kzr o`f¼ (izfr'kr esa) vksj fucy futh vurj.k (vesfjdk Mkyj fefy;u esa) :Q :Q :Q :Q2 Services Export Growth (%) Net Private Transfers (RHS) :Q :Q :Q :Q :Q2 lzksr% Hkkjrh; fjtoz csad leh{kk ifjdyu 1-55 lcls egroiw.kz ckr ;g gs fd bl foùk o"kz dh nwljh vksj rhljh frekgh esa fofuekz.k fu;kzr vksj vk;kr ds fopyudkjh O;ogkj esa vc izr;korzu (rhljh frekgh ds fy, o`f¼ la[;k) 'kq: gks x;k gsa osf'od :>ku ds vuqlkj foùk o"kz 2018 dh rhljh frekgh esa :Q :Q :Q :Q :Q :Q :Q :Q izfr'kr dh fu;kzr esa o`f¼ vksj 13-1 izfr'kr dh vk;kr esa deh ls (fp=k 13 vksj 14) ;g ladsr feyrk gs fd ge foeqnzhdj.k vksj th,lvh ds izhkko ls mcj jgs gsa lsok fu;kzr vksj futh /u izs"k.k esa Hkh iqu% mnky vkjehk gks x;k gs (fp=k&21) 1-56 fo'ks"k :i ls foeqnzhdj.k ds ckn vc] udnh ls ldy?kjsyw mrikn (thmhih) vuqikr esa flfkjrk vkbz gs tks larqyu dh vksj okil yksvus dk b'kkjk djrh gsa bl rf; ls ;g lk{; izdv gksrk gs fd twu 2017 ls eqnzk dh izo`fùk foeqnzhdj.k (fp=k 22) iwoz tslh gks xbz gsa flfkjhdj.k ls foeqnzhdj.k ds izhkko dk] vfkkzr~ yxhkx 2-8 yk[k djksm+ #i, udnh (ldy?kjsyw mrikn dk 1-8 izfr'kr) vksj yxhkx 3-8 yk[k djksm+ #i, mpp ewy; oxz ds uksv (ldy?kjsyw mrikn dk 2-5 izfr'kr) dks NksM+dj dk izkddyu fd;k tk ldrk gsa 1-57 lao`f¼ esa iqu% lq/kj dk Li"Vhdj.k djus okyk,d vafre vksj egroiw.kz?kvd] jktdks"k gs tks ldy ekax dks 'kfdr iznku dj jgk gsa ysunsu dks ljy cukus ds fy, th,lvh dsoy 11 ekg rd olwy gksxk tks mihkksdrkvksa ds fy, dj dh dvksrh ds leku gsa blh chp dsunz vksj jkt; ljdkjksa }kjk lexz jktlo O;; o`f¼ (,u;w,eohbzvkj,l) 11-7 izfr'kr ij (vizsy ls uoacj

38 20 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 rd) lqn`<+ cuh jgha pøh; flfkfr;ksa ds dkj.k Hkh dj vksj xsj dj jktlo esa o`f¼ U;wurj jg ldrh gs tks,d Lopkfyr flfkjrkdkjh ds :i esa dk;z djrh gsa fp=k 22 lapyu esa eqnzk (lhvkbzlh) vksj mpp ewy; oxz ds uksv (,pmh,u) (yk[k djksm+ #i, esa) 04 Apr Jul Oct Jan May Aug Nov 2015 CIC HDN 26 Feb Jun Sep Dec Mar 2017 ~ 2.8 lakh crore ~ 3.8 lakh crore 80 lzksr% Hkkjrh; fjtoz csad] leh{kk ifjdyu] gjs jax esa nh xbz la[;k,a lapyu esa eqnzk ds 'ks;j ds :i esa mpp ewy; oxz ds uksv dks n'kkzrh gsa 1-58 bu lcls irk pyrk gs fd tc ladsrdksa dh fn'kk ldkjkred rks gs fdurq mudk Lrj meehn ls de gsa vkbzvkbzih lao`f¼ (vizsy&uoacj] 2017) xr o"kz dh blh vof/ ls 3-2 izfr'kr vf/d gs] m ksx laca/h oklrfod ½.k o`f¼ vhkh Hkh udkjkred gs vksj iwjs fo'o esa O;kikj laca/h o`f¼ mlh Lrj ij cuh gqbz gsa (vkèks ls Hkh de) ftruh,d n'kd igys FkhA blds vykok bfdovh dh ykxr ds fupys Lrj rd fxj tkus ds ckotwn fuxeksa us iwath dh /ujkf'k esa vuqikfrd o`f¼ ugha dh gs] ftlls ;g irk pyrk gs fd mudh fuos'k ;kstuk,a lkeku; gh cuh gqbz gsaa (ckdl 6)A nwljs 'kcnksa esa] o"kz 2000 ds eè; esa Hkkjr dh vfkzo;olfkk dks ftu nks phtksa us rhozxfr iznku dh Fkh] vfkkzr~ fu;kzr vksj fuos'k] os Hkh vhkh mpp xfr ugha ik ldh gasa 1-59 blh chp Ñf"k {ks=k ls fujarj pquksfr;ksa feyrh jghaa xzkeh.k etnwjh esa o"kz 2016 esa vpns ekulwu ds dkj.k rsth dk #>ku ns[kk x;k Fkk (Ñf"k vksj xsj&ñf"k)] fdurq,slk yxrk gs fd 2017&18 ds [kjhiq ds eksle ls,dne igys gh flfkfr;ka myv gks xb± (fp=k&23)a drq] etnwjh esa o`f¼ vc Hkh finys rhu o"kks± ds ekpz ekg Jul Oct Jan 2018 ls vf/d gsa rhu iqly vk/kfjr?kvukøe bl izdkj gsaµjch nksuksa dh cqvkbz uhps jgh gs blls Jfedksa dh ekax de gqbza o"kz 2017&18 ds fy, [kjhiq vksj jch ds fy, d`f"kr Hkw&{ks=k esa 6-1 izfr'kr vksj 0-5 izfr'kr dh fxjkov dk vuqeku yxk;k x;k gsa nygu vksj frygu dh cqvkbz esa rsth ns[kh xbz ijurq blls [kfygku dherksa esa vlkeku; deh gks xbz (muds U;wure lefkzu ewy; ls uhps],e,lih) ftlds dkj.k Ñf"k vkxe izhkkfor gqvk gsa tynh lm+us okyh olrqvksa] vkyw] I;kt] VekVj esa mnky vksj fxjkov tkjh jgh ftlds dkj.k fdlkuksa dh vk; esa vfuf'prrk cuh jgha 1-60 lh,lvks us o"kz 2017&18 ds fy, oklrfod thmhih lao`f¼ nj ds 6-5 izfr'kr ij jgus dk iwokzuqeku O;Dr fd;k gsa fdurq bl izkddyu esa rhljh frekgh esa gksus okyh v ru izxfr dk iwjh rjg ls è;ku ugha j[kk x;k gs (fo'ks"k :i ls lh,lvks ds iwokzuqeku ls vf/d fu;kzr vksj ekax esa ljdkjh ;ksxnku ds lanhkz esa)a rnuqlkj] gesa vk'kk gs fd o"kz 2017&18 ds fy, oklrfod thmhih dh lexz fodkl nj 6-75 izfr'kr jgsxha izfke Nekgh esa 6 izfr'kr oklrfod thmhih fodkl nj dks ns[krs gq, ;g fufgrkfkz fudyrk gs fd f} rh; Nekgh esa vuqdwy vk/kj&izhkkoksa ls le Fkr fodkl nj] fo'ks"k :i ls prqfkz frekgh esa] 7-5 izfr'kr ij igqap tk,xha 9% 7% 5% 3% 1% -1% -3% fp=k% 23 oklrfod vksj udn xzkeh.k etnwjh o`f¼µ(izfr'kr] 3 ekl dk xfr'khy vkslr) lzksr% Je C;wjks] leh{kk x.kuk,a Real Rural Wage Nominal Rural Wage Jan-15 Feb-15 Mar-15 Apr-15 May-15 Jun-15 Jul-15 Aug-15 Sep-15 Oct-15 Nov-15 Dec-15 Jan-16 Feb-16 Mar-16 Apr-16 May-16 Jun-16 Jul-16 Aug-16 Sep-16 Oct-16 Nov-16 Dec-16 Jan-17 Feb-17 Mar-17 Apr-17 May-17 Jun-17 Jul-17 Aug-17 Sep-17 Oct-17 lzksr% Je C;wjks] leh{kk x.kuk,aa 1-61 izfke uks eghuksa esa lhihvkbz LiQhfr nj dk vkslr

39 vfkzo;olfkk dh flfkfr% fo'ys"k.kkred flagkoyksdu vksj uhfrxr lahkkouk,a 21 fp=k 24% eqnzkliqhfr% lhihvkbz] vksj :i Hksn (izfr'kr o"kzokj) izfr'kr jgk gs vksj blds] iwjs o"kz ds lanhkz esa lexz :i esa 3-7 izfr'kr ij igqapus dk iwokzuqeku gsa bldk vfkz gs fd vkjchvkbz ds iwokzuqeku ds vuq:i finyh frekgh esa vkslr lhihvkbz LiQhfr nj 5 izfr'kr ij jgh gsa bl iwokzuqeku ds vuq:i] o"kz 2017&18 ds fy, thmhih viliqhfrdkjd dh o`f¼ nj 3-6 izfr'kr ij jgus dh vk'kk gs tksfd lh,lvks ds 2-8 izfr'kr ds iwokzuqeku ls dqn vf/d gsa ifj.kker%] lh,lvks ds 9-5 izfr'kr izkddyu dh rqyuk esa 10-5 izfr'kr dh eksfnzd thmhih lao`f¼ nj dk gekjk izkddyu gsa lef"v&vfkz'kkl=kh; ladsrd yxkrkj 13 ekg rd 130 vkslr vk/kfjd cnqvksa ij eqnzkliqhfr ds fu;r y{; ls de cus jgus ds ckn igyh ckj 'kh"kzlrj dh eqnzkliqhfr us uoacj esa vkjchvkbz ds 4 izfr'kr ds y{; dks ikj dj fy;k vksj fnlacj] 2017 esa 5-2 izfr'kr dh nj gkfly dh (fp=k 24)A eqnzkliqhfr esa gkfy;k p<+ko rsy dh c<+rh dherksa (ftls iwjh rjg ls mihkksdrkvksa dks glrkarfjr ugha fd;k x;k gs)] iqyksa,oa lfct;ksa dh dherksa esas cseksleh o`f¼ rfkk 7osa osru vk;ksx ds v/hu forfjr edku fdjk;k HkÙks ds dkj.k gqvk gs] ftuds dkj.k eqnzkliqhfr esa izfrorhz o`f¼ gks tkrh gsa bu lhkh dkjdksa ls brj] var ufgr eqnzkliqhfr Consumer Price Inflation-Headline CPI Refined Core Medium term target CPI Refined Core minus housing Jan-14 Feb-14 Mar-14 Apr-14 May-14 Jun-14 Jul-14 Aug-14 Sep-14 Oct-14 Nov-14 Dec-14 Jan-15 Feb-15 Mar-15 Apr-15 May-15 Jun-15 Jul-15 Aug-15 Sep-15 Oct-15 Nov-15 Dec-15 Jan-16 Feb-16 Mar-16 Apr-16 May-16 Jun-16 Jul-16 Aug-16 Sep-16 Oct-16 Nov-16 Dec-16 Jan-17 Feb-17 Mar-17 Apr-17 May-17 Jun-17 Jul-17 Aug-17 Sep-17 Oct-17 Nov-17 Dec-17 lzksr% lkaf[;dh; dk;zøe dk;kzuo;u ea=kky; ds losz{k.k ifjdyua lhihvkbz fjiqkbam dksj vflfkj [kk,oa b±/u?kvdksa dks NksM+dj ls izkir fd;k tkrk gsa,d vf/d la;r xfr ls c<+ jgh gs tks vkaf'kd :i ls fnlacj ds var esa 4-3 izfr'kr ij igqap xbz gs D;ksafd iqes± /hjs&/hjs th,lvh ykhk vafre mihkksdrkvksa rd igqapk jgh gsaa &18 esa pkyw [kkrs ij?kkvs esa Hkh o`f¼ gqbz gs vksj ;g meehn dh tk jgh gs fd iwjs o"kz dh th-mh-ihdk 1-5&2 izfr'kr jgsxka pkyw [kkrs ds?kkvs dks fofuekz.k O;kikj?kkVk] rsy vksj Lo.kZ?kkVk vksj /u izs"k.k ds?kkvs esa fohkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gs (fp=k 25) 2017&18 ds iwokz¼ esa rsy vksj Lo.kZ 'ks"k esa lq/kj gqvk gs ($ 47 fcfy;u dk vyi?kkvk) ysfdu mpp O;kikj?kkVs ($ 18 fcfy;u) vksj de lsok vf/'ks"k ($ 37 fcfy;u) ls ;g izfr larqfyr gks x;k gsa ckn ds nks?kvd vk Fkd izfrli/kz esa O;kid deh dks n'kkzrs gsaa 1-64 bu ckrksa ds ckotwn] lexz cká flfkfr lqn`<+ cuh gqbz gsa orzeku ys[kk?kkvk ldy?kjsyw mrikn dh lhek ls 3 izfr'kr ls dkiqh de gs ftlds ckn nqczyrk mhkj dj vkrh gsa blh chp] fons'kh eqnzk HkaMkj fnlacj 2017 ds var esa yxhkx 432 fcfy;u Mkyj (gkftj vksj ok;nk Mkyj) ds fjdkmz Lrj ij igqap x;k gs tks fd,d nwjn'khz izfreku ls dkiqh Åij gsa

40 22 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 ckwdl 6% 'ks;j cktkj esa mnky vksj bfdovh iwath tqvkus esa o`f¼ lkeku;r% lc 'ks;j dh dher c<+ tkrh gs] tslkfd finys nks o"kz gqvk gs] O;olk;&izfr"Bku u;h fuos'k ifj;kstuk,a 'kq: djus ds fy, iwath dh de ykxr dk ykhk mbkrs gq, fiqj ls lkoztfud :i ls bfdovh tkjh djrs gsaa 2000 ds eè; vksj iqu% 2010 esa,slk gh gqvk FkkA finys nks o"kks± esa] eq[;r% bl o"kz ds igys ds vkb eghuksa esa,d ckj fiqj ls bfdovh ladyu c<+k;k x;k gsa ;fn orzeku izo`fr tkjh jgh rks bfdovh ds fuxzeksa dh la[;k vksj mldk ewy; finys N% o"kks± esa ntz fd, x, Lrj dk nks xq.kk gks ldrk gs (rkfydk) o"kz lkj.kh % lkoztfud vksj futh bfdovh ladyu fuxzeksa dh la[;k dher (djksm+ #-) dqy (ljdkjh) futh tksm , , ,439-65, , , , , ,729-40, ,408-78, ,575 17,909 91, ,151 11,348 78, ,558 3,657 92, ,994 12, , (8 months) ,529 8, ,919 lzksr% vkj-ch-vkbz-],l-bz-ch-vkbz- (lsch) vksj finyh vk Fkd leh{kka lkoztfud esa lkoztfud fuxze (vkbz-ih-vks-)] vf/dkj fuxze] vgrkzizkir lalfkkxr LFkku (D;w-vkbZ-ih-)] vf/ekuh fuxze] vuqorhz lkoztfud is'kd'k (,iq-ih-vks-) vksj lalfkkxr LFkkuu dk;zøe (vkbz-ih-ih-) 'kkfey gsa futh esa futh bfdovh vksj tksf[ke iwath 'kkfey gsa ifjek.kksa dh rqyuk 'ks;j cktkj ;wiqksfj;k ds finys vof/ ls dsls dh tkrh gs\ fp=k&1% ;s ifjek.k 'ks;j cktkj ds finys miqkuksa dh rqyuk esa dsls izrhr gksrs gsa\ fp=k ldy iwath ladyu fn[kk jgk gs (lkoztfud rfkk futh LFkkuu }kjk)a vardkzfyd rqyuk,a lvhd cukus ds fy, bu vkadm+ksa dks thmhih ds izfr'kr ds :i esa n'kkz;k x;k gsa yky js[kk dher izfrizkfir vuqikr dks O;Dr djrh gsa gjs jax ds LraHk ;g n'kkzrs gsa fd bl o"kz gksus okyh iwath dh o`f¼ 2007&08 ds mppre Lrj ls cgqr uhps jgsxh] tcfd iwath dh ykxr vk'p;ztud :i ls de jgh gsa dher izfrizkfir ds vuqikr ds 25 gksus dk vfkz gs] bfdovh ykxr dk yxhkx 4 izfr'kr gsa (fp=k)a fp=k 1% iwath ladyu (th-mh-ih- ds izfr'kr esa) 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% PE/VCs to GDP Public Equity to GDP PE Ratio (RHS) % lzksr% vkj-ch-vkbz] ch-,l-bz-] xr vk Fkd leh{kk

41 vfkzo;olfkk dh flfkfr% fo'ys"k.kkred flagkoyksdu vksj uhfrxr lahkkouk,a 23 la;qdr jkt; esa Hkh (lhfer lkoztfud is'kd'k dh) flfkfr ;gh jgh gs] ysfdu la;qdr jkt; vksj Hkkjr esa,d egroiw.kz varj gs% la;qdr jkt; ds futh dksikszjsv lsdvj mpp ykhk vksj nqczy fuos'k ds dkj.k vr;ar le`¼ gsaa blds O;olk;&izfr"Bkuksa ds ikl iwath dk vdky ugha gs] cfyd iwath dh vf/drk gsa ysfdu] Hkkjr esa ;g flfkfr ugha gs] ;gka ds O;olk; izfr"bkuksa dks fueu Lrj ds ykhk vksj fueu Lrj ds udnh rfkk mpp yhojst (varj.k&ls&bzfdovh) vuqikr ds dkj.k iwath dh vr;f/d deh dk lkeuk djuk im+rk gsa Hkkjr esa ;g,d eq[; lel;k gsa ;g rdz Hkh fn;k x;k gs fd O;olk; izfr"bkuksa us lkoztfud fuxze ds ekè;e ls ugha cfyd futh bzfdovh (ih-bz-)] tksf[ke iwath (oh-lh-) vksj foy;u rfkk vf/xzg.k (,e rfkk,) ds ekè;e ls viuh iwath esa dkiqh c<+ksrjh dh gsa ysfdu fp=k&1] ftlesa futh iwath (uhys Nk;k okys LraHk) 'kkfey gs] ;g n'kkzrk gs fd ; fi blesas oklro esa] o`f¼ gqbz gs] rfkkfi os dqy ifjek.k dks ifjo rr ugha dj ik, gsaa fp=k 1 lexz :i ls ;g n'kkzrk gs fd ih@bz vuqikr vksj dqy iwath ladyu ds chp dk etcwr ikjaifjd ijlij laca/ detksj gks x;k gsa bldk lahkkfor vk'k; ;g gs fd ; fi O;olk;&izfr"Bkuksa ds o`f¼ vksj fuos'k dh lahkkouk ds vkdyu esa lq/kj gqvk gs rfkkfi os vhkh rd 'kkar cus gq, gsaa fp=k- 25 % pkyw [kkrk 'ks"k (thmhih ds izfr'kr esa) H1 Others (net transfers & Investment) Software plus Non Factor Service Balance Gold Balance * Oil Balance * Manufacturing Trade Balance * Series6 jktdks"kh;?kvukøe lzksr % vkjchvkbz leh{kk ifjdyu 1-65 ckam izfrizkfir;ksaa esa rsth ls o`f¼ gqbz gs (fp=k 26) [vxlr 2017]] tks fofo/?kvdksa dks izfr cfcr djrk gs ftlesa mpprj eqnzkliqhfr dh izr;k'kk,a] fu/ kzfjr y{; ls vf/d jktdks"kh;?kkvk] ml fø;kdyki esa ldkjkred izfrfø;k ftlls mriknu vurjky ladqfpr gksxk vksj ;w,l esa nj o`f¼;ksa dh izr;k'kk,a 'kkfey gsaa ifj.kkelo:i] izfrizkfir laca/h oø vlokhkkfod :i ls vfrizo.k gks xbz gs (fp=k 27)A 1-66 o"kz 2017&18 ds izfke vkb ekgksa ds fy, jktdks"kh;?kkvk o"kz ds dqy?kkvs ds vuqekfur 112 izfr'kr ij igqap x;k tks 89 izfr'kr ds ekud (vafre 5 o"kz ds vkslr) ls dkiqh Åij gsa eq[; :i ls] bldk dkj.k xsj dj jktlo esa deh jgh gs tks ljdkjh,tsafl;ksa vksj m eksa ls de ykhkka'k dks izfrfcafcr djrk gsaa ctv,d ekl igys vkus ls fofhkuu,tsful;ksa dks ;kstuk cukus vksj foùkh; o"kz esa 'kh?kz dk;kzuo;u vkjahk djus ds fy, i;kzir le; feyka va'kr% bu :>kuksa ds lkfk larqyu csbkus ls fofuos'k izkfir;ka gksaxh ftlls ctv y{;ksa ds c<+ tkus dh lahkkouk gsa 1-67 th,lvh jktlo laxzg vk'p;ztud :i ls lqn`<+ gsa tcfd ;s bl izdkj ds ckf/r ifjorzu ds izkjafhkd fnu gsa (ckwdl 7 ns[ksa)a dkys /u dks lekir djus vksj dj vksipkjhdj.k dks izksrlkfgr djus] ftlesa foeqnzhdj.k vksj th,lvh Hkh 'kkfey gs] ds ljdkjh mik;ksa ds dkj.k O;fDrxr vk; dj laxzg esa dkiqh o`f¼ gqbz gs (blesa izfrhkwfr;ksa ds ysu&nsu laca/h dj 'kkfey ugha gsa) o"kz 2013&14 vksj 2015&16 ds chp yxhkx 2 izfr'kr ldy?kjsyw mrikn ls muds 2017&18 esa ldy?kjsyw mrikn ds 2-3 izfr'kr c<+us dh lahkkouk gs tks fd,sfrgkfld :i ls vf/d gsa bl lq/kj ds fy,

42 24 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 fp=k o"kz lsd izfrizkkfir % Hkkjr vksj l;qdr vesfjdk lzksr % CywecxZ] vkjchvkbz Jan. 12, 2018 Dec. 8, 2017 Oct. 6, 2017 Aug. 4, India 10 year g-sec US 10 year bond ljdkjh ;ksxnku ds laf{kir izkddyuksa esa iz;qdr i¼fr ds vuqlkj fhkuurk gsa nks jktdks"kh; o"kks± 2016&17 vksj 2017&18 ds fy, vk Fkd dok;n ds vuqlkj ljdkjh ;ksxnku 40]000 djksm+ #i, gksus dh lahkkouk gsa 3 foxr lkr o"kks± ds vkslr mnky dh rqyuk esa o"kz 2016&17 vksj 2017&18 esa oklrfod dj mnky ds varj ij vk/kfjr vu; vkdyu ds vuqlkj ;g yxhkx 65]000 djksm+ gs (blesa LoSfPNd vk;?kks"k.kk Ldhe vksj iz/ku ea=kh xjhc dy;k.k ;kstuk ds varxzr olwyh xbz 25]000 djksm+ #i, dh jkf'k 'kkfey ugha gs)a bl izdkj] lhkh ljdkjh iz;klksa ls vk;dj dk laxzg 65]000 djksm+ #i, vksj 90]000 djksm+ #i, ds chp dkiqh vf/d jgk gsa ;s la[;k,a ldy?kjsyw mrikn ds yxhkx 1-5 ls 2-3 izfr'kr rd dh fjiksvz dh xbz vk; esa (vksj bl izdkj ls vksipkjhdj.k esa) dkiqh o`f¼ dks n'kkzrh gsa 1-68 ctv ds vf/d gksus ds ifj.kkelo:i] uoacj fp=k- 27 izfrizkfir oø Call Money 91 days 182 days 364 days G-Sec lzksr % CywecxZ] vkjchvkbz] leh{kk ifjdyu rd dsanzh; ljdkj dk jktdks"kh;?kkvk ctvh; izko/ku ds 5-5 yk[k djksm+ #i;s dh rqyuk esa 6-1 yk[k djksm+ #i;s FkkA blds foijhr] jkt; ljdkjsa vius yf{kr jktdks"kh; lesdu dks vkaf'kd :i esa lekir djrh gqbz izrhr gksrh gsa D;ksafd dsanz us mudks th,lvh djkj ds Hkkx ds :i esa vius vizr;{k dj izkfir esa Hkkjh o`f¼ dh xkjavh iznku dh gsa 1-69 dsaunz esa O;kid jktdks"kh; ifjorzuksa dks izfrfcafcr djrs gq, o"kz] 2016&17 ds lkis{k dsaunz ljdkj ds jktdks"kh; lesdu esa,d Bgjko dks [kkfjt ugha fd;k tk ldrka blds vykok] o"kz 2017&18 ds fy, ekfir?kkvs esa lkoztfud {ks=k ds csadksa dks iznùk iwath ds 80]000 djksm+ #i;s (ldy?kjsyw mrikn dk 0-5 izfr'kr) Hkh 'kkfey gksaxsa fdurq bldk ldy ekax ij izhkko ugha im+sxka tslkfd varjjk"vªh; ys[kkadu izfø;k esa ifjyf{kr gqvk gs ftlesa,sls izpkydksa dks O;; u ekudj foùk;u ds :i esa (ykhk fudkyus ds ckn) ekuk tkrk gsa fp=k- 28 % dqy fuoy m/kjh vksj jktdks"kh;?kkvk (dsunz ljdkj] thmhih dk izfr'kr) Total Net Borrowing without UDAY FD without UDAY lzksr% dsunzh; vksj jkt; ljdkj ctv nlrkost] leh{kk ifjdyu 1-70 jkt;ksa }kjk m/kj ysus ds ekeys esa] cktkjksa us 'kk;n bl rf; dks vi;kzir :i ls è;ku esa j[kk gs fd muds }kjk mpprj cktkj m/kj@í.kksa esa mpprj?kkvs izfrfcafcr ugha gksrs gsa] cfyd yxhkx 50]000 djksm+ #i;s vfkok cktkj Í.kksa ds ldy?kjsyw mrikn dk 0-3 izfr'kr fgllk foùk O;oLFkk ds la?kvu esa ifjorzuksa ds dkj.k gsa tks fueu ykxr cktkj Í.kksa }kjk mpprj ykxr,u,l,l,iq Í.kksa dk izfrlfkkiu ek=k gsa dsanzh; vksj jkt; Lrjksa (fp=k 28) ij?kkvs vksj m/kfj;ksa ds chp n`<+ vuq:irk ds vhkko ij ckwdl 8 esa folrkj ls ppkz dh xbz gsa O;kid ljdkj ds lanhkz esa yxhkx 40]000 djksm+ #i,,slh o`gùkj cktkj m/kjh dks iznf'kzr djrs gsa tks,sls?kkvs ds dkj.k bldk vuqeku vfkzehfrd dok;n ij vk/kfjr gs tks ckwdl 2 ds le:i gsa lekf;drk ij fu;a=k.k djrs le; O;fDrxr vk; dj izkfir;ka thmhih ij izfrxfer gsa (frekgh)a o"kz 2016&17 dh 'kq:vkr esa jktlo ds vkadm+ksa esa egroiw.kz o`f¼ gqbz gsa

43 vfkzo;olfkk dh flfkfr% fo'ys"k.kkred flagkoyksdu vksj uhfrxr lahkkouk,a 25 ckdl 7% th,lvh jktlo fu"iknu dh O;k[;k u;s th,lvh ds v/hu VSDl laxzg.k ds ikap eghus ckn Hkh jktlo fu"iknu dks ysdj yksxksa esa la'k; rfkk fpark,a O;kIr gsaa pwafd th,lvh,d ubz ladyiuk gs vksj blesa tfvyrk,a Hkh fufgr gs] vr% yksxksa dh my>u LokHkkfod gsa ;g my>u blfy, Hkh mriuu gqbz D;ksafd jkt;ksa ;k dsunz ds ckjs esa ladqfpr ut+fj;s ls ns[kus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gs_ blh izdkj vkbzth,lvh ds c<+rs lap; vksj blesa fgllsnkjh esa vfuf'prrk jgh gs rfkk bl o"kz dsoy 11 eghus dk jktlo laxzg Hkh,d rf; gsa bruk rks r; gs fd th,lvh esa bl o"kz ds var rd esa flfkjrk vkus rd vfuf'pùkk ds ckny ugha NV ik,axsa ijarq th,lvh ds jktlo fu"iknu ds laca/ esa vuafre vkdyu ;g gs fd&th,lvh ds v/hu jktlo dk laxzg.k lgh py jgk gs vksj vk'p;ztud :i ls vc rd,d cgqr cm+k cnyko vk pqdk gsa jktlo fu"iknu dks le>us ds fy, mu lhkh djksa dks fpfugr djus dh vko';drk gs ftugsa th,lvh us vf[ky Hkkjrh; ifjizs{; esa izfrlfkkfir dj fn;k gs] tsls% jkt;ksa ds osv] mrikn,oa lsok dj rfkk vk;kr ij izfrdkjh vfrfjdr 'kqyd (,l,mh)a bu lcdks feykdj o"kz 2016&17 esa dqy #- 9-7 yk[k djksm+ #i;s dk laxzg.k gqvka (lkj.kh) lkj.kh % th,lvh ykxw gksus ls iwoz rfkk th,lvh ykxw gksus ds ckn jktlo laxzg.k okf"kzd tqykbz&uoecj dk ekfld vkslr (okf"kzd`r) vuqekfur okf"kzd lrr jkt; jktlo jkt; 4.4,lth,lVh dsunz 5.3 lhth,lvh mrikn 'kqyd 1.4 vkbzth,lvh lsok 2.5 midj lhohmh@,l,mh 1.4 ;ksx th,lvh dh vuqekfur o`f¼ 12.0% th,lvh ds igys ikap eghuksa esa fofhkuu oxks± esa gq, oklrfod laxzg.k dks dkwye 2 esa n'kkz;k x;k gsa vr% 10-5 yk[k djksm+ (ikap eghus dk vkslr] okf"kzd`r) #i;s dh nj ls laxzg.k gks jgs gsaa fdurq bl la[;k esa de ls de nks lq/kj fd, tkus dh t:jr gsa lozizfke] jkt; th,lvh laxzg.k ds eqdkcys dsunzh; th,lvh dk laxzg.k de gks jgk gs (lajpukxr :i esa,d leku gksuk pkfg,) D;ksafd iqjkus mrikn vksj lsok dj ds laca/ esa vuiz;qdr ØsfMV cm+s isekus ij miyc/ gsa ;g meehn dh tkrh gs fd le; ds lkfk ;g lekir gks tk,xka flfkj n'kk esa dsunzh; th,lvh dk laxzg.k jkt; th,lvh ds vuq:i gksuk pkfg,a blds fo:¼ gesa vkbzth,lvh dks lek;ksftr djus dh t:jr gs rkfd fjiqam dh flfkj flfkfr nj dks c<+k;k tk lds ftlds ckjs esa ge vfrfjdr 50]000 djksm+ #i;s gksus dk vuqeku yxkrs gsaa budks lq/kjus ds ckn dkwye 3 esa lkeku; volfkk esa yxus okys dj dks n'kkz;k x;k gs ftldh dqy jkf'k 10-9 yk[k djksm+ gs tks 12 izfr'kr fodkl nj dks n'kkzrk gsa leh{kk esa thmhih dh eksfnzd lao`f¼ nj 10-5 izfr'kr gksus dk iwokzuqeku O;Dr fd;k x;k Fkk tcfd mdr esa 1-14 izfr'kr jkf'k dk mnky vk;k gs] tks vizr;{k djksa ds,sfrgkfld mnky 0-9 ls dkiqh vf/d gsa cm+s isekus ij bl rjg ds cnykoksa ds vkjafhkd pj.k esa ;g fu"iknu (izn'kzu) iz'kaluh; gsa th,lvh ls ;g r; gs fd ;g Hkkoh jktlo dk,d mrlkgo/zd lzksr gksxka ugha gsaa ftls cktkjksa us Li"V :i ls vkarfjd fo"k; ugha cuk;k gsa 1-71 ck M izfrizkfir;ksa esa o`f¼ esa ;ksxnku djus okyk,d vu; dkjd] Hkkjrh; fjtoz csad }kjk vksiu ekdszv vkijs'kal (vks,e vks) dks vkxs c<+kuk jgk gsa blds } kjk mpp C;kt njksa ls Lor% LiwQrZ fons'kh izokgksa ds izhkko dks lekir djus ds fy, vizsy&fnlecj 2017&18 ds nksjku yxhkx 90]000 djksm+ #i;s dk fuoy foø; gqvk (rqyukred :i ls o"kz 2017&18 dh leku vof/ ds nksjku ;g muekspu fuoy :i esa 1-1 yk[k djksm+ #i;s Fkk) (fp=k 9)A o"kz 2018&19 ds fy, n`f"vdks.k 1-72 vkxkeh jk"vªh; pquko rd cukbz xbz vkffkzd uhfr }kjk 2018&19 dh vis{kkvksa dk fu/kzj.k fd;k tk,xka ;fn lef"v vfkz'kkl=kh; flfkjrk dks fu;a=k.k esa j[kk

44 26 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 ckdl 8% D;k ljdkjh cktkj m/kj jktdks"kh;?kkvs dk ladsr gs\ 10 o"khz; ljdkjh izfrhkwfr;ksa (th-lsd-) laca/h C;kt njsa /hjs&/hjs fujarj c<+rh gh tk jgh gs vksj tqykbz 2017 ds var esa ;g 6-4 izfr'kr Fkh rfkk 01 tuojh 2018 dks 7-3 izfr'kr gks xbza ml vof/ ds ckn uhfrxr njksa laca/h vis{kk esa fxjkov vkbz gs vksj Hkkjrh; fjtoz csad us njksa esa dvksrh djus dh ctk; vf/d dbksj dne mbkus 'kq: dj fn, gsaa ijurq bl iz;kl ls Hkh nh?kkzof/ esa yxhkx 1 izfr'kr vad dh o`f¼ gksus dh Hkh meehn ugha yxrha vurjkz"vªh; njksa esas Hkh ifjorzu Hkh ugha gksrk fn[k jgk] blesa esa Hkh ekewyh lh o`f¼ gqbz gsa vkf[kj ljdkjh izfrhkwfr;ksa dh njksa esa vpkud o`f¼ dk D;k dkj.k gks ldrk gs\ egroiw.kz?kvd foùkh; cktkj dh fpurk,a izrhr gksrh gsa fd iwokzuqeku ls bruh vf/d ljdkjh izfrhkwfr;ka vfèkd tkjh dh tk,axha fuf'pr :i ls ;g fpurk dk fo"k; gs fd O;kid ljdkj (dsunz vksj jkt;) dk jktdks"kh;?kkvk oklrfod y{; ls dgha T;knk gsa ijurq blds ckotwn ;fn jktdks"kh; ifjorzu vuqeku ls vf/d gks tkrk gs rks bldk Lor% ;g vfkz ugha yxk;k tk ldrk fd cktkj m/kj vuqeku ls vf/d gks tk,xka nwljs vfkks± esa] cktkj m/kj ls vfuok;z :i ls jktdks"kh;?kkvs dk ladsr ugha feyrka bldk dkj.k ;g gs fd Hkkjr dh cktkj m/kj dk fu/kzj.k ek=k jktdks"kh;?kkvs ds }kjk ugha gksrk gs cfyd fof'k"v :i ls Hkkjrh; O;oLFkk] jk"vªh; y?kq cpr fuf/ (,u,l,l,iq) }kjk Hkh gksrk gsa ljdkj vfuok;zr% vius m/kj vk/kfjr?kkvs ls eqdr&tek turk ls izkir djrh gs tks turk fofhkuu tek;kstukvksa esa tek djrh gs vksj tks jk"vªh; y?kq cpr fuf/ (,u,l,l,iq) esa tek gksrk gsa ekstwnk le; esa bu Ldheksa esa cktkj njksa ls Åaph nj gs] vksj ;s tksf[ke eqdr fuos'k fodyi gsa] vuqdwy dj lqfo/k,a Hkh gsa] (tek djus ij vksj fudklh nksuksa ij) tcfd vf/dka'k fu;fer cpr ;kstukvksa esa ;s miyc/ ugha gsa o"kz 2015&16 dh vkffkzd leh{kk esa jk"vªh; y?kq cpr fuf/ ds vurxzr y?kq cprdrkzvksa dks nh tkus okyh jktdh; lgk;rkvksa ds ifjek.k dk vuqeku yxk;k x;k FkkA ysfdu ;gka ij rdz&laxr ckr ;g gs fd jk"vªh; y?kq cpr fuf/ esa gksus okyk izokg Lo'kklh gs ftldk fu/kzj.k mldh vkd"kzdrk ls gksrk gs u fd jktdks"kh;?kkvs ds vk/kj ija fueufyf[kr loz lfedk blh dks n'kkzrh gsa fuoy cktkj m/kj=jktdks"kh;?kkvk&jk"vªh; y?kq cpr fuf/ laca/h fuoy izokg 5 ;fn jk"vªh; y?kq cpr fuf/ (,u,l,l,iq) esa o`f¼ gksrh gs rks fdlh fn, gq, jktdks"kh;?kkvs ds dkj.k cktkj m/kjh esa fxjkov gksrh gs vksj foykser% o`f¼ gksuh pkfg,a cktkj m/kj vksj rrlaca/h ljdkjh izfrhkwfr;ksa dh vkiwfrz bu Lo'kklh izokgksa ds fy, var%izo/hz gsa blfy, jktdks"kh;?kkvs esa deh vk, ;k og flfkj cuk jgs rks Hkh cktkj m/kj esa o`f¼ gksus dh iw.kz lahkkouk,a jgrh gsa fuoy jk"vªh; y?kq cpr fuf/ izokg cgqr cm+h ek=kk esa gsa pkvz 1 ds vuqlkj o"kz 2016&17 esa ;g /ujkf'k 1-2 yk[k djksm+ #i, Fkh tks ml o"kz ds dsunzh; ljdkj ds?kkvs dk yxhkx 24 izfr'kr gas6a o"kz 2017&18 ds nksjku cs'kd blesa vksj c<+ksùkjh gks ldrh gsa bldk vkaf'kd dkj.k ;g gs fd jk"vªh; y?kq cpr fuf/ laca/h cpr nj dh fxjkov cktkj njksa (fo'ks"kdj tekvksa laca/h) ls vf/d /heh gs tcfd vk;dj vf/fu;e dh / kjk 80x ds v/hu jk"vªh; y?kq cpr fuf/ cpr ds fy, vk;dj NwV dh lhek dks c<+kdj 1-5 yk[k dj fn;k x;k gsa pkvz 1% okf"kzd jk"vªh; y?kq cpr fuf/ izokg (fuoy gtkj djksm+ #i,) lzksr % dsunzh; ljdkj ctv nlrkost] leh{kk ifjdyu dsunzh; ljdkj ds Lrj ij] ;s vfrfjdr izokg brus tcjnlr gsa fd cktkj m/kjh ij fuhkzjrk esa deh vk;h gsa mnkgj.k ds fy, o"kz 2016&17 esa dsunz ljdkj dh cktkj m/kjh esa 90]000 djksm+ #i, dh fxjkov vk;h tcfd jktdks"kh;?kkvk #i, ds lanhkz esa iwjh rjg flfkj cuk jgk7a ifj.kke Lo:i] tslk fd fp=k 2 esa n'kkz;k x;k gs o"kz 2013&14 ls cktkj m/kj esa ldy?kjsyw mrikn ds 1-7 izfr'kr dh deh vk;h tcfd jktdks"kh;?kkvk ldy?kjsyw mrikn dk dsoy 1 izfr'kr gh de gqvk gsa 5 ;gka ij jk"vªh; y?kq cpr fuf/ esa vu; yksd ys[kkvksa okys fuoy izokg 'kkfey gs tsls fd jkt; Hkfo"; fuf/ vksj vfxze rfkk teka 6 14osa foùk vk;ksx (,iq,iqlh) us jkt;ksa dks jk"vªh; y?kq cpr fuf/ foùk;u dks ugha viukus dk fodyi fn;k FkkA 7 fuoy cktkj m/kjksa esa eq[; 'kh"kz 6003 ds vurxzr vkus okyh jkf'k;ka 'kkfey gsa ijurq jk"vªh; y?kq cpr fuf/ vksj vurjkz"vªh; lalfkkvksa laca/h izfrhkwfr;ka blesa 'kkfey ugha gsaa

45 vfkzo;olfkk dh flfkfr% fo'ys"k.kkred flagkoyksdu vksj uhfrxr lahkkouk,a 27 jkt; ljdkjksa ds Lrj ij cs'kd blds foijhr gqvk gsa jkt;ksa us viuh m/kj dh ykxr esa deh ykus ds fy, jk"vªh; y?kq cpr fuf/ ij viuh fuhkzjrk de djus dk jklrk pquk gs (cktkj njsa jk"vªh; y?kq cpr fuf/ njksa dh rqyuk esa dkiqh de gsa)a ijurq bldk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd cktkj m/kj esa o`f¼ gks xbza o"kz 2016&17 esa cktkj m/kj esa yxhkx djksm+ #i, dh o`f¼ blds ckotwn gks xbz ldy jkt; ljdkj?kkvk c<+dj dsoy djksm+ #i, gh gqvk Fkk] 'ks"k jk"vªh; y?kq cpr fuf/ nsunkfj;ksa ds iquhkqzxrku esa dke vkuk FkkA nwljs 'kcnksa esa dgsa rks cktkj m/kj esa thmhih ds 0-2 izfr'kr dh o`f¼ gqbz tks jktdks"kh;?kkvs ls vf/d gsa (fp=k 3)A pkvz 2% dsanzh; ljdkj dh cktkj m/kj vksj jktdks"kh;?kkvk (ldy?kjsyw mrikn ds izfr'kr esa) pkvz 3% jkt; ljdkjsa% cktkj m/kj vksj jktdks"kh;?kkvk (ldy?kjsyw mrikn ds izfr'kr esa) Market Borrowings FD FD Market Borrowings with UDAY lzksr% dsanzh; vksj jkt; ljdkjh ctv nlrkost] leh{kk ifjdyu,d vfure fcunq vr;ur egroiw.kz gsa jk"vªh; y?kq cpr fuf/ esa cfgtkzr izokg dhkh&dhkh cktkj m/kfj;ksa esa dvksfr;ksa }kjk iw.kzr izfrlarqfyr ugha gksrs cfyd blds ctk, ;s ljdkjh jksdm+ 'ks"kksa ds lap; esa ifjyf{kr gksrs gsa ;k vu; ljdkjh dk;ks± esa mi;ksx esa yk, tk ldrs gsaa,sls ekeys esa ns;rkvksa esa gksus okys ifjorzuksa ls jktdks"kh;?kkvk izkddyuksa esa Hkh vurj mriuu gks tk,axs] blh izdkj] rqyu&i=k ls brj dqn ysunsu ljdkj dh ns;rkvksa esa tqm+ tk,axs u fd ekfir?kkvs esaa tkrk gs] rks tkjh lq/kjksa esa flfkjrk vk,xh] vksj osf'od vfkzo;olfkk vkt dh Hkkafr mriqqyy vfkzo;olfkk cuh jgh rks lao`f¼ de ls de 8 izfr'kr dh eè;kof/d vkffkzd lahkkouk dh vksj c<+ ldrh gsa 1-73 ekax ds mu?kvdksa ij fopkj djsa tks lao`f¼ dh vis{kkvksa dks izhkkfor djsxha osf'od lao`f¼ ds Roj.k ls ls¼kafrd rksj ij fu;kzr dh ekax esa rsth vkuh pkfg,a fu%lansg],sls?kvdksa us foxr esa,slk fd;k gs] fo'ks"kdj o"kz 2000 n'kd ds eè; esa ekax esa rsth ls o`f¼ gqbz Fkh] tc osf'od vfkzo;olfkk esa vkbz rsth ds dkj.k Hkkjr ds fu;kzr esa izfro"kz 26 izfr'kr ls vf/d dh o`f¼ gqbz FkhA bl le;] osf'od lao`f¼ dh izfrfø;k esa fu;kzr nh?kkzoèkh; vkslr ds vuq:i jgk gs] fdarq ;g 2000 ds n'kd eè; esa ntz dh xbz o`f¼ ls de gh gsa lahkor% fu;kzr dk Lrj csgrj gksuk dqn le; dh gh ckr gsa /u izs"k.k ifjek.k igys ls gh c<+ jgs gsa_ vksj rsy dh mpprj dherksa ds dkj.k buesa vksj o`f¼ gh gks ldrh gsa 1-74,slk izrhr gksrk gs fd futh fuos'k vurr% mnky ds fy, rs;kjh dj jgk gs] o`f¼ ij foxr o"kks± ls jksd yxkus dk iz;kl dj jgs dkjd varr% f'kffky gks tk,axsa fuos'k dh ;g o`f¼ oklrfod izfrfø;k esa ifjofrzr gks ;g egroiw.kz :i ls lek/ku vksj iqu% iwathdj.k izfø;k ij fuhkzj djrh gsa ;fn ;g izfø;k vkxs Hkh blh rhozrk ls tkjh jgrh gs rks izhkkfor iqes± etcwr LokfeRo ds gkfkksa esa pyh tk,axh vksj os iqu% [kpz djus dh flfkfr esa gksaxha fdarq ;fn lek/ku esa nsjh gksrh gs rks Hkh blls futh dsisdl pø dh okilh gksxha vksj ;fn,slk gksrk gs rks lkoztfud fuos'k Hkh [kkbz dks ikvus esa lefkz ugha gksxk D;ksafd cktkj dh nqfo/kvksa ds fuokj.k ds fy, jktdks"kh; lesdu dks cuk, j[kus dh vko';drk ls gh cktkj dh vk'kadkvksa dk fuokj.k gks ik,xka 1-75 blh nksjku] mihkksx ekax esa fofhkuu f[kapkoksa dk lkeuk djuk gksxka ogha bldk ldkjkred i{k ;g gs fd] blesa o"kz 2017&18 ds vkslr dh rqyuk esa o"kz 2018&19 esa oklrfod C;kt njksa esa lahkkfor deh ls enn feysxha blds lkfk&lkfk] rsy dh vkslr dherksa ds o"kz 2018&19 esa yxhkx 12 izfr'kr rd c<+us dk iwoz vuqeku yxk;k x;k gs ftlls oklrfod vk; vksj O;;

46 28 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 de gks tk,xk vksj ;g ekuk tk,xk fd ;g o`f¼ mrikn dj dvksfr;ksa ds ekè;e ls ctv }kjk lgu dh tk,xh ;k rsy foøsrk daifu;ksa }kjk vksj] ;fn eqnzkliqhfr y{; dks iwjk djus ds fy, mpprj rsy dherksa gsrq vf/d l[r eksfnzd uhfr dh vko';drk im+rh gs rks oklrfod C;kt njksa ls mihkksx esa ck/k mriuu gks ldrh gsa 1-76 bu lhkh rf;ksa dks,d lkfk j[krs gq, vksj Hkkjr dks fo'o dh rsth ls c<+rh vfkzo;olfkkvksa esa ls,d ekurs gq, bl o"kz ;g vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gs fd o"kz 2018&19 esa ;g lao`f¼ 7 vksj 7-5 izfr'kr ds chp jgsxha bl iwokzuqeku esa o`f¼ dj lahkkouk Hkh gs vksj fxjkov dk tksf[ke Hkh gsa 1-77 fu;kzr lcls cm+h ldkjkred lahkkouk gsa ;fn Hkkjr ds fu;kzr vksj fo'o lao`f¼ ds chp laca/ finys miqku pø ij yksv vk;k rfkk o"kz 2018 esa fo'o lao`f¼ varjkz"vªh; eqnzkdks"k ds vuqeku ds vuq:i jgh rks lao`f¼ esa 1@2 izfr'kr dh o`f¼ gks ldrh gsa 1-78 lao`f¼ dk,d eq[; fu/kzjd?kvd vkbzchlh izfø;k dk dk;kzuo;u gksxka ;gka futh fuos'k dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy, vkbzchlh mik;ksa dks le; ls viukuk vksj Lohd`r djuk mpp izkfkfedrk eas j[kk tkuk pkfg,a 'kq:vkrh ekeyksa esa ftruk vf/d foyac gksxk bl ckr dk tksf[ke mruk gh vf/d gksxk fd laiw.kz vkbzchlh izfø;k esa tyn vfuf'prrk dk ekgksy cu tk,a ;g Hkh lahko gs fd 'kh?kzrk ds lkfk lek/ku djus ds fy, ljdkj dks ih,lch dks vf/d lalk/u miyc/ djkuk vko';d gks] fo'ks"k:i ls ;fn visf{kr ds'kdrzu iwokzis{kk ls vf/d gks] vkflr xq.koùkk eku;hdj.k dh pkyw izfø;k ls vksj vf/d ladvxzlr vkflr;ksa dk izdvu gks vksj ;fn uohu ys[kkadu ekud dk;kzfuor fd, tk,aa 1-79 ekstwnk mpp rsy dhersa (orzeku Lrjksa ij),d eq[; tksf[ke cuh gqbz gsaa ;s eqnzkfliqhfr dks] pkyw [kkrs dks] jktdks"kh; flfkfr dks vksj lao`f¼ dks izhkkfor djsaxh rfkk lef"v vfkz'kkl=k laca/h uhfr;ksa dks vis{kkd`r :i ls vf/d dm+k djus ds fy, ckè; djsaxha 1-80,d vu; lehkkfor pquksrh ftlls fuivuk gksxk] og gs mpphñr LVkWd dherksa ds rh[ks la'kks/uksa }kjk fufezr,d vkn'kz :i ls mhkjrs cktkj ^^lmsu LVkWy** dk izkjahk gsa (ckdl 9 esa n'kkz;k x;k gs fd Hkkjr dh LVkWd dherksa esa o`f¼ dh izo`fùk vu; ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa fhkuu gs ijarq blds LFkkf;Ro ds ckjs esa iziqqfyyr gksus dks vf/ñr ugha djrh)a foeqnzhdj.k ds vkyksd esa?kvrs voljksa ls] Lo.kZ dh?kvh dherksa ls vksj fueurj ukfed C;kt njksa ls igys ls gh O;fFkr cprdrkzvksa dks vksj vf/d O;Fkk gks ldrh gs vksj os mfpr dkjzokbz dh ekax djsaxsa LVkWd dherksa esa la'kks/u iwath ds cfgokzg dks izksrlkfgr dj ldrs gsa] fo'ks"k :i ls ;fn fodflr ns'kksa esa eksfnzd uhfr vf/d mnkj gks tk, vksj ;fn rsy dh dhersa mpp cuh jgsaa bldh izfrfø;k esa gks ldrk gs fd uhfrxr C;kt njksa esa o`f¼ gks tk, ftlls tk;eku mckj eas :dkov gks ldrh gsa lef"v LFkkf;Ro vksj lao`f¼ ds chp leuo; csbkus dh] vkn'kz mn~hkwr cktkj dh nqfo/k fiqj Lor% gh lekir gks ldrh gsa 1-81,d egroiw.kz uhfrxr iz'u vkxkeh o"kz ds fy, jktdks"kh; ifk ls tqm+k gksxka bl o"kz ds ckn fo'okl cgkyh dh vko';drk dks ns[krs gq,] lao`f¼ gsrq (vksj mriknd varjky dks de djus gsrq cnys utfj, dks ns[krs gq,) rfkk dher nckoksa ds iqu:rfkku dks ns[krs gq, jktdks"kh; uhfr dk y{;,d rdzlaxr jktdks"kh; lesdu gksuk pkfg,a gkykafd] lesdu gsrq vfregrokdka{kh y{; fu/kzfjr djuk] fo'ks"k :i ls fdlh fuokzpu&iwoz o"kz esa] vksj,d,sls vk'kkoknh iwokzuqeku ds vk/kj ij ftlesa,sls y{;ksa dh izkfir u gks ldus dk,d mpp tksf[ke ekstwn gks] dksbz fo'oluh;rk c<+kus esa 'kk;n gh enn djsxka O;kogkfjd rksj ij bu mrdv volfkkvksa ds chp fd, tkus okys lapkyu ds fy, ;g vko';d gksxk fd lokszùke dkjzokbz ds Lo:i esa,d,slk larqfyr lesdu dk;z viuk;k tk, tks jktdks"kh;?kkvs dks de djrs gq, 'kus% 'kus% fdarq flfkjrk ds lkfk ivjh ij okil ykus dk fo'oluh; ladsr iznku djsa 1-82 bl lexz vkffkzd,oa jktusfrd i`"bhkwfe ds n`f"vxr vkus okys o"kz esa vkffkzd izca/u fo'ks"k :i ls pquksrhiw.kz gksxka ;fn leeq[k miflfkr iqanksa (tslsfd jktdks"kh; izlj.k) ls cpko dj fy;k tkrk gs vksj vli"v tksf[keksa dk fuokj.k dj fy;k tkrk gs tks ;g dksbz NksVh miyfc/ ugha gksxha

47 vfkzo;olfkk dh flfkfr% fo'ys"k.kkred flagkoyksdu vksj uhfrxr lahkkouk,a 29 ckwdl 9% LVkWd ckt+kj rsth dks le>uk% D;k Hkkjr vyx gs\ foxr nks jktdks"kh; o"kks± ds nksjku] Hkkjrh; LVkWd cktkj esa vu; mpp&fu"iknu okys dbz vu; izeq[k ckt+kj dh vis{kk dkiqh o`f¼ gqbz gsa tslkfd fp=k 1 n'kkzrk gs] fnlacj] 2015 ds var esa],l,.mih lwpdkad dh o`f¼ 45 izfr'kr jgh tcfd lwpdkad esa #i;s ds lanhkz esa 46 izfr'kr vksj Mkyj ds lanhkz esa ;g 52 izfr'kr o`f¼ jgha blls Hkkjrh; LVkWd cktkj ds dher izfrizkfir vejhdh mpp Lrj 24 ds ikl igqap x;k gs (fp=k&2)a rfkkfi] bl vof/ ds nksjku Hkkjrh; vksj vejhdh vfkzo;olfkk,a vr;ar fhkuu ekxks± dk vuqlj.k djrh jgh gsaa vr% LVkWd cktkjksa esa vkbz vpkud lekfhk:irk dh D;k O;k[;k gks ldrh gs\ fp=k 1- vejhdk vksj Hkkjr dk LVkWd cktkj fu"iknu] fnla- 2015&tuojh] Dec-15 Jan-16 Feb-16 Mar-16 Apr-16 May-16 BSE Sensex S&P 500 BSE Sensex in $ terms Jun-16 Jul-16 Aug-16 Sep-16 Oct-16 Nov-16 Dec-16 Jan-17 Feb-17 Mar-17 Apr-17 May-17 Jun-17 Jul-17 Aug-17 Sep-17 Oct-17 Nov-17 Dec-17 Jan fp=k 2- vejhdk vksj Hkkjr dher&izfrizkfir] vuqikr] fnl- 2015&tuojh] 2018 ec-15 n-16 b-16 ar-16 pr-16 ay-16 n-16 ul-16 ug-16 p-16 ct-16 v-16 ec-16 n-17 b-17 ar-17 pr-17 BSE Sensex S&P 500 ay-17 n-17 ul-17 ug-17 p-17 ct-17 v-17 ec-17 n-18 lzksr% ch,lbz] ;kgw foùk] leh{kk ifjdyu Hkkjrh; vksj vejhdh vfkzo;olfkkvksa ds ifk rhu vk'p;ztud :i ls vyx jgs gsa% Hkkjr esa LVkWd ckt+kj esa vkffkzd o`f¼ esa fxjkov ds lkfk rsth vkbz gs tcfd vejhdh vkffkzd o`f¼ esa rsth vkbz gs (fp=k 3)A Hkkjr dh ekstwnk dkjiksjsv izfrizkfir@thmhih vuqikr osf'od foùkh; ladv ds le; ls vflfkj jgk gs vksj ;g 3-5 izfr'kr gh jg x;k gs] tcfd ;g vejhdk esa thmhih dk mpp 9 izfr'kr jgk (fp=k 4)A blds vykok] VSDl dh NwV ls VSDl&i'p vtzu c<+us dh lahkkouk gsa foospukred :i ls] oklrfod C;kt njksa dk dki+qh fopyu gqvk gsa vejhdh njksa esa ;g udkjkred Lrjksa ij cuk jgk tcfd Hkkjr esa ;g,sfrgkfld :i ls mpp Lrjksa ij cuk jgka bl vkffkzd rsth dh vof/ ds nksjku] Hkkjr dh 2-2 izfr'kr ds eqdkcys vejhdh oklrfod njsa vkslru&1-0 izfr'kr jgh ;g varj 3-2 izfr'kr fcanq jgk (fp=k 5) gsa fp=k 3- vesfjdk vksj Hkkjr] oklrfod thmhih o`f¼] fnlecj 2015 ds vra & fnlecj 2017 ds var rd fp=k 4- vesfjdk vksj Hkkjr dkjiksjsv ykhk (thmhih dk izfr'kr) % % India USA India USA 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% Dec-15 Mar-16 Jun-16 Sep-16 Dec-16 Mar-17 Jun-17 Sep-17 FY 08 FY 09 FY 10 FY 11 FY 12 FY 13 FY 14 FY 15 FY 16 FY 17 4% 3% lzksr% vkjchvkbz leh{kk ifjdyu

48 30 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 fp=k 5% oklrfod C;kt nj% Hkkjr vksj vejhdk India USA Mar-16 Apr-16 May-16 Jun-16 Jul-16 Aug-16 Sep-16 Oct-16 Nov-16 Dec-16 Jan-17 Feb-17 Mar-17 Apr-17 May-17 Jun-17 Jul-17 Aug-17 Sep-17 Oct-17 Nov-17 Dec-17 lzksr% leh{kk ifjdyu rks fiqj] LVkWd ck kkj lekfhk:irk O;k[;k dh D;k gksxh\ blds nks dkjd izrhr gksrs gsaa igys] Hkkjr esa vtzu o`f¼ dh lahkkouk,a vr;f/d gsa] oklro esa] ;g,slh lahkkouk,a jgh tks LVkWd cktkj esa rsth dh mrifùk esa fufgr gsaa o"kz 2016&17 ds iwoz esa],sls ladsr mhkjs gsa fd dkjiksjsv izfrizkfir@thmhih vuqikr esa yecs le; rd pyh fxjkov varr% lekfir ij vk pqdh gsa fuos'kdksa us bl ij viuk mrlkg tkfgj fd;k gsa iqu#rfkku dh izr;k'kk esa 'ks;j dherksa dh cksyh yxkrs gq, mugksaus vkxs dh o`f¼ meehn dh gsa rnuqlkj] ekstwnk izfrizkfir vksj dherksa dk vuqikr rsth ls c<+k gsa o"kz 2017&18 rd mu ladsrksa dk c<+rk izkjahk gks x;k tks izr;{k :i ls ykhk dekbz fudv ugha gsa fdarq bl fcanq ij,d vu; dkjd us bl cktkj dks vkxs dh xfr iznku dha og dkjd foeqnzhdj.k jgka fdlh vkflr dk dher fu/kzj.k u dsoy ml vkflr ds lahkkfor izfriqy }kjk gksrk gs cfyd ;g vu; vkflr;ksa ij miyc/ izfriqyksa }kjk Hkh fu/kzfjr gksrk gsa tslkfd xr o"kz dh vkffkzd leh{kk esa bafxr fd;k x;k gsa] xr dqn o"kksza ds nksjku ljdkj dh vuqfpr /u ds fo:¼ eqfge&foeqnzhdj.k us dfri; fø;kdykiksa] [kklrksj ij udnh] leink] vfkok Lo.kZ vkhkw"k.kksa dh tek[kksjh] ij yxk;k x;k VSDl dk izhkkoh jgka udnh ysu&nsu dks fofu;fer fd;k x;k_ Lo.kZ vkhkw"k.kksa vksj leink ds vf/xzg.k gsrq fjiksfvzax vis{kkvksa dks dm+k dj fn;k x;k gsa blds vfrfjdr] o"kz 2016 ds eè; ls Lo.kZ tek esa vkbz #i;k izfrizkfir esa deh vk;h tks o"kz 2017 ds eè; ls ½.kkRed gks xbz (fp=k 7) gsa blds vykok] iwoz esa] LVkWd dherksa dk uqdlku >syuk im+k pwafd vu; vkflr;ksa dh [kjhnkjh ds eqdkcys 'ks;jksa ij fjiksfv±x vis{kk,a mpprj jgha gsaa fdarq vuqfpr :i ls tek /u ij fd, x, vk{ksi ls bl {ks=k ds Lrj ij enn feyh gsa bu lhkh us fuos'kdksa dks izsfjr fd;k gs fd LVkWdksa ds vkd"kz.k dk iqu%ewy;kadu dj ldsa rnuqlkj] fuos'kdksa us LVkWd E;q;qvy iq.m ds ekè;e ls varokzg ds lkfk [kkldj] o"kz 2016&17 ds nksjku vius xr o"kz dh Lrj dk iakp xq.kk jkf'k] dk fuos'k vksj 'ks;jksa esa vius iksvziqksfy;ksa dk iqu% vkcavu fd;k gsa (fp=k 8)A rnuqlkj] bfdovh tksf[ke izhfe;e (vu; vkflr;ksa ds eqdkcys 'ks;jksa ij visf{kr bzvkjih vfrfjdr izfrykhk) de gks x;k gs (fp=k 9)-8 bldk rkri;z D;k Hkkjrh; ih@bz vuqikr mpprj ^^u;s lkeku;** rd igqap x;k gs\ 'kk;n] ;g lahko gs fd vuqfpr /u ds fo:¼ eqfge ls izkjahk iksvziqksfy;ks ifjorzu ls bzvkjih esa vkbz lrr deh esa ifjofrzr gks tk,xk fdarq ;g xksjryc gs fd o"kz 1990 ds i'p vksj o"kz 2000 ds iwoz esa vius bzvkjih esa rsth ls fxjkov vkus ds i'pkr~ vejhdk esa blh izdkj dk ewy;kadu fd;k x;k FkkA dqn o"kksza ds i'pkr~] izks ksfxd ds xqcckjs iqvus ij osf'od foùkh; ladv dh 'kq:vkr gqbza bfdovh tksf[ke izhfe;e ubz ÅWapkbZ;ksa dks Nwuh yxh vksj vc rd vius iwoz flfkfr ij yksv ugha ikbz gsa bfdovh tksf[ke izhfe;e ds vkxs] Hkkjr esa ekstwnk LVkWd dk ewy; fu/kzj.k cuk, j[kus ds fy, Hkh Hkkoh vtzu dks mpp Lrj ij cuk, j[kuk t:jh gs vksj ;g bl ckr ij fuhkzj gs fd D;k lpeqp cm+k vkffkzd mrfkku gksus gh okyk gsa 8 v'ofk nkeksnju dk izfr:i (Equity Risk Premium (ERP% Determinants, Estimation and Implications The 2017 Edition, Stern School of Business for the US dk mi;ksx djrs gq, Equity Risk Premium (ERP) dk ifjdyu fd;k x;k gsa LVkWdksa ds iqksvziqksfy;ksa gksus ls Hkkoh udnh izokgksa ds fuoy orzeku ewy; dk ifjdyu nks vof/;ksa esa Hkkoh izokg dks fohkkftr djds fd;k x;k gsa% izfke ikap o"kz ds fy, mpp o`f¼ dh izkajfhkd vof/ gksrh gs mlds ckn / heh&xfr&o`f¼ nj dh nwljh (vfuf'pr) vof/ gksrh gsa ;g udnh izokg] LVkWdksa ds ykhkka'k okilh [kjhn gksus ls ekuk tkrk gsaa tc Hkh bzvkjih,uihoh ds lerqy; gksrk gs] ;g orzeku LVkWd dher 'kwu; ds cjkcj gksrh gsa Hkkjr ds fy, izkjafhkd vof/ dh eksfnzd o`f¼ 12 izfr'kr ekuh tkrh gs vksj ;g flfkjkolfkk 5 o"kz dh py vkslr gksrh gsa la-jk- vejhdk ds lanhkz esa] izkajfhkd vof/ dh eksfnzd o`f¼ 5 izfr'kr gsa Hkkjr esa ykhkka'k forj.k 70» ekuk tkrk gsa

49 vfkzo;olfkk dh flfkfr% fo'ys"k.kkred flagkoyksdu vksj uhfrxr lahkkouk,a 31 fp=k 6% Lo.kZ ls izkir izfrykhk (izfr'kr esa) fp=k 7% E;qpqvy iqam esa izokg (thmhih dk izfr'kr) 26% 21% 16% 11% 6% 1% -4% -9% Dec-15 Jan-16 Feb-16 Mar-16 Apr-16 May-16 Jun-16 Jul-16 Aug-16 Sep-16 Oct-16 Nov-16 Dec-16 Jan-17 Feb-17 Mar-17 Apr-17 May-17 Jun-17 Jul-17 Aug-17 Sep-17 Oct-17 Nov % 1.0% 0.8% 0.6% 0.4% 0.2% 0.0% * lzksr% vkjchvkbz fp=k 8- vejhdk vksj Hkkjr] bfdovh tksf[ke izhfe;e 10% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% ERP US ERP India 0% lzksr% leh{kk ifjdyu dqy feykdj] Hkkjrh; LVkWd esa vkbz rsth muur vfkzo;olfkkvksa ls rhu izdkj ls ;g vyx gs] lao`f¼ cy] Lrj vksj 'ks;j ls ykhk vksj blls Hkh egroiw.kz oklrfod C;kt njksa dk LrjA C;kt ds fueu Lrj dks muur vfkzo;olfkkvksa esa mpp&ewy; fu/kzj.k dk vk/kj cuk;k x;k gsa fdarq bl lanhkz esa] Hkkjr dks ewy;&fu/kzj.k vr;f/d de gksuk pkfg,a vrso] Hkkjr esa c<+rs ewy;&fu/kzj.k ls ;g izrhr gksrk gs fd uhfr&iszfjr&dvksfr;ksa ds ifj.kkelo:i bfdovh esa m/kjdksa }kjk,d fo'kky iksvziqksfy;ks iqu% vkoavu fd;k x;k gsa fdarq bu ewy;&fu/kzj.kksa dks cuk, j[kuk vfkzo;olfkk esa gksus okyh Hkkoh o`f¼ vksj ekstwnk lahkkoukvksa ds lkfk vtzuksa ds leuo; dh vko';drk gksxh] vksj blesa vèkz&lfkk;h iksvziqksfy;ksa iqu% vkcavu dh vko';drk gksxha vu;fkk] muesa leatu djus dh lahkkouk dks [kkfjt ugha fd;k tk ldrka blds fy, lkoèkkuh cjrus dh vko';drk gsa

50 eky,oa lsok dj (th,lvh) ds ifjizs{; esa Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk dk,d uwru izcks/d,oa laf{kir foospu 02 vè;k; vksj rc vkdk'k dh vksj VdVdh yxk, esaus eglwl fd;k fd,d ubz nqfu;k dh [kkst gqbz gsa** &tkwu dhv~l dh dfork ^^vkwu iqlvz yq dx buvq psiesul gksej** ij vk/kfjr lwpuk ds fu{ksikxkj ds :i esa eky rfkk lsok dj (th,lvh) Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk dks le>us dh fn'kk esa,d vkewy ifjorzu rfkk folrkj dks lkdkj :i iznku djrk gsa bl lwpuk ds izkjafhkd fo'ys"k.k ls fueufyf[kr fu"d"kz izkir gksrs gsaa bl dj O;oLFkk dks ykxw fd;s tkus ds i'pkr vizr;{k djnkrkvksa dh la[;k esa 50 izfr'kr dh o`f¼ gqbz gs_ rfkk vusd djnkrkvksa us LosPNk ls th,lvh dks viuk;k gs ftuesa fo'ks"k :i ls,sls y?kq mn~;e 'kkfey gsa tks cm+s mn~;eksa ls Ø; djrs gsa rfkk buiqv VSDl ØsfMV dk ykhk mbkuk pkgrs gsaa jkt;ksa ds chp th,lvh vk/kj dk forj.k mudh vfkzo;olfkk ds vkdkj ls etcwrh ls tqm+k gs ftlls izeq[k mriknd jkt;ksa dk ;g Mj lekir gks x;k gs fd ubz iz.kkyh dks viukus ls muds dj laxzg.k esa deh vk,xha jkt;ksa }kjk fd, tk jgs varjkz"vªh; fu;kzr (Hkkjr ds bfrgkl esa igyh ckj) ls lacaf/r u, vkadm+ksa ls ;g Kkr gksrk gs fd fu;kzr vkadm+ksa rfkk jkt; ds yksxksa ds thou Lrj ds chp,d etcwr lglaca/ fo eku gsa Hkkjr dk fu;kzr bl lanhkz esa vlkeku; gs fd vu; rqyuh; ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa gekjs ns'k esa lokzf/d cm+h Js.kh ds izfr"bkuksa dh fu;kzr esa Hkkxhnkjh dkiqh de gsa Hkkjr dk vkarfjd O;kikj thmhih dk yxhkx 60 izfr'kr gs tks finys o"kz dh leh{kk esa yxk, x, vuqeku ls Hkh vf/d gs rfkk vu; cm+s ns'kksa ds vkarfjd O;kikj dks ns[krs gq, i;kzir vuqdwy gsa Hkkjr dk vksipkfjd {ks=k] fo'ks"kdj vksipkfjd :i ls Ñf"k ls fhkuu {ks=k esa dke dj jgh daifu;ksa esa is jksy ij dke dj jgs dezpkfj;ksa dh la[;k ekstwnk vuqeku dh rqyuk esa i;kzir O;kid gsa lkekftd lqj{kk mica/ksa ds lanhkz esa fu/kzfjr dh xbz vksipkfjdrkvksa ls ;g vuqeku izkir gksrk gs fd vksipkfjd {ks=k esa dke dj jgs dezpkjh Ñf"k fhkuu {ks=k esa dke dj jgs dezpkfj;ksa dk yxhkx 31 izfr'kr gs_ vksipkfjd {ks=k ds th,lvh ds <kaps esa 'kkfey gksus ds lanhkz esa ;g Kkr gksrk gs fd blesa vksipkfjd {ks=k esa dke dj jgs osrfud dezpkfj;ksa dk fgllk 53 izfr'kr gsa ifjp; 2-1 dsoy,d dkj.k ls uhfrfuekzrk rfkk vuqla/ kudrkz mlh vk'p;z dh vuqhkwfr dj ldrs gsa ftl vk'p;z dh vfhko;fdr dfo us xzhd egkdko; dks i<+us ij dh Fkh tcfd mlus eglwl fd;k Fkk fd,d ubz nqfu;k vpkud lcds lkeus vk xbz gsa eky rfkk lsok dj (th,lvh) ljdkj }kjk dh xbz,d,slh gh O;kid O;oLFkk gsa th,lvh dks vusd dkj.kksa ls O;kid tulefkzu feyk gs tks fo'ks"kdj,d Hkkjrh; cktkj l`ftr djus dh bldh {kerk] dj vk/kj dks folrkj iznku djus rfkk lgdkjh la?kokn dks c<+kok nsus esa bldh l{kerk ds dkj.k gsa th,lvh dk,d vu; ykhk vhkh Hkh yksxksa dh utj esa ugha vk;k gs vksj og ;g gs fd blls lwpuk dk,d cm+k fu{ksikxkj l`ftr gksxk ftlls Hkkjr dh vfkzo;olfkk dks le>us esa gekjh lksp dks folrkj rfkk fuf'pr :i ls mlesa cnyko vk,xka 2-2 th,lvh ls izkir vkadm+ksa ls Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk ds ckjs esa dqn vf/d dfbu rfkk cqfu;knh rf;ksa dks

51 eky,oa lsok dj (th,lvh) ds ifjizs{; esa Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk dk,d uwru izcks/d,oa laf{kir foospu 33 le>us esa enn fey ldrh gsa izkir gq, dqn jksekapd u, fu"d"kks± esa fueufyf[kr 'kkfey gsa% vizr;{k djnkrkvksa dh la[;k esa i;kzir o`f¼ gqbz gs_ vusd djnkrkvksa us th,lvh dks LosPNk ls viuk;k gs ftuesa fo'ks"k :i ls,sls y?kq m e 'kkfey gsa tks cm+s m eksa ls Ø; djrs gsa rfkk buiqv VSDl ØsfMV dk ykhk mbkuk pkgrs gsaa jkt;ksa ds chp th,lvh vk/kj dk laforj.k muds ldy jkt;?kjsyw mrikn (th,lmhih) ls etcwrh ls tqm+k gs ftlls izeq[k mrikndksa dk ;g Mj lekir gks x;k gs fd ubz iz.kkyh dks viukus ls muds dj laxzg.k esa deh vk,xh_ jkt;ksa ds }kjk fd, tk jgs varjkz"vªh; fu;kzr ls lacaf/r u, vkadm+ksa ls ;g Kkr gksrk gs fd fu;kzr vkadm+ksa rfkk jkt; ds yksxksa ds thou Lrj ds chp,d etcwr lglaca/ fo eku gs_ Hkkjr dk fu;kzr bl lanhkz esa vlkeku; gs fd vu; rqyuh; ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa gekjs ns'k esa lokzf/d cm+h Js.kh ds izfr"bkuksa dh fu;kzr esa Hkkxhnkjh dkiqh de gsa vkarfjd O;kikj thmhih dk yxhkx 60 izfr'kr gs tks finys o"kz dh leh{kk esa yxk, x, vuqeku ls Hkh vf/d gs rfkk vu; cm+s ns'kksa ds vkarfjd O;kikj dks ns[krs gq, i;kzir vuqdwy gsa Hkkjr esa] fo'ks"kdj vksipkfjd :i ls Ñf"k ls fhkuu {ks=k esa dke dj jgh daifu;ksa esa isjksy ij dke dj jgs dezpkfj;ksa dh la[;k ekstwnk vuqeku dh rqyuk esa lkj.kh 1% iathñr vizr;{k djnkrkvksa dh la[;k] th,lvh ykxw gksus ls igys rfkk ckn esa fefy;u esa 1. bldk vfkz LFkwy :i esa izfr m e fudk; ds lanhkz esa 9-3 fefy;u vf}rh; dkjiksjsv daifu;ka gsa D;ksafd fdlh,d fudk; dk fofhkuu jkt;ksa esa,dkf/d iathdj.k gks ldrk gsa 2. yxhkx 2-4 fefy;u lsok dj ds varxzr rfkk 0-4 fefy;u mrikn dj ds varxzr (;s nksuksa dj dsaunz }kjk mxkgs tkrs gsa) rfkk 6-4 fefy;u ewy;of¼zr dj (osv] jkt;ksa }kjk mxkgs x,) th,lvh ds rgr iathñr djnkrk th,lvh ds rgr iathñr djnkrk iwoz esa fdl Js.kh ds rgr Fks lkj.kh 2% vuqekfur VuZ vksoj rfkk th,lvh ds varxzr u, iath;dksa dh fdle ch 2 ch ch 2 lh fu;kzr 'kwu; dqy fofhkuu Jsf.k;ksa ds varxzr VuZvksoj dh fgllsnkj 34.0% 16.8% 29.8% 19.4% 100.0% fvii.kh% 'kwu; Js.kh esa os vkiw r;ka 'kkfey gsa tks th,lvh ds nk;js ls ckgj gsa tslsfd isvªksfy;e] LokLF;] f'k{kk rfkk fo qra lzksr% vkffkzd leh{kk ds ifjdyu th,lvh vkadm+ksa ij vk/kfjr gasa th,lvh ds rgr iathñr djnkrkvksa dh Js.kh mrikn dqy u, iqjkus lsok dj oh,vh u, lajpuk fu;fer 'kqyd vf[ky Hkkjr fvii.kh% ;fn dksbz daiuh fofhkuu jkt;ksa esa izpkyu djrh gks rks og,d ls vf/d ckj iathñr gks ldrh gsa lzksr% vkffkzd leh{kk esa fd, x, ifjdyu th,lvh vkadm+ksa ij vk/kfjr gsa i;kzir O;kid gsa lkekftd lqj{kk mica/ksa ds lanhkz esa fu/kzfjr dh xbz vksipkfjdrkvksa ls ;g vuqeku izkir gksrk gs fd vksipkfjd {ks=k esa dke dj jgs dezpkjh Ñf"k fhkuu {ks=k esa dke dj jgs dezpkfj;ksa dk yxhkx 31 izfr'kr gas_ vksipkfjd {ks=k dk th,lvh ds <kaps esa 'kkfey gksus ds lanhkz esa ;g Kkr gksrk gs fd vksipkfjd {ks=k esa dke dj jgs dezpkfj;ksa dk blesa ;ksxnku 53 izfr'kr gsa blh izdkj] vksipkfjd {ks=k dk vkdkj (;gka ;k rks lkekftd lqj{kk ;k th,lvh usv esa 'kkfey ds :i esa ifjhkkf"kr) futh xsj&d`f"k {ks=k esa dqy iqeks± dh la[;k dk 13 izfr'kr fdarq muds dqy VuZ vksoj dk 93 izfr'kr gsa 2-3 bu fu"d"kks± ij uhps ppkz dh tk jgh gsa djnkrk 2-4 lkj.kh 1 esa ;g n'kkz;k x;k gs fd fnlacj 2017 dh flfkfr ds vuqlkj th,lvh esa 9-8 fefy;u uke 1 iathñr Fks ftudh la[;k iqjkuh iz.kkyh ds rgr iathñr dqy vizr;{k djnkrkvksa dh la[;k ls ekewyh vf/d gsa drq ;s nksuksa vkadm+s rqyuh; ugha gsa% iqjkuh iz.kkyh ds varxzr iathñr djnkrk bl lanhkz esa,dleku ugha Fks fd os vusd djksa ds rgr iathñr djnkrk FksA djnkrkvksa ds nks vksj rhu ckj fxus x, vk/kj dks lek;ksftr djrs gq, th,lvh us vf}rh; vizr;{k djnkrkvksa dh la[;k esa 50 izfr'kr ls Hkh vf/d dh o`f¼ gqbz gs tks dqy feykdj 3-4 fefy;u gsa

52 34 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m u, 'kkfey fd, x, djnkrkvksa dk izksiqkby dkiqh jkspd gs muds dqy VuZ vksoj esa ls O;olk; ls mihkksdrk (ch 2 lh) O;kikj dqy dk dsoy 17 izfr'kr gsa vf/ dka'k O;kikj O;olk; ls O;olk; ds chp (ch 2 ch) rfkk fu;kzr ls lacaf/r gs tks vdsys yxhkx 30&34 izfr'kr gs (lkj.kh 2)A 2-6 th,lvh ds vusd ykhkksa esa ls,d ykhk ;g gs fd bldk LoSfPNd vuqikyu fd;k tkrk gsa dqn vkadm+s bl ifj?kvuk dks Li"V djrs gsaa,sls yxhkx 1-7 fefy;u iath;d gsa ftudh vk; dj gsrq fu/kzfjr lhek ls de gsa vr% muds fy, iathdj.k djkuk vko';d ugha gs] rks Hkh os iathdj.k djkrs gsaa oklro esa vuqekfur dqy 71 fefy;u Ñf"k fhkuu m eksa esa ls gekjk vuqeku gs fd yxhkx 13 izfr'kr th,lvh esa iathñr gsa 2-7 blds vfrfjdr] yxhkx 1-6 fefy;u djnkrk (dqy dk 17 izfr'kr) fefjr Ldhe ds rgr iathñr gsa ftuds fy, ekstwnk lhek 1-5 djksm+ #- fu/kzfjr dh xbz gsa os vius VuZvksoj ij de dj (1 izfr'kr] 2 izfr'kr ;k 5 izfr'kr) dk Hkqxrku djrs gsa rfkk os buiqv VSDl ØsfMV ds fy, ik=k ugha gsaa ;g O;oLFkk muds iz'kklfud cks> dks de djrh gs drq blls mugsa cm+s izfr"bkuksa dks fcøh djus esa dfbukbz dk lkeuk djuk im+rk gs ftlls,slh fcøh ij buiqv VSDl ØsfMV dh cpr ugha dh tk ldrh gsa bl dkj.k] yxhkx 1-9 fefy;u iath;d (dqy fu;fer iath;dksa dk 23 izfr'kr) th,lvh dh 20 yk[k #i;s dh lhek rfkk la;kstu lhek ds chp jg x, rfkk tks la;kstu Ldhe ds fy, fodyi ns ldrs Fks mugksaus,slk ugha djus dk fodyi pquk rfkk ctk; blds mugksaus fu;fer th,lvh ds varxzr Lo;a dks ntz djkus dk fu.kz; fy;ka nwljs 'kcnksa esa la;kstu Ldhe ds varxzr iathdj.k gsrq ik=k djnkrkvksa ds 54-3 izfr'kr [1-9@( )] ls Hkh vf/d us fu;fer iath;d gksus ds ctk; la;kstu Ldhe esa 'kkfey gksus dk fodyi pquka,slk D;ksa gqvk] bl laca/ esa [kam 4,oa vuqca/ I esa folr`r ppkz dh xbz gsa 2-8 egkjk"vª] mùkj izns'k] rfeyukmq vksj xqtjkr,sls jkt; gsa ftuesa th,lvh ds rgr iath;dksa dh la[;k lcls vf/d gsa mùkj izns'k vksj if'pe caxky esa dj iath;dksa dh la[;k esa iqjkuh dj O;oLFkk dh rqyuk esa lcls vf/d o`f¼ ntz dh xbz gsa dj vk/kj rfkk bldk LFkkfud forj.k 2-9 th,lvh ds laca/ esa vf/dka'k fopkj&foe'kz dj vk/kj ds vkdkj rfkk jktlo fu"izhkkohdj.k nj (vkj,uvkj) 5 ij im+us okys izhkkoksa ij dsafunzr FksA vkj,uvkj lfefr us 68-8 yk[k djksm+ #i;s vk/kj dk vuqeku yxk;k Fkk rfkk th,lvh ifj"kn~ us 65-8 yk[k djksm+ #i;s 6 vk/kj gksus dk vuqeku yxk;k FkkA 2-10 ekstwnk vkadm+ksa ls ;g Kkr gksrk gs fd th,lvh dj vk/kj (fu;kzr NksM+dj) 65&70 yk[k djksm+ #i;s gs tks bu nks iwozorhz vuqekuksa ds dkiqh gn rd leku gsa vkjafhkd dqn eghuksa ds nksjku fd, x, vkslr laxzg.k ds vk/kj ij Hkkfjr vkslr laxzg.k nj (dj Hkkj) yxhkx 15-6 izfr'kr gsa vr% tslkfd vkj,uvkj lfefr }kjk vuqeku yxk;k x;k gs] jktlo laxzg.k dks fu"izhkkfor cuk, j[kus okyh nj 15 ls 16 izfr'kr ds chp gksxha 2-11 th,lvh dks ykxw djus ls Bhd igys dh vof/ ds nksjku fofuekz.kdkjh dk;ks± esa tqm+s jkt;ksa dks bl ckr dh fpark Fkh fd y{; rfkk [kir vk/kfjr dj O;oLFkk esa 'kkfey gksus ls [kir djus okys jkt;ksa dh vksj dj vk/kj f[kld tk,xka D;k,slk gqvk gs\ fp=k 1% dj vk/kj dk jkt;okj forj.k States' share in Potential GST Base (%) MH TN KA UP GJ DEL KE WE TE HR AP RJ MP PUN BH OD JH CG AS UK HP J&K GO CHADI PON D&N TR MG D&D MN SK NG MZ A&N ARP LAK lzksr% vkffkzd leh{kk ds ifjdyu th,lvh vkadm+ksa ij vk/kfjr gsaa 2-12 fp=k 1 essa dqy th,lvh vk/kj esa jkt;okj fgllsnkjh dks n'kkz;k x;k gsa bl laca/ esa 'kh"kzlfk jkt;ksa esa egkjk"vª (16 izfr'kr)] rfeyukmq (10 izfr'kr)] dukzvd (9 izfr'kr)] mùkj izns'k (7 izfr'kr) rfkk xqtjkr 3. bl vuqeku ij ckn esa Hkkjr esa vuksipkfjdrk fo"k; ij [kam 7 esa rfkk vuqca/ II esa ppkz dh xbz gsa 4. la;kstu Ldhe ds fy, VuZvksoj lhek 1 djksm+ #i;s ls 1-2 djksm+ #i;s (vdrwcj 2017 esa gqbz th,lvh ifj"kn dh csbd esa) ls cnydj 1-5 djksm+ #i;s (uoecj 2017 esa gqbz th,lvh ifj"kn dh csbd esa) dj nh xbz gsa fofhkuu eghuksa ds lanhkz esa fujarjrk cuk, j[kus ds fy, 1 djksm+ #i;s rd okf"kzd VuZvksoj okys djnkrkvksa dks la;kstu Ldhe ds varxzr j[kk x;k gsa 5. eky rfkk lsok (th,lvh) ds fy, jktlo fu"izhkkohdj.k nj rfkk njksa dh lajpuk ls lacaf/r fjiksvz Hkkjr ljdkj dks 4 fnlacj 2015 dks lksai nh xbz Fkh tks csolkbv http// ij miyc/ gsa 6. vkj,uvkj lfefr rfkk th,lvh ifj"kn nksuksa us o"kz 2013&14 ds fy, th,lvh vk/kj dk vuqeku yxk;k FkkA 2017&18 ds fy, vkadm+s 2013&14 ds ckn ls thmhih esa gqbz ekewyh o`f¼ ds vuqlkj v ru fd, x, gsaa

53 eky,oa lsok dj (th,lvh) ds ifjizs{; esa Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk dk,d uwru izcks/d,oa laf{kir foospu 35 (6 izfr'kr) gsaa fp=k 2 esa ;g n'kkz;k x;k gs fd th,lvh vk/kj esa lhkh jkt;ksa dh fgllsnkjh yxhkx dkiqh gn rd lgh :i esa lg&lacaf/r (0-95 dk xq.kkad) gs tks lexz th,lmhih esa bldh fgllsnkjh dh rqyuk esa blds iw.kzr% lg lacaf/r gksus dks n'kkzrk gsa vr% lcls cm+s dj vk/kj ds laca/ esa,slk izrhr gksrk gs fd bl izdkj dh daiuh lcls vf/d mriknu djus okys jkt;ksa esa gh jg ldrh gsa 2-13,d jkspd iz'u ;g gs fd D;k th,lvh dk dj vk/kj lsok 7 lfgr fofuekz.k ;k lexz thmhih ls lg&lacaf/r gsa fp=k 2 vksj 3 esa lcls cm+s jkt;ksa ds fy, th,lvh vk/kj rfkk jk"vªh; thmhih,oa dqy fofuekz.k thoh, esa bldh fgllsnkjh dks n'kkz;k x;k gsa Share in GST Base fp=k 2% th,lvh vk/kj vksj th,lmhih esa fgllsnkjh TN KA GJ 6 DEL KE HR TE WE 4 AP RJ PUN MP Correlation= OD CG BH JH AS Share in GSDP lzksr% vkffkzd leh{kk ds ifjdyu th,lvh vkadm+ksa ij vk/kfjr gsaa UP MH 2-14 ;g lr; gs fd th,lvh ds varxzr egkjk"vª,oa xqtjkr ds dj vk/kj dh fgllsnkjh fofuekz.k ds {ks=k esa mudh fgllsnkjh ls de gs (fp=k 3 esa os 45 fmxzh ykbzu dh js[kk dh nkfguh vksj gs) fdarq pwafd ;s jkt; lsok {ks=k esa Hkh myys[kuh; dk;z dj jgs gsa] vr% dj vk/kj th,lmhih esa mudh fgllsnkjh ds vuq:i gsa dqy feykdj] bl vkadm+s ls th,lvh ds ifj.kkeksa esa ikjnf'kzrk rfkk lkeatl; dh flfkfr Kkr gksrh gsa iqeksza ds ikjlifjd ysunsuksa ds forj.k dk vkdkj 2-15 uhfr&fu/kzj.k fo'ks"kdj vuqikyu dh i¼fr;ksa dks rs;kj djus ds fy, iqeks± ds chp ysunsuksa dh izd`fr dks Share in GST Base fp=k 3% th,lvh vk/kj vksj fofuekz.k {ks=k esa thmhih esa fgllsnkjh KA 8 UP 6 4 DEL KE TE WE AP HR RJ GJ MP PUN Correlation= CG BH OD AS JH Share in Manufacturing GSDP lzksr% vkffkzd leh{kk ds ifjdyu th,lvh vkadm+ksa ij vk/kfjr gsaa TN MH lkj.kh 3% ysunsu ds izdkj,oa dkjksckj lewg ds vuqlkj ekfld dkjksckj forj.k ysu nsu dk izdkj ch 2 ch ch 2 lh fu;kzr 'kwu; 8 dqy fooj.kh ntz djus okyksa dk fgllk dj ns;rk esa fgllk dj ns;rk esa fgllk U;wure lhek ls uhps 0.2% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 32.2% 0.9% fou;kl 1.2% 1.1% 0.0% 0.1% 2.4% 36.0% 4.4% y?kq vksj lw{e m e 3.8% 2.3% 0.1% 0.5% 6.8% 22.0% 10.5% eè;e 15.5% 4.3% 1.5% 2.8% 24.1% 9.2% 29.8% cm+h iqes± 36.5% 4.9% 7.7% 17.1% 66.2% 0.6% 54.4% dqy 57.3% 12.8% 9.4% 20.5% 100.0% 100% 100% lzksr% vkffkzd losz{k.k ds vkdyu th,lvh ds vkadm+ksa ij vk/kfjr gsaa 7. ge dj vk/kj dks jkt;kas dh [kir ls lg&lacaf/r ugha dj ldrs D;ksafd gekjs ikl miyc/ gkfy;k vkadm+s o"kz 2011&12 ls lacaf/r gsa vksj lkfk gh leiuu ifjokjksa }kjk [kir ds laca/ esa i;kzir vkadm+s miyc/ ugha djk, x, gsa ftldk ifjek.k rfkk jkt;okj forj.k ij myys[kuh; izhkko im+sxka 8 bl Js.kh esa iqeks± }kjk crk, x, mu ysu&nsuksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gs tks th,lvh dk fgllk ugha gsa] mnkgj.k ds fy, isvªksfy;e mriknksa dh fcfø;ka vksj Ø;A

54 36 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 tkuuk vfr egroiw.kz gsa lkj.kh 3 vksj 4 esa bldk fooj.k fn;k x;k gsa 2-16 lkj.kh 3 esa iqez vkdkj ds vuqlkj iqez ds ysu&nsu dk izdkj n'kkz;k x;k gsa ge iqeksz dks muds okf"kzd dkjksckj ds vk/kj ij ikap Jsf.k;ksa esa j[krs gsa% U;wure lhek ls uhps] ` 20 yk[k ls de_ fou;kl (daiksth'ku) lhek ls uhps] ` 20&100 yk[k (fou;kl Ldhe dh orzeku Åijh lhek ` 150 yk[k gs)_ y?kq vksj lw{e m e (,l,ebz)] ` 1&5 djksm_ eè;e ` 5&100 djksm+,oa ` 100 djksm+ ls vf/d dkjksckj djus okyh cm+h iqes± 2-17 ge bugsa m eksa dh la[;k vksj buds dkjksckj] nksuksa ds vuqlkj iznf'kzr djrs gsaa 2-18 blesa vk'p;z ugha fd dkjksckj ds forj.k ds vkadm+ksa dks dkiqh rksm+ ejksm+ dj iznf'kzr fd;k x;k gsa U;wure lhek ls uhps dh iathd`r iqes± la[;k esa dqy iqeks± 9 dh 32» gsa ijarq dqy dkjksckj esa budh Hkkxhnkjh 1 izfr'kr ls de gs] tcfd cm+h iqes± 1 izfr'kr ls Hkh de gsa] fiqj Hkh budh Hkkxhnkjh dkjksckj dk 66 izfr'kr gs vksj budh dqy dj ns;rk 54» gsa 2-19 NksVh iathd`r iqes± (izfke rhu Jsf.k;ka) mihkksdrkvksa dks cspus (ch2lh) vksj vu; iqeks± (ch2ch) dks cspus esa cjkcj :i ls 'kkfey gqbz yxrh gsaa blds foijhr eè;e vksj cm+h iqeks± dh ch2lh ysunsuksa dh rqyuk esa ch2ch ysunsuksa esa vf/d lafyirrk jgh gsa 2-20 th,lvh ykxw fd, tkus ls igys] ;g vk'kk dh tkrh Fkh fd NksVs Mhyj tks lh/s mihkksdrkvksa dks viuk lkeku csprs gsa] os fou;kl (deiksth'ku) Ldhe dks pqusaxs tcfd tks cm+h daifu;ksa dks viuk lkeku csprs gsa os fu;fer iathdj.k dk p;u djsaxs ;k blesa 'kkfey gksus ds fy, et+cwj gksaxs D;ksafd Øsrk iqes± rc rd ugha [kjhsnsaxh tc rd fd os fufozf"v dj&øsfmv ugha izkir dj ysrha 2-21 blls ;g fl¼ gksrk gs fd U;wure lhek ls uhps dh iqes ± tks fiqj Hkh LoSfPNd :i ls vuqikyu djus dh bpnqd gs a] muds yxhkx vk/s ysu&nsu oklro es a ch2lh dh Js.kh es a vkrs gs aa blls ;g irk pyrk gs fd oklro es a] cm+h daifu;ks a es a vkiwfrzdrkz gksus ek=k ds vfrfjdr Hkkxhnkjh ds fy, iz sj.kk ds vksj Hkh lzksr gsaa 2-22 lkj.kh 4 ls ;g lk{; feyrk gs fd NksVh ch2lh iqes± th,lvh dk fgllk blfy, cuuk pkgrh gsa D;ksafd os cm+s m eksa ls [kjhnrh gsaa olrqr% budh 68» [kjhnsa (1-7@2-5] izfke LraHk ls) eè;e vksj cm+s iathd`r m eksa ls gsa] tks mugsa iathdj.k ds fy,,d lqn`<+ vkiwfrzdrkz ds dkjksckj okyh Js.kh lkj.kh 4% dkjksckj lewg ds vuqlkj vkiwfrzdùkkz vksj Øsrk dh fefjr&lkj.kh U;wure lhek Øsrk ds dkjksckj okyh Js.kh U;wure lhek fou;kl,l,ebz eè;e iqes± cm+h iqes± dqy U;wure lhek 0.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.3% fou;kl ls uhp 0.2% 0.4% 0.5% 0.6% 0.4% 2.2% y?kq vksj lw{e m e 0.5% 1.0% 1.6% 2.2% 1.3% 6.7% eè;e 1.0% 2.0% 4.8% 10.9% 8.3% 27.0% cm+h iqes± 0.7% 1.1% 4.1% 17.3% 40.6% 63.8% dqy 2.5% 4.6% 11.1% 31.1% 50.7% 100.0% lzksr% vkffkzd losz{k.k ds vkdyu th,lvh ds vkadm+ksa ij vk/kfjr gsaa 9 os iqes± ftugksaus igys 5 ekg ds xsj&'kwu; th,lvhvkj 3ch foojf.k;ka nk;j dha

55 a a eky,oa lsok dj (th,lvh) ds ifjizs{; esa Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk dk,d uwru izcks/d,oa laf{kir foospu 37 izksrlkgu iznku djrk gs] rkfd os bu [kjhnksa ij fufozf"v dj&øsfmv lqfuf'pr dj ldsaa varjjk"vªh; O;kikj] varj&jkt; O;kikj vksj vkffkzd le`f¼ 2-23 foxr o"kz dh vkffkzd leh{kk ls dj vkadm+ksa ij vk/kfjr Hkkjr esa varj&jkt; O;kikj ds vkadm+ksa ds izfke vuqeku izkir gksrs gsaa bu vuqekuksa dks th,lvh ls igys dh O;oLFkk ds varxzr varj&jkt; djksa (dsanzh; fcøhdj) ds Hkqxrkuksa ls vyx fd;k tkuk FkkA bl o"kz th,lvh foojf.k;ksa ls gesa varj&jkt; O;kikj vksj blds vusd lacafèkr vk;keksa ij izr;{k vkadm+s feys gsaa 2-24 vksj Hkh mrlkgtud ckr ;g gs fd Hkkjr ds bfrgkl es a igyh ckj ge eky vksj lsokvks a ds varjjk"vªh; fu;kzrks ds jkt;&okj forj.k ds ckjs es a tku ik, gs aa lkj.kh 5 es a ;s vkadm+ s fn, x, gs aa ikap jkt;&egkjk"vª] xqtjkr] dukzvd] lkj.kh 5% jkt;ksa dk ldy vksj fuoy varj&jkt; O;kikj jkt;» fgllk lap;h egkjk"vª 22.3% 22.3% xqtjkr 17.2% 39.5% dukzvd 12.7% 52.3% rfeyukmq 11.5% 63.8% rsyaxkuk 6.4% 70.1% gfj;k.kk 4.9% 75.0% mùkj izns'k 4.8% 79.8% if'pe caxky 3.2% 83.0% vka/z izns'k 2.8% 85.8% vksfm'kk 2.0% 87.8% fnyyh 1.9% 89.7% jktlfkku 1.8% 91.5% dsjy 1.7% 93.2% iatkc 1.7% 94.8% eè; izns'k 1.3% 96.1% xksvk 0.9% 97.0% uksv% xsj&th,lvh fu;kzrksa dks NksM+dj eky vksj lsokvksa dk fu;kzra lzksr% vkffkzd losz{k.k ds vkdyu th,lvh ds vkadm+ksa ij vk/kfjr gsaa rfeyukmq vksj rsyaxkuk bl Øe es a Hkkjr ds dqy fu;kzrks es a 70» ds Hkkxhnkj gs aa 2-25 bu vkadm+ksa ds izfke ckj izkir gksrs gh] rqjar bl iz'u dk mùkj fn;k tk ldrk gs fd D;k le`f¼ dk lh/k laca/ fu;kzr fu"iknu ls gsa fp=k 4 esa ;g n'kkz;k x;k gs fd ;g ikjaifjd cks/ lgh gs% fdlh jkt; dk izfro;fdr th,lmhih dkiqh gn rd th,lmhih esa blds fu;kzr fglls (20 cm+s jkt;ksa ds fy,) 10 ls tqm+k gsa pkvz esa fcydqy vyx jkt; dsjy gs] ijarq ;g blfy, fd ;g foizsf"kr /u dk cm+k izkirdùkkz jkt; gsa ;fn ge fp=k 4% varjjk"vªh; fu;kzr vksj jkt;ksa dh le`f¼ Ln GSDP Per Capita CG WE RJ KE JH MP PUN AP UP OD TN HR MH KA BH Export to GSDP foizsf"kr /u jkf'k;ksa dks tksm+sa vksj jkt;ksa ds fy,,d O;kid osf'odj.k lwpdkad cuk,a rks dsjy dh flfkfr fhkuu u gksrha 2-26 finys o"kz dh vkffkzd leh{kk esa geus vuqeku yxk;k Fkk fd eky esa Hkkjr dk vkarfjd O;kikj thmhih dk 30 ls 50 izfr'kr ds chp Fkk] tksfd vu; ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa vis{kkd`r vf/d gsa th,lvh vkadm+ksa ls ;g irk pyrk gs fd Hkkjr dk eky vksj lsokvksa esa (xsj&th,lvh eky vksj lsokvksa dks NksM+dj) vkarfjd O;kikj oklro esa vksj vf/d gs tksfd thmhih dk yxhkx 60» gsa 2-27 lkj.kh 6 easa varj&jkt; O;kikj ds vkadm+s fn, x, gsa ikap lokzf/d cm+s fu;kzrd jkt; gsa% egkjk"vª] xqtjkr] gfj;k.kk] rfeyukmq vksj dukzvd_ TE correlation=0.70 lzksr% vkffkzd leh{kk ds ifjdyu th,lvh vkadm+ksa ij vk/kfjr gsaa GJ 10 tc lhkh jkt;ksa esa folrkj fd;k tkrk gs rks dfkkud dkiqh dqn,d tslk gh gsa

56 38 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 ikap lokzf/d cm+s vk;krd jkt; gsa% egkjk"vª] rfeyukmq] mùkj izns'k] dukzvd vksj xqtjkr_ lokzf/d vkarfjd O;kikj vkf/d; okys jkt; gsa% xqtjkr] gfj;k.kk] egkjk"vª] mùkjkapy vksj rfeykmq 2-28 ;gka nks fnypli iz'u mbrs gsaa izfke] D;k tks jkt; lokzf/d fu;kzr djrs gsa ogh jkt; vk;kr Hkh lokzf/d djrs gsa\ lkis{k :i ls] D;k tks jkt; lokzf/d O;kikj djrs gsa] os lokzf/d izfrli/hz Hkh gsa vksj O;kikj dk lokzf/d vf/'ks"k Hkh vftzr djrs gsa\ fp=k 5 vksj 6 ls irk pyrk gs fd buds mùkj gka esa gsaa 2-29 ge ;g Hkh iwn ldrs gsa fd D;k vkarfjd O;kikj le`f¼ ls tqm+k gqvk gsa ;gka fp=k 7 esa jkt;ksa dh th,lmhih esa bldh izfr O;fDr th,lmhih ds lkis{k lkj.kh 6% varj&jkt; O;kikj esa jkt;ksa dk fgllk,oa muds fuoy fu;kzr jkt; fu;kzr jkt; vk;kr jkt; fuoy fu;kzr MH 15.7 MH 13.7 HR 26.1 GJ 11.3 TN 7.8 GJ 20.1 HR 9.4 UP 7.8 OD 6.6 TN 8.4 KA 7.3 MH 5.0 KA 7.0 GJ 7.1 DEL 2.6 DEL 6.0 HR 6.9 TN 2.2 UP 5.6 DEL 5.7 CG 1.6 WE 4.0 WE 4.8 JH 0.3 RJ 3.8 RJ 4.7 AP -1.2 AP 3.6 TE 4.7 KA -1.3 PUN 3.2 AP 3.7 WE -4.9 TE 3.0 PUN 3.7 RJ -6.7 MP 2.4 MP 3.6 PUN -7.0 OD 2.3 KE 3.1 UP -9.6 JH 1.8 BH 2.0 MP CG 1.6 OD 1.9 TE KE 0.8 JH 1.7 KE BH 0.2 CG 1.6 BH uksv% 1- xsj&th,lvh eky dks NksM+dj eky vksj lsok dk varj&jkt; O;kikj 2- fu;kzr vksj vk;kr muds lacaf/r dqy ;ksx dh izfr'krrk esa gs_ fuoy fu;kzr th,lmhih dk fgllk gsa lzksr% vkffkzd losz{k.k ds vkdyu th,lvh ds vkadm+ksa ij vk/kfjr gsaa O;kikj dk fgllk (fu;kzr tek vk;kr) n'kkz;k x;k gsa ;gka fp=k 4 vksj 7 ds chp fnypli fojks/khkkl ns[kus dks feyrk gsa varjjk"vªh; fu;kzrksa ds lkfk izfr O;fDr th,lmhih dk laca/ vkarfjd O;kikj dh rqyuk esa vf/d lqn`<+ gsa ;g ns[kus ds fy, fd D;k ;g varj dkiqh egroiw.kz vksj dkj.kiwozd vkuq"kafxd Hkh gs blesa vksj vf/d vuqla/ku dh vko';drk gsa X+M to GSDP fp=k 5- jkt;ksa dk ldy vksj fuoy varj&jkt; O;kikj TE UP MP KE BH PUN JH KA MH TN RJ CG OD AP WE correlation= X-M to GSDP lzksr% vkffkzd losz{k.k ds vkdyu th,lvh ds vkadm+ksa ij vk/kfjr gsaa in Imports Share fp=k 6- jkt;ksa ds varj&jkt; fu;kzr vksj vk;kr BH TE RJ WE MP PUN KE AP JH CG OD UP KA TN HR GJ correlation=0.93 GJ HR MH Share in Exports lzksr% vkffkzd losz{k.k ds vkdyu th,lvh ds vkadm+ksa ij vk/kfjr gsaa

57 a eky,oa lsok dj (th,lvh) ds ifjizs{; esa Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk dk,d uwru izcks/d,oa laf{kir foospu 39 Ln GSDP Per Capita fp=k 7% jkt;ksa dk vkarfjd ldy O;kikj vksj le`f¼ WE MH KE KA TN TE CG AP RJ OD JH MP UP GJ PUN correlation=0.49 BH X+M to GSDP lzksr% vkffkzd losz{k.k ds vkdyu th,lvh ds vkadm+ksa ij vk/kfjr gsaa O;kikj ds lozjs"b fu"iknd% Hkkjrh; fu;kzr lekurkoknh vioknkredrk 2-30 vf/drj eqfnzr nlrkostksa esa fu;kzrksa ds loszjs"b fu"ikndksa ds mhkjus ds izek.k fn, x, gsa & fu;kzr ds lozjs"b fu"iknd os iqes± gsa tks vlaxr :i ls fu;kzrksa ds cm+s fglls esa Hkkxhnkj gsaa mnkgj.k ds fy, 32 ns'kksa ds uewus esa] izqk;m vksj ikbjksyk (2013) us ;g ik;k fd 'kh"kz 1 izfr'kr fu;kzrd iqes± dqy fu;kzrksa esa 50» ls Hkh vf/d dh Hkkxhnkj gsaa blds vfrfjdr] ;g Hkh rdz fn;k tkrk gs fd bl cm+iiu dks ikus vksj iksf"kr djus ls fu;kzrksa dk {ks=kh; la?kvu mrizsfjr gksrk gs vksj nwljksa ij c<+r gkfly djus esa vksj nh?kzdkyhu lahkkoukvksa dks c<+kus esa enn feyrh gsa ;g vksj vf/d ijaijkxr 'kwekdjh fopkj ls foijhr gs ftlesa y?kqrk] fo'ks"kdj y?kq vksj eè;e m eksa] ds fopkj ij cy fn;k x;k gsa 2-31 vc rd] Hkkjr ds fy,,slk dksbz fo'ys"k.k lahko ugha gks ik;k gs D;ks afd iqez Lrj ij fu;kzr ds vkadm+ks a dks rs;kj djuk dfbu dk;z gsa (fl¼kurr%] MhthlhvkbZ,p vksj lhek 'kqyd fohkkx ds ikl ;s vkadm+ s gksrs gs a ijurq bugs O;ofLFkr :i es a ladfyr ugha fd;k x;k gs ;k vuqla/ kudrkzvks a }kjk iz;ksx ugha fd;k x;k gsa) rfkkfi] th,lvh HR ds u, vkadm+ks a ds iqylo:i] iqez Lrj es a fu;kzrks a ds vkadm+ks a dks rs;kj djuk lahko gks x;k gsa 2-32 ge fu;kzrksa ds iqez&lrj ij ladsanz.k ij fudkys fu"d"kks± dks izlrqr djrs gsa vksj bugsa nwljs cm+s ns'kksa ds vkadm+ksa ds lkfk rqyuk djrs gsaa (fp=k 8)A ifj.kke vr;f/d vk'p;ztud gsaa Hkkjr esa iqeks± }kjk fu;kzr dk ladsanz.k vejhdk] tezuh] czkthy ;k esfdldks 11 dh rqyuk esa dkiqh de gsa mnkgj.k ds fy,% 'kh"kzlfk 1 izfr'kr iqes± czkthy] tezuh] esfdldks vksj vejhdk esa Øe'k% 72] 68] 67 vksj 55» fu;kzr dh Hkkxhnkj gs ysfdu Hkkjr esa ;g Hkkxhnkjh dsoy 38» gs_ bu ns'kksa esa 'kh"kzlfk 5 izfr'kr 91] 86] 91 vksj 74» dh Hkkxhnkj gsa] tcfd Hkkjr esa budh 59» Hkkxhnkjh gs_ vksj bu ns'kksa esa 'kh"kzlfk 25» iqesz 99] 98] 99 vksj 93 izfr'kr dh Hkkxhnkj gsa tcfd Hkkjr esa budh Hkkxhnkjh 82» dh gsa Hkkjr esa 82 izfr'kr dh rqyuk esa mu ns'kksa esa 'kh"kz 25 izfr'kr iqez 99] 98] 99 vksj 93 izfr'kr ds fy, Share in Exports fp=k 8% lap;h fu;kzr fglls ds vuqlkj 'kh"kz fu;kzrd izfr'krrk USA India Brazil Mexico Germany 0 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% Percent of Firms fvii.kh % Hkkjr ds eky,oa lsokvksa ds fu;kzr esa xsj th,lvh fu;kzr 'kkfey ugha gs (tsls fd isvªksfy;e) lzksr% losz{k.k dh x.kuk,a] th,lvh MkVk] oymz csad,dliksvz Mk;ukfed MkVkcsl,oa ;w,l lsall ij vk/kfjr gsaa 11 isvªksfy;e vksj isvªksfy;e mriknksa dks u rks czkthy] esfdldks vksj tezuh ds vkadm+ksa esa vksj u gh Hkkjr ds vkadm+ksa esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gsa rfkkfi] vejhdk ds vkadm+ksa (vejhdh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj) esa rsy vksj xsl mr[kuu esa yxh daifu;ksa dks 'kkfey ugha fd;k x;k gsa

58 40 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 mùkjnk;h jghaa 2-33 blesa,d psrkouh gs tks vleku Hkkjrh; forj.k dks Li"V djus esa enn dj ldrh gs% vu; ns'kksa ls fhkuu :i esa Hkkjrh; vkadm+ksa esa lsokvksa dk fu;kzr 'kkfey gksrk gs] tgka,dkxzrk vuqikr fofuekz.k dh rqyuk esa cgqr gh de jgrk gsa 2-34,sls,d ^^lekurkoknh** Hkkjrh; fu;kzr volajpuk dh fufgrrk,a vli"v gsaa igys m¼`r fd;k x;k lk{; lozjs"b fu"ikndksa ds i{k esa rdz nsrk gs] D;ksafd os ÅtkZoku gksrh gsa vksj muds folrkj dk vu; iqeks± ij vizr;{k izhkko gks ldrk gsa ysfdu,dkxzrk ds vojks/ h&izfrli/kz lfgr vksj uqdlku Hkh gks ldrs gsaa Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk dh vuksipkfjdrk 2-35 varrksxrok] th,lvh vkadm+ksa us u, vkadm+s izlrqr fd, gsa tks Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk esa vksipkfjdrk@vuksipkfjdrk ds ifjek.k dh,d csgrj :i ls iqu% tkap djus dh xqatkb'k nsrk gsa 2-36 vuksipkfjdrk vfkok blds ctk; vksipkfjdrk dks de ls de nks :iksa esa ifjhkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gsa 12 igyk tc iqes±] dezpkfj;ksa dks fdlh u fdlh izdkj dh lkekftd lqj{kk miyc/ djk jgh gkasa Hkkjr esa ljdkj vius dezpkfj;ksa dks ;g miyc/ djokrh gs rfkk dezpkjh Hkfo"; fuf/ laxbu (bzih,iqvks)] isa'ku vksj Hkfo"; fuf/;ksa ds laca/ esa futh {ks=k ds dezpkfj;ksa dks ;g miyc/ djokrh gs_ rfkk dezpkjh jkt; chek fuxe (bz,lvkbzlh) fpfdrlk ykhkksa ds laca/ esa miyc/ djokrh gsa 2-37,sls m ksxksa] tks 20 ls vf/d dkexkjksa dks fu;ksftr djrs gsa vksj ftudk ekfld ikfjjfed@osru ` 15]000 ls de gksrk gs_ ds fy, bzih,iqvks va'knku vfuok;z gksrk gsa ml Lrj ls Åij] va'knku LoSfPNd gksrk gsa dqy lfø; lnl;ksa (ftuds fy, fu;ksdrk }kjk ekfld va'knku tek fd;k tkrk gs) ds 86 izfr'kr ` 15]000 ls de v tr djrs gsa rfkk yxhkx 98 izfr'kr us ^Hkfo"; fuf/&isa'ku* fodyi ds leqpp; dk pquko fd;k gsa,slh iqeks± tks 10 ls vf/d dkexkj fu;ksftr djrh gsa rfkk bu iqeks± esa dkexkjksa dk ekfld ikfjjfed@osru ` 21]000 ls de gks] ds fy, bz,lvkbzlh va'knku vfuok;z gsa 2-38 vksipkfjdrk dh nwljh ifjhkk"kk ;g gs tc iqes± fuoy dj dk fgllk gksrh gsaa pwafd gekjs ikl th,lvh ij u, vkadm+s gsa rks ge th,lvh ds varxzr iathd`r gksus okyh iqeks± ds :i esa dj vksipkfjdrk dks ifjhkkf"kr djsaxsa 2-39 bu ifjhkk"kkvksa ds vk/kj ij ge laxfbr {ks=k dh iqeks±] dqy dkjksckj] dj&ns;rkvksa Hkqxrku fd, x, dj] vksj Hkqxrku jftlvj dh egrrrk dk vuqeku yxk ldrs gsaa fueufyf[kr rkfydk 7] lkekftd lqj{kk rfkk th,lvh dh izpfyr izo`frr ds fhkuu&lfej.k gsrq bu lhkh pj olrqvksa ds,d 2x2 esfvªdl dks n'kkzrh gsa bl rkfydk esa ge ml lsy (izdks"b) dk folr`r C;kSjk nsus ds fy,] tgka dksbz iqez 'kq¼ dj vfkok lkekftd lqj{kk dk fgllk ugha jgh gs rfkk ftldk ok "kd dkjksckj 20 yk[k #i, dh th,lvh dh lhek ls de gs] nsus ds fy,,u,l,lvks ds 73osa losz jkmam dk mi;ksx djrs gsa_ ;g bl :i esa iwjh rjg ls vuksipkfjdrk&izdks"b gs fd muesa ls iqes± dj vksj 'kq¼ lkekftd lqj{kk ls ckgj gsaa 2-40 blds vfrfjdr izeq[k fu"d"kz gsa% yxhkx 0-6 izfr'kr iqess±] tks dqy dkjksckj ds 38 izfr'kr] fu;kzr ds 87 izfr'kr] rfkk th,lvh ns;rk ds 63 izfr'kr gsrq mùkjnk;h gsa] os,slh iqes± gsa ftugsa dj rfkk oklrfod lkekftd lqj{kk nksuksa esa gksus ds dkj.k laxfbr {ks=k dk ^^izeq[k lnl;** dgk tk ldrk gsa ogha nwljh vksj] 87 izfr'kr iqez] tks dqy dkjksckj ds 21 izfr'kr dk izfrfuf/ro djrh gs] iwjh rjg vuksipkfjdrk okyh gsa] rfkk dj vksj oklrfod lkekftd lqj{kk nksuksa ls ckgj gsa yxhkx 12 izfr'kr iqez] tks dqy dkjksckj ds 41 izfr'kr] fu;kzr ds 13 izfr'kr,oa dj ns;rkvksa ds 37 izfr'kr fglls dk izfrfuf/ro djrh gsa] os oklrfod dj esa vkrh gsa ysfdu oklrfod lkekftd lqj{kk esa ughaa ;s iqes± nksuksa oklrfodrkvksa esa vkus okyh iqeks± ls cgqr NksVh gsa D;ksafd mudk vkslr dkjksckj vksj vkslr dj&nj de gs] vfkkzr~ 16-3 izfr'kr dh rqyuk esa 7 izfr'kr gsa varr% 0-1 izfr'kr ls de iqes±] tks dqy dkjksckj ds yxhkx 14 izfr'kr dk izfrfuf/ro djrh gsa] oklrfod lkekftd lqj{kk esa vkrh gsa] oklrfod th,lvh esa ughaa ;s vf/dka'kr% os iqes± gsa tks th,lvh ls NwV izkir {ks=kksa (tsls fd f'k{kk] LokLF;] fctyh) esa gs] gkykafd cgqr 12 vksipkfjdrk@vuksipkfjdrk dh vusdksa fhkuu&fhkuu ifjhkk"kk,a gsaa buesa ls vf/d :i ls,d leku ifjhkk"kk,a gsa% 13 C;kSjk 3 vuqca/ 1 esa fn;k x;k gsa 14,u,l,lvks us Hkkjr esa tqykbz 2015 vksj twu 2016 ds eè; vlaxfbr xsj d`f"k m e (fuekz.k dks NksM+dj) dk,d losz fd;ka

59 eky,oa lsok dj (th,lvh) ds ifjizs{; esa Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk dk,d uwru izcks/d,oa laf{kir foospu 41 lkj.kh 7 Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk dh vksipkfjdrk bzih,iqvks@bz,lvkbzlh esa ukekadu iqeks±@m eksa dh la[;k (yk[kksa esa) dqy dkjksckj dk fgllk dj ns;rkvksa esa fgllk dj nj (») fu;kzr esa fgllk dezpkjh (djksm+ esa) gka ugha dqy gka ugha dqy gka ugha dqy gka ugha dqy gka ugha dqy gka ugha dqy gka th,lvh ds varxzr iathñr ugha ,u-,-,u-,-,u-,-,u-,-,u-,-,u-,-,u-,-,u-,-,u-, dqy fvii.kh% 1- bzih,iqvks rfkk bz,lvkbzlh ds vkadm+s vizsy] 17 ls uoecj] 17 rd izkir va'knkuksa (lfø; vfhknkrkvksa) ij vk/kfjr gsaa orzeku fo'ys"k.k ds fy,] vksipkfjd isjkwy dh fupyh lhek yh xbz gsa fupyh lhek] vizsy&uoecj] 2017 esa vfhknkrkvksa dh vkslr la[;k (6-0 djksm+) gs] ogha Åijh lhek vizsy&17 ls uoecj] 17 rd 'kq : gksus okys fdlh ekg esa vfhknkrkvksa dh vf/dre la[;k (7-1 djksm+) gsa 2- bzih,iqvks rfkk bz,lvkbzlh dk feyku Je igpku la[;k (,yvkbz,u) dk iz;ksx djrs gq, fd;k tkrk gsa bz,lvkbzlh esa,yvkbz,u dks NksM+dj lhkh izfof"v;ksa dks bl fo'ys"k.k ls ckgj j[kk x;k gs rkfd nksgjh&x. kuk dh lahkkouk ls cpk tk ldsa,yvkbz,u ds fcuk okys,sls m e] vkslr :i ls 25&30 yk[k vfhknkrkvksa gsrq mùkjnk;h gsaa 3-,sls m eksa ds fy, tks bzih,iqvks rfkk bz,lvkbzlh nksuksa esa gsa] bu nksuksa ds eè; vf/dre fu;kstu dks,d mi;qdr la[;k ds :i esa fy;k x;k gsa 4- bz,lvkbzlh us tuojh] 2017 ls iqeks± ds dojst dks la'kksf/r fd;ka nwljs vfuok;z va'knku ds fy, ikfjjfed@osru lhek dks 15]000 izfrhkkj ls c<+kdj 21]000 izfrekg fd;ka 5- dsunz ljdkjh isjkwy esa j{kk dkfezd 'kkfey ugha gsa 6- xsj&d`f"k dk;zcy dk vuqeku,u,l,lvks ds fu;kstu&xsj fu;kstu losz{k.k (68osa jkmam)] 2011&12 ij vk/kfjr gsaa 7- tqykbz] 2015 vksj twu] 2016 ds eè; Hkkjr esa vlaxfbr xsj&d`f"k m e (fofuekz.k dks NksM+dj) ij,u,l,lvks ds 73osa jkmam losz{k.k dk iz;ksx iwjh rjg vuksipkfjd isjkwy@fu;kstu dk vuqeku djus ds fy, fd;k x;k gs] vfkkzr~ iqeks± ds isjkwy u rks bzih,iqvks@bz,lvkbzlh esa ukekafdr gsa vksj u gh th,lvh esaa 8- vf/d tkudkjh ds fy, vuqca/ II ns[ksaa 9-,u,% miyc/ ugha lzksr% losz{k.k dh x.kuk,a th,lvh] bzih,iqvks] bz,lvkbzlh vksj,u,l,l MkVk ij vk/kfjr gsaa

60 42 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 lh,slh iqes± gsa tks th,lvh ls ckgj yxrh gsa] Hkys gh os th,lvh esa vkus okys {ks=kksa esa gksaa,d lahkkfor dkj.k ;g gs fd os th,lvh dh lhekjs[kk ls uhps jgrh gs] ysfdu ogka dqn vu; Hkh gks ldrh gsa xsj&d`f"k is&jksy 2-41 vc vksipkfjd vksj vuksipkfjd xsj&ñf"k Hkqxrku jftlvj ij xksj djrs gsaa 15 ge lkekftd lqj{kk ds ifjizs{; ls vksipkfjd xsj&ñf"k Hkqxrku jftlvj dk yxhkx 7-5 djksm+ vfkok xsj&ñf"k dk;zcy ds 31 izfr'kr ij vuqeku yxkrs gsaa bl vuqeku esa ljdkjh xsj&ñf"k Hkqxrku jftlvj (dsunz vksj jkt;) 'kkfey gs] ftldk ge eksvs rksj ij 1-5 djksm+ (j{kk dk edksa dks NksM+dj) vuqeku yxk ldrs gsaa 2-42 ljdkjh dezpkfj;ksa vksj lkfk gh xsj&ñf"k Hkqxrku jftlvj dks NksM+dj dj&vk/kfjr la[;k tks orzeku esa th,lvh ls ckgj ds {ks=kksa] tsls fd LokLF; vksj f'k{kk esa vkrh gsa] pkgs bu {ks=kksa dh iqeks± us vu; dkj.kksa ls iath;u fd;k gs] os vuqekfur xsj&ñf"k Hkqxrku jftlvj dk fgllk gksaxha 2-43 bu lhkh ckrksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, vksj ljdkjh dezpkfj;ksa dks okil tksm+rs gq, ge,d dj&ifjhkk"kk ls vksipkfjd xsj&ñf"k Hkqxrku jftlvj dk vuqeku 12-7 fefy;u yxkrs gsaa bldk vk'k; gs fd xsj&ñf"k dk;zcy (240 fefy;u) dk yxhkx 53 izfr'kr lqo;oflfkr (laxfbr) {ks=k esa gsa 2-44 bl ckr ij tksj nsuk egroiw.kz gs fd ;s vuqeku m e&vk/kfjr gsa u fd jkstxkj dh ifjokj&vk/kfjr ifjhkk"kk,sa gsa rfkk ;s Ñf"k {ks=k dks Hkh ckgj j[krh gsaa bu psrkofu;ksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, ;g vk'p;ztud fu"d"kz fudyrk gsa vksipkfjd xsj&ñf"k Hkqxrku jftlvj ds ;s vuqeku tks lkekftd lqj{kk dh ifjhkkf"kr vksipkfjdrk ds ekeys esa 31 izfr'kr dh lhek ls 'kq: gksus okys gsa rfkk dj&ifjhkkf"kr vksipkfjdrk ds ekeys esa 53 izfr'kr ij gsa] ;s vksipkfjd {ks=k ds xsj&ñf"k Hkqxrku jftlvj ds vkdkj ds ckjs esa orzeku /kj.kkvksa ls cgqr vf/d gsa fu"d"kz 2-45 lp rks ;g gs fd gesas fo'ys"k.k ds laca/ esa dqn lko/kfu;ka Hkh cjruh gksaxha gels dqn,slh vksipkfjd iqes± NwV ldrh gsa tks th,lvh vksj@vfkok bz,lvkbzlh@ bzih,iqvks dk vuqikyu ugha dj jgh gsa] gkykafd gekjk ;g fo'okl gs fd ;g Js.kh NksVh gh gksxha 73osa nksj ds ckn ls dqn,slh?kvuk,a gqbz gsa] tks lahkor% bl fo'ys"k.k esa 'kkfey ugha dh xbz gkasxha vkxs vksj vuqla/ku djus ls,sls vusd egroiw.kz iz'uksa ij vksj izdk'k Mkyus esa enn feysxha 15,u,l,l 68oka jkmam vkwiq,eiyk;esav,am vu,eiyks;esav losz 2011&12 ds vf/dre folr`r losz ds lkfk Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk dh vuksipkfjdrk ds cgqr de vuqeku yxk, x, gsaa

61 fuos'k vksj cpr esa fxjkov vksj flfkfr esa lq/kj% Hkkjr ds laca/ esa fofhkuu ns'kksa dk vuqhko 03 vè;k; ftruk fuos'k gksxk mruk gh ykhk gksxk 2000 ds n'kd ds eè; esa Hkkjr esa fuos'k vksj cpr njksa ds vhkwriwoz,sfrgkfld mpp Lrjksa ij igqapus ds ckn] buesa mruh gh rhoz] ; fi] /hjs&/hjs fxjkov Hkh vkbz gsa fuos'k vksj cpr esa fxjkov dh ;g orzeku izo`fùk vhkh rd tkjh gsa bl vè;k; esa] Hkkjr ds fy, uhfrxr lh[k izkir djus ds fy, fuos'k vksj cpr esa fxjkov rfkk flfkfr esa lq/kj ds isvuz dk vè;;u djus ds fy, fofhkuu ns'kksa ds vuqhko dh ppkz dh tk jgh gsa,d fu"d"kz ;g gs fd fuos'k esa fxjkov dk lao`f¼ ij izhkko im+rk gs ijurq ;g cpr dks Hkh izhkkfor djs] vko';d ugha gsa nwljk ;g gs fd fuos'k esa fxjkov ls flfkfr esa lqèkkj] fo'ks"kdj muds laca/ esa tks rqyu i=k dh dfbukb;ksa ls tqm+h gsa] tslkfd Hkkjr esa fxjkov dh izo`fr gs] /heh jgrh gsa lao`f¼ ij izhkko dks vf/d LFkk;h cuus ls jksdus ds fy, uhfrxr fu"d"kz fuos'k dh flfkfr esa lqèkkj dh rkrdkfyd izkfkfedrk gs tslkfd ljdkj us] v'kks/uh; Í.kksa ds lkek/ku vksj ljdkjh {ks=k ds csadksa dk iqu%iwathdj.k dh ;kstuk ds ekè;e ls djuk pkgk gsa &fgesu fealdh ifjp; 3-1 o"kz 2010 ls] Hkkjr dh lao`f¼ fo"k;d ppkz,a,d ljy iz'u ij dsfunzr jgh gsa% fdruh tynh vfkzo;olfkk iqu% 8&10 izfr'kr lao`f¼ ij yksv vk,xh\ dhkh&dhkh rks ;g iz'u,slk yxrk gs fd tsls fd,slk cnyko vo';ahkkoh gs],d,slh?kvuk tks?kfvr gksus dk burtkj dj jgh gsa gkfy;k o"kks± esa ljdkj }kjk fø;kfuor fd, x, lhkh lajpukred lq/kjksa dks ns[krs gq, yxrk gs fd ;g 'kh?kz gh gksus okyh Hkh gsa 3-2 bu izr;k'kkvksa esa ;g n`<+ fo'okl fufgr gs fd?kjsyw cpr vksj fuos'k esa 'kh?kz gh rsth vkus okyh gsa ijurq ;g fuf'pr ugha gsa tslk fd fp=k 1 n'kkzrk gs] u rks cpr vksj u gh fuos'k vuqfpr :i ls eun gsaa ldy flfkj iwath fuekz.k vksj ldy?kjsyw cpr Lrj rks 1990 ds n'kd esa cus jgs Lrjksa ls dgha vf/d mpp gsaa oklro esa] ;g 2000 ds n'kd dh /we gh vlk/kj.k Fkh] tc Hkkjr esa yxhkx 10 izfr'kr dh oklrfod thmhih o`f¼ gqbza blds lkfk gh lkfk?kjsyw cpr,oa fuos'k njksa esa vhkwriwoz 9 izfr'krkad dh o`f¼ gqbza ckn esa fuos'k vksj cpr esa vkbz fxjkov (thmhih ds izfr'kr ds :i esa) us bu njksa dks lkeku; Lrjksa dh vksj gh eksm+ fn;k gsa fo'ks"kdj% ldy flfkj iwath fuekz.k vksj thmhih dk vuqikr 2003 esa 26-5 izfr'kr ls c<+dj 2007 esa 35-6 izfr'kr ds 'kh"kz ij Fkk vksj ;g esa fxjdj 26-4 izfr'kr ij okil vk x;ka 1 Hkkjr lfgr ;s lhkh vkadm+s fo'o csad ds fo'o fodkl ladsrdksa ls gsaa ldy flfkj iwath fuekz.k (iwozorhz ldy?kjsyw flfkj fuos'k) esa] la;a=k] e'khujh vksj midj.kksa dh [kjhn] volajpuk ds fuekz.k (lm+d vksj jsyos] Ldwy vksj vlirky] futh fjgk;'kh vkokl] vks ksfxd Hkou vkfn) vksj Hkwfe esa lq/kj 'kkfey gsaa ;s vuqikr eksfnzd gsaa

62 44 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1?kjsyw cpr vksj thmhih ds vuqikr esa Hkh blh izdkj dk cnyko fn[kkbz fn;k gs] tks 2003 esa 29-2 izfr'kr ls c<+dj esa 29 izfr'kr ij nksckjk fxjus ds igys 2007 esa 38-3 izfr'kr ds 'kh"kz ij FkkA fuos'k ds fy, lap;h fxjkov 2007 vksj 2016 esa cpr dh rqyuk esa de gqbz gs ijurq fuos'k vf/d fupys Lrj rd fxj x;k gsa vfkzo;olfkk ds fy, foxr 15 o"kz,d fo'ks"k vof/ jgh gs] fdurq bl vof/ ds nksjku fdlh vu; ns'k esa bruh cm+h fuos'k dh /we ugha eph gs vksj u gh fxjkov vkbz gsa fp=k 1 dk nk;ka isuy n'kkzrk gs fd rqyuh; ns'kksa esa ladv ds igys cpr vksj fuos'k esa vkslr o`f¼ derj jgh tcfd ckn esa dsoy?kjsyw cpr esa rhoz fxjkov 3 ns[kh xbz gsa ; fi vkslr eku ges'kk fofhkuu izdkj ds fp=k 1% fuos'k vksj cpr (thmhih ds izfr'kr esa) izfrn'kz vfkzo;olfkkvksa ds vkslr nkfguk isuy ds fy,_ Hkkjr (ck;ka isuy)a Investment Saving Investment Saving fuos'k vksj cpr njksa esa,sls rst ifjorzu Hkkjr ds bfrgkl esa igys dhkh ugha vk, Fks& 1991 esa Hkqxrku 'ks"k dh lel;k vksj u gha 1990 ds vkf[kj esa,f'k;kbz foùkh; ladv ds nksjkua ; fi ;g lp gs fd lelr osf'od vuqhkoksa dks fnik tkrs gsa] mlh le; vof/ esa,d ek=k ns'k] ftlus Hkkjr dh rjg isvuz n'kkz;k gs czkthy gs&vksj bl ekeys esa Hkh lekukurj bruh laiw.kz ugha gsa 3-4 Hkkjr esa cpr@fuos'k esa fxjkov ds fy, dksu&dksu lkj.kh 1% fuos'k vksj cpr njksa dh lajpuk esa ifjorzu (izfr'kr vad) fuos'k esa ifjorzu cpr esa ifjorzu ls ls ls ls dqy ljdkjh futh futh fudk; ifjokj fvii.kh% fuos'k ds vkadm+s 2011&12 Øe ds vuqlkj gsa ldy cpr ds vkadm+s fo'o csad ls fy, x, gsa ftlesa jk"vªh; ys[kk lkaf[;dh ls {ks=kokj vuqikr mi&?kvdks dk vuqeku yxkus ds fy, ykxw fd, x, gsaa 2 ;g vè;;u o"kz gs ftlds fy, cpr laca/h vkadm+s miyc/ gsaa 3 izfrn'kz esa 55 ns'k gsa] dqn de vk; (8) ijurq vf/dka'k eè;e vk; (40) vksj dqn mpp vk; (7) okysa vf/dka'k mpp vk; okys ns'kksa dks ckn ds fo'ys"k.k esa NksM+ fn;k x;k D;ksafd os rsy fu;kzrd gsaa (vythfj;k] bdokmksj] bzjku] fvªfumkm+,oa Vkscsxks] ukbthfj;k] csust;q,yk) bl izfrn'kz esa 26 izeq[k mhkjrs ns'kksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gs (vuqcu/ 1)A

63 fuos'k vksj cpr esa fxjkov vksj flfkfr esa lq/kj% Hkkjr ds laca/ esa fofhkuu ns'kksa dk vuqhko 45 {ks=k fteesnkj gsa\ eq[;r% futh fuos'k vksj ljdkjh cpr (lkj.kh&1) o"kz 2015&16 rd ds fy, fuos'k vksj cpr dh folr`r tkudkjh lqyhk gs vksj blds vuqlkj 2007&08 ls 2015&16 rd fuos'k esa vkbz 6-3 izfr'kr dh fxjkov esa ls 5 izfr'kr fcunqvksa dh fxjkov ds fy, vdsy fueu futh fuos'k mùkjnk;h jgka mlh vof/ dh rqyuk esa cpr esa 8 izfr'krkad ls vf/d fxjkov esa ifjokfjd vksj ljdkjh cpr esa deh dk cjkcj dk fgllk jgk gsa ifjokfjd cpr esa fxjkov HkkSfrd cpr esa fxjkov ds dkj.k vkbz] ;g vkaf'kd :i ls foùkh; vkflr;ksa dh /kfjrk esa o`f¼ ls izfrlarqfyr gks xbza ckn dh flfkfr esa eqnzk vksj csad tek ds LFkku ij cktkj fy[krksa vfkkzr 'ks;j vksj fmcsapj esa tek dk :>ku jgk gs] tslkfd vkffkzd leh{kk 2017&18] [k.m II ds vè;k; 1 esa ppkz dh xbz gsa 3-5 vr% Hkkjr ds fuos'k vksj cpr ds fy, vksj laiks"k.kh; mpp lao`f¼ njksa ij okil vkus dh ns'k dh lahkkouk ds fy, vkxs D;k vk'kk dh tk ldrh gs\ bl vè;k; esa bl iz'u dk mùkj ryk'kus dk iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gs] blds fy, cpr vksj fuos'k esa fxjkov ds izdj.k tks foxr 40 o"kks± esa vu; vf/dka'kr% blh izdkj ds ns'kksa esa gq, gsa] ls mi;qdr ladsr izkir djus dk iz;kl blh fn'kk esa dne gsa bu eqn~nksa dk vuos"k.k djus ds fy,] ;g vè;k;%& cpr vksj fuos'k esa fxjkov ds izdj.kksa dh igpku djrk gs_ muds isvuz dk vè;;u djrk gs_ fxjkov ds ckn fuos'k ds O;ogkj dh tkap djrk gs_ vksj Hkkjr esa fuos'k esa fxjkov dks mrfkku esa cnyus vksj thmhih o`f¼ esa rsth ykus ds fy, uhfrxr fu"d"kz rs;kj djrk gsa 3-6 iwozorhz vksj lacaf/r lkfgr; gkwmleu jksfmªd fizpsv~v (2004) us o`f¼ esa rsth dk vè;;u fd;k gsa vu; phtksa ds lkfk&lkfk muds ifj.kke n'kkzrs gsa fd vkffkzd lao`f¼ ds ekud dkjd (vfkkzr vf/dkf/d fuos'k fu;kzr vksj vf/d izfrli/hz fofue; nj) vkaf'kd :i ls,slh rsth dh O;k[;k djrs gsaa jksmfjd (2000) us,sls ekeyksa dh tkap dh ftuesa ns'kksa esa fujarj cpr O;ogkj ds cnyko gqvk] vksj mlus mu vof/;ksa esa] cpr] fuos'k vksj lao`f¼ ds chp laca/ dk fo'ys"k.k fd;ka mldk eq[; fu"d"kz Fkk fd vkffkzd o`f¼ dks fuos'k vksj mriknu ds fy, izksrlkgu ds l`tu ls lgk;rk feyrh gsa (cpr ls ugha)a 3-7 bu ys[kksa esa iz;qdr mildjksa ds vè;;u ls bl vè;k; esa cpr vksj fuos'k esa fxjkov ds izdj.kksa ij fo'ks"k è;ku fn;k tk jgk gsa vxyk [k.m,slh fxjkov dh ifjhkk"kk ls 'kq: gksrk gsa fuos'k vksj cpr esa f'kffkyrk dh igpku 3-8 fuos'k vksj cpr esa fxjkovksa dks fof'k"v 'krks± ds leqpp; dk iz;ksx djrs gq, ikfjhkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gs] ftldk C;kSjk ifjf'k"v I esa fn;k x;k gsa lozizfke ^^deh** dks (d) eunh ds o"kz vksj ckn ds nks o"kks± esa fuos'k (cpr) dk vkslr_ vksj ([k) finys ikap o"kks± ds vkslr ds chp vurj ds :i esa ikfjhkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gsa rc ^^eunh ds o"kz** ds :i esa o"kz dk ukekadu djrs gsa tgka fdlh ukfer Lrj ls vf/d deh gksrh gsa ;fn nks ;k vf/d yxkrkj o"kz eunh ds gksrs gsa rks bls ^^eunh dk izdj.k** ekuk tkrk gsa nwljs% eunh o"kz ls igys ds 5 o"kks± ds fy, vkslr fuos'k nj thmhih 4 dk de ls de 15 izfr'kr gksrh gsa 3-9 ukfer fxjkov 2] 3 vksj 4 izfr'krkad ekuh tkrh gsa tslk fd jksmfjd (2000) esa uksv fd;k x;k gs] ;g ukfer fxjkov ftruh de gksrh gs] vf/d le; rd dk;e jgus okyh fxjkov dh ctk; vlfkk;h vflfkjrk ds izdj.k dks idm+us dk tksf[ke mruk gh vf/d gksrk gsa ijurq D;ksafd Hkkjr dh fuos'k esa fxjkov /hjs&/hjs vkbz gs vr% bls 2 izfr'kr ukfer fxjkov ds :i esa fy;k tkrk gsa blds vfrfjdr] vf/dka'k ekeyksa esa 3 vksj 4 izfr'kr vkjafhkd fxjkov ds ifj.kke 2 izfr'kr ekeys ds fy, Hkh os/ jgs gsaa 3-10 ftl izhkkoh le; folrkj es a fxjkovks a dh igpku xbz og gs 1975 ls 2014] ftles a 55 ns'kks a dk izfrn'kz fy;k x;k vksj yxhkx 2]200 fu"d"kz fn, x, (vuqcu/ 1) 4 ;g nj vkn'kzr% dqn vf/d gksuh pkfg, eku ysa 20 izfr'kr] rkfd fxjkov ds ekeys lhfer fd, tk ldsaa bl nj ij rfkkfi] dfri; egroiw.kz ns'k NksM+ fn, tk,axs muesa vfregroiw.kz gsa btjkby]?kkuk vksj feja

64 46 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m lkj.kh 2 (3 izfr'kr dh ukfer lhek okyh) n'kkzrh gs fd cpr?kvukøeksa dh rqyuk esa fuos'k?kvukøeksa dh la[;k vf/d gs] tcfd lkeku;?kvukøe (tgka fuos'k vksj cpr nksuksa esa f'kffkyrk gs)a vis{kkd`r vlkeku; gs] gkykafd 2008 ds ckn ls ;g flfkfr cnyh gs) cpr ds?kvukøe fuos'k?kvukøeksa ds vkl&ikl gsaa lehkor% vèkru vof/ esa fuos'k?kvukøeksa dh vis{kkd`r de la[;k mhkjrh vfkzo;olfkkvksa esa osf'od foùkh; ladv ds ckn izksrlkgu vksj vu; uhfr;ksa ds tfj, fuos'k c<+kus ds lfeefyr iz;klksa dks izfrfcfeor djrk gsa 2 vksj 4 izfr'kr dh lhek ds lkfk,slh gh izo`fùk cuh gqbz gsa lkj.kh 2- eanh ds?kvukøeksa dh la[;k (3 izfr'kr ukfer lhek) cpr fuos'k lkeku; dqy fvii.kh% bl lkj.kh esa rsy fu;kzrdksa ds?kvukøe 'kkfey gsa ;gh isvuz esa ckgj j[ks x, ns'kksa esa Hkh fn[kkbz fn;k gsa 3-12 lkj.kh 3 n'kkzrh gs fd fuos'k vksj cpr esa vkbz deh dh vof/;ks esa lekurk gks ldrh gsa fdurq fuos'k eanh ds?kvukøe vf/d xgu jgs gsaa budh xgurk dk ekiu lelr eanu vof/ esa lap;h :i esa fd;k tkrk gsa bl izdkj ekfir vksj 2]3]4 izfr'kr ds ukfer Lrjksa ds vkslr esa izk;% 33 izfr'kr dh fuos'k dh deh vkadfyr gqbz gsa blh rjg cpr esa vkbz deh ds fy, 22 izfr'krkad fcunq gsa 3-13 vof/ lkeku;r% mu o"kks± dh la[;k gs ftuesa fuos'k@cpr esa ukfer lhekvksa ls vf/d deh vkbz gksa mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn 5 o"kks± rd deh cuh jgrh gs ysfdu 2 o"kks± esa ;g lhek ls 2 izfr'kr vf/d jgrh gs] rc vof/ 2 o"kz ekuh tk,xha bl ifjhkk"kk dk iz;ksx djrs gq,a fuos'k vksj cpr nksuksa esa eanu dh izfø;k izk;% 4 o"kz jgrh gsa 3-14 gekjh lkj.kh 3 fuos'k vksj cpr ds chp dfri; egroiw.kz vurj Hkh n'kkzrh gsa fuos'k esa vr;f/d lhek rd deh vkus dh lahkkouk gs%,sls 4 ekeys gs tgka lap;h fuos'k esa 50 izfr'krkad fcunq ls Hkh vf/d dh deh vkbz tcfd cpr ds dksbz,sls ekeys lkeus ugha vk, tgka ifjek.k esa bruh deh vkbz gksa nwljh vksj] 30 vksj 50 izfr'krkad fcunq ds chp cpr esa vkbz Hkkjh deh ds?kvukøe fuos'k esa Hkkjh deh dh rqyuk esa,d o"kz rd vfèkd pyrs jgsa 3-15 vuqcu/ III esa nh xbz lwph esa lelr ns'kksa esa fuos'k vksj cpr esa eanu dh?kvukvksa dh leiw.kz lwph nh xbz gsa ;g n'kkzrh gs fd ^liqyrk dh dgkuh* lqukus okys phu (1988) flaxkiqj (1985] 1999) vksj ekjh'kl lkj.kh 3% ifjek.kokj deh ds?kvukøeksa dh la[;k vksj vof/ (izfr'krkad fcunq esa ifjek.k] 2] 3 vksj 4 izfr'kr dh ukfer lhekvksa dh vkslr lap;h ifjek.k fuos'k cpr la[;k vkslr ifjek.k vkslr vof/ (o"kz) la[;k vkslr ifjek.k 50 ls de 70 rd ls de 50 rd ls 30 rd rd lhkh fvii.kh% bl lkj.kh esa rsy fu;kzrdksa dks 'kkfey ugha fd;k x;k gsa vkslru vof/ (o"kz)

65 fuos'k vksj cpr esa fxjkov vksj flfkfr esa lq/kj% Hkkjr ds laca/ esa fofhkuu ns'kksa dk vuqhko 47 (1981] 1995_ 2012) tsls ns'kksa esa Hkh ;s eanu dh?kvuk,a cgqr gksrh jgh gsaa V~fufl;k vksj felz ds lkfk ekjh'kl esa foxr 40 o"kks± esa 2 izfr'kr dh ukfer lhek ds de ls de 4 ckj fuos'k eanuksa dk vuqhko gqvk gsa bls nwljs utfj, ls ns[ksa rks mnkgj.k ds rksj ij 1980 ds vkjahk ls,d gh vfkzo;olfkk gs tks fdlh eunh ls ugha tw>h gs% og gs ckaxykns'ka 3-16 tgka fo'ks"k le;kof/;ksa esa lkewfgd rksj ij fujraj eanh NkbZ gs (fp=k 2) 1980 ds nksjku ysfvu vejhdk vksj vizqhdk esa eanh NkbZ jgh] mu egk}hiksa esa bl vof/ dks ^yqir n'kd* ds uke ls tkuk x;k FkkA 1982 ds ^½.k lel;k* ds ckn esfdldks esa fuos'k vksj cpr esa vkbz deh fofhkuu Lrjksa ij ns[kh xbz] tgka czkthy vfkzo;olfkk dh detksjh 1980 ds n'kd ds vkjahk ls 1990 ds n'kd ds vkjehk rd fuos'k vksj cpr esa vkbz deh ls iznf'kzr gksrh gsa 3-17 blh chp 1997 ds ckn,f'k;kb ns'kksa us lokzf/d eanh ds nksjksa (10) dk lkeuk fd;ka ml vof/ ds nksjku eysf'k;k] FkkbySaM] b.mksusf'k;k vksj dksfj;k esa fuos'k esa Hkkjh deh ns[kh xbz] ;gh dkj.k Fkk fd D;ksa bl vof/ dks ^^iwohz,f'k;kbz ladv* ekuk x;ka ; fi ;gh Øe rqdhz vksj vtsz.vhuk ns'k tsls nwjlfk ns'kksa rd iqsyk gqvk FkkA 3-18 tslk fd fp=k 2 esa (2008 ds ckn ls) cpr esa Hkkjh deh okys ns'kksa dks mudh cpr esa vkbz vfèkdre deh ds lkfk dks n'kkz;k x;k gsa fuos'k esa vkbz deh okys ns'kksa dk va'k dqn c<+ x;k gs] gkykafd ;g vurj o`f¼ lhfer jgh gsa fofp=k ckr ;g gs fd bl izdkj nks rjg dh vkbz dfe;ksa ds chp laca/ 1975 ls 2007 rd vleku; jgk gs] fp=k 2 esa fuos'k esa deh dk lkeuk dj jgs dbz ns'kksa vksj cpr esa vkbz deh dk lkeuk dj jgs ns'kksa ds chp lg laca/ oklro esa ½.kkRed FkkA v?kru vof/ esa VwV jgk gs&cprsa mrkj&p<ko ls lahkor% de izhkkfor gksrh gsa D;ksafd ;s nh?kzdkfyd izo`fùk;ksa tsls vkcknh ls Hkh izhkkfor gksrs gsaa 3-19 bl folr`r fp=k esa Hkkjr dgka vkrk gs\ tslk fd vdlj?kfvr gksrk gs ;g fo'ks"k ekeyk izrhr gksrk gsa gkfy;k flfkfr esa Hkkjr esa fdlh izdkj dh eunh (iz;ksx dh xbz ifjhkk"kk ds vuqlkj) u rks ^yqir n'kd* ds nksjku u gh iwohz,f'k;kbz ladv ds nksjku vksj u gh 1991 esa fp=k 2% eanh dk vuqhko dj jgs ns'kksa dk izfr'kr (3 izfr'kr ukfer Lrj) 5 35 Oil Shock: (Corr:-0.4) Great Moderation: (Corr:-0.6) Pre-Crisis: (Corr: -0.42) Post-Crisis: (Corr:0.0) Investment Saving fvii.kh% bl lkj.kh esa rsy fu;kzrd 'kkfey ugha gsaa lzksr MCY;wMhvkbZ MkVkcsl vksj losz{k.k ifjdyua 5 blds fuos'k vksj cpr esa vkbz deh ds lkeku; nksj 'kkfey ugha gsa

66 48 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 Hkkjr ds vius Hkqxrku larqyu ds ladv ds le; Hkh fn[kkbz nha ifj.kkelo:i bl le; vkbz deh ftlesa fuos'k vksj cpr nksuksa esa deh vkbz gs] Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa igyh ckj gqvk gsa blds ckotwn ;g deh dsoy 2 2 per cent 3 per cent 4 per cent lkj.kh 4 Hkkjr esa eanh ds o"kz* fuos'k cpr lkeku; Nil Nil fvii.kh% lkj.kh esa mfyyf[kr vkof/d o"kz eanh ds vafre o"kks± dk ladsr ugha nsrs gsaa vkadm+ksa dh lhek,a mu o"kksza ls vkxs eanu dk vkdyu ugha djus nsrhaa izfr'kr dh ukfer dlksvh ij gh vkadh xbz gsa fiqj Hkh ;g,d cm+h deh gs D;ksafd bldk vlj /hjs&/hjs im+k gsa 1997 ds ladv ds le; iwohz,f'k;kbz ns'kksa esa vk; cnyko rks cgqr rh[ks FksA 3-20 lkj.kh 4 fofo/ le;kof/;ksa esa Hkkjr ds eanh ds o"kks± dks n'kkzrh gsa o"kz 2012 esa fuos'k esa deh vkuk 'kq: gks xbz Fkh (tc blus 2 izfr'kr dh lhek dks ikj dj fy;k Fkka) ckn esa] blesa c<+ksrjh gqbz (o"kz 2013 vksj 2014 esa Øe'k% 3 izfr'kr vksj ckn esa 4 izfr'kr dh ukfer lhek dks ikj djrs gq,) vksj vkt dh flfkfr rd blesa c<+r cuh gqbz gs] 2016 ds fy, 6 de ls de ikap o"kks± rd py pqdh ;g eanh,sls nksj dh vkslr vof/ dks igys gh ikj dj pqdh gsa ;fn ;g 2017 esa Hkh tkjh jgh] tslk fd izrhr gksrk gs] rks ;g vr;f/d fof'k"v ekeyksa esa fjdkwmz dh xbz N% o"kz dh vof/ esa igqap tkrha fiqj Hkh] D;ksafd fuos'k esa deh bruh /heh gks jgh gs fd ifjek.k esa deh vhkh rd bruh xahkhj ugha gqbz gsa bleas rks 21 izfr'krkad fcunq rd deh vkbz gs] tks ifjek.k esa vkslru gh ekuh tkrh gsa 3-21 blh chp] cpr esa deh 2010 esa vkuk 'kq: gks xbz Fkh vksj vhkh Hkh fujarj py jgh izrhr gksrh gsa lhfer vkadm+ksa ds dkj.k gkykafd eanh ds lky ds :i esa ns[kk tkus okyk vkf[kjh o"kz 2014 gsa 7 bl fcunq ij eanh dk ;g nksj 5 o"kks± rd pyh vlkeku; vof/ rd jgk] gkykafd fuos'k dh gh Hkkafr bldk ifjek.k 15 izfr'karkd vkslr ls uhsps gh FkkA 3-22 nwljs 'kcnksa esa] vu; ekeyksa dh rqyuk esa Hkkjr dk fuos'k@cpr deh dk nksj yeck jgk gs vksj ;g vhkh Hkh [kre ugha gqvk gsa cpr cuke fuos'k% lao`f¼ ij izhkko 3-23 cpr vksj fuos'k esa,d lkfk deh vkus ls,d iz'u mbrk gs% D;k mu uhfr;ksa tks cpr dks c<+kok nsrh gs (dkyk /u dk ckgj fudkyus] lksuk vkfn) dh vis{kk fuos'k dks c<+kok nsus (vfkkzr volajpuk ij vr;f/d cy nsuk] O;olk; dks lqyhk cukus dks lqlkè; cukus ds fy, lq/kj djuk vfkok esd bu bf.m;k dk;zøe) dks vf/d izkfkfedrk nh tkuh pkfg,\ ;g ekeyk lkis{k egùkk vksj rkrdkfydrk dk gsa Hkfo"; ds fy, nksuksa rjg dh uhfr;ka egroiw.kz gsa ysfdu bl le; fdls izkfkfedrk fn, tkus dh vko';drk gs\ 3-24 lkeku; lek/ku tks vdlj lq>k;k tkrk gs] nksuksa lel;kvksa dk,d lkfk gy fudkys tkus dh vko';drk 6 Åij ppkz dh xbz i¼fr ds vuqlkj o"kz 2016 esa vkbz deh dks ifjdfyr djus ds fy, vkxkeh nks o"kks± ds iwokzuqekuksa dh vko';drk gsa o"kz 2017 ds iwokzuqeku] 5 tuojh] 2018 dks tkjh fd, x, lh,lvks ds izfke vfxze vuqeku ls fy, x, gsaa o"kz 2018 ds fy, iwokzuqeku bl vuqeku ij vk/kfjr gksrs gsa fd bl o"kz ldy fu;r iwath fuekz.k esa fxjkov #d xbz gs ysfdu ;g foofrzr ugha gqbz gsa &17 dh cpr ds vkadm+s rks dsunzh; lakf[;dh dk;kzy; 31 tuojh] 2018 dks gh tkjh djsxka 8 mnkgj.k ds fy, foùk laca/h lalnh; LFkkbZ lfefr us 2012 esa ik;k fd ^^D;ksafd lfefr n`<+rkiwozd eglwl djrh gs fd gekjh lao`f¼ dh dgkuh fons'kh ekax vksj lgk;rk ds LFkku ij?kjsyw cpr] fuos'k vksj?kjsyw ekax ij vk/kfjr gs] os?kjsyw ekax?kjsyw cpr vksj fuos'k ds iqu#¼kj] dks ljdkj ds le{k lcls cm+h pquksfr;ka ekurs gsaa mpp Lrj ij lrr~ lao`f¼ djus ds fy, ljdkj vksj Hkkjrh; fjtoz csad dks uhfr;ksa esa Li"V lek;kstu ds tfj,?kjsyw cpr vksj fuos'k dks c<+kus ds fy, feydj iz;kl djus pkfg,a**

67 Change in growth (T-3, T+3) fuos'k vksj cpr esa fxjkov vksj flfkfr esa lq/kj% Hkkjr ds laca/ esa fofhkuu ns'kksa dk vuqhko 49 gs 8 jksfmªd (2000) izekf.kr djrk gs fd nksuksa ij,d lkfk cy fn, tkus dh vko';drk ugha gksrh mldk rdz gs fd cpr laca/h?kvukøeksa ls liqy vk Fkd fu"iknu Li"V ugha gksrs gsaa og ;g n'kkzrs gq, fd èkukred cpr ifjorzu dk vuqhko ysus okys ns'kksa dkas fujarj lao`f¼ dk vuqhko vko';d ugha gsa oklro essa izhkko Øe foijhr fn'kk esa fn[kkbz ns jgk gs% ftu ns'kksa esa lao`f¼ Ø; esa izxfr gksrh gs] ogka cpr dh nj Hkh mpp gks tkrh gsaa blh fu"d"kz ds vk/kj ij jksfmªd (2000) us lao`f¼ lao/zu ds fy, fuos'k dks c<+kok nsus dh uhfr lq>kbz gs] cpr dh ughaa fealdh us vius o`gr foùkh; fodkl ds fo'ys"k.k esa cpr (ykhk) dh rqyuk esa fuos'k dh Hkwfedk dks vf/d egùo fn;k gsa 3-25 D;k orzeku fo'ys"k.k ls,sls gh fu"d"kz fudyrs gsa\ bl iz'u dk mùkj nsus ds fy, eanh ds nksj esa rsy fu;kzrdksa ls fhkuu ns'kksa ds fy, oklrfod izfr O;fDr fp=k 3d% lao`f¼ esa ifjorzu vksj fuos'k esa ifjorzu (3» ukfer lhek) Change in growth (T-3, T+3) Tha96 Mly97 Jor82 Cam80 Mad09 Mau81 Cos82 Pan77 Mlw95 Tan95 Cyp82 Cot81 Dom90 Mor84 Sin99 Ind13 Bol01 Isr84 Jam75 Sou84 Gha06 Mau95 Pak10 Jor96 Per83 Cam89 Sri84 Sri01 Mau12 Hon09 Bra82 Per99 Sin85Zim96 Cyp10 Egy90 Per89 Tun85 Arg79 Sou91 Col98 Egy11 Isr75 Bol80 Moz03 Pan83 Dom02 Mal98 Hon81 Mal11Gua08 Isr0 Mlw10 Pan00 Jam07 Par98 Moz91 Chl98 Kor97 Mly84 Chn88 Tur98 Zim76 Gua81 Mlw80 Arg00 Uru82 Mex82 Phi83 Arg88 Sie13 Nic77 El 79 Idn Average change in Investment thmhih o`f¼ dh n'kk dh tkap im+rky dh tkrh gs% [2010 ds vejhdh Mkyj esa ekfir oklrfod izfr O;f- Dr thmhih esa o`f¼ dh nj] fp=k 3d vksj 3[k o`f¼ esa cnyko dh rqyuk esa fuos'k vksj cpr esa vkbz deh dh xgurk (vof/ ls fohkkftr ifj.kke ds :i esa ekfir tks eanh ds nksj ds ckn vkbz vkslru deh gs) dks fn[kkrs gasa bugsa lao`f¼ esa ifjorzu ds lkfk vafdr fd;k x;k gsa [eanu vkjahk ds rhu o"kz ckn dh nj esa ls rhu o"kz iwoz dh nj?kvk dj lao`f¼ nj esa ifjorzu dk vkadyu fd;k tkrk gs] 910 A ;gka fn[kk, x, ifj.kke 3 izfr'kr dh ukfer lhek ds vuqlkj vkadfyr gsaa bl dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, fd vf/d xgu eanh (&va'k ij cm+k udkjkred ewy;) ls izfr&o;fdr lao`f¼ esa cm+h deh vk,xh] nks pjksa ds chp laca/ ds ldkjkred gksus dh vk'kk gsa oklro esa] fuos'kksa esa eanh dk laca/ Li"V :i ls ldkjkred gs] ftlesa iwohz,f'k;kbz ns'kksa fp=k 3[k% lao`f¼ esa ifjorzu vksj cpr esa ifjor- Zu(3» ukfer lhek) Per84 Cot78 Cos83 Mex88 Ken94 Bra93 Chl10 Par06 Tha98 Kor00 Bol84 Sin99 Mau03 Idn93 Jam75 Ken78 Cot86 Bol13 Mor93 Pak05 Bra90 Cam07 Col91 Cyp06 Mor11 Mly80 Chn98 Hon98 Dom84 Arg79 Sin85 Tun10 Pan75 Phi81 Pan83 Hon81 Per13 Ind11 Zim00 Pan00 Sou89 Jam94 Gua79 Mly08 Cyp90 Chl97 Sou81 Arg08 Mlw79 Cam Average change in Saving 9 ;g ns[kk tk ldrk gs fd eanh izdj.k ds vkl&ikl o`f¼ dh Vh+3 cuke Vh&3] rqyuk] fuos'k izkir djus rfkk eanh ls cpus ds fy, iz;ksx dh tkus okyh ifjhkk"kk dh rqyuk esa ifjo rr ifjhkk"kk gsa rfkkfi] ekeyk,slk ugha gs D;ksafd 3 o"kz vkxs esa ls 5 o"kz iwoz dks?kvkuk,d fiqyvj Fkk ftldk mís'; eanh dks jksduk Fkk tslk fd lkfgr; esa izk;% gksrk gsa blds foijhr] bu xzkiqksa esa #fp bl ckr dks ns[kus esa gs fd,slh eafn;ksa ds vkl&ikl oklrfod o`f¼ dslh jgrh gsa 10 fp=k 3d vksj 3[k esa fc[kjs gq, yscyksa ls eanh izdj.k ds ns'k vksj ogka eanh 'kq: gksus ds o"kz ds ckjs esa tkudkjh feyrh gsa mnkgj.k ds fy, VSu 95 ls ratkfu;k esa 1995 dh eanh dk lanhkz izkir gksrk gs_ flu 85 ls lxkiqj esa 1985 dh eanh dk lanhkz izkir gksrk gsa 11 Vh+3 ls Vh&3 o"kz o`f¼ esa ifjorzu ds ifj.kke] fo'ks"k :i ls o"kz 2013 dh Hkkjrh; eanh dks n'kkzus ds fy, fjiksvz fd, x, gsaa

68 50 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 ds ladvksa ds izdj.k o`f¼ laca/h cm+s izhkkoksa ls tqm+s gsa (fp=k 3d) ijarq cpr izdj.kksa (,ihlksm) ds fy, laca/ vli"v gs D;ksafd cgqr ls,sls cm+s cpr izdj.k (mnkgj.k ds fy, is: 1984] ekwjh'kl 2003 ;k dsu;k 1994) lao`f¼ esa rsth ls gksus okyh deh ls ugha tqm+s gsaa 3-27 fp=k 3d esa Hkkjr lokszùke fiqv dh ykbu ls Åij gs ; fi nk;js ls ckgj ugha gsa blls izrhr gksrk gs fd vu; ns'kksa esa rqyuh; fuos'k esa eanh ds eqdkcys lao`f¼ ij izhkko lkeku; jgk gsa 3-28 fofhkuu ns'kksa dh eanh ds ifj.kkeksa ls izr;{k utj vkus okys izhkko dh iqf"v gksrh gs% fuos'k izdj.kksa ds fy, laca/ myys[kuh; :i ls ldkjkred gs ijarq cpr ds fy, egroiw.kz ugha gsa fuos'k esa,d izfr'kr vad dh fp=k&4dµlkeku;?kvukvksa ds fcuk lao`f¼ esa ifjorzu vksj fuos'k esa ifjorzu (rhu izfr'kr dh ukfer lhek) deh vkus ij lao`f¼; 0-4&0-7 izfr'kr vad dh deh vkus dh lahkkouk gksrh gsa fullansg blls vkslr ifj.kke izkir gksrk gsa ;s ifj.kke vusd vof/;ksa vksj lanhkks± esa l'kdr gksrs gsaa fuos'k vksj cpr esa vkbz deh ds chp vurj dks,d vksj rjhds ls Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gsa fofhkuu vfkzo;olfkkvksa esa dqn,sls izdj.k gq, gsa tgka fuos'k vksj cpr nksuksa esa eanh vkbz gs 13 A D;k fp=k ^3d* vksj fp=k ^3[k* esa fn[kk, x, laca/ bu lkeku; izdj.kksa dks vyx djus ds ckn Hkh fl¼ fd, tk ldrs gsa\ olrqr% ;s laca/ fl¼ fd, tk ldrs gsa] tslk fd fp=k 4d vksj 4[k esa ns[kk tk ldrk gsa Hkys gh fuos'k xq.kad dqn detksj im+ tkrk gs] fiqj Hkh ;g fo'ks"kdj 4» dh ukfer lhek esa lkfkzd cuk jgrk gsa lao`f¼ ds lkfk cpr dk laca/ u fp=k&4[kµlkeku;?kvukvksa ds fcuk lao`f¼ esa ifjorzu vksj cpr esa ifjorzu (rhu izfr'kr dh ukfer lhek) Change in growth (T-3, T+3) Mly97 Jor82 Cam80 Mad09 Mlw95 Cyp82 Tan95 Dom90 Mor84 Ind13 Isr84 Bol01 Mau95 Sou84 Gha06 Pak10 Sri84 Jor96 Sri01 Mau12 Hon09 Bra82 Per99 Zim96 Egy90 Tun85 Moz03 Isr75 Egy11 Bol80 Mal98 Dom02 Isr0 Mal11Gua08 Mlw10 Jam07 Par98 Chl98 Moz91 Kor97 Tur98 Chn88 Mly84 Zim76 Gua81 Mlw80 Arg00 Uru82 Mex Average change in Investment Arg88 Change in growth (T-3, T+3) Hon98 Zim00 Ken94 Cot86 Par06 Mau03 Tun10 Bol84 Bol13 Dom84 Mex88 Chl10 Bra93 Kor00 Ken78 Mor93 Pak05 Cam07 Mor11 Bra90 Mly80 Chn98 Per13 Ind11 Gua79 Jam94 Cyp90 Mly08 Chl97 Sou81 Arg08-6 Mlw Average change in Saving fvii.kh% ;s ifj.kke lkeku;r% egroiw.kz gsa ysfdu ;fn nks cfgj'kk;h (vkmv yk;j) ns'kksa (ekjh'kl 1981,oa fl;jk fy;ksu 2013 dks ckgj j[kk tk,a bl fp=kkadu esa bu ns'kksa dks LFkku ugha fn;k x;k gsa 12 ;s ifj.kke bu?kvdksa ds izfr lcy gas% (d) lao`f¼ ifjorzu dks ekius ds fy, ikap (3 ugha) o"khz; foamks dk blrseky djds ([k) fofhkuu ifjorzuh; dkjdksa ij fopkj djds% (i) fuos'k vksj cpr eas lap;h (vksj vkslr ugha) fxjkov dks ekiuk (Lora=k ifjorzuh;?kvd)_ vksj (ii) lao`f¼ esa vurj ds ctk; fxjkov dh 'kq:vkr ds ckn 3&5 o"kksza esa gqbz vkslr o`f¼ (vkfjr?kvd)_ (x) vkmv yk;j dks ckgj djds] vksj (?k) fofue; nj ds lunhkz dh ctk; Ø; 'kfdr] lerk esa thmhih lao`f¼ dks ekiuk (isu oymz Vscy olzu 9-0 ls ihihih) 13 3» dh ukfer lhek ds vuqlkj 21 lkeku; izdj.k gq,_ vtszavhuk 1979] dse:u 1989] dksyafc;k 1998] dkslvkfjd 1983] dksv Mh ck 1981] lkbizl 2010],y lsyokmksj 1979] dks.mqjkl 1981] b.mksusf'k;k 1997] tesdk 1975] fudkjkxqvk 1978] iukek] 1977] 1983 vksj 2000] is: 1984] vksj 1989] fiqyhihal 1983] flxkaiqj 1985 vksj 1999] nf{k.k vizqhdk 1991] FkkbySaM 1998

69 fuos'k vksj cpr esa fxjkov vksj flfkfr esa lq/kj% Hkkjr ds laca/ esa fofhkuu ns'kksa dk vuqhko 51 fliqz egroghu cuk jgrk gs cfyd ekewyh lk udkjkred Hkh gks tkrk gsa 3-30 vuqcu/&4 esa nh xbz lkj.kh esa lkeku; izdj.kksa (fuos'k vksj cpr lkfk&lkfk) ds lkfk vksj muds fcuk 3 vksj 4 izfr'kr dh vkjafhkd lhek ds izrhixeu ifj. kke lkjc¼ fd, x, gsaa nwljs 'kcnksa esa u fliqz fuos'k izdj.kksa ds ckn o`f¼ /heh gqbz gs (cpr laca/h izdj. kksa ds foijhr)] ;g ckr fuos'k esa vkbz fxjkov ds mu oklrfod izdj.kksa ds laca/ esa Hkh lp gss ftuds lkfk cprksa esa fxjkov ugha gqbza 3-31 fuos'k esa vkbz eanh dk vksj vkxs oxhzdj.k Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gs%,slh eanh tks futh fuos'k esa fxjkov ls lapkfyr gqbz gks vksj tks u gqbz gksaa 3-32 ldy flfkj iwath fuekz.k ds futh fuos'k laca/h?kvd ls tqm+s vkadm+s MCY;wMhvkbZ ls miyc/ gq, gsaa vof'k"v dks ljdkjh?kvd ekurs gq, vksj eanh dh?kvuk ds nksjku dqy fuos'k esa gqbz dqy fxjkov 14 esa izr;sd?kvd ds va'k dk vè;;u djus ds ckn ;g Li"V gks tkrk gs fd 2 vksj 3 izfr'kr dh ukfer lhek esa ntz dh xbz?kvuk,a futh fuos'k esa gqbz fxjkov ds dkj.k gqbz FkhA 15] D;k fuos'k vksj lao`f¼ esa gqbz fxjkov ds chp laca/ eq[;r futh fuos'k ds dkj.k gqbz eanh ls tqm+k gqvk gsa futh {ks=k esa eanh dh?kvukvksa dk irk yxkus ds fy, fiqyvjksa dk blrseky fd;k x;k FkkA fp=k&4 esa 3» dh ukfer lhek ds lunhkz esa laca/ n'kkz;k x;k gs_ ;g ldkjkred vksj egroiw.kz gsa 17 fuos'k esa ^Hkkjr tslh* fxjkov ls mcj ikuk 3-34 Hkkjr ds fuos'k esa gqbz fxjkov bl vfkz esa vlkeku; gs fd vc rd ek=kk ds lunhkz esa ;g vlkèkkj.k yech lekof/ dh jgh gs vksj bldh 'kq:vkr thmhih ds 36» dh vis{kkd`r Åaph nj ij gqbza blds vykok ;g bl vfkz esa fof'k"v Lo:i gs fd ;g rqyu i=k ls tqm+h fp=k&5 fuos'k esa ifjorzu vksj lao`f¼ esa ifjorzu (3 dh ukfer lhek) Change in growth (T-3, T+3) Mly97 Tha95 Mad10 Cam82 Jor83 Zim97 Sie12 fxjkov gsa nwljs 'kcnksa esa dbz daifu;ksa dks vius fuos'kksa ij jksd yxkuh im+h D;ksafd muds foùk lk/u nckoxzlr FksA,slk blfy, gqvk fd mnky dh vof/ esa mugksaus tks fuos'k fd,] muls vis{kkk vuqlkj vkenuh ugha gqbz fd os vius mbk, dtksz dks pqdk ldus esa lefkz gks ldrha rks ;s fo'ks"krk,a fdlh lahkkfor fuos'k lq/kj ds Lrj ds fy, D;k ladsr nsrh gsa\ bl iz'u dk mùkj nsus ds fy, fxjkov ds ckn ds varjjk"vªh; vuqhko ds nks :iksa ij fopkj fd;k x;k gs% (i) fd ;s rqyui=k ls lacafèkr Fkh (ii) tgk fuos'k esa 9 o"kksza dh vof/ esa pje fcanq ls fueure fcanq rd 8-5 izfr'krkad dh fxjkov gqbz 19 rqyui=k ls tqm+h fxjkov ds ckn D;k gksxk\ Per84 Phi85 Mau81 Cos82 Mlw95 Tan9 Cot81 Per Bol01 Sie97 Jor96 Sri84 Mal12 Egy91 Mau12 Sri01 Hon09 Egy1 Pan75 Hon81 Pan00 Mlw10 Mex93 Gua08 Uru82 Zim Average change in Private Investment Pan ^rqyu i=k* izdj.kksa ds ckn fuos'k njksa ds lkfk D;k gqvk\,yu vksj vu; (2002) rfkk 'kseu vksj vu; (2010)] jkstsucxz,oa vu; (2005)] vksj psu,oa vu; (2015) mhkjrh vfkzo;olfkkvksa esa rqyui=k laca/h ladv ds dqn izdj.kksa ij ppkz djrs gsaa,sls dqn izdj.k rsy fu;kzrdksa dks NksM+dj izfrn'kz ds fy, 3 izfr'kr dh ukfer lhek ds fy, 74 eanh dh?kvukvksa esa ls 45 esa vksj 2 izfr'kr dh ukfer lhek ds fy, 92 eanh dh?kvukvksa esa ls 60?kVukvksa ds futh fuos'k laca/h vkdm+s miyc/ gsa 15 dksbz Hkh izdj.k futh fuos'k esa eanh dk izdj.k rc ekuk tkr gs ;fn,sls fuos'kksa esa gqbz fxjkov ds dkj.k ml izdj.k ds nksjku fuos'k esa gqbz dqy 50» ls vf/d fxjkov gqbz gksa 16 rfkkfi fofhkuu le;kof/;ksa ds nksjku vuqhko vyx&vyx jgs gsaa (1975&1983) dk rsy laca/h vk?kkr vksj (1984&1997 xzsv ekmjs'ku) fuos'k esa vkbz lexz deh esa ljdkjh vksj futh fuos'k dk fgllk yxhkx,d lk gsa 1998&2014 dh vof/ esa fuos'k esa gqbz fxjkov eq[;r% futh fuos'kksa esa deh dh otg ls gqbza 17 eanh ds lap;h mik;ksa ds ckn vksj 4» dh ukfer lhek ds fy, ifj.kke tcjnlr gsa 18 vf/d ppkz ds fy, vkffkzd leh{kk 16&17 [k.m&1] vè;k;&4 ns[ksaa

70 52 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 fuos'k laca/h fxjkov ds izdj.kksa ds :i esa Hkh 'kkfey fd, x, gsa 20 blds ckn bu fxjkovksa ds izdj.kksa dh rqyuk,slh fxjkov ds izdj.kksa ls dh xbz gs tks ewyr% rqyu i=k ls tqm+h eqf'dyksa ls lacaf/r ugha gs (fp=k&6) A 21 pwafd Hkkjr vc vius fuos'k ds pje Lrj ls 11 o"kz vkxs vk pqdk gs blfy, vc fuos'k njksa dk ekiu pje Lrj ds ckn 11] 14 vksj 17 o"kks± ds ckn fopyu ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gsa 3-37 fp=k 6 ls nks fu"d"kz fudkys tk ldrs gsa% rqyu i=k laca/h lel;kvksa ls fuos'k ls gksus okyh fxjkov dks iyvuk dgha vf/d eqf'dy gsa,sls ekeyksa esa fuos'k ij Hkkjh ncko cuk jgrk gs] ;gk rd fd pje Lrj ds 17 o"kz ckn Hkh] tcfd rqyu i=k ls brj dh fxjkovksa ds ekeys esa ;g deh vis{kkd`r NksVh gksrh gs vksj ;g iyvh tk ldrh gsa Hkkjr ds fuos'k esa vc rd gqbz fxjkov (8-5 izfr'krkad) rqyu i=k ls tqm+s vu; ekeyksa ls rqyuk djus ij Hkh vlkeku; :i ls cgqr vf/d jgh gsa 22 fp=k&6% fxjkov ds ckn fuos'k lq/kj dh lhek (pje Lrj ls izfr'krkad fxjkov] pje Lrj ds ckn o"kksza dh la[;ka T+11 T+14 T Balance Sheet Non Balance Sheet fvii.kh% Vh pje le; vof/ gs% xzkiq esa ;g fn[kk;k x;k gs fd pje izkir djus ds 17 o"kz ds ckn Hkh] fuos'k rqyu i=k laca/h fxjkovksa ds ekeys esa yxhkx 6 izfr'krkad eun jgrs gsa blds foijhr rqyui=k ls brj ekeyksa esa 2 izfr'krkad eun jgrs gsaa blh rjg fuos'k esa fxjkov vkus ds ckn D;k gksrk gs\ 3-38 ;gka blh izdkj dh fuos'k esa fxjkov okys ns'kksa ds vuqhko dh tkap dh tkrh gsa fo'ks"kdj,sls ekeys] ftuesa fuos'k dh nj 9 o"kz dh vof/ esa vius pje ls de ls de 8-5 izfr'krkad fxj x;h gsa rc iz'u iwnk tkrk gs% pje ds ckn 11] 14 vksj 17 o"kksza esa fuos'k nj D;k gs\ 3-39 izfrn'kz esa,sls 30 ekeys gsa 23 fp=k 7 ns'kksa dh fxurh n'kkzrk gs ftudh rhu le; vof/;ksa esa flfkfr lq/jh gsa,d ^^iw.kz** lq/kj dks fxjkov dks iwjh rjg myv nsus okyh fuos'k nj gkfly djus ds :i esa ifjhkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gsa tcfd fdlh izdkj dk lq/kj u gksus dk fufgrkfkz fxjkov esa FkksM+k Hkh cnyko ugha djus dh v{kerk ;k flfkfr dk cn ls cnrj gksuka 3-40 pje ij igqapus ds 14 o"kz ckn ekfè;dk flfkr ns'k fxjkov ds dsoy yxhkx 25 izfr'kr va'k dks myv ikrs gsa vksj vius pje ds ckn 17 o"kz esa fxjkov dk yxhkx 40 izfr'kra ;fn Hkkjr bl isvuz ij pyrk gs rks vyikof/ esa fuos'k&thmhih vuqikr 2-5 izfr'kr vad lq/ jsxka fu%lansg ;g ekfè;dk ns'k gs% ;fn Hkkjr vius&vki fp=k 7% Hkkjr tslh fuos'k fxjkov vksj mlls mcj ikus dk Lrj T+11 T+14 T+17 No recovery Recovery up to 50% Recovery above 50% Average recovery (%) (RHS) fvii.kh% Vh pje le; vof/ 50» lq/kj ls Li"V gs fd ns'k us fuos'k dh og nj gkfly dj yh gsa tks 8-5 izfr'krkad ls vk/h jg xbz gsa ;g fcunq izfr'kr esa vkbz dqy fxjkov dks fn[kkrk gs ftls ekfè;dk ns'k dks okil vkuk gsa o"kz 2016 Hkkjr ds fy, fuf'pr :i ls fueure fcanq ugha gs D;ksafd fuos'k esa fxjkov vhkh Hkh tkjh gsa 20 buesa ls vf/drj izdj.k (,ysu vksj vu; [2002] rfkk 'ksu vksj vu; [2015] 1990 ds n'kd ds var esa vk;s ladv ds ckn iwohz,f'k;kbz ns'kksa ls lacaf/r gsa buds vykok buesa eysf'k;k 1984] nf{k.k vizqhdk 1983] rqdhz 1998 Hkh 'kkfey gsa 21 buesa 9 izdj.k 'kkfey gs% esfdldksa] m#xos vksj czkthy 1982] is: 1983] vts±uvhuk] 1979 vksj 1988 phu vu; ladv ds ekeys gsa tgka Hkkjr esa dksbz ladv ugha ns[kk x;k FkkA

71 fuos'k vksj cpr esa fxjkov vksj flfkfr esa lq/kj% Hkkjr ds laca/ esa fofhkuu ns'kksa dk vuqhko 53 dks Åifj prqfkzd esa j[krk gs rks ;g 4 izfr'krkad ls vf/d lq/j ldrk gsa ijurq Hkkjr vius pje dk 11 o"kz fcrk pqdk gs vksj bldk orzeku izn'kzu Åifj prqfkzd ls dkiqh uhps gsa 3-41 vxj fuos'k esa vkbz fxjkov tks Hkkjr us ntz dh gs dks ns[ksa] rks blus lao`f¼ ds lunhkz esa eè;e ykxr dk Hkqxrku fd;k gsa 2007 vksj 2016 ds chp Hkkjr dh oklrfod izfr&o;fdr thmhih o`f¼ dh nj yxhkx 2-3 izfr'krkad rd de gks xbz gsa ;g nj tks vu; ns'kksa ftugksaus bl ifjek.k dh fuos'k esa vkbz fxjkov ntz dh gs] esa dbz nksjksa esa vkslru ns[kh xbz lao`f¼ esa mi;qzdr 3 izfr'kr dh gkfu dh rqyuk esa de gs vksj mlh f'k[kj (36 izfr'kr) ls gqbz gs vuqcu/ 5A fu"d"kz% Hkkjr ds fy, uhfrxr lcd 3-42 D;k ge mi;qzdr fo'ys"k.k ls Hkkjr ds fy,,slh dqn lh[k ys ldrs gsa tks Hkkjr ds fy, lcd dk dke djs\ ;g lksp] fd cpr esa deh ls lao`f¼ esa ck/k vkrh gs] jxukj udzls] vkfkzj ysfol] jkstsulvhu vksj vu; ds }kjk cgqr igys nh xbz FkhA ;gka ij vxj ge lw{erk ls ns[ksa rks ik,axs fd ;gka ij fdlh nwljh fn'kk esa gh b'kkjk tk jgk gsa 3-43 igyh ckr rks ;g Li"V gs fd cpr ds de gksus dh rqyuk esa iwath fuos'k dk de gksuk laof¼ ds fy, vf/d Hkwfedk fuhkkrk gs] ;g fu"d"kz igys igy jksmfjd }kjk fn;k x;k Fkk (2000)A blfy, vyikofèkd izkfkfedrk okyh uhfr dk iqksdl fuos'k dks c<+kok nsus ij gksuk pkfg,a 'kk;n cpr ds tfj, èku tqvkuk] mnkgj.k ds fy, dkys /u dk irk yxkdkj vksj lksus dks foùkh; cpr esa ifjorzu djkus dks c<+kok nsuk] vfkok fons'kh cpr dk Hkh fuosnu djuk tkwu esukmz dsul ds vuqlkj egroiw.kz gs] ijurq 'kk;n ;g mruk vfuok;z ugha gs ftruk fuos'k esa tku iqwaduk t:jh gsa fdlh Hkh lwjr esa igys gh ls ldy ikfjokfjd ctv esa gksus okyh foùkh; cpr ds Hkkx ds ekeys esa] cktkj foys[kksa esa ;g ifjorzu,dne Li"V fn[k jgk gs&,d,slk ladsr gs tks ;g n'kkzrk gs fd foeqnzhdj.k lgk;d fl¼ gqvk gsa 3-44 nwljh ckr ;g gs fd Hkkjr esa fuos'k esa vhkh dksbz [kkl eanh ugha vkbz gs rfkkfi vu; ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa ;gka blus vius vf/d ia[k iqsykus 'kq: dj fn, gsa]?kkvs dh lap;h xahkhjrk vksj fodkl ij izhkko&dks ns[krs gq, bls ekewyh dguk vfr'k;ksfdr ugha gksxha 3-45 ysfdu vc,d rhljk iz'u [km+k gksrk gs% fuos'k eanh dh /kjk dks myvh dsls cgk,a] rkfd Hkkjr viuh 8 ls 10 izfr'kr dh lao`f¼ nj dks fiqj ls izkir dj lds\ vu; nwljs ns'kksa esa Hkh,slh gh gydh lh vk'kk dh fdj.k ns[kus dks feyh gsa Hkkjr ds fuos'k esa tks fxjkov vk;h gs mls fo'ks"kdj myvh fn'kk esa eksm+uk dfbu gs] ftldk,d vkaf'kd dkj.k gs fd rqyu i=k ncko ls 'kfdr izkir djuk gsa fofhkuu ns'kksa ds lk{; fuos'k laca/h fxjkov ls Lor% gh okil vkus ds LIk"V vkhkko dk ladsr nsrs gsa fxjkov ftruh vf/d gksxh iqu:¼kj mruk gh /hek mfkyk gksxka lkfk gh ;g Hkh lp gs fd dqn ns'kksa esa bugha ifjflfkfr;ksa ls dkiqh etcwr iqu:}kj fd;k x;k gs ftlls ;g ladsr feyrk gs fd foxr dkjzokbz fu.kkz;d :i ls lahkkoukvksa esa lq/kj yk ldrh gsa 3-46 lhkh ckrksa ij,d lkfk è;ku nsus ij izkir gksus okys fu"d"kz ls Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk 'kq: fd;k x;k uhfrxr,tsamk Li"V vksj vfuok;z izrhr gksrk gsa igys rks 2015&16 ls lkoztfud fuos'k esa o`f¼ gqbz gs_ vksj vc uhfrxr ifcyd fuos'k esa ck/k ls nksgjh rqyu i=k pquksrh dk fu.kkz;d lek/ku fd;k gsa iwjd mik;ksa ds lkfk bu iz;klksa ij vuqorhz dkjzokbz djuh gksxha blls O;olk; dks vkxs c<+kus dh ykxr dks mfpr vksj dj rfkk fofu;ked O;oLFkk dks Li"V ikjn'khz vksj lqn`<+ cuk;k tk ldsxka 3-47 blds vykok y?kq,oa eè;e m ksx dks le`¼ cukus ds fy, vuqdwy okrkoj.k rs;kj djus vksj fuos'k ls futh fuos'ku ds iqu:¼kj dks lgk;rk feysxha NksVs vksj cm+s nksuksa m ksxksa ij fuos'k@izksrlkgu ijd uhfr;ksa esa leku :i ls è;ku nsuk gksxka ykhk vftzr djus dh ^ikf'od o`fùk* dh iqu% tkx`r djus dh vko';drk gsa 23 ;s ekeys eanh ds nksjs ds ugha gsa vksj eanh dh ifjhkk"kkvksa ds vuqiz;ksx ls ugha fy, x, gsaa

72 54 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 REFERENCES 1. Hausmann, R., Lant Pritchett & D. Rodrik, Growth Accelerations, NBER Working Paper No , Rodrik, D., Saving Transitions, World Bank Economic Review, 14(3), Allen, M., C. Rosenberg, C. Keller, B. Sester, N. Roubini, A Balance Sheet Approach to Financial Crisis, IMF Working Paper WP 02/210, Chen, S., M. Kim, M. Otte, K. Wiseman, A. Zdzienicka, Private Sector Deleveraging and Growth Following Busts, IMF Working Paper WP 15/35, Rosenberg, C. I. Halikias, B. House, C. Keller, J. Nystedt, A. Pitt & B. Setser, Debt-Related Vulnerabilities and Financial Crises An Application of the Balance Sheet Approach to Emerging Market Countries IMF Occasonal Paper No. 240, Chamon, M. A. Ghosh & Jun Kim, Are All Emerging market Crises Alike?, accessed at Aug2010.pdf.

73 jktdks"kh; la?kokn vksj tokcnsgh esa leuo;% D;k blesa fueu larqyu vojks/ gs\ 04 vè;k; ^^ftl xk o ds yksx Lo;a ds fy, viuh jksth&jksvh] viuk LokLF;] viuh f'k{kk] v tr djus ds fy, lkfk vkrs gsa] mugsa,slk djus dk vkuan ysus ds fy,] Lojkt ds ekxz esa T;ksfr tykuh gksxh** µjfounzukfk VSXkksj] jktdks"kh; tokcnsgh ls mriuu nh?kkzof/ ls gksrs vk jgs lalfkkxr fodkl esa U;wu vksj ßkleku vfjrrk lalk/uksa vksj dqy djksa esa izr;{k djksa dh Hkkxhnkjh mpp vksj mnh;eku 'ks;j esa varfjr gqbz gsa Hkkjr esa ljdkj ds nwljs vksj rhljs Lrj bu ekudksa ds lkis{k vis{kkd`r de fu"iknu dj jgs gsaa bu Lrjksa dks varfjr fd, tkus okys dj dh ek=kk bldk,d lahkkfor Li"Vhdj.k gsa rfkkfi,d egroiw.kz ckr ;g gs fd ;s Lrj viuh 'kfdr;ksa dh rqyuk esa dkiqh de izr;{k dj dk laxzg.k dj ikrs gsaa Hkys gh ;g ekxz i;kzir lsok lqiqnzxh izko/ku detksj izr;{k dj laxzg.k ds U;wu larqyu ik'k dh vksj tkrk gks rks Hkh detksj laxzg.k vksj tokcnsgh dh vksj yksv dj vk,xk ftl ij lfø; :i ls ppkz fd, tkus dh t:jr gsa ifjp; 4-1 dj fu/kzj.k (djk/ku) jkt; dk jktlo c<+kus dk lk/u ek=k ugha gsa ;g vk Fkd vksj jktuhfrd fodkl ds fy, Hkh vr;f/d egroiw.kz gks ldrk gsa cslyks vksj islzu (2013) dh fvii.kh ds vuqlkj] ukxfjdksa vksj jkt; ds eè;,d lkekftd lafonk gksrh gsa os fy[krs gsa fd ^^jktlo dh Hkwfedk** ^^vfuok;z lsok,a iznku djds vksj iqul±forj.k ds ekè;e ls de /uh O;fDr;ksa dks laj{k.k iznku djds lhkh ds fy, le`f¼ gsrq flfkfr;ka isnk djuk gsa bl lafonk esa ukxfjdksa dh Hkwfedk jkt; ds ml lafonk dk leeku djus esa foiqy gksus ij mldh tokcnsgh dks lahkkyuk gksrh gsa** 4-2 fdurq ;fn dksbz ukxfjd mu lsokvksa ds fy,] ftugsa jkt; eqgs;k djkus ds fy, izfrc¼ gksrk gs] lh/s&lh/s rjhds ls Hkqxrku ugha djrk gs] rks tokcnsgh ds fuozgu esa fdlh ukxfjd dk nkf;r; èkwfey gksrk gsa ;fn dksbz ukxfjd Hkqxrku ugha djrk gs] rks og eqýr lokj (fcuk Hkqxrku fd, lsok dk ykhk mbkusokyk) cu tkrk gs] vksj og jkt; ds?kfv;k xq.koùkk dh lsok iznku djus ij dksbz f'kdk;r ugha dj ldrk gsa ;fn og blls (lsok dk fcydqy iz;ksx u djrs gq,) ckgj tkrk gs] rks jkt; dks tokcnsg cuk, j[kus esa mldh :fp ugha jgrh gsa og jkt; dks tokcnsg cuk, j[kus dh rhkh dksf'k'k djsxk tc og lsok ds fy, Hkqxrku djds mldk ykhk mbk,a blfy, ;g vfhko;fdr gksrh gs fd% djk/ku ds fcuk dksbz izfrfuf/ro ughaa nwljs 'kcnksa esa] djk/ku,slk vk Fkd ljsl gksrk gs ftlls ukxfjd ds jkt; ls vko';d f}ekxhz laca/ tqm+rs gsaa (vk Fkd leh{kk 2015&16] vè;k; 7) 1 A 4-3 ^^lgk;rk** vksj ^^izkñfrd lalk/u** ds vfhk'kki 1 ohxy (2017) dgrs gsa fd ^^bfrgkl xokg gs fd tc jkt; us turk ij O;ofLFkr :i ls dj yxkuk 'kq: fd;k rks ukxfjdksa us bldk dm+k fojks/ fd;k yksd dy;k.k vksj jktuhfrd vf/dkjksa dh ekax dh% ^fcuk izfrfuf/ro ds dksbz dj ughaa* blls dj vuqikyu] uhfr;ksa esa ukxfjd Hkkxhnkjh vksj tokcnsg 'kklu dk mn~hko gqvka vkt dh rkjh[k esa fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa uhfr fuekzrk vdlj djk/ku dks blh lqpø dks ykw?kus dks c<+kok nsrs gsaa**

74 56 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 vkñfr 1d- ^^fodkl le; vof/ esa** izr;{k djksa esa O;kid ljdkj dh Hkkxhnkjh Japan US Mexico Brazil Korea Germany UK India China Real GDP per-capita lzksr% vksbzlhmh vksj Hkkjrh; yksd foùk lkaf[;dh; (vkbzih,iq,l)a ;g fpf=kr djrs gsa fd tc ns'k ljdkjh jktloksa ds xsj dj lzksrksa ij fuhkzj gksrs gsa] rks D;k gksrk gs% vk Fkd,oa lalfkkxr fodkl LrafHkr gks tkrk gs (bz:vjyh] 2003_ lyk&bz&ek Vu,oa lqczef.k;u] 2003)A 4-4 fdurq D;k ;g ljsl O;kid :i ls djk/ku ;k fo'ks"k :i ls izr;{k djk/ku ij gh fuhkzj djrk gs\,slk izrhr gksrk gs fd ukxfjdks a dk va'khkkx djks a ds Hkqxrku dh vf/d ijs'kkuh ds lekuqikrh gksxka tslk fd Lo;a uke ls irk pyrk gs] izr;{k djks a dk vuqhko dj nkrk }kjk vf/d vkñfr 1[k% ^^dkyøekuqlkj** izr;{k djksa esa O;kid ljdkj dh Hkkxhnkjh Japan US 0.80 Germany 0.70 UK Mexico Brazil 0.40 Korea India 0.30 China lzksr% vksbzlhmh vksj vkbzih,iq,l

75 jktdks"kh; la?kokn vksj tokcnsgh esa leuo;% D;k blesa fueu larqyu vojks/ gs\ 57 fd;k tkrk gsa izr;{k djks a dk vuqhko LokfeRogj.k tslk gksrk gs D;ks afd buls ukxfjdks a dh Loa; iz;kst; vk; vksj os vtzu de gks tkrs gs a ftugs a os vius ikl j[kuk pkgrs gs aa vizr;{k djks a ls] ukxfjdks a ij cks> c<+ tkrk gs fdurq cks> dk ;g Hkko ml ckr ij NksM+ fn;k tkrk gs fd ukxfjd Lo;a fodyi dk p;u dj jgs gs aa 4-5 jktdks"kh; la?kokn] djk/ku vksj tokcnsgh ls lacaf/r eqíksa ds fu:i.k esa fueufyf[kr nks varjjk"vªh; rf; enn djrs gs% izr;{k djk/ku vksj fodkl% O;kid (dsunz vksj jkt;) ljdkj 4-6 igyh ckr ;g gs fd vk Fkd,oa jktusfrd fodkl dqy djksa esa izr;{k djksa ds c<+rs gq, fglls dk vuq"kaxh jgk gsa fp=k 1 d vksj 1 [k esa vk Fkd lgk;ksx vksj fodkl laxbu (vksbzlhmh) ls izkir MkVk dk iz;ksx djds muur vksj mhkjrs gq, cktkj okys ns'kksa ds,d lewg ds fy, bl lg laca/ dks fpf=kr fd;k x;k gsa ;s nksuksa gh js[kkfp=k lexz ljdkj ls lacaf/r gsa vksj budh :ijs[kk o"kz 1965,oa 2016 ds chp rs;kj dh xbz gsa fp=k 1 d dk [kkdk fodkl le; ds vuqlkj cuk;k x;k gs% ;g n'kkzrk gs fd bu ns'kkssa esa muds fodflr gksus ds le; ds lkfk&lkfk dqy djksa esa izr;{k djksa dk vuqikr dsls fodflr gqvka (esmhlu ifj;kstuk ds MkVk csl ls lkoztfud futh Hkkxhnkjh (ihihih) lek;ksftr izfr O;fDr ldy?kjsyw mrikn }kjk izysf[kr) vkñfr 1 [k 1965 ls mlh lewg dks rsffkd le; ds vuqlkj n'kkz jgk gsa 4-7 bu vkjs[kksa ls bu&rf;ksa dk irk pyrk gs fd fodflr ns'k mhkjrs cktkjksa dh vis{kk izr;{k djksa ls gh vius jktlo dk mpp vuqikr laxzfgr djrs gsaa nh?kz dky esa bl vuqikr esa o`f¼ Hkh gqbz gsa igys fodkl izfø;k esa] vk;kr dj (vizr;{k dj) vksj leifùk dj (vk;dj) jktlo ds izeq[k lzksr FksA ckn esa] tsls gh dy;k.kdkjh jkt;ksa dk folrkj gksus yxk ;wjksi vksj ;w,l esa ljdkj ds laxzgksa dks vk;djksa esa ifjo rr dj fn;k x;k] rkfd muds dezpkjh lkekftd chek esa viuk va'knku ns ldsaa bl izo`fùk ds fo#¼] ;wjksi esa 1970 ds n'kd esa jktlo ds,d egroiw.kz lzksr ds :i esa ewy;o /r dj (osv) iz.kkyh dh 'kq:vkr gqbz] ftlls vizr;{k djksa ds fglls esa ubz c<+ksrjh gqbz] ijarq vkt Hkh] ;wjksi esa dqy djksa esa izr;{k djksa dk vkslr fgllk yxhkx 70 izfr'kr csbrk gsa 4-8 bu js[kkfp=kksa dk,d vu; vkd"kzd igyq Hkkjr ls laca/ j[krk gsa phu (tksfd pkvz esa,dek=k xsj&yksdrkaf=kd ns'k gs) ls brj] Hkkjr esa dqy djksa esa izr;{k djksa dk fgllk U;wure gsa ;g dksbz c<+&p<+ dj fn;k x;k rf; ugha gs_ Hkkjr dk izr;{k dj dk fgllk fodkl ds rqyukred pj.k esa vu; ns'kksa ds leku gsa gkykafd] vu; ns'kksa ds foijhr izr;{k djksa ij blds fo'okl dh izo`fùk fxjrh gqbz izrhr gksrh gsa ;fn eky,oa lsok dj (th,lvh) jktlo dk,d mriqqfyyr lzksr fl¼ gqvk rks ;g izo`fùk vksj cyorh gks tk,xha izr;{k djk/ku vksj fodkl% mi&la?kh; Lrj 4-9,d&nwljs izdkj dk rf; 'kklu ds mi&la?kh; (jkt; vksj 'kgjh@xzkeh.k LFkkuh; fudk;) Lrjksa ij izr;{k djkssa ds va'knkuksa ls lacaf/r gsa 4-10 jktdks"kh; fodssanzhdj.k dks vdlj dsoy,d okanuh; vk Fkd fl¼kar ds :i esa gh ugha cfyd,d jktusfrd vksj nk'kzfud fl¼kar ds :i esa Hkh Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gs] tslkfd VSxksj us ifjdyiuk dh FkhA ;g /kj.kk bl fopkj esa fufgr gs fd O;; vksj dj laca/h fu.kz;ksa esa ;FkklaHko LFkkuh; vf/ekuksa dk ifjy{k.k gksuk gh pkfg,a bl fl¼kar dk fdl lhek rd vuqlj.k fd;k tk,\ ;g bl ckr ij fuhkzj gs fd 'kklu ds fupys Lrjksa ij dqy jktlo esa vius jktlo (glrkarfjr lzksrksa dh rqyuk esa) dk fgllk fdruk gs vksj izr;{k djksa dk lkisf{kd va'knku D;k gs\ 4-11 bu vkadm+ksa ij fopkj djus ls iwoz,d egroiw. kz fo"k; dks vo'; uksv fd;k tk,a bl ekeys ij,d egroiw.kz dkuwuh rdz ;g gs fd foùk vk;ksx dh vuqøkeh fu.kz;ksa ds vax ds :i esa jkt;ksa }kjk iz;ksx fd, x, lalk/u ^^glrkarfjr** lalk/u ugha gksrs cfyd va'khkkftr lalk/u gksrs gsaa blds n`f"vxr] dsanz izhkkt; iwy esa jkt;ksa dh vksj ls djksa dk dsoy laxzg dj jgk gs vksj bugsa muds lkfk ckav jgk gsa ijarq bl flfkfr dk ewy;kadu fueufyf[kr oklrfodrkvksa dks è;ku esa j[kdj gksuk pkfg,%µ vk; dj vksj lhek 'kqydksa tksfd izhkkt; iwy dk,d cm+k Hkkx fu er djrs gsa ls dsanz dh lac¼rk lekir djuk (djnkrkvksa dh utjksa esa) dfbu gksrka

76 58 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 fp=k 2% fueu iz'kklu Lrjksa ds futh jktlo vksj izr;{k dj (dqy jktlo dk izfr'kr) 90.0 Own Revenue/Total Revenue : Tier Own Revenue/Total Revenue: Tier Brazil Germany India India ULGs Brazil Germany India RLGs Direct Tax/Total Revenue : Tier 2 Direct Tax/Total Revenue: Tier Brazil Germany India India ULGs Brazil Germany India RLGs lzksr% Hkkjr ds laca/ esa] xzkeh.k LFkkuh; ljdkjksa (vkj-,y-th-) ds fy, leh{kk ifjdyu] tcfd 'kgjh LFkkuh; ljdkj (;w-,y-th-) ds fy, vkadm+s] ^^Hkkjrh; uxj iz.kkfy;ksa dk ok "kd losz{k.k tukxzg** ls fy, x, gsa_ fofhkuu ns'kksa ds vkadm+sa foùk ea=kky;] tezu ljdkj_ fo'o csad ls fy, x, gsaa fvii.kh% Hkkjr esa Lrj 2=jkT;] Lrj 3='kgjh LFkkuh; fudk; vksj xzkeh.k LFkkuh; fudk;_ czkthy esa Lrj 2=,LVkMksl~ (jkt;) vksj Lrj 3=E;qfuflfi;ksl~ (,slh uxj ikfydk,a ftuesa 'kgjh vksj xzkeh.k {ks=k nksuksa 'kkfey gsa)_ tezuh esa Lrj 2=ySaMj vfkok cqamsl ysamj (jkt;) vksj Lrj 3=csftjdsA Hkkjr ds laca/ esa vkj-,y-th- vadu pkj jkt;ksa ls izkir vkadm+ksa ij vk/kfjr gs] uker% vka/z izns'k] dukzvd] dsjy vksj mùkj izns'k tcfd ;w-,y-th- vadu Hkkjr ds 19 cm+s 'kgjksa (o"kz 2013&14) 17 esa ls izkir vkadm+ksa ij vk/kfjr gsa 2 2 fofhkuu jkt;ksa esa ys[kkadu dh i¼fr;ka fhkuu gsa_ mnkgj.kkfkz] dukzvd vius lalk/uksa ds varxzr lacaf/r fohkkxksa ds osru 'kkfey djrk gs] tcfd dsjy,slk ugha djrk gsa bl lanhkz esa] dqy jktlo] vius lalk/uksa rfkk dsanz,oa jkt; ljdkjksa ls varfjr fuf/;ksa ds tksm+ ds :i esa ifjhkkf"kr fd;k x;k gs] ftlesa ;s 'kkfey ugha gs (d) ;kstukc¼ varj.k vksj ([k) lacaf/r fohkkxh; d e;ksa ds osru ds fy, fuf/;kaa

77 jktdks"kh; la?kokn vksj tokcnsgh esa leuo;% D;k blesa fueu larqyu vojks/ gs\ 59 ;fn dsanz,d laxzg.k,tsalh ek=k ds :i esa gksrk rks fuf/;ksa dk cavokjk jkt;ksa ds dj vk/kjksa ds vuqlkj gksrk_ muds ikl i;kzir ifjek.k esa iqu%forj.kkred?kvd ugha gksrs] tslkfd vk Fkd leh{kk] [k.m&i] 2016&17 ds vè;k; 13 esa ifjek.k&fu/kzj.k fd;k x;k gsa u, th,lvh esa,d rhoz O;frjsd iznku fd;k x;k gs fd ;g Li"V vf/d ^^va'khkkftr** gs D;ksafd dj laca/h fu.kz; vksj djksa dk iz'kklu nksuksa ds }kjk gh fd;k tkuk gs_ rfkk 4-12 lkjka'k :i esa] budh fof/r% voflfkfr pkgs tks gks] jkt;ksa dks izhkkt; iwy ls lalk/uksa dk cm+h ek=kk esa glrkarj.k gksrk gsa 4-13 fp=k 2 esa,sls rhu ns'kksa ds lacaf/r vkadm+s fn, x, gsa ftudh 'kklu lajpuk f=klrjh; gs_ ;s ns'k gsa&tezuh] czkthy vksj HkkjrA 4-14 nwljs Lrj ij] lhkh ns'k eq[;r% varfjr lalk/uksa ij viuh fuhkzjrk ds laca/ esa rqyuh; Bgjrs gas] ysfdu Hkkjr vdsyk,slk ns'k fn[kkbz nsrk gs] tgka nwljs Lrj (jkt;) izr;{k djksa ls viuss lalk/uksa dk cgqr de fgllk gh l`ftr djrs gsa% 2016 esa czkthy ds 19 izfr'kr vksj tezuh ds 44 izfr'kr ds Hkkjh Hkjde Lrj ds eqdkcys Hkkjr esa yxhkx 6 izfr'kr fgllk gh jgrk gsa 4-15 rhljs Lrj ij Hkkjr dh xzkeh.k LFkkuh; 'kklu (vkj,yth) nksuksa vksj izrhr gksrh gsaaa vkj,yth ds vius lalk/u dsoy 6 izfr'kr gsa] tcfd czkthy vksj tezuh esa rhljs Lrj dh ljdkjksa ds fy, 40 izfr'kr lalkèku gksrs gsaa Hkkjr dh iapk;rsa izr;{k dj ds :i esa vius lexz lalk/uksa dk dsoy 4 izfr'kr gh olwy dj ikrh gsa tcfd czkthy vksj tezuh esa Øe'k% yxhkx 19 izfr'kr vksj 16 izfr'kr dh olwyh gks tkrh gsa Hkkjr ds 'kgjh LFkkuh; iz'kklu (;w,yth) dkiqh gn rd vurjjk"vªh; ekudksa ds utnhd gsaa dqy jktlo esa mudk viuk jktlo oklro esa czkthy vksj tezuh ls Hkh vf/d gsa tcfd mudk izr;{k dj 'ks;j (dqy jktlo dk yxhkx 18 izfr'kr) czkthy (19 izfr'kr) ls FkksMk gh de rfkk tezuh (26 izfr'kr) ls dkiqh de gsa ;g bl ckr dk lk{; gs fd Hkkjr esa vhkh rd vkj,yth dh rqyuk esa ;w,yth dkiqh gn rd jktdks"kh; 'kfdr ds :i esa mhkj dj vk;k gs 4 A 4-17 bu nks rf;ksa ls ;g iz'u mbuk LokHkkfod gs fd D;k Hkkjr esa ekstwnk iz.kkyh leqfpr gs vksj ;fn ugha rks D;k blesa ifjorzu fd;k tk ldrk gs\ bl vè;k; esa blh iz'u ij izdk'k Mkyk x;k gsa [k.m 2 dh 'kq:vkr LFkkuh; 'kkluksa dh laf{kir izlrkouk ls gksrh gsa LFkkuh; 'kklu% D;k gsa\ 4-18 izfl¼ 73 osa lafo/ku la'kks/u (1992) }kjk iapk;rksa dks Lo'kklu dh lalfkk ds :i esa eku;rk nh xbz gs lkfk gh lkfk 74 osa lafo/ku la'kks/u esa 'kgjh LFkkuh; 'kkluksa dks Hkh ogh ntkz iznku fd;k x;k gsa yk[k ls ÅWij ds vkcknh okys jkt;ksa esa f=klrjh; vkj,yth vfkok iapk;rksa dh ckr dgh xbz gs (ftyk] ekè;fed rfkk xzke Lrj ij) 5 jkt;ksa dks,sls dk;z vksj izkf/dkj vkj,yth dks nsuk vfuok;z cuk;k x;k Fkk] rkfd os Lo'kklu dh lalfkkvksa ds :i esa dk;z dj ldsaa lafoèkku esa lwpho¼ 29 ekeys] ftu ij mugsa vius 'kklu esa è;ku nsuk gs] gsa% d`f"k vksj Hkwfe lq/kj] y?kq flapkbz] y?kq m ksx] xzkeh.k lapkj] is;ty] fu/zurk muewyu dk;zøea 4-20 jkt;ksa ls,d iapi"khz; jkt; foùk vk;ksx (,l,iqlh) dk xbu djus dh Hkh vis{kk dh xbz Fkh ftlesa mugsa vius foùkh; lalk/uksa dks dsanzh; Lrj ij foùk vk;ksx ds le:i LFkkuh; Lrj dh fgllsnkjh dk fu/kzj.k djuk FkkA 4-21 ;w,yth vksj iapk;rksa dks bl rjg ls 'kfdr iznku dh xbz gs fd os vfuok;z :i ls vkffkzd fodkl vksj 3 laos/kfud :i ls rhljs Lrj esa LFkkuh; Lo'kklu (,y,lth)] xzkeh.k vksj 'kgjh Lo'kklu ;qdr ftugsa Øe'k% bl vè;k; esa vkj,yth vksj ;w,yth dgk x;k gs 'kkfey gsa 4 fdlh ckr ds gksrs gq, Hkh jkt; lkeku;r% ;w,yth ds dezpkfj;ksa vksj [kpz ij jkt; esa folr`r fhkuurkvksa ds lkfk i;kzir izhkko Mkyrs gsaa 5 ;g la'kks/u dqn fo'ks"k {ks=kksa vksj jkt;ksa tsls ukxkysam vksj fetksje vkfn vksj mu {ks=kksa esa] tgka {ks=kh; ifj"kn ekstwn ugha gsa] esa ykxw ugha gksrka U;wure tula[;k okys jkt; eè;fed Lrj dk yksi djsaxsa

78 60 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 fp=k 3% dsanz] jkt; vksj vk,yth Lrjksa ij izfro;fdr O;; (#i, esa) , , ,767 5,612 5, ULBs Centre States RLBs lzksr% vkj,yth ds fy, leh{kk x.kuk vka/zizns'k] dukzvd] dsjy vksj mùkjizns'k ls izkir vkadm+ksa ds vk/kj ij dh xbz gsa fvii.kh% x.kukvksa ls ;g irk pyrk gs fd vkj,yth dk O;; mudh izkfir;ksa ds cjkcj gsa ;w,yth ls lacaf/r lwpuk dk lzksr Hkkjr ds 19 izeq[k 'kgjksa ij vk/kfjr ^^,uqoy loszvkwiq bafm;k flvh&fllvel] tukxzg** ij vk/kfjr gsa lkekftd U;k; ds fy, ;kstuk cuk, vksj dk;kzfuor djsaa la'kks/u dk vuqikyu djrs gq, lhkh jkt;ksa dks f=klrjh; iapk;rksa dk xbu djuk gksxka xr nks n'kdksa ds nksjku LFkkuh; 'kkluksa esa tehuh Lrj ij fodkl djus ds eqn~ns ij myys[kuh; vgfe;r izkir dj yh gs] rfkkfi mugsa dbz LFkkfud ifjorzuksa vksj vr;f/d jktuhfrd izfrjks/ksa dk Hkh lkeuk djuk im+k gsa rfkkfi] lalk/u izokg ds cm+s Hkkx dk fdugha dk;z fo'ks"k ls ca/k jguk vkj,yth esa [kpz dh Lok;Ùkrk esa ck/k [km+h djrk gsa 4-22 rhljs Lrj ds fy, dksbz Hkh uhfr rs;kj djrs le; vkj,yth ds fu"iknu dks le> fy;k tkuk pkfg,a ysfdu D;k ge,slh lalfkkvksa dh lsok lqiqnzxh vksj tokcnsgh ra=k dh n{krk ds ckjs esa okdbz esa dqn tkurs gsa\ jktdks"kh; fodsanzhdj.k ds ckjs esa i;kzir folr`r vksj le`¼ lkfgr; miyc/ gs ftls Hkkjr ds tkus&ekus fo'ks"kkksa }kjk jkt&dks"k dh O;oLFkk ds ckjs esa fy[kk x;k gs (dsydj] 2016_ Åeu] okysl vksj E;woksax] 2017_ ekfkqj vksj ihvjlu] 2006_ ukxjktu] e[kht vksj ehuk>h laqnje 2014_ izhlsv vksj võ;j] 2015_ jktkjeu] 2003_ jktkjeu vksj flugk] 2007_ jaxjktu vksj JhokLro] 2011_ jko] 2013_ jko] xqirk j?kquanu] nùkk] tsuk vksj vejukfk] 2011_ jsm~mh] 2016_ fot; vkuan] 2009)A bl vè;k; dks bugha ds dk;ks± ds vk/kj ij rs;kj fd;k x;k gsa ljdkj ds fofhkuu Lrjksa ds O;; laca/h isvuz 4-23 fp=k&3 esa Hkkjr esa fofhkuu Lrjksa ds izfr O;fDr O;; dks n'kkz;k x;k gsa dsunz vksj jkt; ljdkjsa vkj,yth dh rqyuk esa izfr O;fDr vkslru 15&20 xq.kk ls Hkh vf/d [kpz djrh gsaa ;w,yth yxhkx rhu xq.kk vf/d [kpz djrh gsaa è;ku nsus okyh ckr ;g gs fd le; ds lkfk&lkfk ;g [kkbz vksj Hkh pksm+h gqbz gsa tcfd o"kz 2010&11 ls vkj,yth }kjk izfr O;fDr fd, tkus okys [kpz esa yxhkx pkj xq.kk dh o`f¼ gqbz gsa 4-24 fp=k 3% esa O;Dr O;; isvuks± ds dkj.k pkgs tks gks ijurq D;k jktlo l`tu fu"iknu vfkok vurj.k lfgr dqy lalk/u miyc/rk ds chp dksbz laca/ gs\ varfjr fuf/;ksa ij gn ls T;knk fuhkzjrk 4-25 vkf[kj ;w,yth vksj vkj,yth [kpz djus ds fy, vius lalk/u tqvkrs dgka ls gs\ miyc/ vkadm+ksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus ij fueu ckrksa dh iqf"v gksrh gsa 6 6 ikap jkt;ksa dsjy] vka/zizns'k] dukzvd] jktlfkku vksj mùkjizns'k ls laxzghr MsVk ij vk/kfjra MsVk laca/h ck/k ds dkj.k ;w,yth vksj ;w,yth ds fy, le;kof/ ds fy, fjiksfvzr vkadms+ esy ugha [kkrs gsaa

79 jktdks"kh; la?kokn vksj tokcnsgh esa leuo;% D;k blesa fueu larqyu vojks/ gs\ 61 fp=k 4% viuk jktlo l`tu* (dqy izkfir;ksa dk 'ks;j) 1.20 ULGs 1.20 RLGs Own revenue Other receipts Own Revenue Other receipts lzksr% vk,yth ds fy,] vku/zizns'k] dukzvd] dsjy vksj mùkjizns'k ls izkir MkVk ij vk/kfjr leh{kk ifjdyu ;wy,th laca/h lwpuk Hkkjr ds 19 izeq[k 'kgjksa ij vk/kfjr Hkkjrh; 'kgj iz.kkyh] tukxzg ds okf"kzd losz{k.k ls izkir dh xbz gsa fvii.kh% vu; izkfir;ksa esa jkt; vksj dsunz ljdkjksa ls varj.k vksj ;kstukc¼ LFkkukarj.k 'kkfey gsa i. ;w,yth fhkuu gs%,slk yxrk gs fd ;w,yth vius Lo;a ds jktlo dk l`tu djus esa csgrjhu dk;z dj jgs gsaa os vius lalk/uksa ls dqy jktlo dk 44 izfr'kr,d=k djrs gsaa (fp=k% 4)A blds foijhr vkj,yth yxhkx iwjh rjg (yxhkx 95 izfr'kr) varj.k ij gh fuhkzj djrs gsa ;w,yth }kjk laxzghr izfro;fdr Lo;a dk jktlo 'kgjh izfro;fdr vk; dk yxhkx 3 izfr'kr gs tc vuqorhz vkadm+s vkj,yth ds fy, dsoy 0-1 izfr'kr gsa 7 fp=k 5% varfjr fuf/;ksa esa ls xzke iapk;r O;; dk {ks=kokj fgllk ('ks;j) lzksr% dukzvd] dsjy,oa mùkj izns'k ls izkir vkadm+ksa ij vk/kfjr losz{k.k x.kuk 7 vkj,yth us 59 #i, izfr O;fDr vius lalk/u ds :i esa,d=k fd,a o"kz 2006 esa ;g vkadm+s yxhkx 16 #i, Fkk (ukxktqzu] e[kht rfkk ehuk{kh laqnje] (2014)] ij vk/kfjr)a

80 a 62 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 ii. jkt;ksa esa fhkuurk% fp=k 4 vkslr flfkfr dks fpf=kr djrk gsa fofhkuu jkt;ksa ds vius jktlo l`tu dh jkf'k esa cgqr varj gsaa izr;sd jkt; ds Hkhrj iapk;rksa ds chp Hkh cgqr cm+k vurj gsa (mnkgj.k ds fy, d`i;k layxud 5 esa rfeyukmq xzke iapk;rksa ds fy, izlrqr fd, x, MkVk dks ns[ksa) eksvs rksj ij nks Jsf.k;ka gs mu jkt;ksa dk vkj,yth tks dqn izr;{k dj vksj viuk&viuk dj jktlo olwy djrs gsa (mnkgj.k ds fy, dsjy] vku/z izns'k] dukzvd)] blds foijhr mùkj izns'k tsls jkt;ksa ds vkj,yth izk;% iw.kz :i ls vurj.kksa ij fuhkzj djrs gasa ;g fhkuurk ;w,yth dh rqyuk esa vkj,yth ds ekeys esa vf/d xahkhj gs (vf/d C;kSjs ds fy, layxud 2 ns[ksa) 4-26 varfjr fuf/;ksa ij vr;f/d fuhkzjrk gs vksj ;s vurj.k Ldheksa ls lacaf/r gksrs gsaa blfy, ;g vk'p;ztud ugha gs fd xzke iapk;rksa (thih) us bl izdkj dh fuf/;ksa dh vr;f/d ek=kk lm+dksa] eksfyd lsok,a] LoPNrk vksj lkeqnkf;d vkflr;ksa tsls fuf'pr {ks=kksa esa [kpz dh gsa 8 lpkbz tsls ek=k LFkkuh; lkoztfud enksa ij buesa ls [kpz djuk izkfkfedrk ugha gsa (fp=k 5) 4-27 lalfkkxr tokcnsgh dks rrdky vkdfyr ugha fd;k tk ldrka gkaykfd] izfke [kam esa fn, x, rdks± ls lcd ysrs gq, LFkkuh; 'kklu ds jktdks"kh; fu"iknu esa izo`fùk;ksa dks eksvs rksj ij LFkkuh; Lrj dh tokcnsgh ds fy, ijks{kh ds :i esa fopkj fd;k tk ldrk gsa djksa ds tfj, viuk jktlo tqvkus esa csgrj fu"iknu ls cm+h tokcnsgh visf{kr gksuh pkfg,a vu; eqís os a vksj 74os a laos/kfud la'kks/u ds tfj, iapk;rks dks 'kklu dk vf/dkj nsuk,d,sfrgkfld?kvuk FkhA ysfdu blus jktdks"kh; tokcnsgh vksj lsokvksa dh fmyhojh esa xzkeh.k LFkkuh; fudk;ksa (vkj,yth) ds fu"iknu ls lacaf/r Toyar iz'u ij è;ku dks [khapk gsa ppkzvksa esa mdr ds ctk; fueufyf[kr ij è;ku fn;k x;k gs%& D;k jkt;ksa }kjk vkj,yth dks i;kzir dj vksj O;; glrkarj.k fd;k x;k gs\ D;k jkt; foùk vk;ksx dh fliqkfj'kksa dk ikyu fd;k x;k gs\ 4-29 dbz jkt;ksa esa iapk;r vksj 'kgjh LFkkuh; fudk;ksa (;w,yth) esa i;kzir djk/ku dh 'kfdr;ka fodflr ugha gqbz gsaa iapk;r jkt ea=kky; dh yxkrkj glrkarj.k laca/h fjiksvks± ls irk gs fd dbz jkt;ksa esa LFkkuh; 'kklu dks lksais x, jktlo dh fgllsnkjh lequnsf'kr O;; dh rqyuk esa de gsa 9 gkaykfd bu fjiksvks± ls irk pyrk gs fd dbz jkt;ksa&fo'ks"kdj dsjy] egkjk"vª] dukzvd] xqtjkr,oa if'pe caxky us bl ekspsz ij yxkrkj lq/kj fd;k gsa nwljs eqn~ns ij] Hkys gh vf/dka'k] jkt;ksa us,l,iqlh dk xbu fd;k gks],sls jkt;ksa dh la[;k cgqr gh de gsa ftugksaus vius jkt; foùk vk;ksx dh fliqkfj'kksa dks iwjh rjg Lohdkj fd;k gks ;k,d gn rd Lohdkj djds ykxw fd;k gks] fo'ks"kdj mu fliqkfj'kksa dks] ftuesa foùkh; isaphnfx;ksa dk lkeuk djuk im+ jgk gksa iapk;rh jkt; ea=kky; dh uohure glrkarj.k fjiksvz (2015&16) ds vuqlkj mdr fliqkfj'kksa dh Lohd`fr dk izfr'kr fofhkuu jkt;ksa esa fhkuu&fhkuu gsa dukzvd esa,l,iqlh dh fliqkfj'kksa dks 11 izfr'kr rd Lohdkj fd;k x;k gs tcfd if'pe caxky] vka/z izns'k vksj jktlfkku us vius&vius,l,iqlh dh 50 izfr'kr ls vf/d fliqkfj'ksa Lohdkj dj yh gsaa dsjy us,l,iqlh dh leiw.kz fliqkfj'ksa Lohdkj dj yh gsa varj.k laca/h iqkewzyk esa ik, tkus okys fohksnksa dks laiqfvr :i esa layxu 1 esa fn;k x;k gsa 4-31 blh chp] foxr 25 o"kz ds nksjku xzkeh.k LFkkuh; fudk;ksa (vkj,yth) us dsls dk;z fd;k gs] bl laca/ esa MkVk ux.; gh gsa 'kfdr;ksa ds glrkarj.k dh flfkfr dk dksbz losz{k.k ugha gqvk gs] vksj xzkeh.k LFkkuh; fudk;ksa us vius vf/ns'kksa dks dsls iwjk fd;k gs]bl fo"k; esa cgqr de vè;;u fd;k x;k gsa eky,oa lsok,a iznku djus 8 pkj jkt;ksa ij vk/kfjr MkVk ds vuqlkj] 2010&12 ds nksjku vkj,yth }kjk tfur dqy lzksrksa dk 46 izfr'kr vksj 2014&16 ds nksjku tfur 35 izfr'kr vkc¼ vurj.k FksA 9 varj.k fjiksvz] 2015&16] iapk;rh jkt; ea=kky; 10 O;ogkj esa varj.k laca/h lexz lwpdkad* ds izeq[k jkt;ksa esa dsjy igys LFkku ij gsa blds ckn Øe'k% egkjk"vª] if'pe caxky] dukzvd] rsyaxkuk vksj xqtjkr dk LFkku (jsad) vkrk gsa (varj.k fjiksvz 2015&16)] iapk;rh jkt ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj)

81 jktdks"kh; la?kokn vksj tokcnsgh esa leuo;% D;k blesa fueu larqyu vojks/ gs\ 63 esa xzkeh.k LFkkuh; fudk;ksa (vkj,yth) dh izhkkodkfjrk ij,dek=k MkVk csl ^jk"vªh; vuqiz;qdr vkffkzd vuqla/ ku ifj"kn* (,ulh,bzvkj) dk xzkeh.k vkffkzd,oa tukafddh MkVk csl (vkjbzmh,l) gs ftldk o"kz 2006&07 ls v ru ugha fd;k x;k gs (layxud&2) jkt; vksj LFkkuh; ljdkjsa% fcydqy fhkuu iz'u 4-32 fo'ks"k :i ls iunzgosa foùk vk;ksx ds xbu ls] tks jktdks"kh; la?kokn ls lacaf/r eqn~nksa dk iqu% ewy;kadu djsxk] nwljs vksj rhljs Lrj dh lalfkkvksa ds dk;z lapkyu ds ckjs esa,d fhkuu vksj iwjd iz'u mbkus dk 'kk;n mi;qdr le; vk x;k gsa mudk viuk] fo'ks"k :i ls izr;{k djksa ls] jktlo laxzg bruk de D;ksa gs\ Lej.k jgs fd xzkeh.k LFkkuh; fudk; vius jktloksa ls vius dqy lalk/uksa dk 10 izfr'kr ls Hkh de vksj 'kgjh LFkkuh; fudk; yxhkx 45 izfr'kr dk laxzg djrs gsaa 4-33,d vke iz'u ;g gs fd mpprj Lrjksa }kjk fo'ks"k :i ls jkt;ksa }kjk iapk;rksa dks i;kzir djk/ku 'kfdr;ka glrkarfjr ugha dh xbz gsaa mnkgj.k ds fy,] iapk;rksa ds fy, vuqks; djksa esa lafiùk,oa euksjatu dj gh 'kkfey gksrs gsaa vksj Hkwfe dj vfkok lm+dksa (LFkkuh; iapk;r lm+dksa dks NksM+dj) dk ifk&dj 'kkfey ugha gksrk gsa 4-34 fdurq ftl fhkuu iz'u dh cgqr de tkap dh xbz gs] og iz'u ;g gs% mugksaus dsls dk;z fu"iknu fd;k gs vksj D;k mugksaus bu 'kfdr;ksa dh lahkkouk ds vuqlkj vuqekfur jktloksa dk laxzg fd;k gs\ bu eqn~nksa dh bl Hkkx esa ppkz dh xbz gsa 4-35 nwljs vksj rhljs Lrj dh ljdkj }kjk lax`ghr laifùk dj gsa% (d) jkt; Lrj ij fu/kzfjr vksj laxzghr Hkw dj_ vksj ([k) Hkou dj] ftlesa uxj ikfydk (;w,yth) vksj xzke iapk;r (vkj,yth) Lrjksa ij lax`ghr laifùk@ x`gdj Hkh 'kkfey gsa 11 ;s LFkkuh; Lo ljdkjksa }kjk lax- `ghr O;kolkf;d djksa ds vykok] bu Lrjksa dh ljdkj ds izr;{k dj jktlo ds eq[; lzksr gsaa jktlo ds bu vr;f/d mriqqyy lzksrksa ls laxzg dks lkeku;r% laifùk;ks esa iz;qdr cktkj ewy;ksa ls dkiqh uhps iqjkru vk/kj ewy;ksa] lax`ghr djksa dh vkiokfnd :i ls fueu njksa] vksj dqn jkt;ksa tsls vksfmlk vksj jktlfkku esa LFkkuh; fudk;ksa ds fy, 'kfdr;ksa ds vhkko ds dkj.k vfr fueu Lrjksa ij yxk;k tkuk gsa 4-36 bl Hkkx esa bu djksa dh lahkkouk dh tkap dh xbz gs (folr`r C;kSjk layxud 3 esa gs) lahkkouk dh rqyuk esa Hkwfe dj% jkt; 4-37 fofhkuu jkt; Hkwfe ds ewy;ksa ds fu/kzj.k ds fy, fhkuu&fhkuu dk;z iz.kkfy;ksa dk vuqlj.k djrs gsa vksj Hkwfe dj dh fofhkuu njksa dks ykxw djrs gsaa Hkw jktlo laxzgksa ds fy, lahkkfor vkdyu ds fy,] bl fo'ys"k.k esa 0-10 gsdvs;j vksj blls de dh d`f"k tksr Hkwfe dks djk/ku ckgj ls NksM+ fn;k x;k gs vksj 0-1 ls 1-0 gsdvs;j rd dh d`f"k tksr ds fy, Hkwfe ewy; dk 0-1 izfr'kr] 1 vksj 2 gsdvs;j ds chp dh d`f"k tksrksa ds fy, 0-2 izfr'kr nj fu/kzfjr dh xbz gsa 12 fp=k 6 mu rhu jkt;ksa esa] ftu ij Hkwfe ds cktkj ewy;ksa ij MkVk dk vkwuykbu ewy;kadu fd;k tk ldrk Fkk] Hkwfe ds ehekalkred ewy;ksa vksj Hkwfe ds cktkj ewy;ksa ij vk/kfjr vyx ls vkdfyr lahkkouk ds izfr'kr ds :i esa Hkwfe jktlo laxzg dks n'kkzrk gsa Hkwfe ds ehekalkred ewy;ksa ij vk/kfjr] lhkh jkt;ksa ds fy, lahkkouk dh rqyuk esa Hkw jktlo ds laxzg ds lkfk&lkfk Hkwfe ds ehekalkred vksj cktkj ewy; fudkyus ds fy, iz;ksx esa ykbz xbz dk;z iz.kkyh layxud 3 esa nh xbz gsaa fp=k 6 lahkkouk ds lkisf{kd jkt; dk Hkw jktlo laxzga 4-38 dsjy esa bu nksuksa ds chp vr;f/d varj gksus dk eq[; dkj.k ;g gs fd bl jkt; esa Hkwfe dh dher ewy vafdr dher ls cgqr T;knk gsa if'pe caxky] vksj xqtjkr tsls jkt;] tks bl laca/ esa cgqr vpnk dj jgs gsa] esa dh xbz olwyh ls laiw.kz Hkkjr ds vkslr esa o`f¼ gqbz gsa 4-39,d cm+k fu"d"kz ;gh gs fd jkt; viuh {kerk dh rqyuk esa de va'k dk laxzg.k djrs gsa% Hkwfe dh dher vuqfpr :i ls de ifjdfyir jgus ij laiw.kz Hkkjr dk vkslr 19 izfr'kr vksj Hkwfe dh oklrfod dher ds ewy;kadu ij yxhkx 7 izfr'kr Bgjrk gsa,ls de laxzg.k ds dkj.k jktlo ds vi;kzir varj.k ls lacafèkr f'kdk;r cgqr Lohdk;Z ugha jgrha 11 jkt; Hkwfeij dj yxkus dh 'kkfdr lafo/ku dh lkroha vuqlwph ls izkir djrs gsaa rhljk Lrj laifùk ij dj yxkus dh 'kfdr vius&vius iapk;rh jkt vf/fu;e ls izkir djrs gsaa

82 64 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 fp=k 6% lahkkouk ds lkis{k jkt; dk Hkwfe jktlo laxzg.k (izfr'kr esa) Baseline with notional land values for Karnataka Tamil Nadu Kerala All India Based on market values of land for Karnataka Tamil Nadu Kerala Average of 3 States 7.0 lzksr% losz{k.k ifjdyu {kerk dh rqyuk esa x`g dj% vkj-,y-th fdlh Hkh izdkj ds Hkw&dj dh vis{kk x`g&dj dh olwyh esa jkt;ksa }kjk cgqr gn rd vkj,yth dks l'kdr fd;k x;k gsa tux.kuk (2011) ds vk/kj ij xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa fo eku?kjksa dh lwph miyc/ gs] ysfdu xzkfe.k {ks=kksa esa fo eku okf.kft;d laifùk;ksa ds laca/ esa bl rjg dk dksbz vkadm+k miyc/ ugha gsa blfy,] vkj,yth] ftlesa x`g dj vksj okf.kft;d laifùk dj 'kkfey gs] ds dqy laifùk dj dh olwyh dks muds x`g dj dh {kerk ds vuqlkj fufnz"v fd;k x;k gsa bl izdkj] bl izfø;k ls izn'kzu esa o`f¼ gksrh gsa lzksr vksj ewy;kadu lfgr bl izkddyu dh folr`r izfø;k dk myys[k vuqyxud&4 esa fd;k x;k gsa 4-41 Hkwfe ds djk/ku ds laca/ esa jkt; Hkwfe dh dher dk ewy;kadu djus ds fy, fhkuu&fhkuu i¼fr;ksa dk iz;ksx djrs gsa_ os Hkwfe ds dj dh vyx&vyx njksa dk iz;ksx Hkh djrs gsaa tsls fd dsjy fn, x, {ks=k ij dj dh bdkbz nj dk iz;ksx djrk gs] tcfd dukzvd vksj if'pe caxky 12 ;Fkk ewy; nj dk iz;ksx djrs gsaa Hkw&jktLo laxzg.k dh {kerk dk vkdyu djus ds fy, bl fo'ys"k.k esa,sls Hkw&/kjdksa dks dj ls NwV iznku dh xbz gs] ftuds ikl 'kwu; ls,d vkoklh; dejk gks vksj,sls Hkw&/kj.k ftlesa 2 dejs gksa] blds fy, 0-1 izfr'kr nj dh ifjdyiuk dh xbz gs] 3 ls 5 dejs okys Hkw&/ kj.k ds fy, 0-2 izfr'kr vksj blls vf/d dejs okys Hkw&/kj.k ds fy, 0-3 izfr'kr dh ifjdyiuk dh xbz gsa fp=k 7 izkddfyr {kerk ds izfr'kr ds :i esa jkt;ksa ds Hkw&jktLo laxzg.k ds vkadm+s izofrzr djrk gs (ftlds fy, iapk;r Lrj ds lafiùk dj miyc/ gsa) egkjk"vª esa 'kgjh LFkkuh; fudk;ksa us lahkkfor x`g dj ds 60 izfr'kr rd ds x`g djksa dk ladyu fd;k gsa dsjy vksj dukzvd jkt;ksa us vkxs c<+dj 'kgjh LFkkuh; fudk;ksa dks 'kfdr;ksa dk glrkarj.k fd;k gs] fdurq lahkkfor fp=k 7% vkj,yth dh {kerk ds lkis{kk x`g dj dk laxzg.k (izfr'kr ds :i esa) Andhra Pradesh Negligible Karnataka Tamil Nadu Kerala Uttar Pradesh Average of 5 states lzksr% leh{kk ifjdyu fvii.kh% rfeyukmq ds fy, vkadm+s vksj x`g dj ds fy, vkadm+s 2014&15 esa fn, x, gsaa 12 ;s njsa c<+rh gqbz gsa budh vk/kj nj if'pe caxky esa orzeku esa ykxw njksa ds leku gsaa

83 jktdks"kh; la?kokn vksj tokcnsgh esa leuo;% D;k blesa fueu larqyu vojks/ gs\ 65 dj laxzg.k ds 30 izfr'kr dk gh laxzg.k fd;k gsa okf. kft;d laifùk djksa ij MkVk dh deh ds dkj.k ;s dj laxzg ds Åijh Lrj cu tkrs gsaa Hkw&dj dh rqyuk esa lahkkfor dj% dsanz ljdkj% 4-43 ;g iwnuk egroiw.kz gs fd dsanz ljdkj r`rh; Lrj ij dsls dke dj jgh gs\ ;gka,d izkd`frd Lo:i ijh{k.k gs] D;ksafd dsanz Hkkjr ds dqn Hkkxksa ij izr;{k 'kklu djrk gsa fu%lansg] dqn dsanz 'kkflr jkt; {ks=kksa ;Fkk jk"vªh; jkt/kuh {ks=k fnyyh vksj iqmqpsjh dk viuk 'kklu gs tks Hkw&dj laxzg.k dk izhkkj ysrs gsa fdarq dbz,sls la?k jkt; {ks=k gsa ;Fkk pamhx<+] nknjk vksj uxj gosyh] neu vksj }hi] y{k}hi] vksj vameku vksj fudksckj }hi lewg] tgka dj mnxzg.k dk dk;z dsanz ljdkj djrh gsa bu la?k jkt; {ks=kksa esa dsunz ljdkj ds fu"iknu ds ckjs esa os/:i ls iz'u iwns tk ldrs gsaa 4-44 bl ckr dk lakku djrs gq, fd la?k jkt; {ks=kksa ds ikl lhfer d`f"k Hkwfe gs ge foxr fo'ys"k.k (jkt;ksa ds fy, Hkw&dj lahkkfor vkdyu ds laca/ esa) folrkj djrs gsaa 14 fu"d"kz O;kid :i esa feyrs&tqyrs gsaa bu la?k jkt; {ks=kksa esa oklrfod Hkw dj laxzg.k] vkslr vk/kj ij] lahkkfor Hkw djksa dk yxhkx 30 izfr'kr gsa mnkgj.k ds fy,] pamhx<+ esa fdlh Hkh izdkj ds Hkw&dj dh mxkgh ugha dh tkrh] tgka yxhkx 923 gsdvs;j d`f"k Hkwfe gsa nknj vksj uxj gosyh dh 21]856,dM+ d`f"k Hkwfe (d`f"k vk/kfjr tux.kuk 2010&11 ds vuqlkj) ls 2016&17 ds la'kksf/r vuqeku ds vuqlkj Hkw&dj ds :i esa 0-19 djksm+ #- dk mnxzg.k fd;k x;k FkkA 4-45 lkjka'k :i esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gs fd {kerk ds lkis{k izr;{k djksa ds vyi laxzg.k dsanz rfkk 'kklu vu; nks Lrjksa ds fy, leku :i ls O;kf/xzLr gsaa fu"d"kz% fueu larqyu ik'k dh 'kq:vkr esa lafo/ku esa 73oka vksj 74oka la'kks/u Hkkjr ds la?kh; <+kaps] esa blds 'kklu vksj tokcnsgh ds laca/ esa ^;qx izorzd* fodkl FksA ijurq 20 o"kks± ds ckn] buds dk;zfu"iknu dk ;FkkFkZ :i ls ewy;kadu djuk vko';d gsa ;g djus ds fy,] bu lalfkkvksa ds dk;zfu"iknu ds laca/ esa csgrj MkVk vksj lk{; vr;ko';d gsa tslk fd bl vè;k; ds layxud 2 esa ppkz dh xbz gs] vkj,ymh vksj ;w,yth ds dk;z fu"iknu ds ekiu ds iz;klksa esa vkdm+s izkir djus esa dfbu pquksfr;ksa ls ck/k mriuu gksrh gsa iqyr% uhfr fuekz.k laca/h dk;z vvd tkrk gsa 4-47 fiqj ;g rks Li"V gs fd Hkkjr esa jkt; vksj LFkkuh; ljdkjsa (2 vksj 3 la?kh; Lrjh;) izfke [kam esa ppkz dh xbz lexz ns'k dh izo`fùk dh iqf"v ugha djrh gsa dqn vu; la?kh; ns'kksa ds izfr:iksa dh rqyuk esa os vurfjr lzksr ij gh vr;f/d fuhkzj gsa vksj vius futh dj lzksrksa ij de Hkjkslk djrs gsa] vksj os de izr;{k dj olwy djrs gsaa bl ckr dk fopkj fd, tkus dk dksbz dkj.k ugha gs fd buds ikl i;kzir djk/ku dh 'kfdr ugha gsa oklro esa] lcls cm+h lel;k ;g gs fd os igys ls gh ekstwn djk/ku 'kfdr;ksa dk iw.kzr mi;ksx ugha dj jgs gsaa 4-48 ijurq,slk D;ksa gksrk gs\ fueu laxzg {kerk vksj lalk/u dk ekeyk gs\ 'kk;n ;g O;; ds igyw ls Hkh tqm+k gs dqy feykdj] ;fn djksa dk O;; izhkkoh :i ls ugha fd;k tk ldrk gs rks vf/d djksa dk laxzg djus dk dksbz dkj.k ugha gsa D;k djksa ds izfr vfupnk dh lel;k jkt; vksj ukxfjdksa ds chp ds mu laca/ksa ls gh lahkor% iqy iqwy jgh gs ftlds Åij fodsanzhdj.k fvdk gqvk gsa 'kk;n LFkkuh; fuokfl;ksa us Bhd,slk eglwl fd;k fd os vf/d djksa dk Hkqxrku djus dh flfkfr esa ugha gsa] ;k 'kk;n os l{ke gs_ ijurq vf/d Hkqxrku djus dh vfupnk gs D;ksafd os,slh lsokvksa] tks os izkir dj jgs gsa] dh xq.koùkk ls vlarq"v gsaa 4-49,d vksj lahkkouk gsa mpp Lrj ij dùkkzvksa } kjk ;FkkfLFkfr dks gh larqyu ekuus dh lel;k gks ldrh gsa ;gka jkt; vksj dsunzh; drkz fueu Lrjksa ij viuk izhkko cuk, j[kus ds fy, viuh varj.k dh 'kfdr;ksa dk iz;ksx djrs gsaa LFkkfud dùkkz vius ukxfjdksa ij dj ugha yxkuk pkgrs&fiqj Hkys gh mugsa feyus okys lalkèku izdyi LorU=k ugha gks&feyrs rks gsaa ;gh lahkor% fueu larqyu ik'k gsaa 13 bl fo'ys"k.k esa {kerk ds eqdkcys laxzg.k ds egroiw.kz vfrdfku dk,d lzksr gs a% fo'oluh; lwpuk dh deh ds vhkko esa okf.kft;d laifùk;ksa ij dj dh {kerk dk vkdyu djus dh vlefkzrka 14 ;g dk;z iz.kkyh eq[; :i ls vuqyxud 3 esa folrkj ls mfyyf[kr vk; iwathdj.k dh vo/kj.kk ij vk/kfjr gsa

84 66 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m bu iz'uksa ds mùkj ls varj.k vksj fodsunzhdj.k dh Hkkoh ppkzvksa esa ;ksxnku feyuk pkfg,] D;ksafd] tcrd fueufyf[kr lel;kvksa dh igpku djds mldk lek/ku ugha fd;k tkrk gs rc rd LFkkuh; ljdkjsa fueu Lrj dh lel;kvksa esa iqalh jg ldrh gsaa blfy, jkt;ksa vksj rhljs Lrj dh lalfkkvksa dk jktdks"kh; ekwmy lnso ckg~; lalk/uksa] tsls fd fons'kh lgk;rk,oa izkd`frd lalk/u vfkok vu; fdle ds iqu% laforjd lalk/u vurj.kksa ij vk/kfjr jg tk,xk (vkffkzd leh{kk 2016&17 [kam I vè;k; 13) tksfd f'kffky tokcnsgh ra=kksa vksj f'kffky Loa lalk/u l`tu {kerk ls mriuu gksrs gsaa vkffkzd vksj jktuhfrd 'kfdr ds c<+rs fodsanzhdj.k ds lanhkz esa] bl larqyu dks dsls rksm+k tk,] ;g fodflr gksrs jktdks"kh; la?kokn ds lkeus vkus okyk vf/d Toyar eqn~nk gks ldrk gsa Hkkjrh; uhfr fuekzrk lahkor% vc bl iz'u ls cp ugha ldrs fd D;k f}rh; vksj r`rh; Lrj dh jktdks"kh; lalfkkvksa dks Åèok/j,oa {ksfrt lalkèku varj.k dks buds vius djksa ij c<+rs fo'okl esa] fo'ks"kdj izr;{k djksa ds ekeys esa] buds dk;zfu"iknu ls fo'oluh; rjhds ls lac¼ fd;k tk ldrk gs\ 4-52 blls oklro esa dsanz ds vius dk;zfu"iknu ds laca/ esa Hkh iz'u mbsxka tslkfd la?k jkt;{ks=kksa esa dsanz ds izr;{k djksa ds laxzg.k ds laca/ esa /kjk 4x esa n'kkz;k x;k gs vksj izr;{k dj&laxzg.k ds O;kid dk;zf"iknu esa /kjk 1 esa js[kkafdr fd;k x;k gs (fp=k 1 vksj 2 esa iznf'kzr)a ;g Li"V ugha gs fd jkt; rfkk r`rh; Lrj dh jktdks"kh; lalfkkvksa dh gh ;g flfkfr gs fd ;s izr;{k djksa ds laxzg.k esa vlefkz ;k vfupnqd gsaa csgrj izr;{k dj dk;zfu"iknu ds lanhkz esa f}rh; vksj r`rh; Lrjksa dks izksrlkfgrr djus ds dsanz ds fdlh Hkh lq>ko ds laca/ esa bu Lrjksa ds 'kklu dk LokHkkfod tokc ;g gks ldrk gs fd ^^laj{kdksa dh j{kk dksu djsxk**\ 4-53 lahkor% izr;{k djksa ds laxzg.k ds laca/ esa 'kklu ds lelr Lrjksa ds le{k mriuu pquksrh vf/d O;kid gsa lkoztfud lsok ifjnku dh xq.koùkk ds lanhkz esa],sls djksa dks vdlj fdlh jkt; dks fn, tkus okys ^^utjkus** ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gs ctk; thou dh xq.koùkk esa lq/kj gsrq bls jkt; dh vfhklohd`fr ls fn, tkus okys va'knku ds (võ;j,oa fiz'ksv] 2015)A bldk,d nq"ifj.kke ;g gksrk gs fd eè;e oxz dk izkbosv rjhds ls iznku dh tkus okyh lsokvksa (laj{k.k] LokLF; vksj f'k{kk) dh vksj >qdko vf/d gks tkrk gs ftlls lel;k dks c<+us dk gh eksdk feyrk gsa vle;d~ ifjnku fueu] izr;{k dj] de tokcnsgh ds bl Lor% iquczfyr pø dks rksm+uk lahkor% Hkkjr esa 'kklu laca/h pquksrh dk dsanzh; fcanq gsa REFERENCES Bahl Roy, 1999, Implementation Rules for Fiscal Decentralization, School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University. Besley, T. J. & T. Persson, 2013, Taxation and Development, CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP9307. Centre for Policy Research, Rural Local Bodies Core Functions and Finances. Easterly William, 2003, Can Foreign Aid Buy Growth, Journal of Economic Perspectives. Gadenne, L. (2016) Tax Me, But Spend Wisely? Sources of Public Finance and Government Accountability, Warwick Economics Research Papers, No Govinda Rao, M. Property Tax System in India: Problems and Prospects of Reform, Working Paper in the National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, January Govinda Rao, M., T.R. Raghunandan, Manish Gupta, Polly Datta, Pratap Ranjan Jena, and HK Amarnath. Fiscal Decentralization to Rural Local Governments in India: Selected Issues and Reform Options, National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, Kelkar Vijay (2016), Fiscal Reforms in a Federal Framework, Business Standard. 15 ukxktzu vkfn (2014) esa ;g vkdyu (o"kz 1999 vksj 2006 ds losz{k.k vk/kfjr MkVk ij vk/kfjr) fd;k x;k gs fd glrkarfjr dk;z ds vuqikr esa 10 izfr'kr rd (yxhkx 3 vfrfjdr dk;ks± rd) o`f¼ ls izfr O;fDr jktlo l`tu esa yxhkx 6 #i;s rd o`f¼ gksrh gsa

85 jktdks"kh; la?kokn vksj tokcnsgh esa leuo;% D;k blesa fueu larqyu vojks/ gs\ 67 Lant Pritchett and Yamini Aiyar, Taxes: Price of Civilization or Tribute to Leviathan? August Rajaraman, Indira, A Fiscal Domain for Panchayats, Oxford University Press, Rajaraman, I, and Sinha D, Functional Devolution to Rural Local Bodies in Four States, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol 42, Issue No. 24, M A Oommen, Sally Wallace, Abdu Muwonge, A Study Based on Gram Panchayats in Kerala, Towards Streamlining Panchayat Finance in India, Economic & Political Weekly, September Mahipal, Accountibility of Panchayats, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 44, Issue no 37, 12 Sep Mathur, OP, and George Peterson. State Finance Commissions and Urban Fiscal Decentralization in India. Washington DC: India Urban Initiatives, The Urban Institute, Nagarajan, H. K, Hans P. Binswanger-Mkhize and S. S. Meenakshisundaram, Decentralization and Empowerment of Rural Development, Cambridge University Press, National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, Overview of Tax Systems in Indian States, February National Sample Survey Office, Drinking Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Housing Condition in India, July National Sample Survey Office, Key Indicators of Debt and Investment in India, December Raghunandan, T.R., Swaroop Iyengar, Tanvi Bhatikar, Uthara Narayanan, and Padmapriya Janakiraman. Tracking Fiscal Devolution to Local Governments - A case study from Kolar District, Karnataka, Centre for Policy Research, Rangarajan C and Srivastava, D K Federalism and Fiscal Transfers in India, Oxford University Press, Reddy Y V, Fiscal federalism in India: Emerging Issues, 2016 Report of the Committee on Performancebased Payments for Better Outcomes in Rural Development Programmes, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India. Report on Common Review Mission (CRM) to assess Effectivness of the Utilisation of Fourteenth Finance Commission (FFC) Funds, prepared by Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA) for Ministry of Panchayati Raj. Reports of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Finance Commissions, Government of India. Sanjoy Chakravorty, A New Price Regime: Land Markets in Urban and Rural India, Economic & Political Weekly, April 27, Subramanian, Arvind and Xavier-Sala-i-Martin, Addressing the Natural Resource Curse: An Illustration from Nigeria, IMF Working Paper, Various Reports of the State Finance Commissions. Vijayanand S M, Kerala A Case Study of Classical Democratic Decentralization, Weigel Janathan, No participation without taxation? Evidence from randomized tax collection in the D.R. Congo, 2017.

86 D;k fodkl esa foyafcr vfhkl`fr,d ck/k cu tkrh gs\ D;k Hkkjr blls cp ik,xk\ 05 vè;k; fiz;oj] ;gka rks gesa vius eqdke ij gh cus jgus ds fy, mruk rst pyuk gksxk ftruk ge py ldrs gsaa vksj ;fn rqegsa blls Hkh vkxs dgha tkuk gks rks rqegsa mlls nksxquh jýrkj ls pyuk gksxka &yqbzl dsjy,fyl bu oamjysam orzeku esa fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds laca/ esa lcls igyh ckr ;g gs fd ;s ns'k,d vhkwriwoz le`f¼ ds nksj ls xqtj jgs gsaa ;g ckr Hkkjr ds laca/ esa Hkh lr; gs tks fo'o dh lokzf/d rsth ls ifjorzu'khy vfkzo;olfkk okyk ns'k gsa ^^vkffkzd fodkl dh nksm+ esa 'kkfey gksuk** bl le`f¼ dks leqiflfkr djus esa,d izeq[k izsjd gs ftlesa fu/zu ns'kksa us laiuu ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa vf/d rsth ls izxfr dh gs rfkk thou&lrjksa esa O;kIr varjky dks de fd;k gsa fodkl dh nksm+ esa fujarj 'kkfey gksrs jgus dh izfø;k xr 20&30 o"kks± ds nksjku folr`r vksj Rofjr gqbz gsa rfkkfi] ^eè;e vk; ik'k* dh ck/kvksa dk Hk; dkiqh vf/d crk;k tk jgk gs] bls ns[krs gq, D;k Hkkjr tsls fueu eè;e vk; oxz okys ns'kksa esa ;g izfø;k ean gks ldrh gs\ osf'od foùkh; ladv ds nksj ds ckn pkj lahkkfor izfrdwy ifjflfkfr;ksas ds dkj.k vkffkzd fodkl dh nksm+ esa nsjh ls 'kkfey gksus ls fodkl dh xfr ckf/r gksus dh vk'kadk mriuu gqbz gs tks bl nksj esa 'kq: esa gh 'kkfey gks tkus okys tkiku rfkk dksfj;k tsls ns'kksa ds lanhkz esa ugha fn[kh FkhaA bu izfrdwy ifjflfkfr;ksa esa 'kkfey gas% os'ohdj.k ds fo#¼ izfrfø;k ftlds dkj.k fu;kzr voljksa esa deh vkrh gs% fueu mrikndrk ls mpp mrikndrk {ks=kksa esa lalk/uksa dks varfjr djus esa dfbukb;ka (lajpukred ifjorzu)] izks ksfxdh xgu dk;zlfkyksa dh ekax ds vuq:i ekuo iwath dks muur djus dh pquksrh rfkk d`f"k {ks=k ij tyok;q ifjorzu ls izsfjr nckoksa dk lkeuk djuka Hkkjr us vhkh rd bu izfrdwy ifjflfkfr;ksa dk lkeuk djrs gq, viuh ;k=kk tkjh j[kh gs fdarq ml fn'kk esa fujarj izxfr ds fy, bu pquksfr;ksa dk fu.kkz;d lek/ku fd;k tkuk vko';d gksxka ifjp; 5-1 fo'o esa O;kIr laiw.kz usjk'; Hkko ds ckotwn ekuork ds fy, rfkk fo'ks"kdj xjhc ns'kksa esa jgusokys yksxksa ds fy, ;g nksj lokzf/d mi;qdr vkffkzd izxfr dk nksj gsa orzeku esa fo'ohkj esa O;kIr ^^cqjkb;ka**% ;q¼] fgalk] vhkko rfkk fu/zurk vhkwwriwoz fueu Lrj ij gsa (fiadj,am xksylvhu 2016) (xsv~l,am xsv~l] 2014) A bl le; fo'o Lrj ij O;kIr vpnkb;ka&thou Lrj] vko';d lsokvksa rd igq p] rfkk vf/d O;kid :i esa HkkSfrd lqfoèkkvksa rd igqap dh flfkfr esa vhkwriwoz lq/kj gqvk gs ftlls ;s brus Å aps Lrj ij igq p x, gsa tks ekuo tkfr ds bfrgkl esa igys dhkh ugha gqvka ;g flfkfr fo'ks"k :i ls Hkkjr ds laca/ esa lr; gs tgka o"kz 1980 ds ckn lokzf/d myys[kuh; izxfr ns[kh xbz gsa 5-2 vkffkzd fodkl dh nksm+ es a 'kkfey gksuk vkffkzd vfhkl`fr] tks fu/zu ns'kksa }kjk laiuu ns'kksa ds led{k vkus rfkk thou Lrj esa O;kIr varjky dks de djus dh,d izfø;k gs],slh dqn?kvukøeksa ds?kfvr gksus dk izeq[k izsjd rro gsa 1980 ds n'kd ds eè; ls fu/zu oxz dss

87 D;k fodkl esa foyafcr vfhkl`fr,d ck/k cu tkrh gs\ D;k Hkkjr blls cp ik,xk\ 69 ns'kksa ds laiuu oxz ds ns'kksa ds led{k vkus (vfhklj.k) dh izfø;k esa rsth vkbz gs rfkk,sls fu/zu ns'kksa dh la[;k esa rsth ls o`f¼ gqbz gs ftuesa vfkzo;olfkk dh fodkl nj muur vfkzo;olfkk okys ns'kksa dh fodkl nj dh rqyuk esa vf/d rst gqbz gsa blds vfrfjdr fu/zu ns'kksa dh vfhklj.k dh nj esa Hkh rsth vkbz gsa nwljs 'kcnksa esa ^^;s ns'k vkffkzd fodkl dh nksm+ esa cgqr rsth ls vkxs c<+s gsa** (lqczge.;u] 2011)A 5-3 blds lk{; ds :i esa ge,sls vusd ns'kksa dh rqyuk dj ldrs gsa ftuesa 1960&1980 rfkk 1980&2017 ds nksjku la;qdr jkt; vejhdk (vis{kkd`r vf/d fodkl'khy ns'kksa dk,d izfrfuf/ ns'k) dh rqyuk esa vf/d rsth ls lao`f¼ gqbz gsa blds vfrfjdr] ge ;g rqyuk Hkh dj ldrs gsa fd bu vfhkl`fr dj jgs ns'kksa esa bu vof/;ksa ds nksjku fdruh rsth ls lao`f¼ gqbz gsa lkj.kh 1% mxz vfhkl`fr% la;qdr jkt; vejhdk ds led{k vkuk vof/ 1960 ls 1980 dh vof/ folrkj% la;qdr jkt; vejhdk dh rqyuk esa vf/d rsth ls fodflr gksus okys ns'kksa dk» nksm+ esa rhozrk% la;qdr jkt; vejhdk dh rqyuk esa vkslr vfrfjdr lao`f¼ nj 1980 ls 2017 dh vof/ 43.7% 68.6% 1.4% 1.7% izfrn'kkz esa 'kkfey ns'k lzksr% esfmlu izkstsdv% vkbz,e,iq oymz bdukwfed vkmvyqda fvii.kh% bl izfrn kz esa rsy fu;kzrd rfkk NksVs ns k (ftudh vkcknh 2010 esa 1 fefy;u ls de Fkh) kkfey ugha gsaa 5-4 Lo;a Hkkjr dk fodkl Øe muu;u vuqdj.kh; gsa o"kz 1960 esa Hkkjr,d fueu vk; lewg esa 'kkfey ns'k Fkk] ftldh izfr O;fDr vk; (2011 dh Ø; 'kkfdr lekurk ds lanhkz esa) 1]033 Mkyj FkhA ;g ml le; vejhdk dh izfr O;fDr vk; ds yxhkx 6 izfr'kr ds cjkcj FkhA fiqj Hkh] o"kz 2008 esa Hkkjr dks fueu eè; vk; lewg ds ns'kksa dh flfkfr izkir gks xbz rfkk Hkkjr esa orzeku izfr O;fDr vk; 6538 MkWyj gs tks ;w-,l- dk 12 izfr'kr gsa ;fn Hkkjr esa izfr O;fDr vk; 6-5 izfr'kr izfro"kz dh nj ij c<+rh gs] rks Hkkjr 2020 ds n'kd ds eè; esa mpp&eè;e vk; okys ns'k dk ntkz gkfly dj ysxka 5-5 fdarq gky gh esa bl vfhklj.k dh izfø;k ds laca/ esa lansg O;Dr fd, x, gsa tks ^^eè;e vk; ik'k** dh vo/kj.kk ij vk/kfjr gsaa bl laca/ esa nh xbz ifjhkk"kk,a gh vojks/d ;k,slh flfkfr dks vfhko;dr dj ldrh gsaa vr% muds laaca/ esa lko/ku jguk egroiw.kz gsa fueu vk; o"kks± rd,d oklrfod vojks/d jgh gsa ;g flfkfr,d yacs le; rd cuh jgh rfkk vusd fu/zu ns'k fodflr ns'kksa ds led{k fcydqy Hkh ugha vk ik,a os oklro eas vis{kkd`r /uh ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa vf/d ean xfr ls lao`f¼ dj jgs Fks ftls fizpsv (1997) us ^^o`gr fopyu** dgk gsa 5-6 blh izdkj ;fn lh/s&lh/s dgk tk, rks eè;e vk; lewg ds ns'kks a ds leeq[k vojks/d ls ;g vkhkkl gksuk pkfg, fd bl lewg ds ns'kksa dh vk; ds Lrj dks ns[krs gq, muds ftl xfr ls fodflr gksus dh vk'kk dh tk ldrh gs] os mldh rqyuk esa ean xfr ls (vfkkzr laiuu ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa ean xfr ls) fodflr gksaxs] blls eè;e vk; lewg ls mpp vk; lewg ds ns'kksa esa muds izos'k dh xfr ckf/r gksxha 5-7 bl ck/k@#dkov ds nks dkj.k gks ldrs gsa tks,d izdkj ls fpevh ds :i esa dke djrs gsaa,d vksj tcfd bu ns'kksa dks eè;e vk; dh flfkfr izkir gksus ij fu/zu rfkk de ykxr dk O;; djus okys izfrli/hz ns'k fofuekz.k rfkk xfr'khy lsdvjksa ls mugsa ckgj dj nsaxs rks nwljh vksj] muesa lalfkkxr] ekuo rfkk izks ksfxdh; iwath dh deh gksxh ftlls os mpp ewy; of/ Zr J`a[kyk esa 'kh"kzlfk flfkfr dks izkir djus ls oafpr Hkh jg tk,axsa bl izdkj uhps ls /Ddk fn, tkus fdarq Åij ugha igq p ikus ds dkj.k os Lo;a dks eè;e vk; lewg ds ns'kksa esa cuk, j[kus ds fy, ckè; gksaxsa 5-8 tslkfd Li"V gs] u rks dksbz eè;e vk; ik'k Fkk vksj u gh,slh dksbz ck/k mriuu gqbza,d lewg ds :i esa eè; vk; okys ns'k vfhkl`fr ds ekud dh rqyuk esa vf/d rsth ls ;k mlds vuq:i lao`f¼ djrs jgs gsa

88 70 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 fp=k 1% rhuksa le; vof/;ksa dh rqyuk esa izfr O;fDr thmhih esa vfhkl`fr% vfhkl`fr tkjh gs fdarq lao`f¼ dh nj?kv jgh gs 10% Avg. Growth Rate in GDP Per Capita 5% 0% lzksr% fvii.kh% js[kk,a LFkkuh; cgqinh; izrhixeu (vfkkzr ns kksa ds lewg ds chp vkslr laca/) n kkzrh gsaa cqycqys vkjafhkd vkcknh ds lekuqikrh gsa] fdarq eanh rfkk vkslr ls lacaf/r vkadm+s Hkkfjr ugha gsaa (,sõ;j] nqoky] iq;] ow] rfkk >kax 2013_ fizpsv,am lelz] 2014_ jkw;] dslyj,am lqcze.;u] 2016)A oklro esa muesa ls dqn] mnkgj.k ds fy, dksfj;k] iqrzxky] iksysam rfkk ykjvfo;k mpp vk; Lrj ds ns'kksa esa 'kkfey Hkh gks x, gsaa oklro esa] vfhkl`fr izfø;k finys n'kd esa Hkh l'kdr cuh jgh gsa 5-9 ge bls fp=k 1 esa ns[k ldrs gsaa ge 1980 ls 2017 rd ds o"kksza dks rhu vof/;ksa esa ckavrs gsa% ls 1997] vil`fr dh flfkfr ftlesa fueu vk; oxz ds ns k vksj vf/d finm+ x,_ 1998 ls 2007 dh vof/ iwoz,f'k;kbz foùkh; ladv ls xqtjrk gqvk osf'od foùkh; ladv ds vkus rd dk le; vfhkl`fr dk vkjafhkd nksj Fkk_ vksj 2008 ls 2017 dh vof/ ^^tks foyafcr vfhkl`fr** dh uohure vof/ gsa 5-10 izr;sd vof/ esa fueu] fueu eè;e] mpp eè;e_ rfkk mpp vk; lewg ds ns'kksa dh lao`f¼ njksa dh rqyuk dh xbz gsa laiuu rfkk rqyukred :i ls vf/d fodflr ns'kksa ls vfhkl`fr ij dsfunzr jgrs gq, ge bu vk; lewgksa dks izr;sd vof/ ds vkjahk esa mudh lkisf{kd flfkfr ds lanhkz esa ifjhkkf"kr djrs gsaa fueu vk; lewg ds ns'k os ns'k gsa ftudh izfr O;fDr oklrfod thmhih Ø; 'kfdr lekurk ds lanhkz esa vesfjdk esa izfr O;fDr vk; dh rqyuk esa 5 izfr'kr ls de gks_ fueu eè;e vk; lewg ds ns'k os ns'k gsa ftudh izfr O;fDr vk; vesfjdk dh rqyuk esa 5&15 izfr'kr gks_ rfkk mpp eè;e vk; lewg ds ns'k os ns'k gsa ftudh izfr O;fDr vk; vesfjdk dh rqyuk esa 15&35 izfr'kr gksa mpp vk; lewg okys ns'k os gsa ftudh izfr O;fDr vk; ml Lrj ls Åij ;k vesfjdk ds vk; Lrj ls Hkh Åij Hkh gksa bu fp=k [kamkas esa js[kk,a pkj vk; lewg ds ns'kksa 1 ;s Lrj ftudh ifjhkk"kk lisf{kd lanhkz esa nh xbz gs] fo'o csad }kjk 1987 esa cktkj fofue; njksa ij ldy jk"vªh; vk; (th,uvkbz) dk iz;ksx djds ns'kksa ds lewg dks ifjhkkf"kr djus ds fy, iz;qdr Lrjksa ds vuq:i gh gsa GDP Per Capita PPP as a % of USA &2007 ds n'kd ds fy, rfkk mlds i'pkr~ 2007&2016 ds n'kd ds fy, lfeeyu ls,d,slk xq.kkad izkir gksrk gs tks igyh vof/ ds fy, egroghu Fkk (143 ns'kksa dk izfrn'kz) rfkk nwljs izfrn'kz (148 ns'kksa dk izfrn'kz) ds fy, egroiw.kz fdurq udkjkred FkkA

89 D;k fodkl esa foyafcr vfhkl`fr,d ck/k cu tkrh gs\ D;k Hkkjr blls cp ik,xk\ 71 esa ls izr;sd ds fy, bl vof/ ds nksjku vkslr lao`f¼ nj dks lwfpr djrh gsaa igyh vpnh ckr ;g gs fd 1997 ds ckn dh nks vof/;ksa (eè; rfkk nkfguh vksj ds [kam) esa vkslr fu/zu] fueu eè;e vk; rfkk mpp eè;e vk; lewg ds ns'k lhkh vius mpp vk; okys led{k ns'kksa dh rqyuk vfèkd rsth ls fodflr gq,a lgh lanhkz esa] fdlh Hkh vof/ esa eè;e vk; laca/h dksbz Hkh ck/k ekstwn ugha FkhA 5-12 blds vfrfjdr] 1997 ds ckn ls bl flfkfr esa lkeku;r% v/kseq[kh fxjkov vkbz gs rfkk vfhkl`fr dh izfø;k oklro esa 2008 ds ckn rst gqbz gsa vis{kkd`r fu/zu ns'k fueu eè;e vk; okys ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa vf/d rsth ls lao`f¼ dj jgs gsa tks Lo;a mpp eè;e vk; lewg okys ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa vf/d rsth ls lao`f¼ dj jgs gsa rfkk ;s ns'k lokzf/d laiuu ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa vf/d rsth ls izxfr dj jgs gsaa 5-13 fodkl'khy ns'k fodkl dh nksm+ esa lrr~ vkxs c<+ jgs gsa vksj ;g xfr bruh rhoz gs fd ge bls ^^vr;fèkd mxz nksm+** dg ldrs gsaa fdarq bl vè;k; dh eq[; ckr] Hkkjr tsls fueu eè;e vk; lewg ds ns'kksa dh vfhkl`fr ls lacaf/r gsa ;s os ns'k gsa tks cnyko ds nksj esa gsa rfkk eè;e vk; lewg ds ns'kksa esa 'kkfey gksus dk iz;kl dj jgs gsaa gekjk ^foyac ls bl nksm+ esa 'kkfey gksus* dk vk'k;,sls ns'kksa ls gs tks osf'od foùkh; ladv dh?kvuk ds ckn bl nksm+ esa 'kkfey gksus ds iz;kl djus yxs gsaa 5-15 blfy,] D;k osf'od :>ku,sls ns'kksa ij izfrdwy izhkko Mky ldrs gsa (tslsfd Hkkjr) ftugksaus bl izfø;k (vfhklj.k Dyc) esa ckn esa izos'k fd;k gs\ nwljs 'kcnksa esa] D;k vkffkzd fodkl dh bl izfø;k esa ^^yafcr vfhklj.k** ls fodkl esa ck/k mriuu gks ldrh gs\ 5-16 bldk izfke n`"v~;k lk{; osf'od foùkh; ladv (th,iqlh) ds igys vksj ckn dh vof/;ksa esa vfhklj.k izfø;k dh rqyuk djus ij izkir gksrk gsa th,iqlh,d,sfrgkfld?kvuk Fkh ftlds ifj.kkelo:i fo'ohkj esa vkffkzd lao`f¼ dh njksa esa rhoz fxjkov vkbz FkhA mnkgj.k ds fy,] th,iqlh ds igys dh nl&o"khz; vof/ ds nksjku ntz 4-3 izfr'kr dh osf'od lao`f¼ th,iqlh ds i'pkr ds n'kd esa?kvdj 2-9 izfr'kr jg xbz FkhA vk; dh n`f"v ls ns'kksa ds pkj izeq[k lewgksa ds ;gh vkadm+s bl izdkj Fks% muur vfkzo;olfkkvksa dh lao`f¼&nj 3-6 izfr'kr ls?kvdj 1-4 izfr'kr] mpp&e?;e vk; okys ns'kksa dh o`f¼&nj 4-5 izfr'kr ls?kvdj 3-3 izfr'kr] fueu&eè;e vk; okys ns'kksa dh lao`f¼ nj 4-9 izfr'kr ls?kvdj 4-2 vksj fueu vk; okys ns'kksa dh lao`f¼ nj izfro"kz 5 izfr'kr jg xbz FkhA fp=k 2- osf'od fu;kzr vksj thmhih ds chp vuqikr] 1980& % 31% 29% 27% 25% 23% 21% 19% 17% 15% lzksr% ;w,ulhvh,mh] fo'o csad

90 a 72 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m &2007 vksj 2008&17 ds chp mpp&eè;e vk; okys ns'kksa dh lao`f¼&nj esa vkbz 1-2 izfr'kr fcanqvksa dh fxjkov dks ns[ksa] tcfd blh vof/ ds nksjku fueu&eè;e&vk; okys ns'kksa dh o`f¼ nj esa 0-7 izfr'kr fcanqvksa dh fxjkov ns[kh xbz (fp=k 1 esa eè;e vksj nkfgus isuy) bu eafn;ksa ds vk/kj Lo:i dqn cm+s ifjorzu jgs gsa ftuls yacs le; ds fy, u dsoy lao`f¼ ckf/r gks ldrh gs cfyd varrksxrok vfhklj.k dh izfø;k Hkh ean gks ldrh gsa vc ge bu ifjorzuksa dh vksj pyrs gsaa pkj izfrdwy ifjflfkfr;ka (^^gkslzesu**) 5-18 bl Hkfo";lwpd fujk'kkokn ls vfhkhkwr ugha gksrs gq, Hkh] yafcr vfhklj.k ls lao`f¼ esa vojks/ ds tksf[ke dks bu pkj izeq[k ifjflfkfr;ksa ds dkj.k xahkhjrkiwozd ysus dh vko';drk gsa ;s ifjflfkfr;ka gsa% rhoz osf'odj.k dk ifjr;kx] ckf/r@jksf/r lajpukred ifjorzu] izks ksfxdh dh izxfr ds dkj.k ekuo iwath dk ßkl] vksj tyok;q ifjorzu ds dkj.k d`f"k ij nckoa d- rhoz os'ohdj.k dk ifjr;kx 5-19 fodkl dh nksm+ esa nsj ls 'kkfey gksus okys fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks vc osf'od O;kikj dk vius iwozofrz;ksa dh rqyuk esa dkiqh fhkuu okrkoj.k ns[kus dks feysxka vfhklj.k esa 'kh?kz 'kkfey gksus okys ns'kksa us rhoz os'ohdj.k ;k vfrosf'odrk dh izfø;k ls ykhk mbk;k gs tksfd osf'od O;kikj&thMhih ds vuqikr esa gqbz ukvdh; o`f¼;ksa esa Li"V :i ls >ydrk gsa blds ifj.kkelo:i] tkiku] nf{k.k dksfj;k vksj phu lhkh viuh vfhklj.k vof/;ksa esa 30 o"kks± ls 15 izfr'kr ls vf/d vkslr fu;kzr o`f¼ nj ntz djus esa l{ke jgsa 5-20 ijarq bl os'ohdj.k dk ifj.kke fodflr ns'kksa esa fcydqy myv gqvk tks fd osf'od O;kikj&thMhih vuqikrks esa 2011 ls gqbz fxjkov esa ns[kk tk ldrk gs (ns[ksa uhps fp=k 2)A bldk rkri;z gs fd 'kq:vkrh vfhklkjdksa dks miyc/ O;kikj ds volj] fo'ks"kdj rhu ls pkj n'kdksa ds fy, fujarj o`f¼ dh nksgjs vadksa dh njksa ij fu;kzr djus dh ;ksx;rk] lahkor% vc vkxs miyc/ u jgsa 5-21 rhoz os'ohdj.k ds ifjr;kx ds lahkkfor izhkko dks le>us dk,d rjhdk gs fd O;kikj ds xq#ro izfreku dk lgkjk fy;k tk,a cqfu;knh xq#ro fl¼kar ls rkri;z gs NksVs ns'kksa dk cm+s ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa vf/d O;kikj djus dh vksj izo`ùk gksuka nks cjkcj vkdkj ds ns'kksa ls cus fo'o esa,sls fo'o dh rqyuk esa vf/d O;kikj ns[kus esa vk,xk ftlesa fd vis{kkd`r cm+k ns'k osf'od mriknu esa 95 izfr'kr dk Hkkxhnkj gsa dqn le; ls] fo'o esa ewyhkwr mriknu ds forj.k esa vksj vf/d lekurk vkrh tk jgh gsa 3 ;g vfhklj.k dk ifj.kke gsa vr% ;fn ;gka vfhklj.k gs] rks xq#ro izfreku ls yxrk gs fd O;kikj esa Hkh o`f¼ gksxha 5-22 mnkgj.k ds fy,] 1970 vksj 2000 ds chp fo'o yxhkx 7-0&7-5 ^rqy; ns'kksa* ls cuk gqvk FkkA vu; 'kcnksa esa] bl nksjku] xq#ro ekwmy ds vuqlkj osf'od O;kikj,d nwljs ds lkfk O;kikj djus okys leku vkdkj ds 7-0&7-5 ns'kksa ds O;kikj ds lerqy; yxrk FkkA o"kz 2000 ls] pwafd vksj vf/d ns'k vehj ns'kksa dh cjkcjh esa vkus yxs gsa] osf'od mriknu vksj vf/d laforfjr gks x;k gsa 'kh"kz 50 ns'kksa (rsy fu;kzrdksa dks NksM+dj) dh lwph dks ns[krs gq, vksj osf'od mrikn ds forj.k dks vkdfyr djus ls ;g yx jgk gs fd o"kz 2016 esa fo'o esa yxhkx 9-6 ^ns'k&rqy;* fo eku gsaa vfr rhoz os'ohdj.k dh vof/ ds nksjku fo'o O;kikj&thMhih vuqikr osf'od thmhih ds yxhkx 17 izfr'kr esa yxhkx 14 izfr'kr dh o`f¼ ds lkfk yxhkx 31 izfr'kr igqap x;k FkkA blesa yxhkx,d frgkbz o`f¼ vkffkzd vfhklj.k dh izfø;k ds dkj.k lahko gks ldh FkhA 5-23 Hkfo"; dh vksj ns[ks a rks] ;g vuqeku yxkuk mnkgj. klo:i gksxk fd osf'od O;kikj ds fy, vkxs vfhklj.k ds vksj D;k fufgrkfkz gksaxs vksj D;k,sls os'ohdj.k dks cuk, j[kus dh jktuhfrd dk;kzuo;u {kerk (dsfjax dsisflvh) u fliqz fodflr ns'kksa eas cfyd D;k phu tsls ns'kksa esa Hkh gksxha 5-24 vc] Hkkjr tsls,d ;k dqn ns'kksa ds fy, ;g vko';d ugha fd mugsa lao`f¼ ij,slh ckg~; ckè;rk 3 tslkfd ( 3,Mjlu 2011) n'kkz;k x;k gs] fcuk O;kikj&ck/kvksa okys fo'o esa] osf'od mriknu esa O;kikj dk fgllk 1&<(bj) 2 }kjk fn;k x;k gs] tgka bj osf'od mriknu esa fdlh ns'k dk fgllk gsa bl O;atd (,Dlizs'ku) dks myvus ij fo'o esa rqy; ns'kksa dh la[;k Kkr gksrh gs tks fd vfhklj.k ds lkfk c<+rh gsa cs;j,oa ctzlvªsam (2001) us O;kikj ij vfhklj.k dk lkaf[;dh vk/kj ij egroiw.kz izhkko ns[kka

91 D;k fodkl esa foyafcr vfhkl`fr,d ck/k cu tkrh gs\ D;k Hkkjr blls cp ik,xk\ 73 fp=k 3- le; ls iwoz fovks ksxhdj.k lzksr% jksfmªd (2015) fp=k 4- lajpukred ifjorzu }kjk lao`f¼ dh fdruh O;k[;k gqbz gs\ Hkkjr dh rqyuk esa phu esa vfèkd 15% 10% 5% -5% lzksr% fvej,v,y (2014)_ ththmhlh MkVkcsl

92 74 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 vkxs Hkh feys ijarq dqy feykdj fueu vksj eè;e vk; okys ns'kksa ds fy,,slk lahko gsa 5-25,slk dppk vkdyu bl pquksrh dk vkhkkl djkrk gsa ;fn vfhklj.k dh orzeku izfø;k tkjh jgrh gs vksj blesa dksbz vu; ns'k&rqy; 'kkfey gksrk gs] rks osf'od mriknu dk forj.k vksj Hkh vf/d fnrjk;k gqvk gksxk] ftlds ifj.kkelo:i osf'od O;kikj thmhih vuqikr esa 1(,d) izfr'kr fcanq dh vfrfjdr o`f¼ gksxha iz'u ;g gs% D;k jktuhfr] fo'ks"kdj] fodflr vfkzo;olfkkvksa vksj phu esa] O;kikj esa bl rjg dh lao`f¼ dks cuk, j[kus esa l{ke jgsxh\ Lej.k jgs] fodflr ns'kksa esa rks jktuhfr O;kikj&thMhih ds fueu vuqikrksa dks izkir djus dh fn'kk dh vksj tk jgh gsa 5-28 uhps fp=k 3 esa jksfmªd (2015) us ml vk; Lrj dks iznf'kzr fd;k gs ftl ij fofuekz.k ds 'kh"kz fglls (y&,fdll) jkstxkj ds fgllksa (x&,fdll) ds lkis{k mrd"kz ij gsaa ;gka Bksl ldkjkred laca/ ns[kus dks feyk fp=k 5- ^^vpnh lao`f¼** rfkk dqy lao`f¼ ds fgllkas esa lglaca/% vpnh lao`f¼ dk fglls fxj jgk gs rfkk lglaca/ detksj gks jgk gsa 10% 5% [k- ckf/r lajpukred ifjorzu vpnh lao`f¼ vksj /kj.kh; lao`f¼ 5-26 liqy fodkl esa nks rjg ds lajpukred ifjorzuksa dh vko';drk gksrh gs% (1) lalk/uksa dks fueu mrikndrk ls mpp mrikndrk okys {ks=kksa esa yxkuk (tslk fd lj vkfkzj yqbl }kjk js[kkafdr fd;k x;k gs)_ vksj (2) lalkèkuksa ds cm+s fglls dks mu {ks=kksa ds fy, lefizr djuk ftuesa mrikndrk dh rhoz lao`f¼ dh lahkko;rk ({kerk) gksa rfkkfi vusd ekeyksa esa] lalk/u bl rjhds ls ugha yxk, tkrs] cfyd bugsa vuksipkfjd] fueu mrikndrk okys {ks=kksa ls mu {ks=kksa esa yxk;k tkrk gs tks FkksM+s gh de vuksipkfjd@vf/d mriknu'khy gsaa ge bu ekeyksa dks ^^ckf/r lajpukred ifjorzu** dg ldrs gsaa 0-5% 10% 5% 0-5% 10% 5-27 jksfmªd (2015) us ifjorzuksa dh liqyrk lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fofuekz.k {ks=k dks fu.kkz;d {ks=k ekuk gsa ;g {ks=k osf'od eap ij fu%'krz vfhklj.k dks iznf'kzr djrk gs_ ;fn dksbz ns'k bls izkir dj ik, rks ;g rhoz lao`f¼ esa cgqr lgk;d fl¼ gks ldrk gsa blhfy, ^^le; ls iwoz fovks ksxhdj.k**] vfkkzr yafcr vfhklkjdksa esa fø;kdyki ds fueu Lrjksa ij gh vksj fodkl izfø;k ds vkjafhkd pj.kksa esa gh f'k[kj Lrj ikj dj tkus dk #>ku] fpark dk dkj.k cuk gqvk gsa 5% 0-5% lzksr % isu oymz Vscy 4 ththmhlh MkVk 10 {ks=kksa dh igpku djrs gsaa bl fo'ys"k.k ds mís'; ls ge] lajpukred :ikarj.k dks mu nl esa ls rhu ds lkfk lg;ksftr djrs gsa% (i) fofuekz.k_ (ii) ifjogu] HkaMkj.k rfkk laizs"k.k_ vksj (iii) forr] chek] fj;y blvsv,oa O;kikj lsok,aa 5 bu vkadm+ksa esa n'kkz;h xbz rhu le;kof/;ksa ds fy, Øe'k% 38] 37 vksj 34 ns'k 'kkfey gsaa fxjkov js[kkvksa esa n'kkz, x, ^vpnh lao`f¼ ds fglls* laca/h x.kd izfke vof/ esa yxhkx 0-4 ij gs rfkk ckn dh vof/;ksa esa rsth ls fxjdj 0-1 ij igqap x;s gsaa (vksj lkaf[;dh; :i esa 'kwu; ls vifjts;)

93 D;k fodkl esa foyafcr vfhkl`fr,d ck/k cu tkrh gs\ D;k Hkkjr blls cp ik,xk\ 75 gs tks bl ckr dk ksrd gs fd vehj ns'kksa us fodkl izfø;k esa izkjafhkd pj.kksa esa 'kh"kz fofuekz.k ds mpprj Lrjksa dks izkir fd;ka dsu] glu vksj fe=kk (2010) vksj vfejkiq vksj lqcze.;u (2014) us bl izfø;k dks Hkkjr ds Hkhrj jkt;ksa ds lanhkz esa izekf.kr fd;k gsa 5-29 D;k fodkl dh nksm+ esa foyac ls 'kkfey gksus okys ns'k bl nksm+ esa finm+ tkrs gsa\ bldk ewy;kadu djus ds fy,] geus fofuekz.k ds laca/ esa jksfmªd ds lajpukred ifjorzu dks fofuekz.k ls vf/d O;kid cuk;k gsa fo'ks"k :i ls] vfejkiq vksj lqcze.;u }kjk Hkkjr ds folr`r vè;;u ds vk/kj ij ge mrikndrk ds mpp Lrjksa rfkk 'krz jfgr vfhklj.k dh lahkko;rk okys xfr'khy {ks=kksa dk vfhkfu/kzj.k djrs gsaa,slh lwph esa fofuekz.k] forr] nwjlapkj rfkk O;kolkf;d lsok,a 'kkfey gsaa rri'pkr~ ge jksfmªd dk ^f'kýv&'ks;j* fo'ys"k.k djus ds fy, xzk uxu MkVkcsl (fvej] fm ozht,am fm ozht 2014) dk iz;ksx djrs gsa rfkk leiw.kz mrikndrk lao`f¼ dks ^^vpnh** (vfkkzr okanuh; lajpukred ifjorzu 'kkfey gs) rfkk ^^de vpnh** (mnkgj.kr% gkwvyksa] jslvksjsavksa] ifjogu vkfn) lao`f¼ esa ckavrs gsaa** bl izdkj] vpnh lao`f¼ esa Je va'k (yscj&'ks;j) ds bu vpns {ks=kksa esa ifjorzu rfkk mudh mrikndrk o`f¼ ds dkj.k gqbz o`f¼ 'kkfey gksrh gsa bl fo'ys"k.k ds fooj.k ds fy, vuqca/ ns[ksaa 5-31 O;kid&'kSyhxr rf;ksa dks izlrqr djus ds iwoz bl vkyksp; fo"k; ij ppkz dks izksrlkfgr djus ds fy, ge o"kz 1980 ls phu rfkk Hkkjr esa vpnh rfkk de vpnh lao`f¼ dh rqyuk djrs gsaa 5-32 fp=k 4 esa uhys rfkk yky {ks=kksa ds ;ksx ls vpnh lao`f¼ cuh gs rfkk xzs {ks=k ls de vpnh lao`f¼ cuh gsa phu ds fy, laiw.kz vof/ gsrq vpnh lao`f¼ dk vkslr va'k 53 izfr'kr gs tcfd Hkkjr ds fy, 37 izfr'kr gs] osf'od foùkh; ladv ls ;g yxhkx 32 izfr'kr jg x;k gsa 5-33 blds ckn ge tkaprs gsa fd D;k laiw.kz lao`f¼ rfkk ^^vpnh lao`f¼** ds chp vkjafhkd rfkk ckn ds vfhklkjd ds eè; lglaca/ksa esa dksbz fhkuurk gs\ fueufyf[kr fp=k 5 bu lglaca/ksa dh :ijs[kk n'kkzrk gsa 5-34 nks fo'ks"krk,a fopkj.kh; gsaa cgqr le; ls vpnh fp=k 6- ns'k dh vk; lewg vksj le; vof/ ds vuqlkj ekè;fed Lrj ds fo k Fk;ksa ds lh[kus dk Lrj% eè;e vk; okys ns'k vkt iwoz dh vof/ ls vksj vf/d ihns gsaa lzksr %,yvhuksd,v,y (2016)

94 76 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 lao`f¼ ds va'k esa lkeku;r% ck;ha vksj dks pyu jgk gsa ;g,d vfkz esa vifjido fo&vks ksxhdj.k ds y{k.k dks vksj vf/d lkeku; :i esa n'kkzrk gsa f}rh;r%] vil`fr dh vkajfhkd vof/ esa lao`f¼ rfkk vpnh lao`f¼ ds eè;,d ldkjkred lglaca/ Fkk_ le; ds lkfk ;g lg;kstu detksj gqvk gsa gkykafd ;g ckr è;ku esa j[kh tk, fd {ks=kh; jkstxkj ds ;s vkadm+s dsoy dqn ntzuhkj ns'kksa ds fy, gh miyc/ gsa] rfkk vf/dka'k fodkl'khy ns'k bl izfrn'kz ls ckgj gh gsaa vr% bl dqafbr lajpukred ifjorzu dh dyiuk esa dqn rks gsa fnyplih dh ckr gs fd phu dh vpnh lao`f¼ nksuksa vof/;ksa esa cuh jgrh gs_ rfkk Hkkjr dh vpnh lao`f¼ dk fgllk nwljh vof/ esa de gks tkrk gsa oklro esa] nksuksa gh laca/ fo'ks"k :i ls ldkjkred gsa] tks bl lahkkouk dks c<+krs gsa fd tgka og vpnh lao`f¼ okyk lkeku; isvuz /kj.kh; lao`f¼ ds fy, vko';d gs] ogha phu vksj Hkkjr bl isvuz dh mis{kk dj ldrs gsaa rfkkfi] ;g vf/d foosd leer gksxk fd LFkk;h viokfnrk ij fo'okl ugha fd;k tk,a x- ekuo iwath dk ßkl 5-36 fdlh u fdlh rjg ls fofuekz.k ij vk/kfjr vkjafhkd vfhklj.k rfkk Lopkyuhdj.k vksj os'ohdj.k esa ßkl dh fo"ke ifjflfkfr;ksa ds fo#¼ ijorhz vfhklj.k ds eè;,d izeq[k fhkuurk jgh gs vksj ;g ekuo&iwath ls lacafèkr gsa vkjafhkd vfhklj.k esa ekuo&iwath fuf/ (f'kf{kr ysfdu rqyukred :i ls vdq'ky dkexkj) dk lajpukred :ikarj.k ls tqm+s gq, {ks=k ds lkfk lajs[k.k Fkk] uker% fofuekz.k] ftlus 'ks"k vfkzo;olfkk dks var% folrkj rfkk xfr'khyrk ds iqsyko dh vuqefr nh FkhA Je esa ifjorzu] (f'kýv bu yscj) rfkkdffkr [ksrh ls iqsdvªh esa ysfolh; ifjorzu] blh la;ksx] rqyukred ykhk ij vk/kfjr lao`f¼ vksj lajpukred ifjorzu] ds dkj.k lahko gqvk FkkA ckwdl 1% xzkeh.k izkfkfed f'k{kk esa lh[kus dh deh dh x.kuk (,yihlh) vksj lh[kus dh deh ds vurj Hkkjr esas izkfkfed Ldwyksa esa ukekadu ds cgqr vf/d iz;kl fd, x, gsa] tks vc eksfyd Lrj ij ym+dksa vksj ym+fd;ksa ds fy, loz O;kih gksus ds utnhd gsaa fiqj Hkh] ns'kksa ds lk{; vksj Hkkjr ds lk{; n'kkzrs gsa fd 'ks{kf.kd ifj.kke i<+kbz ds o"kks± ls vlekuqikrh gsa% f'k{kk Lrj Ldwy miflfkfr ls finm+ jgk gs (ifjpsv] 2013] nkl vksj tktksud] 2010] lg]2014) ;gka ij ge xjhch ekius ds lkfgr; ls izkir ifj.kkeksa ds lekurj f'k{kk esa deh ds vuqekuksa dks izlrqr dj jgss gsaa fo'ks"kdj] ge lh[kus dh deh dh dqy x.kuk (,yihlh) ds lkfk&lkfk lh[kus dh deh ds vurj (,yihth) dk vuqeku yxkrs gsaa,yihlh lkeku;r% mu cppksa dh la[;k dh x.kuk djrk gs] tks lh[kus ds vk/kjhkwr csapekdz dks iwjk ugha djrs] tcfd,yihth esa ;g Hkh 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gs fd izr;sd fo kfkhz csapekdz ls fdruk nwj gsa vu; 'kcnksa esa],yihlh vk/kjhkwr lh[kus ds csapekdz vksj mu fo k Fk;ksa ds vkslr vad] ftugksaus csapekdz dks iwjk ugha fd;k] ds chp ds vurj dks ekirk gsa,sls vuqeku f'k{kk dh ok "kd los Z{k.k fjiksvz (,,lbzvkj) }kjk lahko cuk, tkrs gsa] tks Hkkjr ds xzkeh.k {ks=kksa ds 5 ls 16 o"kz dh vk;q lewg ds cppksa ds uewuk ijh{k.k ls vkadk tk jgk gsa nwljh vksj,yihth fo k Fk;ksa ds i<+us vksj xf.kr ds Kku ds Lrjksa ls tkapk tkrk gs] tks yecs le; ls flfkj jgk gsa bl izdkj] ;s ijh{k.k f'k{kkizkfir ds fcydqy U;wure vksj vk/kjhkwr isekus gsa&tks xjhch ;k fuokzg js[kk ds leku gsa fo'ks"kdj] ge ;g eku dj py jgs gsa fd lkèkkj.k dgkuh dh rjg i<+uk (LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa) vksj?kvk djus esa l{ke gksuk&vkerksj ij rhljh Js.kh dks ikl djus dk U;wure isekuk gksrk gsa orzeku fo'ys"k.k ds fy,] ge Js.kh 3 vksj 8 ds chp ds cppksa ij è;ku nsrs gsaa fp=k 1 vksj 2 O;k[;k djrs gsa fd Hkkjr bu nks ekidksa esa fdruk liqy gsa fu"d"kz cgqr pksadkus okys gsaa xf.kr vksj i<+us ds lanhkz esa Hkkjr dk Li"V,yihlh 40 ls 50 izfr'kr ds chp gs% xzkeh.k Hkkjr ds yxhkx 40&50» cpps Lrj 3 ls 8 ds cpps vk/ kjhkwr lh[kus ds Lrj dks Hkh iwjk ugha djrs (fp=k 1) fujk'kktud :i ls] ;g deh o`f¼eku gs] fo'ks"kdj xf.kr esaa dqn larks"k gs fd 2014 ls dqn lq/kj vk, gsa_ vksj ;g Hkh larks"k gs fd ym+ds vksj ym+fd;ksa ds,yihlh esa dksbz fo'ks"k vurj ugha gsa ge lh[kus dh deh dh x.kuk (,yihlh) dks fdlh Hkh le; esa mu cppksa ds vuqikr esa ekirs gsa tks bl U;wure Lrj dks iwjk ugha djrsa

95 D;k fodkl esa foyafcr vfhkl`fr,d ck/k cu tkrh gs\ D;k Hkkjr blls cp ik,xk\ 77 fp=k 1% lh[kus dh deh dh x.kuk (,yihlh) 2007& % 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Reading HCR Math HCR fp=k 2% esa lh[kus dh deh ds varjky (,yihlh) ds vuqeku n'kkz, x, gsaa dky isvuz,yihlh ds isvuz ds leku gsa,yihlh dk lcls gkfy;k Lrj ibu ds fy, yxhkx 25» gs vksj xf.kr ds fy, dqn de gsa bl la[;k dks le>us dk,d rjhdk ;g gs fd d{kk 3 ls 8 esa izr;sd fo kfkhz vkslru 2-2 vad izkir djrk gs tcfd nwljh d{kk esa lh[kus dh vis{kk,a iwjh djus ds fy, 3 vad gkfly djuk t:jh gsa fp=k 3% lhek ls oklrfod nwjh 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Reading PGR Math PGR

96 78 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 fp=k 3% lhek ls oklrfod nwjh Expected Future Learning Poverty Count Grade Appropriate Learning Poverty Count Absolute Learning Poverty Count Reading Math tc fo kfkhz d{kkvksa esa vkxs c<+rs gsa rc mudk izn'kzu dslk gksrk gs\ fp=k 3 esa izr;sd d{kk esa,sls fo kffkz;ksa dk vuqikr n'kkz;k x;k gs tks d{kk 2 ds lh[kus ds csap ekdz dks iwjk djrs gsa ({ksfrt dkyh js[kk ls ÅèoZ nwjha blesa vk'p;z ugha dh mpprj d{kkvksa esa fo kffkz;ksa dk cm+k fgllk bl vk/kjhkwr csapekdz ij [kjk mrjrk gsa ysfdu tsls&tsls fo kfkhz Åaph d{kkvksa esa tkrs gsa] lh[kus ds csapekdz esa o`f¼ gksuh pkfg,a gkykafd,lj (,,lbzvkj) vkadm+s gesa lh/s bldh x.kuk djus dh vuqefr ugha nsrs] dvh gqbz gjh js[kk d{kk fof'k"v csapekdz dks vkuqekfud :i ls O;Dr djrh gsa d{kk fof'k"v] mlh mi;qdr deh js[kk] dk iz;ksx djrs gq, ;g Li"V gks tkrk gs fd xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa Ldwyh cppksa ds lh[kus ds Lrj ftrus gksus pkfg,] mlls dgha de gsaa ;g dkiqh xahkhj rf; gs fd lh[kus esa deh yxhkx 40» gs] ;s ogh Lrj gsa tgka Hkkjr ds mihkksx laca/h deh ds vkadm+s 1970 ds n'kd esa FksA ysfdu ;fn vkxs pydj izks ksfxdh vksj vf/d ekuo iwath iz/ku gksus tk jgh gs tslkfd ekstwnk #>ku bafxr dj jgs (fcanq okyh ihyh js[kk) gsa rks Hkkoh Je cy ds lkeus miyc/ volj vksj muls ykhk mbkus dh {kerk ds chp ekstwn [kkbz vksj vf/d cm+h gks tk,xha Hkkjr dh ekuo iwath laca/h pquksrh dk ;g vlyh :i gsa ge lh[kus dh deh dh x.kuk (,yihlh) dks fdlh Hkh le; esa mu cppksa ds vuqikr esa ekirs gsa tks bl U;wure Lrj dks iwjk ugha djrsa LPC= g N* g / g N g N* g d{kk g (tgka g dk eku 3 ls 8 rd gksrk gs) cppksa dh la[;k ds n~;ksrd gs] tks ijh{k.k ls iwjk djrs gsaa Ng d{kk g ds dqy cpps gsaa rqyukred :i ls] lh[kus dh deh dk vurj gs% LPG= 1/N[ i ((PL -S i )/PL] Si,d cpps i dk Ldksj gs vksj PL U;wure lh[kus dk ekud gs] vksj Ip ladsrd iqyu gs] tks vkbz dk eku ysrk gs ;fn,d fo kfkhz lh[kus ds Lrj dks iwjk ugha djrk] vksj vu;fkk&'kwu;

97 D;k fodkl esa foyafcr vfhkl`fr,d ck/k cu tkrh gs\ D;k Hkkjr blls cp ik,xk\ 79 fp=k 7% fofhkuu ns'kksa esa thmhih ds foijhr d`f"k mrikndrk ds Lrj vf/dkf/d fhkuu gks jgs gsa_,d tsls ughaa 10% Annual Growth in Agricultural Productivity 5% 0 Real Per Capita GDP as % of USA lzksr % fo'o csad] isu oymz VscYlfVIi.kh% js[kk,a LFkkfud cgqin izrhixeu n'kkzrh gsaa cqycqys vkjafhkd vkcknh ds vkuqikfrd gs] ysfdu izrhixeu vksj vkslr Hkkjka'k ls jfgr gsaa 5-37 ijorhz vfhklkjdksa (fodkl dh nksm+ esa ckn esa 'kkfey gksus ns'kksa) dks nksgjh pquksrh dk lkeuk djuk gsa os u dsoy dqn lajpukred cnykoksa ds fy, vko';d vk/kjhkwr f'k{kk miyc/ djkus esa vliqy jgs gsa] oju~ og vliqyrk yxkrkj eagxh lkfcr gksxh D;ksafd u, lajpukred ifjorzu ds fy, ekuoh; iwath dh lhekar js[kk,a vksj vfèkd vkxs foo rr gks xbz gsaa izks ksfxdh fujarj :i ls vf/d dq'ky ekuo iwath dk i{k ysxh] tgka visf{kr dq'kyrk esa Lohdk;Zrk rfkk fujarj lh[kus dh {kerk lekfgr gksxha ;g rdz j[kk tk ldrk gs fd lao`f¼ Lo;a rqyukred ykhk ij de fuhkzj gksxh vksj ekuo iwath ls izkfir esa fdlh ije ykhk ij T;knk fuhkzj gksxha 5-38 fueufyf[kr js[kkfp=k 6 bugha dqn i;zos{k.kksa dks n'kkzrk gsa ;g_,fyvukwd vkfn (2016)] tks fofhkuu {ks=kh; vksj varjkz"vªh; vf/xe dk;ks± ls vkadm+s,d=k djrs gas] ls fy, x, fodflr rfkk fodkl'khy vfkzo;olfkkvksa ds,d lewg ds f'k{kk vf/xe ifj.kkeksa ds miyc/ vkadm+ksa dh :ijs[kk rs;kj djrk gsa 1980 rfkk 1990 ds n'kdksa ds nksjku] eè;e vk; okys ns'kksa dh 'ks{kf.kd muufr fodflr vfkzo;olfkkvksa ls de FkhA ysfdu og varj] muds fy, ml varj ls de Fkk tks vhkh gky gh dh vof/ esa fueu eè;e vk; ns'kksa ds fy, FkkA ;fn ;g varj cuk jgrk gs vfkok vksj c<+rk gs rks ijorhz vfhklkjdksa }kjk mi;ksx fd;k x;k og ifjorzu] Hkkjr lfgr ijorhz vfhklkjdksa ds fy, vksj vf/d dfbu lkfcr gks ldrk gsa 5-39 izfrn'kz&p;u bl ifj.kke ds,d va'k dks Li"V djrk gsa vkt xjhc rfkk fueu&eè;e vk; okys ns'k vksj vfèkd :i ls varjkz"vªh; 'ksf{kd vf/xe ewy;kaduksa esa Hkkx ysus yxs gsa&vksj 1960 dh vis{kk 1997 esa vf/d tula[;k fo ky; tkus yxh gsa lahkor% vf/xe&bdkbz;ksa dks vkjafhkd :i esa vaxhdkj djus okys igys ls gh lao`f¼ ds ifk ij gsaa drq ewyhkwr ifjn`';,d ne fhkuu gsaa eè;e vk; okys ns'k tks vkt lh[kus ds ewy;kadu esa Hkkx ys jgs gsa] os 21oha 'krkcnh ds iwokz/z ds vehj

98 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 fp=k 8% Hkkjrh; d`f k mrikndrk o`f¼ Malthusian period or import dependence Green Revolution Focus on other crops Post-commodity price surge % 2.91 % % 1.99 % lzksr% losz{k.k x.kuk,a_ la[;k,a] izfr'krrk esa laxr vof/ ds fy, vkslr o`f¼ dks izfrfuf/ro djrh gsaa ns'kksa ds Lrj ls Hkh ihns gsa_ ;gh ugha] ;s rks mu ns'kksa ds 20oha lnh ds Lrj ls Hkh ihns gsaa 5-40 ekuo iw ath pquksfr;ks a ds lanhkz es a,d vu; Hkkjr&- fof'k"v ifjiz s{; Hkh gs] tks uhps ckwdl es a fpugkafdr fd;k x;k gsa?k- tyok;q ifjorzu ds dkj.k fufezr d`f k ncko% 5-41 vkffkzd lao`f¼ dh nksm+ esa 'kkfey gksus esa vm+pu Mkyus okyk vafre dkjd d`f"k ls lacaf/r gsaa ;g ckr vdlj Hkqyk nh tkrh gs fd yqbzfl;u <kapkxr ifjorzu ds fy,] vk/qfud {ks=k esa c<rh d`f"k mrikndrk dh flfkfr;ksa esa lalk/u yxkus t:jh gksrs gsaa bldk dqn dkj.k c<rh vkcknh dks i;kzir Hkkstu nsus dh t:jr Hkh gsa ;g rhkh lahko gksxk] ;fn d`f"k Je cy dh mrikndrk esa dkiqh rsth ls o`f¼ gksrh gks ik,a 5-42 ysfdu D;k,slh lao`f¼ vfhklj.k dh izfø;k dks js[kkafdr djrh gs\ fp=k 7 esa n'kkz;k x;k gs fd vly esa d`f"k mrikndrk ds laca/ esa cms+ Lrj ij vil`fr jgh gsa vis{kkd`r le`¼ ns'kksa dh lao`f¼ nj yxkrkj fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds eqdkcys vf/d jgh gsa (izr;sd le; vof/ esa] ns'kxr lewgksa dh vkslr lao`f¼ dks n'kkzrh js[kk,a] fuèkzure ls le`¼re lao`f¼ rd tkrs gq, ek=kk esa c<+rh gsaa)a 5-43 th,iqlh ds i'pkr~ lokzf/d xjhcks a dh lao`f¼ njks a es a deh vkbz gsa mnkgj.kkfkz Hkkjr dh d`f"k mrikndrk o`f¼ flfkj gks xbz gs] xr 30 o"kks ± es a vkslru 3 izfr'kr ij (fp=k 8 dks ns[ks a)a bl leh{kk es a vkxs,d vè;k; es a ;g n'kkz;k x;k gs fd Hkkjr dh d`f"k rkieku o`f¼ ds izfr laosnu'khy gs vksj vhkh Hkh o"kkz ij fuhkzj djrh gsa ;g fo'ys"k.k ogha ;g n'kkzrk gs fd ;fn tyok;q ifjorzu ls rkieku rfkk o"kkz dh fhkuurk es a o`f¼ gksrh gs rks xsj&- flafpr {ks=kksa esa d`"kdksa dh vk; esa 20 ls 25 izfr'kr dh deh vk ldrh gsa nsj ls fodkl dh nksm+ esa 'kkfey gksus okys ns'kkas ds fy, d`f"k mrikndrk dsoy yksxksa ds Hkj.k&iks"k.k ds fy, gh egroiw.kz ugha gs cfyd d`f"k ls vk/qfud {ks=kksa esa tkus okyksa ds fy, ekuo iwath lap;u ds fy, Hkh vko';d gsa d`f"k vhkh Hkh fodkl dh nksm esa ckn esa 'kkfey gksus okys ns'kksa ds fy, <kapkxr varj.k esa,d lel;k dk :i /kj.k dj ldrh gsa

99 D;k fodkl esa foyafcr vfhkl`fr,d ck/k cu tkrh gs\ D;k Hkkjr blls cp ik,xk\ 81 Hkkjr ds fy, lcd% 5-44 yxhkx 1980 ls Hkkjr yxkrkj vkslru 4-5 izfr'kr dh nj ls izfr O;fDr ldy?kjsyw mrikn o`f¼ izkir dj jgk gs] ;g nj igys izkir nj ls dkiqh csgrj gsa blesa Hkkjr 'kh"kz prqfkzd ds ns'kksa esa 'kkfey gs rfkk iztkrkaf=kd ns'kksa esa yxkrkj 'kh"kz ij gsa ysfdu ;g rhoz o`f¼ de mrikndrk okys {ks=kksa ls mpp mrikndrk rfkk xfr'khy {ks=kksa esa Jfed lalkèkuksa ds lhfer varj.k ls gqbz gs] tcfd d`f"k o`f¼ vis{kkd`r de jgha Hkkjr rfkk fodkl dh nksm+ esa nsj ls 'kkfey gksus okys vu; ns'kksa ds fy, tksf[ke ;g gs fd lalk/u (fo'ks"kdj Jfed) de mrikndrk] vuksipkfjd {ks=kksa ls vis{kkd`r de vk- Sipkfjd,oa vkaf'kd :i ls vf/d mriknd vu; {ks=kksa dh vksj vfhkeq[k gksaxsa ;gh ^fodkl dh nksm+ esa nsj ls 'kkfey gksus okys ns'kksa* ds le{k ck/k gs vksj Hkkjr dks blls cpuk pkfg,a 5-45 ekuo iwath esa rhoz lq/kj&lolfk O;fDr] (efgykvksa lfgr) cqfu;knh f'k{kk] ftlesa lh[kk,oa le>k tk lds] Hkkjr ds lrr~,oa xfr'khy fodkl dh daqth gksxka tyok;q ifjorzu,oa ty dh deh ds ckotwn rsth ls c<+rh d`f"k mrikndrk vpnh lao`f¼ dh izkfir ds fy, nwljh egroiw.kz dqath gsa vksj olrqr% muur ns'kksa esa os'ohdj.k dh rh[kh izfrfø;k] ftl ij Hkkjr dk uke ek=k dk fu;a=k.k gs] esa deh vkuh pkfg, rkfd rhoz lao`f¼ ds fy, mi;qdr cká okrkoj.k cuk jg ldsa vhkh rd foyafcr vfhkl`fr dh dksbz ck/k ugha gs] fdurq blls cpuk vko';d gsa lunhkz Aiyar, S., Duval, R., Puy, D., Wu, Y., & Zhang, L. (2013, 03). Growth Slowdowns and the Middle- Income Trap. IMF Working Papers. Altinok, N., & Aydemir, A. (2016, 06). Does one size fit all? The impact of cognitive skills on economic growth. Bureau d Economie Théorique et Appliquée. Amirapu, A., & Subramanian, A. (2014). Manufacturing or Services? An Indian Illustration of a Development Dilemma. Center for Global Development Working Paper Series. Anderson, J. E. (2011, 09). The Gravity Model. Annual Review of Economics. Baier, S. L., & Bergstrand, J. L. (2001). The growth of world trade: tariffs, transport costs, and income similarity. Journal of International Economics, 53, Cain, J., Hasan, R., & Mitra, D. (2010). Trade Liberalization and Poverty Reduction: New Evidence from Indian States. Columbia University Academic Commons. Gates, B., & Gates, M. (2014, January). Annual Letter Retrieved from Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation: Who-We-Are/Resources-and-Media/Annual- Letters-List/Annual-Letter-2014 McMillan, Margaret, et al. (2015). Supporting Economic Transformation. Overseas Development Institute. Processed. Pinker, S., & Goldstein, J. S. (2016, 04 15). The decline of war and violence. Retrieved from The Boston Globe: opinion/2016/04/15/the-decline-war-andviolence/lxhteplvppt0bz9kpphzkl/story. html?event=event25 Pritchett, Lant. (1997) Divergence, Big Time. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 11, no. 3, pp Pritchett, L., & Summers, L. H. (2014, 10). Asiaphoria Meets Regression to the Mean. NBER Working Paper. Rodrik, D. (2015). Premature Deindustrialization. NBER Working Paper Series(20935). Roy, S., Kessler, M., & Subramanian, A. (2016, 10 29). Glimpsing the End of Economic History? Unconditional Convergence and the Missing Middle Income Trap. Center for Global Development Working Papers. Retrieved from cgdev.org/sites/default/files/glimpsing-endeconomic-history-unconditional-convergence. pdf Subramanian, Arvind. Eclipse: Living in the Shadow of China s Economic Dominance. Peterson Institute for International Economics, Washington D.C. Timmer, M. P., de Vries, G., & de Vries, K. (2014, 07). Patterns of Structural Change in Developing Countries. Routledge Handbook of Industry and Development,

100 tyok;q] tyok;q ifjorzu vksj d`f"k 06 vè;k; esjs ns'k dh /jrh lksuk mxys] mxys ghjs eksrh eukst dqekj] ^midkj* dk cj"kk tc d`f"k lq[kkusa rqylhnkl] jke pfjr ekul bl vè;k; esa rkieku] o"kkz vksj iqly mriknu laca/h ftyk&lrj ds vkadm+ksa dk iz;ksx djds c<+rs rkieku] de gksrh vkslr o"kkz vksj izpam o"kkz dh?kvukvksa esa c<+ksrjh ds nh?kzdkfyd :>kuksa dk o.kzu fd;k x;k gsa,d eq[; fu"d"kz ftldk],sls le; ij tc tyok;q ifjorzu dk [krjk eamjk jgk gs] egùoiw.kz izhkko im+sxk] ;g gs fd rkieku vksj o"kkz dk izhkko dsoy muds izpam gksus dh flfkfr esa gh eglwl gksrk gs_ vfkkzr~ rc tc rkieku cgqr vf/d gks tk,] o"kkz cgqr gh de gks vksj ^^'kq"d fnolksa** dh la[;k lkeku; ls vf/d gksa,d vksj egùoiw.kz fu"d"kz ;g gs fd ;s izhkko v lfpr {ks=kksa (vksj blfy, o"kkziksf"kr iqlyksa ij) esa vf/d izfrdwy gsa tcfd lfpr {ks=kksa (vksj blfy, vukt) esa,slk ugha gsa bu iwokzuqekuksa dks vuqekfur nh?kzdkfyd eksleh isvuz ij ykxw djus ls irk pyrk gs fd tyok;q ifjorzu ds ifj.kkelo:i Ñf"k ls gksus okyh ok "kd vkenuh esa vkslru 15 izfr'kr ls 18 izfr'kr dh deh vksj v lfpr {ks=kksa esa 20 izfr'kr ls 25 izfr'kr rd dh deh gks ldrh gsa tyok;q ifjorzu ds izfr vlqj{kk dks de djus ds fy, visf{kr gs fd (^^izr;sd cwan ls vf/d iqly** izkir djus ds fy,) dq'ky fmªi,oa fnm+dko izks ksfxfd;ksa ds tfj, flapkbz dk tcnzlr folrkj fd;k tk, rfkk fo qr,oa vksj mozjd esa vyf{kr vkffkzd lgk;rk dks izr;{k vk; lgk;rk ls izfrlfkkfir fd;k tk,a eksvs rksj ij] vukt&dsfunzr uhfr dh leh{kk fd, tkus dh vko';drk gsa ifjp; 6-1 eukst dqekj ds ml yksdfiz; xhr esa :ekuhd`r Hkkjrh; d`f"k mit dh izpqjrk&tks iz/kuea=kh ds fdlkuksa dh vkenuh dks nksxquk djus dk vk/kj Hkh gs& dks Hkkjrh; d`f"k ds lelkef;d ;FkkFkZ vksj nh?kzdkfyd tyok;q ifjorzu ds lanhkz esa viuh detksj flfkfr dh dbksj lahkkoukvksa dk lkeuk djuk gsa 6-2 finys dqn eksleksa esa izpqjrk dh lel;k ns[kh xbz gs% mriknu esa o`f¼ gksus ds ckotwn] vusd iqlyksa esa fdlkuksa dh vkenuh esa fxjkov gqbz gs D;ksafd cktkj dhersa U;wure lefkzu dherksa ls uhps pyh xbz gsa ysfdu eè;e ls nh?kkzof/d lanhkz esa] esyfkl dk Hkwr Hkkjrh; d`f"k ij eamjk jgk gsa lalk/uksa ls tqm+h c<+rh vm+puksa dh i`"bhkwfe esa mrikndrk c<+kuh gksxh vksj dher,oa vkenuh esa O;kIr vflfkjrk dks de djuk gksxka ty vksj

101 tyok;q] tyok;q ifjorzu vksj d`f"k 83 Hkwfe dh deh] e`nk dh xq.koùkk esa fxjkov vksj fuf'pr :i ls tyok;q ifjorzu ds dkj.k gqbz rkieku o`f¼,oa o"kkz dk mrkj&p<+ko] ;s lc d`f"k dks vo'; izhkkfor djus okys gsaa blfy,] Hkkjrh; d`f"k ij tyok;q ds izhkko dk fo'ys"k.k djus dk le; vk x;k gsa d`f"k dk egro D;ksa gs%,d fomecuk 6-3 lcls igys rks] Hkkjr esa d`f"k dk egro cgqr xgjs dkj.kksa ls tqm+k gsa,slk dsoy ugha fd Hkkjrh; ekul esa fdlku ds fdlh fo'ks"k LFkku ds dkj.k ugha gsa egkrek xka/h }kjk lr;kxzg dk igyk vkanksyu olrqr% fdlkuksa dh vksj ls 'kq: fd;k x;k Fkk] vksifuosf'kd 'kklu }kjk 'kksf"kr fd, x, uhy dh [ksrh djus okys fdlkuksa dh vksj lsa vkjfehkd tsiqlkszfu;u vejhdk (gkwiqlvsmj] 1955) dh rjg gh] bfrgkl vksj lkfgr; esa Hkkjrh; yksd lald`fr esa fdlku dks fefkdh; ntkz ns fn;k x;k gs% Hkksyk&Hkkyk] fu"div] esgurh tks izd`fr ds lkfk?kqykfeyk gs] ysfdu fiqj Hkh xjhc] detksj vksj ihfm+r jgk gs] igys rks lkezkt;oknh rkdrksa }kjk vksj ckn esa bl ns'k ds Hkwfeifr;ksa vksj fcpksfy;ksa }kjka ckwyhoqm (dkwyhoqm vksj VkWyhoqM) us Hkh Hkkjrh; fdlku ds bl fefkd dks cukus vksj c<+kus esa egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkkbz gs (mnkgj.kkfkz enj bafm;k] nks ch?kk tehu] midkj] yxku vksj vhkh gky esa ihiyh ykbo tslh fiqyeksa esa)a 6-4 d`f"k dk egro vkffkzd dkj.kksa ls Hkh gs D;ksafd ;g vhkh Hkh thmhih (16 izfr'kr) vksj jkstxkj (49 izfr'kr) 1 dk cm+k fgllk iznku djrh gsa d`f"k ds [kjkc fu"iknu ds dkj.k eqnzkliqhfr] fdlkuksa ij ncko vksj mfky&iqfky rfkk cm+s isekus ij jktuhfrd vksj lkekftd vlarks"k isnk gks ldrk gs& ;s lhkh dkjd vfkzo;olfkk dks ckf/r dj ldrs gsaa 6-5 ukscsy iqjldkj fotsrk lj vkfkzj yqbzl (vu; ds lkfk&lkfk)] us rdz fn;k Fkk fd vkffkzd fodkl dk vfkz loznk vksj loz=k yksxksa dks d`f"k {ks=k ls ckgj fudkyus dk gs rfkk le; ds lkfk&lkfk d`f"k dks vfkzo;olfkk dk de egroiw.kz fgllk cukus ds lanhkz esa gs (laiw.kz vfkz esa ugha ysfdu thmhih vksj jkstxkj ds fglls ds :i esa)a ysfdu ;g izfø;k mrikndrk esa rhoz o`f¼] yksxksa ds fy, vf/d [kk vkiwfrz] [ksrksa ls c<+rh vkenuh vksj lafpr gksrh ekuo iwath ds lanhkz esa vksj mlds lkfk&lkfk pyuh pkfg,a d`f"k ekuo&vkthfodk dk iz/ku] LFkk;h lzksr D;ksa ugha gks ldrk] bldk,d dkj.k mldk mrikndrk Lrj gs vksj blh rjg ftu thou Lrjksa dks ;g iksf"kr djrk gs] os dhkh Hkh fofuekz.k vksj lsokvksa ds Lrjksa rd ugha igqap ldrs vksj u gh,sfrgkfld rksj ij igqaps gsaa fuf'pr :i ls bldk vfkz ;g gs fd vks ksxhdj.k vksj 'kgjhdj.k dks gh d`f"k ds eqdkcys vf/d mrikndrk okys fodyi eqgs;k djkus gksaxsa fdurq ;g dk;z d`f"k esa rhoz mrikndrk o`f¼] tu&tu ds fy, vf/d vukt ds mriknu] d`f"k vk; ds fujarj o`f¼ vksj ekuoh; iwath ds ladyu dks c<+kus ds lanhkks± esa djuk gksxka 6-6 lkfk gh] MkW- vecsmdj] xzkeh.k Hkkjr dks :Ekkuh Nfo ls vyad`r djus ds [krjs ds izfr vkxkg dj jgs FksA mugksaus tksjnkj <ax ls xkaoksa dks ^^LFkkuh;rk dk xrz] vkkurk] ladh.kzrk vksj lkeiznkf;drk dk vm~mk** dgk Fkk] rc og,d xgjh lppkbz O;Dr dj jgs Fks& yqbfl;u vkffkzd varnz`f"v dk Hkkjrh; lkekftd iwjd& fd vkxs pydj yksxksa dks xsj&vkffkzd dkj.kksa ls d`f"k ls ckgj fudyus dh t:jr gksxh vksj mugsa fudkyuk gksxka 6-7 blfy,] fomecuk ;g gs fd fdlkuksa vksj d`f"k dks ysdj vkt tks fpark O;kIr gs] og ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, gs fd Hkfo"; esa de rfkk vksj de fdlku vksj [ksr gksa] ysfdu os vf/d mriknudkjh gksaa nwljs 'kcnksa esa] lelr Js"B vksj liqy vkffkzd,oa lkekftd fodkl le`¼ d`f"k vksj d`f"k esa c<+rh mrikndrk ds lanhkz esa bl ifjorzu dks lqlkè; cukus ds fy, gs D;ksafd mlls csgrj 'kgjhdj.k gksxk vksj vfkzo;olfkk ds vu; {ks=kksa esa mrikndrk esa o`f¼ Hkh lqlkè; gks ik,xha nh?kzdkfyd d`f"k fu"iknu 6-8 d`f"k dks fn;k tk jgk egro blds nh?kkzof/d vkffkzd fu"iknu ds dkj.k vko';d gks tkrk gsa pkan (2012) vksj xqykvh (2009) br;kfn us d`f"k ds {ks=kh; vksj LFkkfud fu"iknu dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k gsa 1960 ds ckn ls Hkkjr esa oklrfod d`f"k lao`f¼ vkslru yxhkx 2-8 izfr'kr jgh gsa gfjr Økafr ls igys dh vof/ esa 2 izfr'kr ls de dh lao`f¼ ns[kh xbz_ mlds ckn dh vof/ esa o"kz 2004 rd 3 izfr'kr dh lao`f¼ gqbz_ osf'od 1 varjkz"vªh; laxbu jkstxkj ds d`f"k fglls dk 44-3 izfr'kr ij vkadyu djrk gsa

102 a 84 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 d`f"k olrq mriknu esa vk, mnky us bl lao`f¼ dks 3-6 izfr'kr rd igqapk fn;k (fp=k 1)A phu dh okf"kzd d`f"k lao`f¼ Hkkjr dh rqyuk esa 1-5 izfr'krkad vf/d jgh gsa 6-9 Hkkjr d`f"k lao`f¼ dh vflfkjrk esa le; ds lkfk&lkfk dkiqh deh vkbz gs% 1960 vksj 2004 ds chp 6-3 izfr'kr ds ekud fopyu ls 2004 esa 2-9 izfr'kra fo'ks"kdj] vukt dk mriknu] lw[ks ds izfr vfèkd ^jks/d* gqvk gsa 6-10 ysfdu vflfkjrk ds Lrj phu ds eqdkcys] tgka mrkj&p<+koksa dks,d rjg ls [kre dj fn;k x;k gs] vhkh Hkh vf/d vksj dkiqh Åaps cus gq, gsa (fp=k 2] o`ùk esa 'kkfey {ks=k)a blesa ;ksxnku djus okyk,d vksj egroiw.kz dkjd ;g gs fd Hkkjr esa d`f"k vkt Hkh eksleh mrkj&p<+koksa ls ihfm+r gs D;ksafd bldk yxhkx 52 izfr'kr fgllk (cks, x, fuoy fefy;u gsdvs;j {ks=k esa ls 73-2 fefy;u gsdvs;j {ks=k) vkt Hkh v lfpr vksj o"kkziksf"kr gsa bl i`"bhkwfe es a] bl vè;k; es a rhu mn~ns';ks a dh iwfrz djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gs& igyk finys N% n'kdks 3 es rkieku vksj o"kkz ds tyok;q isvuz es a gq, ifjorzuks a dks ntz djuka nwljk] d`f"k mrikndrk ij eksle ds mrkj&p<+ko dk ewy;kadu djuka vksj varr%] bu vyikof/d vuqekuksa dks nh?kkzof/d lanhkz esa eksle esa gq, fuf'pr ifjorzuksa ds lkfk blrseky djuk rkfd Hkkjrh; d`f"k ij osf'od rkiu ds izhkko dk ewy;kadu fd;k tk ldsa vusd izfrf"br Hkkjrh; d`f"k vfkz'kkfl=k;ksa us d`f"k ds fofhkuu igyqvksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k gs [ pkan (2007] 2010] 2012] 2015)] xqykvh (1999] 2005] 2007] 2008] 2009] 2017)] jkeklokeh (2001] 2002] 2013)] LokehukFku (2005] 2008] 2010)]] ysfdu,sls fo[kafmr Lrjksa ij d`f"k ij eksle ds izhkko ds dksbz gkfy;k vuqeku ugha gsaa izsj.kk 6-12 ysfdu ifg, dk nksckjk vkfo"dkj D;aw djsa] tc igys gh vkffkzd dk;zdyki ij tyok;q ds izhkko ds laca/ esa varjjk"vªh; Lrj ij Hkkjh Hkjde vuqla/ku vksj fo'ys"k.k miyc/ gsa; Deschenes, and Greenstone, (2007 and 2011); Dell, Jones and Olken, (2012 and 2014); IMF, (2017); Burke, Hsiang, and Miguel, (2015)? 6-13 blds rhu tokc gks ldrs gsaa,d rks lkeku; ljksdkj ;g gs fd fofhkuu ns'kksa ds fo'ys"k.k Hkkjr tsls cm+s] fof'k"v ns'k ij ykxw ugha gks ldrs tks d`f"k iz/ku gsa vksj tgka fofo/ tyok;q {ks=k gsaa nwljk] lacaf/r eqn~nk ;g gs fd Hkkjr ls tqm+k fo'ys"k.k vf/d fofo/ gksxk tks fofhkuu ns'kksa ds,d lrr~ Lrj ds fo'ys"k.k dh rqyuk esa] LFkkfud Lrj ds i`fkd Lo:i ds fo'ys"k.k ij fd;k x;k gks (gkykafd fofhkuu ns'kksa ds,sls fo'ys"k.k gsa tks,sls i`fkd&i`fkd vkadm+ksa dks iz;ksx esa ykrs gsa)a 6-14 vafre vksj,d egroiw.kz dkj.k vkadm+ksa dh xq.koùkk ls lacaf/r gs vksj ftlds izhkko vuqla/ku ds fu"d"kks± vksj blhfy, uhfrxr tkudkjh ds laca/ esa Hkh gksrs gsaa fofhkuu ns'kksa ds miyc/ yxhkx lhkh fo'ys"k.kksa esa rkieku] eksle vksj izpam?kvukvksa ls tqm+s MsVkcsl dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa mnkgj.kkfkz Dell, Jones and Olken, (2012, 2014) vksj IMF (2017) esa rkieku vksj o"kkz ds laca/ esa Msykos;j fo'ofo ky; }kjk l`ftr MsVklsV dks blrseky fd;k x;k gsa ;s MsVkcsl Hkkjrh; vkadm+ksa dk iz;ksx djrs gsa ysfdu cgqr de oklrfod ekiu fcunqvksa (^^LVs'ku**) ds lkfk] ctk; mlds tks fd Hkkjrh; eksle fokku fohkkx (vkbz,emh) ds ikl miyc/ gsaa Msykos;j rkieku dk MsVkcsl fxzm ;qdr gs (bls LFkkfud :i ls izkfrfuf/d cukus ds fy,) ysfdu ;g 45 eksle LVs'kuksa ij vk/kfjr gs tcfd Hkkjrh; eksle fokku fohkkx ds vkadm+s 210 eksle LVs'kuksa ls,d=k fd, tkrs gsaa blh izdkj] o"kkz ds laca/ esa Msykos;j MsVkcsl] 2140 LVs'kuksa ds oklrfod uewus dh rqyuk esa] Hkkjrh; o"kkz ds dsoy mu vkadm+ksa dk iz;ksx djrk gs tks 300 LVs'kuksa }kjk eqgs;k djk, x, gsa (Hkkjrh; vksj fofhkuu ns'kksa dh MsVkcsl dh rqyuk ds fy, ifjf'k"v ns[ksa)a 6-15 uhps fp=k 3d vksj 3[k esa Øe'k% vkslr okf"kzd rkieku vksj vkslr okf"kzd o"kkz ds laca/ esa fofhkuu ns'kksa ds MsVkcsl esa fhkuurk fn[kkbz xbz gsaa 4 2 okf"kzd fjiksvz 2016&17] d`f"k vksj fdlku dy;k.k ea=kky;a 3 bl vè;k; esa ^^eksle** dk vfkz rkieku vksj o"kkz ds okf"kzd ifj.kke gsa tcfd ^^tyok;q** bu ifjorzuh;?kvdksa ds nh?kkzof/d isvuz ls lacaf/r gsa

103 tyok;q] tyok;q ifjorzu vksj d`f"k 85 fp=k 1% Hkkjr esa oklrfod d`f"k thoh, lao`f¼] 1960 ls 2016 (5 o"khz; py vkslr] izfr'kr esa) Malthusian period or import dependence Green Revolution Focus on other crops Post-commodity price surge % 2.91 % % 1.99 % lzksr% leh{kk ifjdyu fvii.kh% vkadm+ksa esa la[;k,a vof/ ds nksjku izfr'kr esa gqbz vkslr lao`f¼ n'kkzrh gsaa fp=k 2% oklrfod d`f"k thmhih lao`f¼] phu vksj Hkkjr] 1960&2016 (izfr'kr esa) Period Growth (%) Standard Deviation China India China India lzksr% leh{kk ifjdyu

104 86 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 fp=k 3% rkieku vksj o"kkz% Hkkjrh; vksj varjjk"vªh; vkadm+ksa dh rqyuk fp=k 3d vkslr okf"kzd rkieku fp=k 3[k vkslr okf"kzd o"kkz lzksr% vkbz,emh vkadm+ksa ls leh{kk ifjdyu rkieku ds laca/ esa] izzr;sd LVs'ku ds fy, ok "kd vkslr vuqekfur dh tkrh gs vksj blds ckn vf[ky Hkkjrh; vkslr fudkyus ds fy, lhkh LVs'kuksa dh vkslr ifjdfyr dh tkrh gsa o"kkz ds laca/ esa] vf[ky Hkkjrh; vkslr ifjdfyr djus ds fy, izr;sd LVs'ku ls lacaf/r dqy o"kkz dk vkslr fudkyk tkrk gsa 6-16 bu fp=kksa esa] nksuksa MsVklsVksa ds chp Lrjksa,oa #>kuksa] nksuksa ds lanhkz] esa dkiqh varj gsa mnkgj.kkfkz] vkbz,emh MkVk (yky jax esa) esa Msykos;j MsVklsV dh rqyuk esa] rkieku dk dgha vf/d Åapk vkslr 5 Lrj ntz fd;k x;k gs (tyok;q ds lanhkz esa vkslru 1 fmxzh lsfyl;l ls vf/d] tks vkink vksj fuokz.k ds chp dk varj gs)a blh izdkj] vkbz,emh MsVk yxhkx 100 feeh dh vf/d o"kkz ds Lrj n'kkzrk gs (ck<+ vksj lw[ks ds chp dk lahkkfor varj) tgka Msykos;j MkVk ds foijhr 1970 ds n'kd ds eè; ls rsth ls fxjkov dk #[k ns[kk x;k gsa ;s varj ;g lq>krs gsa fd nh?kkzof/d tyok;q izhkkoksa dk dksbz Hkh fo'ys"k.k bu MsVklsVksa ls cgqr fhkuu gks ldrk gsa 6-17 bl rjg mpp xq.koùkk] mpp Lrj okys rkieku vksj o"kkz ds vkadm+ksa ls ysl gksdj bl vè;k; esa Hkkjr esa rkieku,oa o"kkz ds isvuz dk fo'ys"k.k djus vksj d`f"k mrikndrk ij mlds izhkko dk fo'ys"k.k djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gsa rkieku vksj o"kkz ds lkef;d vksj LFkkfud isvuz 6-18 fp=k 4 esa iqlyksa ds eksle ds vuqlkj vksklr rkieku fn[kk, x, gsaa 1970 ds n'kd ds ckn ls c<+rk rkieku nksuksa eksleksa dh fo'ks"krk jgk gsa vhkh gkfy;k n'kd ds rfkk 1970 ds n'kd ds eè; ds rkieku esa gqbz vkslr o`f¼ [kjhiq vksj jch eksle ds fy, Øe'k% yxhkx 0-45 fmxzh vksj 0-63 fmxzh jgh gsa ;s :>ku jkthou (2013) esa crk, x, :>kuksa ls laxfriw.kz gsaa 6-19 fp=k 5 esa nksuksa eksleksa esa o"kkz isvuz n'kkz;k x;k gsa o"kz 1970 ds n'kd ds eè; vksj finys n'kd ds chp [kjhiq esa o"kkz vkslru 26 feeh vksj jch esa o"kkz 33 feeh de gqbz gsa bl vof/ esa ok "kd vkslr o"kkz vkslru yxhkx 86 feeh de gqbz gsa 6-20 vr;f/d mpp vksj fueu rkiøe okys fnuksa dh la[;k dh D;k flfkfr gsa fp=k 6 esa izr;sd o"kz ekulwu ds eksle ds nksjku mu fnuksa dk vuqikr n'kkz;k x;k gs tc rkieku vr;f/d T;knk Fkk (fxzm IokbaV fof'k"v rkieku forj.k ds 95 'kread ls vf/d ds :i esa ifjhkkf"kr) vksj vr;f/d fueu (fxzm IokbaV fof'k"v rkieku forj.k 5 'kread ls de FkkA ;s fp=k vr;f/d mpp rkieku okys fnuksa dh la[;k esa o`f¼ vksj rn~uq:i fueu rkieku okys fnuksa dh la[;k esa deh dks n'kkzrs gsaa 6-21 o"kkz dh vf/drk dh vksj è;ku nsrs gq, fp=k 7 esa 'kq"d fnuksa (izfrfnu 0-1 feeh ls de o"kkz) 4 vkslr dks Msykos;j vksj vkbz,emh MsVklsV ds lhkh fxzm fcunqvksa ds vuqlkj laxf.kr fd;k x;k gs] tks fd Hkkjr dh lhekvksa dh Hkhrj gsa 5 blfy,] nks MkVkcslksa ds chp varj rhu dkj.kksa ls gks ldrs gsa% nsfud (vkbz,emh) cuke ekfld (Msykos;j)_ 210@2140 (vkbz,emh) cuke 45@300 (Msykos;j) laxzg.k fcunq rkieku@o"kkz ds laca/ esa_ vksj fofhkuu laxzg.k fcunqvksa ls mhkjrk fofo/ LFkkfud var%&{ksi.ka vkbz,emh vkadm+s vf/d folr`r vksj fo[kafmr gsaa

105 tyok;q] tyok;q ifjorzu vksj d`f"k 87 fp=k 4% iqlyh eksle ds vuqlkj vkslr rkieku% [kjhiq vksj jch (fmxzh lsfyl;l esa) [kjhiq jch lzksr% vkbz,emh MsVk ls leh{kk ifjdyu ds lkfk&lkfk o"kkz okys fnuksa (80 feeh izfrfnu ls vf/d o"kkz) dk vuqikr finys dqn le; esa èkhjs&èkhjs c<+k gsa bl rjg] tyok;q ifjorzu dh Nki vr;f/d eksleh cnykoksa dh c<+rh gqbz ckjackjrk ls Li"V gks tkrh gsa 6-22 eksle ds isvuz esa LFkkfud ifjorzu dh lexz le> fp=k 8d (rkieku ds fy,) rfkk fp=k 8[k (o"kkz ds fy,) esa ns[kh tk ldrh gsa ;s 1950&80 dh vof/ rfkk 2005&15 dh vof/ esa rkieku vksj o"kkz esa vk, vurj fn[kk jgs gsaa fp=k 8 ^d* esa rkieku esa o`f¼ dk n`'; vafdr fd;k x;k gs & ekufp=k dk cgqr cm+k Hkkx yky jax esa fn[kk;k x;k gsa mùkj iwoz] dsjy] rfeyukmw] jktlfkku vksj xqtjkr esa ;g rkieku o`f¼ vf/d jgh gsa bldh rqyuk esa iatkc] vksfm'kk rfkk mùkj izns'k ij ;g izhkko de jgk gsa nwljh vksj fp=k 8^[k* esa fn[kk;k x;k gs fd deh dk ldsanz.k mùkj izns'k] mùkj iwoz] dsjy] NÙkhlx< vksj >kj[kam esa vf/d jgk gsa oklro esa xqtjkr] vksfm'kk vksj vku/z izns'k esa o"kkz esa dqn o`f¼ Hkh gqbz gsa,d vksj ckr jkspd gs% LFkkfud :i ls rkieku esa o`f¼ vksj o"kkz esa deh esa dqn detksj lk lglaaca/ fn[kkbz ns jgk gsa fp=k 5% iqlyh eksle ds vuqlkj vkslr o"kkz% [kjhiq vksj jch (feyhehvj) [kjhiq jch lzksr% vkbz,emh MsVk ls leh{kk ifjdyu

106 88 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 fp=k 6% ekulwu ds nksjku cgqr xez vksj BaMs fnu (dqy fnuksa dk izfr'kr) m".k fnol lnz fnol lzksr% vkbz,emh MsVk ij vk/kfjr leh{kk ifjdyu fp=k 7% ekulwu ds nksjku 'kq"d vksj o"kkz okys fnu (dqy fnuksa dk izfr'kr) 'kq"d fnol vknzz fnol lzksr% vkbz,emh MsVk ij vk/kfjr leh{kk ifjdyu Ñf"k mrikndrk ij eksle dk izhkko 6-23 Ñf"k ij tyok;q vksj eksle ds izhkko dk vuqeku yxk;k tkuk vc vk Fkd vuqla/ku dk fo"k; cu x;k gsa T;knk prk,a fodkl'khy ns'kksa ls lacaf/r gsa D;ksafd eksle ds vuuq:i ls izhkko fo'o ds xez vksj de /uh fgllksa esa vf/d gsa (vkbz,e,iq 2017_ Msy] tksul vksj vksydu] 2012)A 6-24 bl vè;k; esa vusd egroiw.kz iz'uksa ds O;kid :i ls mùkj nsus ds fy, rkieku] eksle] Ñf"k mriknu] mit vksj dherksa ds ftyk Lrjh; vkadm+s dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gsa 7 ;g fo'ys"k.k&[kjhiq vksj jch iqlyh eksleksa ds fy, vyx&vyx fd;k x;k gsa pkvks± vksj lkjf.k;ksa }kjk dqn eq[; fu"d"kz n'kkz, x, gsa tcfd izrhixeu fo'ys"k.k ij ppkz vuqca/ esa dh xbz gsa dm+h fo"kerk% izpam cuke ekewyh vk?kkr_ lfpr cuke v lfpr {ks=k 6-25 orzeku fo'ys"k.k ls nks izeq[k fu"d"kz fudyrs gsaa 7 dkczu MkbZ vkdlkbm ds mrltzu vksj ikuh ds izlosnu ds izhkkoksa dk lhfer vkadm+ksa ds dkj.k ;qxehdhdj.k ugha fd;k x;k gsa

107 tyok;q] tyok;q ifjorzu vksj d`f"k 89 fp=k 8d% rkieku esa LFkkfud&vYidkfyd ifjorzu (finyh n'kkcnh vksj 1950&1980 dh vof/ ds chp vkslr rkieku esa ifjorzu) lzksr% vkbz,emh MsVk vkadm+ks ls lozs{k.k dk ifjdyu6] yky] uhyk c<+rs gq, (fxjrs gq,) rkieku dks bafxr djrk gsa izfke tyok;q ifjorzu ds ifjn`'; esa egroiw.kz fufgrkfkks± okyk,d&;g gs fd rkieku vksj o"kkz dk izhkko mpp :i ls xsj js[kh; gs vksj ;g izk;% rhkh eglwl gksrk gs tc rkieku c<+rk gs vksj o"kkz vr;ar de gksrh gsa nwljk ;g gs fd bu vr;f/d vk?kkrksa ds lfpr vksj v lfpr {ks=kksa (vksj ifj.kker% mu iqlyksa ds chp tks 6 o"kkz ij fuhkzj gksrh gsa) ds chp vr;f/d fofo/rkiw.kz izhkko im+rs gsa tks igys okys dh rqyuk esa ckn okys ij nksxqus vf/d gsaa 6-26 bu fu"d"kks± dks igys xzkiq ds :i esa fn[kk;k x;k gsa fp=k 9 vksj 10 esa,dl&v{k rkieku vksj o"kkz ds 'kread fpf=kr djrs gsa ftlesa 5 n'kead eè; Js.kh fxzm IokbaV laca/h eksle ds vkadm+ksa (o"kkz ds fy, 1 fmxzh fxzm vksj rkieku ds fy, 0-5 fmxzh fxzm) dks jklvj esa ifjofrzr fd;k x;k vksj blds ckn bls xsj vkadfyr fd;k x;k (ckbz yhfu;j Lewnfuax dk iz;ksx djrs gq,) liqsn esa fn[kk;s x, {ks=k feflax fxzm izfrfuf/ro djrs gsaa

108 90 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 fp=k 8[k% o"kkz esa LFkkfud ifjorzu (finys n'kd vksj 1950&1980 dh vof/ ds chp vkslr o"kkz esa ifjorzu) lzksr% vkbz,emh MsVk vkadm+ks ls lozs{k.k dk ifjdyu] yky] uhyk c<+rs gq, (fxjrs gq,) rkieku dks bafxr djrk gsa gs (lkeku; rkieku vksj o"kkz) ftlds izfr lhkh rqyuk,a dh tkrh gsaa blfy, fp=k 9 ds ck,a isuy ij fopkj djsa% ;fn rkieku] rkieku forj.k ds 10osa n'kead esa gks (vfkkzr vf/dre xez)] rc v lfpr {ks=kksa esa [kjhiq dh isnkokj ml flfkfr ds eqdkcys 10 izfr'kr de gksxh ;fn rkieku lkeku; gksrk vfkkzr 5osa n'kead esa gksrka 6-27 blh izdkj] fp=k 10 dk ck;ka isuy ;g n'kkzrk gs fd ;fn o"kkz igys n'kead esa gks (lw[ks vksj lw[ks tslh flfkfr;ka)] rc [kjhiq dh isnkokj v lfpr {ks=kksa esa 18 izfr'kr de gksxh ctk; ml flfkfr ds ;fn o"kkz lkeku; gksrh (vfkkzr 5osa n'kead esa)a 6-28 igyk eq[; tkap ifj.kke ;g gs fd dsoy mpp rkieku ls mriuu vk?kkrksa dks izfr cfcr fd;k x;k gsa ;g rf; fp=k 9 (nksuksa isuy) esa rkieku js[kk&fp=k esa yky ykbu nkfgus dksus dh fn'kk dks NksM+dj fohkktu ds yxhkx iwjs Hkkx esa,dl&,fdll ds csgn djhc gs] vfkkzr~] vr;f/d xehz ls de dh fdlh Hkh ifjflfkfr esa izhkko 'kwu; ds yxhkx gs vksj ;g,slk gs ekuks rkieku

109 tyok;q] tyok;q ifjorzu vksj d`f"k 91 lkeku; gksa blh izdkj] ;g rf; fd fp=k 10 esa o"kkz js[kk&fp=k esa yky ykbu ckfgus dksus dh fn'kk dks NksM+dj,Dl&,fDll ds djhc gsa 6-29 cgqr vf/d izdkf'kr lkexzh esa Ñf"k mitksa ds ekeys esa rkieku esa,d ;wfuv dh o`f¼ vksj o"kkz esa,d ;wfuv fxjkov ij è;ku dsfunzr fd;k x;k gs (mnkgj.k MSy] tksul,am vksydu 2012)A bl vè;k; esa fd, x, fo'ys"k.k ls Kkr gksrk gs fd Hkkjrh; ifjizs{; esa] eksle esa ekewyh ls cnyko dk cgqr FkksM+k vfkok dksbz vlj ugha gksrk gs vksj eksle ds foijhr izhkko eksle dh pje volfkk esa gh fufgr gsaa Ñf"k ij tyok;q ifjorzu ds izhkko ds fy, bu fu"d"kks± ds egùoiw.kz fufgrkfkz gsa (bl vè;k; esa ckn esa ppkz dh xbz gs)] D;ksafd tyok;q ifjorzu laca/h vf/drj ekwmyksa esa] eksle dh pje volfkkvksa esa o`f¼ dk vuqeku yxk;k x;k gsa 6-30 nwljk eq[; fu"d"kz ;g gs fd lfpr {ks=kksa dh rqyuk esa bu vk?kkrksa dk dgha T+;knk vlj v lfpr {ks=kksa esa gksrk gs] bl rf; esa izfr cfcr gksrk gs fd fp=k 9 vksj 10 ds lhkh isuyksa esa gjh ykbu ( lfpr {ks=kks a ij vlj dks n'kkz jgh gs) rnuq:ih yky ykbu 8 dh vis{kk,dl&,fdll ds fudv gksrh izrhr gksrh gs ('kwu; vlj)a [kjhiq fp=k 9% mit ij rkieku dk izhkko 6-31 lkj.kh 1 [kjhiq vksj jch eksle esa flafpr vksj vflafpr {ks=kksa ds chp rkieku rfkk o"kkz vk?kkrksa ds izhkkoksa dk vyx&vyx ek=kkred folr`r C;kSjk nsrh gsa fp=k 9 vksj fp=k 10 ls izkir Kku dk mi;ksx djds mit rfkk vk; ij vr;f/d vk?kkrksa ds ek=kkred izhkko dk vuqeku yxk;k x;k gs vr;f/d rkieku vk?kkrksa tcfd ftys fo'ks"kdj lkeku; ls vf/d m".k gksrs gsa (ftyk fo'ks"k rkieku forj.k dk 'kh"kz 20 'kread) esa [kjhiq eksle ds nksjku d`f"k mit esa 4 izfr'kr rfkk jch mit esa 4-7 izfr'kr dh fxjkov jgha 9 blh izdkj] vr;f/d o"kkz vk?kkrksa] tcfd o"kkz lkeku; ls de gks (ftyk fo'ks"k o"kkz forj.k dk fueure 20 'kread)] rks [kjhiq mit esa 12-8 izfr'kr fxjkov ysfdu jch mit esa de ijarq 6-7 izfr'kr dh vpnh [kklh fxjkov gqbz gsa 6-32 vflafpr {ks=k& mu ftyksa ds :i esa ifjhkkf"kr fd, tkrs gsa tgka eksle ds mrkj&p<+ko dks >syrs gq, dk 50 izfr'kr ls de iqly {ks=k flafpr gksa mnkgj.k ds fy,] vflafpr {ks=k esa vr;f/d rkieku vk?kkr [kjhiq ds fy, 7 izfr'kr rfkk jch ds fy, 7-6 izfr'kr mit dks de dj nsrk gsa blh izdkj] vflafpr {ks=kksa esa vr;f/d o"kkz vk?kkrksa dk izhkko 14-7 izfr'kr rfkk 8-6 izfr'kr (Øe'k% [kjhiq vksj jch ds fy,) gs tksfd flafpr ftyksa esa bu vk?kkrksa ls gksus okys izhkkoksa ls dgha vf/d gsa jch lzksr% vkbz,emh rfkk vkbzlhvkjvkbz,l,vh MsVk ls leh{kk ifjdyu 8 izrhr gksrk gs fd,d viokn ;g gs fd tc vr;f/d o"kkz dh vfr gks tkrh gs rks v lfpr {ks=kksa dh rqyuk esa lfpr {ks=kksa ij T;knk udkjkred izhkko im+rk fn[krk gs (fp=k 10] ck,a isuy ds lcls nkb± vksj yky vksj gjh ykbu ns[ksa)a 9 vkbzlhvkjvkbz,l,vh vkadm+ksa ds vk/kj ij fo"ys"k.k ij fopkj dh xbz [kjhiq dh iqlysa gsa% pkoy] eddk] cktjk] nygu] dikl] ewaxiqyh] iyzfeysv] fiqaxjfeysv vksj lks;ka jch dh iqlysa gsa% xsgwa] tks] puk] vylh] liqsn ljlksa vksj ihyh ljlksaa

110 92 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 [kjhiq fp=k 10% mit ij o"kkz dk izhkko jch lzksr% vkbz,emh rfkk vkbzlhvkjvkbz,l,vh MsVk ls leh{kk ifjdyu 6-33 varr%] bl laca/ esa miyc/ ys[k ;g bafxr djrs gsa fd o"kkz ds Lrj ds vykok vusd dkjd Ñf"k mit ds fy, egro j[krs gsaa fo'ks"k rksj ij ;g ckr ek;us j[krh gs fd o"kkz dc gksrh gsa bl vè;k; ds fy,,d=k fd, x, vkadm+s bu osdfyid lk/uksa ds Li"V ijh{k.k dks lahko cukrs gsaa ifj.kke ;g bafxr djrs gsa fd o"kkz ds laaca/ esa fu;a=k.k ds ckn gh 'kq"d fnolksa dh la[;k (ekulwu ds nksjku 0-1 feyhehvj ls de dh o"kkz okys fnol ds :i esa ifjhkkf"kr) mrikndrk ij dkiqh vf/d udkjkred izhkko Mkyrh gs& o"kkz dh ek=kk dks flfkj ekusa rks] ekulwu ds nksjku izr;sd vfrfjdr 'kq"d fnol mit esa vkslru 0-2 izfr'kr dh fxjkov vksj v lfpr {ks=kksa esa 0-3 izfr'kr dh fxjkov ykrk gsa iqly izhkko 6-34 vxyk ifj.kke rkieku vksj o`f"vikr ds ckjs esa fofhkuu iqlyksa dh fhkuu&fhkuu lahksn~;rkvksa ls lacaf/r gsa fp=k 12 vksj 13 vyx&vyx iqlyksa dh mitksa ij vr;f/d rkieku vksj o"kkz ds vk?kkrksa ds izhkkoksa dks n'kkzrs gsaa 10 mhkjdj vkus okyk Li"V izfr:i ;g gs fd o"kkz lfpr {ks=kksa esa Hkh iqlysa] [kjhiq vksj jch nksuksa eksleksa esa] mxh nkysa&o"kkz ds vk?kkrksa ls izhkkfor gksrh gsa tcfd pkoy vksj xsgwa&nksuksa vukt&rqyukred :i ls vf/d vpnh flfkfr esa jgrs gsaa lkj.kh 1% d`f"k mit ij eksle ds vk?kkrksa dk izhkko (rkieku c<+ksùkjh vksj o"kkz esa deh dh izfrfø;k esa izfr'kr fxjkov) vr;f/d rkieku ds vk?kkr vr;f/d o"kkz ds vk?kkr vkslr [kjhiq 4.0% 12.8% [kjhiq] lfpr 2.7% 6.2% [kjhiq] v lfpr 7.0% 14.7% vkslr jch 4.7% 6.7% jch lfpr 3.0% 4.1% jch v lfpr 7.6% 8.6% lzksr% leh{kk ifjdyu 6-35 D;k le; ds lkfk izhkkoksa esa cnyko gqvk gsa bl iz'u dk mùkj nsus ds fy, ge viuk fo'ys"k.k n'kdksa ds vk/kj ij djrs gsaa vafre n'kd] ftlds gekjs ikl vkadm+s gsa] vfkkzr~ (2004&2014) esa ge ;g ikrs gsa fd vr;f/d o"kkz vk?kkrksa dk mit ij izhkko vifjo rr jgk ijarq rkieku vk?kkrksa dk izhkko rhu xquk c<+ x;ka ijarq pwafd bl izhkko esa dksbz fpjdkfyd izo`frr ugha gs] ge bl ckjs esa fo'olr ugha gks ldrs gsa fd D;k ;s fu"d"kz bl n'kd ds fy, gh eku; gsa vfkok ;g Hkkjrh; Ñf"k ds 10 ;s vkadm+s fofhkuu iqly Lrj ij izpam rkieku rfkk ewlyk/kj o"kkz ds iqlyokj xq.kkad n'kkzrs gsaa izrhixeu ds folr`r o.kzu ds fy, vuqca/ ns[ksaa

111 tyok;q] tyok;q ifjorzu vksj d`f"k 93 fy, ukvdh; izfrdwy ifj.kkeksa ds lkfk,d ubz nh?kkzof/ izo`frr dh 'kq:vkr gsa fdlkuksa dh vkenuh ij izhkko fdlkuksa dks gqbz gkfu;ksa ds lanhkz esa ;s la[;k,a vyi vksj nh?kz vof/;ksa esa D;k lwfpr djrh gsa\ lkj.kh&2 mriknu ds ewy; 13 }kjk ifjfer fdlkuksa dh vkenfu;ksa ds laca/ esa vr;f/d vk?kkr ds izhkko dks n'kkzrh gsa vr;f/d rkieku ds vk?kkrksa ls [kjhiq vksj jch ds nksjku fdlkuksa dh vkenfu;ksa esa Øe'k% 4-3 izfr'kr vksj 4-1 izfr'kr dh deh gqbz gsa tcfd vr;f/d o"kkz ds vk?kkr ls vkenuh esa 13-7 izfr'kr vksj 5-5 izfr'kr dh deh gqbz gsa iqu%] ;s vkslr izhkko v lfpr {ks=kksa esa eglwl fd, tk jgs eksletu; vk?kkrksa ds lokzf/d izfrdwy izhkkoksa lfgr cm+h fo"kerk dks Nqik jgs gsaa iwokzuqekuksa ds vkèkkj ij ;g Li"V ugha gksrk fd [ksr ls gksus okyh vkenuh dks fdl vksj tkuk pkfg,&,d vksj rks bu vk?kkrksa ds dkj.k mit esa deh gksrh gs ysfdu nwljs vksj os LFkkuh; dherksa esa o`f¼ djrs gsaa ;s ifj.kke Li"V :i ls ;g bafxr djrs gsa fd ^^vkiw r i{k** iz/ku gsa&mit esa deh ls vkenuh esa deh gksrh gsa lkj.kh 2% [ksr dh vkenuh ij eksle ds vk?kkrksa dk izhkko vr;f/d rkieku ds vk?kkr vr;f/d o"kkz ds vk?kkr vkslr [kjhiq 4.3% 13.7% [kjhiq] lfpr 7.0% 7.0% [kjhiq] v lfpr 5.1% 14.3% vkslr jch 4.1% 5.5% jch lfpr 3.2% 4.0% jch v lfpr 5.9% 6.6% lzksr% vkbz,emh rfkk vkbzlhvkjvkbz,l,vh MsVk ls leh{kk ifjdyu 6-37 bu la[;kvksa dh O;k[;k djus dk nwljk rjhdk (tks rkfydk 1 esa ugha n'kkz;k x;k) fueufyf[kr gs% o"kz esa tc rkieku 1 fmxzh lsfyl;l vf/d gks rks fdlku dh vkenuh v lfpr ftyksa esa [kjhiq ds eksle ds nksjku 6-2 izfr'kr rfkk jch ds eksle ds nksjku 6 izfr'kr de gks tk,xha blh izdkj] o"kz esa bu {ks=kksa esa tc o"kkz dk Lrj vkslr ls 100 feyhyhvj de Fkk] rks fdlku dh vkenuh [kjhiq ds eksle ds nksjku 15 izfr'kr rfkk jch ds eksle ds nksjku 7 izfr'kr de gks tk,xha ;s vuqeku fp=k 11% iqly dh isnkokj ij rkieku ds vr;f/d c<+us ds izhkko (izfr'kr fxjkov) [kjhiq jch 0% 0% -2% -2% -4% -6% Rice Groundnut -4% -6% Wheat -8% Sorghum -8% Lineseed -10% -12% Pearl Millet -10% -12% Chickpea -14% Soya -14% lzksr% vkbz,emh rfkk vkbzlhvkjvkbz,l,vh MsVk ls leh{kk ifjdyu 11 vr;f/d rkieku ds vk?kkr ds izhkko] gekjs uewus dh izfke n'kkcnh esa Hkh mpp FksA 12 mriknu ds ewy; dh isekb'k mriknu ds izfr gsdvs;j ds mrikn vksj ewy;ksa ds vuqlkj dh tkrh gsa vkbzlhvkjvkbz,l,vh vkadm+ksa esa iqkez laca/h vkadm+ksa ds ykhk ugha gksrs gsaa (jktlo ls ykxr?kvkdj)a 13 tgka rkieku ftyk fofuz"v rkieku forj.k ds mpp 20 'kread esa gsa

112 94 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 fp=k 12% vr;f/d o"kkz dk d`f"k mit ij izhkko (izfr'kr fxjkov) [kjhiq jch 0% 0% -2% -2% -4% -6% -4% -6% Wheat Barley Rape and Mustard Seed -8% -10% -12% -8% -10% -12% Chickpea Lineseed -14% -16% -18% Pulses Pearl Millet Sorghum Rice Groundnut -14% -16% -18% lzksr% vkbz,emh rfkk vkbzlhvkjvkbz,l,vh MsVk ls leh{kk ifjdyu eksle ds izhkko ds vu; vè;;uksa ds lkfk rqyuk esa dgka fn[kkbz nsrs gsaa 6-38 mu izdkf'kr jpukvksaa esa fn, x, vuqekuksa ds lkfk bu vuqekuksa dh rqyuk dsls dh tk ldrh gs\ Hkkjr ds fy, fo eku vè;;u fofhkuu iqlyksa dh mrikndrk ij eksleh vk?kkrksa ds izhkkoksa dk fof'k"v :i ls fo'ys"k.k dj jgk gsa LokehukFku vksj vu; (2010) esa ;g n'kkz;k x;k gs fd rkieku esa 1 fmxzh lsfyl;l dh o`f¼ xsgwa mriknu dks 4 ls 5 fefy;u Vu izfro"kz de djsxh] ;g gekjs fu"d"kz ds lekuizk;% gsa varjjk"vªh; vè;;uksa esa è;ku nsrs gq,] dq:dqyklqjh;k,oa esamylku] 2008 us 11 vúhdh ns'kksa ds fy,,sls gh izhkko dk irk yxk;k gsµrkieku esa 1 fmxzh dh c<+ksùkjh mit dks vkslru 6 izfr'kr de djrh gsa vurjjk"vªh; eqnzk dks"k }kjk gky gh esa djk, x, vè;;u ls irk pyk gs fd mhkjrh gqbz cktkj vfkzo;olfkk ds fy, rkieku esa 1 fmxzh lsfyl;l dh o`f¼ gksus ls Ñf"k lao`f¼ esa 1-7 dh deh gksxh vksj o"kkz esa 100 fe-eh- dh deh ls lao`f¼ esa 0-35 izfr'kr dh deh vk,xha pwafd ;s ifj.kke lao`f¼ ls lacaf/r gs blfy, budk gekjs vè;k; dh x.kukvksa ds lkfk rqyuh; gksuk vfuok;z ugha gsa 6-39 nh?kkzof/ esa d`f"k fu"iknu ij tyok;q ifjorzu ds izhkko ds ckjs esa lkj.kh&2 dh la[;k,a D;k n'kkzrh gsa\ varj ljdkjh tyok;q ifjorzu isuy (vkbzihlhlh) }kjk l`ftr tyok;q ifjorzu laca/h ekmy ds vuqlkj 21oha 'krkcnh ds var rd Hkkjr esa rkieku ds 3 ls 4 fmxzh lsfyl;l rd c<+ tkus dk vuqeku gsa (ikbd] vxzoky vksj flag] 2012)A gekjs izrhixeu vuqekuksa ds lkfk ;s iwokzuqeku ;g n'kkzrs gsa fd d`"kdksa }kjk vuqdwyu u fd, tkus vksj uhfr esa cnyko u (tsls&flapkbz) fd, tkus ds dkj.k vkus okys o"kks± esa d`f"k vk; esa yxhkx 12 izfr'kr rd deh vk tk,xha xsj&flapkbz okys {ks=k lcls T;knk izhkkfor gksaxs vksj blls okf"kzd vkenuh ds 18 izfr'kr rd dh gkfu gksus dk vuqeku gsa 6-40 tyok;q ifjorzu ekwmy ds varxzr o"kkz ds isvuz ds fuf'pr iwokzuqeku ugha yxk;s tk ldrs gsa (jkthou 2013)A ysfdu] ;fn ge finys rhu n'kdksa esa o"kkz esa gksus okyh deh (86 feyhehvj ls vf/d) dks ns[krs gsa rks ge ikrs gsa fd xsj&flapkbz okys {ks=kksa esa [kjhiq iqly ls gksus okyh d`f"k vk; esa 12 izfr'kr vksj jch iqly esa 5-4 izfr'kr rd dh deh gks tk,xha 6-41 vksj vur esa] tyok;q ifjorzu ds ekwmy nh?kkzof/ esa ckfj'k dh c<+rh gqbz ifjorzu'khy izo`fùk dks Hkh js[kkafdr djrs gsaa lkfk gh lkfk mi;qzdr ekwmy ls 'kq"d&fnuksa,oa vr;f/d ckfj'k ds fnuksa esa c<+ksùkjh dk iwokzuqeku Hkh O;Dr fd;k tkrk gsa ;fn finys pkj n'kdksa ds nksjku 'kq"d&fnuksa esa c<+ksùkjh dk voyksdu djrs gq, mdr dks vius vyikof/ izkddyu ij ykxw fd;k tkrk gs] rks bldk ;g vfhkizk; fudyrk gs fd d`f"k vk; esa 1-2 izfr'kr dh fxjkov vk,xha 6-42 ;fn ge lexz :i ls dgsa rks d`f"k&vk; dks

113 tyok;q] tyok;q ifjorzu vksj d`f"k 95 izhkkfor djus okys tyok;q&ifjorzu ls lacaf/r rhu dkjd gsa tks bl izdkj gsa&vkslr rkieku esa o`f¼] vkslr ckfj'k esa fxjkov vksj 'kq"d&fnuksa dh la[;k esa c<+ksrjha fu%lansg mi;qzdr rhuksa dkjd,d nwljs ls lac¼ gsa] vr% tyok;q&ifjorzu ds dqy izhkko dk vkdyu lk/kj.k dk;z ugha gsa 6-43 bl lahkkfor lglaca/ dh tkap djus ds fy,] fp=k 13 MkVklSV (1950&80) ds izfke nl o"kks± dh rqyuk esa lokzf/d gkfy;k nl o"kks± (2005&2015) ds :i esa ekis x, varjksa ds lkfk] [kjhiq ds fy, vkslr o"kkz easa varj dh rqyuk esa vkslr rkieku esa varj dks n'kkzrk gsa jkt; vksj LFkkuh; eksle Lrjksa] nksuksa ij laca/ udkjkred gasa jkt; Lrj ij ;g lglaca/ &0-30 gsa ;g bafxr djrk gs fd,sfrgkfld :i ls rks tyok;q ds vk?kkr ijlij leaftr ugha gks ik, gsa& lahkor% ;s dqn ifjiks"kd vo'; jgs gsaa ;fn,slk vkxs lgh jgrk gs rks ftu rhu izhkkoksa dk geus irk yxk;k gs] os lahkor% ;ksxkred gksaxsa 6-44 bu lglaca/ksa dks fglkc esa ysus ij] tyok;q ifjorzu ls fdlku dh vkenuh esa gksus okyh deh vkslru 15 izfr'kr vksj 18 izfr'kr ds chp gks ldrh gs] tks vflafpr {ks=kksa esa c<+dj 20 izfr'kr vksj 25 izfr'kr ds chp dgha Hkh gks ldrh gsa Hkkjr esa d`f"k {ks=k esa vk; ds igys ls gh de Lrjksa dks ns[krs gq, ;s fu"d"kz cgqr xahkhj gsaa vf/d fpark dh ckr ;g gs fd Hkfo"; esa rkieku esa gksus okyh o`f¼ ds xsj&js[kh; lahkkfor izhkko dks ns[krs gq, ;g lahko gs fd bl vè;k; esa ifjdfyr vuqeku tyok;q ifjorzu ds oklrfod izhkkoksa dh rqyuk esa de gsaa bl vè;k; esa fudkys x, ifj.kke fo'o Lrj ij vksj Hkkjr esa fd, x, blh izdkj ds vè;;uksa ds foijhr jgrs gsaa mnkgj.kkfkz] Ms'kus vksj xzhulvksu] 2007 la;qdr jkt; vejhdk esa d`f"k ykhk ij tyok;q ifjorzu ds ekewyh vksj ;gka rd fd ldkjkred izhkko ns[k ik jgs gsaa dqekj vksj vu; (2013) ;g ikrs gsa fd vflafpr {ks=kksa esa pkoy dh isnkokj ij nh?kkzof/d lanhkz esa dsoy ekewyh vlj gh im+sxka muds vuqeku tyok;q ifjorzu ds,sls ekwmyksa ij vk/kfjr gsa tks o"kkz dh vkslr ek=kk esa o`f¼ dh Hkfo";ok.kh djrs gsaa 6-45 lkfk gh] ;g Hkh lahko gs fd ;s vuqeku tyok;q ifjozru ds oklrfod izhkko dks c<+k&p<+k dj dgrs gsaa bl vè;k; es a iz;ksx fd, x, vuqeku eksle es a vyikof/d mrkj&p<+koksa dks blrseky djds fudkys x, gsa] vksj fdlku vyikof/d lanhkz esa,sls mrkj&p<+koksa ds izfr <y ikus esa lahkor% lefkz ugha gksrsa ysfdu nh?kkzofèkd lanhkz esa] os rkieku esa gqbz yach o`f¼ vksj o"kkz esa gq, ifjorzuksa dh izfrfø;k Lo:i izks ksfxdh; ifjorzu dj ldrs gsa vfkok mxk;h tkus okyh iqlyksa dks cny ldrs gsaa blds vykok] ;g Hkh lahko gs fd flapkbz usvodks± esa folrkj gks ftlls tyok;q ifjorzu ds izfr'kr izhkkoksa dks dqn gn rd de fd;k tk ldrk gsa 6- fu"d"kz vksj uhfrxr izhkko gky dh esa ladfyr vkadm+ksa rfkk,slh fof/] tks vhkh rd Hkkjrh; vkadm+ksa ij ykxw ugha dh xbz gs] ds vk/kj ij ge d`f"k ij rkieku vksj o"kkz ds izhkko dk vuqeku yxk jgs gsaa gekjs eq[; fu"d"kz fueukuqlkj gsa%,d eq[; fu"d"kz&ftldk,sls le; ij tc tyok;q ifjorzu dk [krjk eamjk jgk gs] egùoiw.kz fufgrkfkz&;g gs fd rkieku vksj o"kkz dk izhkko dsoy muds izpam gksus dh flfkfr esa gh eglwl gksrk gs_ vfkkzr rc tc rkieku cgqr vf/d gks tk,] o"kkz cgqr gh de gks vksj ^^'kq"d fnolksa** dh la[;k lkeku; ls vf/d gksa,d vksj egùoiw.kz fu"d"kz ;g gs fd ;s izhkko vflafpr {ks=kksa (vksj blfy, o"kkziksf"kr iqlyksa ij) esa vfèkd izfrdwy gsa tcfd flafpr {ks=kksa (vksj blfy, vukt tslh iqlyksa esa) esa,slk ugha gsa vkbzihlhlh }kjk vuqekfur rkiekuksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, vksj o"kkz ds laca/ esa Hkkjr ds gkfy;k :>kuksaa dk vuqeku yxkrs gq, rfkk ;g ekurs gq, fd dksbz uhfrxr vuqfø;k ugha gksxh] [ksrh ls gksus okyh vkenuh esa vkslru 15 izfr'kr ls 18 izfr'kr dk uqdlku gksus dk vuqeku gsa ;gh uqdlku vflafpr {ks=kksa esa c<+dj 20 izfr'kr&25 izfr'kr gks tkrk gsa [ksrh ls gksus okyh vkenuh ds ekstwnk Lrjksa ij 14 uhps uksv fd;s x;s fcanqvksa ds vfrfjdr nh?kkzof/ eksle iqly iwokzuqeku esa lq/kj djus vksj bugsa fdlkuksa vksj vu; laxr dkjdksa }kjk mi;ksx djus ;ksx; cukuka gky gh ds mnkgj.k ds fy, VhbZvkjvkbZ (2017) nsa[ksaa

114 96 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 fp=k 13% [kjhiq ds fy, vkslr rkieku vksj o"kkz esa varj fp=k 13d% izeq[k jkt; fp=k 13[k% fxzm IokbaV lzksr% vkbz,emh MkVk ds vk/kj ij leh{kk ifjdyu fvii.kh% lahkkfor :i ls nks fhkuu jkt;ksa] fgekpy vksj teew o d'ehj dks NksM+dj ;g ekè; Lrj ds fdlku ifjokj ds fy, 3600@& #i;s izfr'kr ds uqdlku ls vf/d csbrk gsa 6-47 uhfrxr fufgrkfkz,dne vyx fn[kk;h nsrs gsaa Hkkjr ds flapkbz ra=k dk folrkj djus dh t:jr gs&vksj ;g dk;z c<+rs tykhkko vksj de gksrs Hkwfexr ty lalk/uksa dh i`"hkwfe esa djuk gksxka fp=k 14 esa Hkkjr esa LFkku vksj dky ds fofhkuu pj.kksa ij flapkbz esa o`f¼ n'kkz;h xbz gsa o"kz 1960 ds n'kd esa] d`f"k dk 20 izfr'kr ls de fgllk flafpr fd;k tkrk Fkk] vkt ;g la[;k 40 vksj 50 ds chp gsa fla/q&xaxk esnku] xqtjkr vksj eè; izns'k ds dqn fgllksa esa flapkbz dh vpnh lqfo/k gsa ysfdu dukzvd] egkjk"vª] eè;izns'k] jktlfkku] Nrhlx<+ vksj >kj[kam vkt Hkh Hkyh izdkj ls flapkbz u gksus ds dkj.k tyok;q ifjorzu ds izfr vr;f/d vlqjf{kr gsaa 6-48 vc pquksrh ;g gs fd flapkbz dk folrkj] fo'ks"kdj mùkjh Hkkjr es a Hkwfexr ty dh vr;f/d deh] dh i`"bhkwfe esa fd;k tkuk gksxka fp=k 15d (,'kcsd] 2012) esa n'kkz;k x;k gs fd Hkkjr] phu vfkok la;qdr jkt; vejhdk dh rqyuk esa nksxquk Hkwfexr ty fudky jgk gs ('kkg] 2008)A fu%lansg mùkj Hkkjr esa Hkwfexr ty dh vr;f/d deh pkasdk nsus okyh gs (fp=k 15d esa ^xxupqafc;ksa }kjk n'kkz;k x;k gsa)a LVs'kuksa ds vksj vkxs fo'ys"k.k ls ;g irk pyk gs fd finys 30 o"kks± esa Hkwfexr tylrj esa 13 izfr'kr dh fxjkov gqbz gs tslk fd fp=k 15[k esa n'kkz;k x;k gsa 6-49 Hkkjrh; d`f"k dks iw.kz :i ls flafpr djuk vksj og Hkh ekstwnk flafpr ;kstukvksa ds vurxzr ikuh dh deh vksj lhfer dk;zdq'kyrk ds en~nsut+j] Hkfo"; ds fy, ifjhkk"khdj.k dh pquksrh gksxha fmªi flapkbz] cksnkj vksj ty izcu/u&ftugsa ^^izr;sd cawn ls vksj vf/d iqly** ds fy, viuk;k x;k gs&hkkoh Hkkjrh; d`f"k dh dqath gksxh ('kkg lfefr fjiksvz] 2016_ xqykvh) vksj vr% bls lalk/u vkoavu esa mpp&izkfkfedrk nh tkuh pkfg,a cs'kd fo qr vkffkzd lgk;rk dks] izr;{k ykhk vurj.k }kjk izfrlfkkfir fd;k tkuk pkfg, rkfd fo qr ds iz;ksx dh iw.kz :i ls ykxr vnk dh tk lds rfkk ty laj{k.k dks vkxs c<+k;k tk ldsa 6-50,d vksj fu"d"kz ;g gs fd d`f"k fokku vksj izks ksfxdh dks u, ekgksy dks viukuk pkfg,a LokehukFku (2010) us ;g vkg~oku fd;k fd c<+s gq,s vkslr rkiøe ds izfrdwy izhkko ls fuivus ds fy, vfxze vuqla/ku fd;k tk,a d`f"k vuqlu/ku] isnkokj c<+kus esa u dsoy egroiw.kz gksxk] vfirq lhkh O;kf/ fokkuksa ij fuhkzjrk c<+k,xk tks tyok;q ifjorzu vr;f/d xehz vksj o"kz.k] gkfudkjd tho vksj iqly O;kf/;ksa ds dkj.k è;ku esa vkrs gsaa ;g fo'ys"k.k ;g n'kkzrk gs fd ;g

115 tyok;q] tyok;q ifjorzu vksj d`f"k 97 vuqla/ku nygu vksj lks;kchu tslh iqlyksa ds fy, egroiw.kz gksxk ftudk eksle vksj tyok;q ds dkj.k u"v gksus dk vf/d [krjk gksrk gsa 6-51 cs'kd] tyok;q ifjorzu ls fdlkuksa dh vfuf'prrk c<+sxh rfkk blls izhkkodkjh chek dh vko';drk gksxha iqly ds pkyw chek dk;zøe (iz/kueu=kh iqly chek ;kstuk) ij fuhkzj jg dj] rfkk gkfu dk fu/kzj.k djus rfkk fdlkuksa dks lirkgksa ds Hkhrj eqvkotk fn, tkus ds fy, eksle vk/kfjr ekwmy vksj izks ksfxdh (mnkgj.k ds rksj ij Mªksu) dk iz;ksx fd, tkus dh vko';drk gsa (dsu;k bls dqn fnu esa gh dj ysrh gs) 6-52 tcfd bl vè;k; ds fu"d"kz fpurkdkjh gsa] ;s d`f"k laca/h O;kid uhfrxr luns'k dks iqu% js[kkafdr djrs gsa] ftls lqczkefu;u (2017) esa folrkj ls crk;k x;k gsa Hkkjr esa d`f"k uhfr lq/kjksa ds ckjs esa fpuru djrs le;] Hkkjr esa nksa d`f"k;ksa ds chp Li"V fohksn djuk egroiw.kz gsa,d d`f"k&mùkj Hkkjr dh lqflafpr] vkxr iw.kz] dher vksj izki.k vukt dh leffkzr d`f"k gsa ;gka ij uhfr ds fy, ;g pquksrh gs fd dherksa vksj vkffkzd lgk;rk ds lefkzu :i dks] izr;{k ykhk vurj.k ds :i fp=k 14 fofhkuu o"kks± esa flapkbz dk folrkj esa de uqdlkudkjh lefkzu ls izfrlfkkfir djuka 6-53 blds vykok,d vksj d`f"k gs (eksvs rksj ij eè;] if'pe vksj nf{k.k Hkkjr dh xsj&vukt dh iqlysa) tgka lel;k,a fcydqy fhkuu gsa% vi;kzir flapkbz] o"kkz ij fujurj fuhkzjrk] vizhkkodkjh izki.k vksj vuqlu/ku vksj izks ksfxdh esa vi;kzir fuos'k (xsj vukt tsls nkysa&lks;kchu vksj dikl)] mpp cktkj dh ck/k,a vksj iqly dvkbz ds i'pkr~ dh detksj vk/kjhkwr lajpuk (iqy vksj lfct;ka) vksj pquksrhiw.kz xsj&vkffkzd uhfr (i'kq/u)a 6-54 ;g dguk vklku gs fd D;k fd, tkus dh vko';drk gsa ;g dsls gksxk tc d`f"k jkt; dk fo"k; gs rfkk ;g vfkzo;olfkk dk [kqyk jktusfrd iz'u gsa g"kzesu ds ^^vkokt cqyan djus vksj ckgj fudy tkus* dh 'kfdr;ksa dk mnkjeuk,oa ;qfdr;qdr Åij ls uhps dh vksj fu;kstu rfkk lq/kj ds lkfk leuo;,d egroiw. kz Hkwfedk fuhkk,xka th-,l-vh- ifj"kn dh lgdkjh la?kokn ^^izks ksfxdh** tks dsunz vksj jkt;ksa dks ikl&ikl ykrh gs] dk vko';d :i ls iz;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,a fp=k 14d% flafpr vuqikr (1966) fp=k 14[k% flafpr vuqikr (2011) lzksr% vkbzlhvkjvkbz,l,vh vkadm+ksa ds vk/kj ij leh{kk ifjdyu liqsn esa fn;s x, {ks=k vkbzlhvkjvkbz,l,vh MsVk csl esa n'kkz;s ugha x, gsaa

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120 du;k ugha] iq=k pkfg,% D;k fodkl gh bl lel;k dk lek/ku gs\ 07 vè;k; vcyk thou gk; rqegkjh ;gh dgkuh vkapy esa gs nw/ vksj vka[kksa esa ikuh esffkyh'kj.k xqir og pys fy, mùkax Hkky] lcdh vka[kksa esa vka[k Mky fuhkhzd] vkrecy tuetkr] Hk;ghu ijkøe dk izikr vne; lkgl dk Nksj ugha v/quk ukjh detksj ughaaa µlqczã.; Hkkjrh] ^^iqmqekbz isu** # Me Too finys 10&15 o"kks± esa] efgykvksa dh {kerk] n`f"vdks.k vksj ifj.kkeksa ds laca/ esa 17 esa ls 14 ladsrdksa ij Hkkjr dk izn'kzu csgrj gqvk gsa buesa ls lkr ladsrdksa esa lq/kj dqn,slk jgk gs fd Hkkjr dh flfkfr fodkl ds Lrjksa dks ekius ds ckn vusd ns'kksa ds leku fn[kkbz nsrh gsa mrlkgo/zd ckr ;g gs fd efgykvksa ls tqm+s ifj.kke lekfhk:irk dk isvuz n'kkzrs gsa] tks leku Lrj ds ns'kksa ds eqdkcys Hkkjr esa dkiqh gn rd le`f¼ c<+us ds lkfk&lkfk brus csgrj gksrs tkrs gsa fd ftu igyqvksa ij ;s finm+ Hkh jgs gsa] ogka le; chrus ij buds vksj vkxs vkus dh meehn dh tk ldrh gsa rfkkfi] nwljs ladsrd] eq[;r% jkstxkj vksj vifjorzuh; xhkzfujks/ ds iz;ksx vksj iq=k dh pkg ds laca/ esa] Hkkjr dks vhkh dqn nwjh r; djuh gs D;ksafd fodkl bl lel;k dk lek/ku fl¼ ugha gqvk gsa Hkkjr ds Hkhrj gh] dkiqh fofo/rk fn[kkbz nsrh gs] tgka iwokszùkj jkt;ksa (ns'k ds 'ks"k Hkkxksa ds fy,,d vkn'kz) us vu; jkt;ksa ds eqdkcys yxkrkj csgrj izn'kzu fd;k gs vksj ;g blfy, ugha gqvk fd os le`¼ gsa_ Hkhrjh jkt; bl lanhkz esa finm+ x, gsa ysfdu gsjkuh bl ckr dh gs fd dbz nf{k.kh jkt; vius fodkl Lrjksa dh rqyuk esa bruk vpnk izn'kzu ugha dj jgs gsaa efgyk&iq#"k HksnHkko dh pquksrh yacs le; ls] 'kk;n lfn;ksa ls pyh vk jgh gs] blfy, lhkh i{k lexz :i ls blds lek/ku ds fy, fteesnkj gsa Hkkjr dks&iq=k ds fy,] ;gka rd fd vf/d iq=kksa ds fy, lekt dh bl izcy pkg ij fopkj djuk pkfg,] tks fodkl ls vizhkkfor fn[kkbz nsrh gsa efgykvksa vksj iq#"kksa ds izfrdwy yx vuqikr ds dkj.k ^^xqe'kqnk** efgykvksa dh lel;k dh igpku gks ik;h gsa ysfdu vf/d iq=kksa dh pkg tuu{kerk jksdus ds fu;eksa esa Hkh izfr cfcr gks ldrh gs tks vafre larku ds fyax ij vkèkkfjr gks vksj tks lahkor% ^^vokafnr** du;kvksa ds oxz dks tue nsrh gs&,slh du;kvksa dh la[;k 21 fefy;u ds yxhkx vkadh xbz gsa lekt dk ;g mís'; gksuk pkfg, fd ;s?k`f.kr Jsf.k;ka fudv Hkfo"; esa bfrgkl dh ckr gks tk,aa ljdkj dh ^^csvh cpkvks] csvh i<+kvks**] lqdu;k le`f¼ fuf/ ;kstuk vksj vfuok;z ekr`ro NqV~Vh fu;ekoyh lgh fn'kk esa,d dne gsa ifjp; 7-1 efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk vksj flfkfr dks muur cukus ds nh?kzdkfyd y{; dks eku;rk iznku djus ds lkfk&lkfk efgykvksa ds fo#¼ glk dh izeq[k?kvukvksa ls fuivus ds fy,] ljdkj us tuojh] 2015 esa ^^csvh cpkvks] csvh

121 du;k ugha] iq=k pkfg,% D;k fodkl gh bl lel;k dk lek/ku gs\ 103 i<+kvks** vfhk;ku 'kq: fd;k FkkA eksvs rksj ij ^^csvh cpkvks] csvh i<+kvks** dk y{; tkx:drk ykus vksj lkekftd ekunamksa dks cnyus ij yf{kr tu vfhk;ku ds tfj, Hkkjr esa larku yx vuqikr (lh,lvkj) dh [kjkc flfkfr esa lq/kj ykus ij dsfunzr gsa pwafd fodflr ns'k efgykvksa ds LFkkfud mrihm+u ds izhkko ls tw> jgs gsa vksj pwafd lekt esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk vksj gsfl;r dks c<+kus esa vkarfjd vksj lgk;d ewy; ds ckjs esa lk{; fey jgs gsa] vc ;g iz'u djus dk le; gs% Hkkjr dk fu"iknu dslk gs vksj fdruh izxfr gqbz gs\ (,YHkxZ&ok;Vsd vksj vu;_ 2013) D;k Hkkjr lqczg~e.; Hkkjrh }kjk o.kr l'kdr efgyk dk ns'k gs ;k fiqj esffkyh'kj.k xqir }kjk O;Dr vcyk vksj nfer ukjh dk ns'k gs\ 7-2 ysafxd lerk ds vkarfjd ewy;ksa ij lansg ugha fd;k tk ldrka ysfdu orzeku esa,slh?kvuk c<+ jgh gs fd ;fn efgyk,a vksj vf/d O;fDrxr {kerk izkir dj ldsa] jktusfrd 'kfdr izkir dj ldsa vksj lkekftd gsfl;r izkir dj ldsa] vksj Je cy esa cjkcj dh Hkkxhnkj cu ldsa rks vk Fkd fodkl essa egroiw.kz ykhk gks ldrk gsa (MkWyj vksj xv~vh] 1999_ yxkjns] 2016_ yksdks vksj Mk;iQ] 2009)A fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa] dkedkth efgyk,a vius cppksa dh f'k{k.k O;oLFkk esa Hkh vf/d fuos'k djrh gsa (,fdojs vksj vu; 2012_ feyj] 2008)A vhkh dqn le; igys nkoksl esa fo'o eqnzk dks"k ds vè;{k føf'p;u yxkmsz us dks"k ds 'kksèk ds gokys ls crk;k gs fd Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh iq:"kksa ds leku gks tk, rks ns'k dh vfkzo;olfkk esa 27 izfr'kr dk lq/kj gks ldrk gsa 7-3 tk;tk ysus dk nwljk dkj.k yx vksj vu; lkekftd lel;kvksa ls lacaf/r lahkkfor O;kid i¼fr lel;k ds nq[knk;h ewy;kaduksa dks Bhd djuk gsa lel;k ^^fodkl dky** vksj ^^vkuqøfed dky** dks feykdj,d djus dh gsa fyax lwpdkad ;Fkk oymz bdksuksfed iqksje (MCY;wbZ,iQ) dk osf'od fyax varj ;k la;qdr jk"vª fodkl dk;zøe dk fyax vlekurk lwpdkad ns'kksa ds dkyøe esa LFkku fu/kzfjr djrk gsa 7-4 ysfdu,sls lk/kj.k lelrjh;&l=kh&iq:"k rqyukvksa esa,d xahkhj [kkeh gsa fodkl ds lkfk efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk mfnr gksrh gsa 1900 ds n'kd ds izkjahk esa] LdsafMusfo;k esa efgykvksa dh flfkfr vkt ds LdsafMusfo;k dh rqyuk esa Li"V :i ls de csgrj Fkh] vksj vkt ds mu ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa lahkkfor :i ls de csgrj Fkh ftugksaus 1900 ds n'kd ds izkjahk esa LdsafMusfo;k dh rjg gh fodkl dk Lrj izkir dj fy;k gs (cksjdkslvz] 2008) A 7-5 blfy,] tc rd yx ds fu"d"kks± ds bl egroiw. kz fu/kzjd dks è;ku esa ugha j[kk tkrk rc rd L=kh&iq#"k laca/h rqyuk,a&tslkfd yx laca/h nks lwpdkadksa esa fopkj&foe'kz fd;k x;k gs&^^fodkldky** dks è;ku esa u j[kdj ^^vkuqøfed dky** ds vk/kj ij fu.kz; djus ds ekeyksa dh rjg Hkzked gksaxha ^^fodkl dky** dk lgkjk ^^vkuqøfed dky** dks [kkfjt djus ds fy, ugha gs vksj u gh ;g ^^de meehnksa dh mnkj dv~vjrk** ls gkj ekuus dk dksbz cgkuk gsa cfyd] uhfr cukus esa nksuksa igyqvksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkuk pkfg,a dkjzokbz dh vko';drk vkuqøfed dky esa vkdyuksa ls mriuu gksuh pkfg, ysfdu fodkl dky esa vkdyuksa ls mn~hkwr cks/ ls mldk lekiu gksuk pkfg,a 7-6 vu; dkj.k ls Hkh ;g varj egrow.kz gs% ;fn fdlh ns'k dk fu"iknu fodkl dky esa vlkeku; gs] rks uhfrxr dk;zuhfr ml ns'k dh rqyuk esa dgha vyx gksxh ftldk fu"iknu lkeku; gsa igyh flfkfr esa] Li"V ekeyk ;g gs efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk vksj flfkfr esa lq/kj ykus ds fy, fodkl dks gh lgk;d ds :i esa ugha ekuk tk ldrk gsa ljdkj] lh; lekt vksj vu; fgr/kjdksa dk mrrjnkf;ro blls dgha vf/d gksxka 7-7 bl vè;k; dk igyk Hkkx yx laca/h fu"d"kks± esa cnyko esa fodkl }kjk fuhkkbz xbz Hkwfedk dks è;ku esa j[kus ds i'pkr~ L=kh&iq:"k laca/h vksj varj&dkfyd ewy;kaduksa ds laca/ esa,d iz;kl gsa fo'ks"k :i ls nks izdkj ds ewy;kadu fd, tkrs gsa% Lrj% fodkl ds Lrj dks fu;af=kr djrs gq,] 1990 ds n'kd ds var@2000 ds n'kd ds izkjahk vksj gkfy;k vof/ (2015&16) esa fodkl'khy vfkzo;olfkkvksa ds lkis{k yx laca/h fu"d"kks± ds leqpp;ksa ds ckjs esa Hkkjr us D;k izxfr dh gs\ ifjorzu% D;k blesa dksbz vfhklj.k izhkko gs\ vfkkzr~] vu; ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa Hkkjr esa ifjokj dh laink esa c<+ksrjh ds izfr ysafxd ladsrd T;knk izfrfø;k'khy gsa\

122 104 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m ysafxd lekurk var ufgr :i ls cgq&vk;keh eqn~nk gsa lkfk gh,d gh le; esa] cgqr ls xq.kksa ij fopkj djuk le> dks ckf/r dj ldrk gsa rn~uqlkj] bl vè;k; esa yx laca/h rhu vk;keksa dk ewy;kadu fd;k tkrk gs% {kerk dk laca/ iztuu ij] Lo;a ij] ifjokj vksj vius Lo;a dh lfø;rk ij vksj LokLF; ij O;; djus ds fu.kz; ysus esa efgykvksa dh lkef;z ls gsa eukso`fùk dk laca/% efgykvksa@ifru;ksa ds fo#¼ glk] vksj csvksa dh vkn'kz la[;k dh rqyuk esa rjthg nh xbz csfv;ksa dh vkn'kz la[;k dh eukso`fùk ls gsa fu"d"kz dk laca/ csvs dh pkg (vafre larku ds yx vuqikr }kjk ekfir)] efgyk fu;kstu] xhkzfujks/d fodyi] f'k{kk Lrj] fookg ds le; vk;q] igys cpps ds tue ds le; vk;q vksj efgykvksa }kjk Hkksxh xbz 'kkjhfjd ;k ;ksukpkj fo"k;d glk ls gsa 7-9 è;ku dsfunzr fd, tkus okys vk;ke vksj fd, tkus okys ewy;kadu u rks O;kid gksrs gsa] u gh vko';d :i ls izfrfuf/lo:i] fdurq muesa fueufyf[kr dk è;ku j[kus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gs% lkfgr; us fdl ckr ij è;ku dsafnzr fd;k gs (t;kpunzu] 2015)_ Hkkjr ds laca/ esa vu; egroiw.kz fof'k"v fo'ks"krk,a] ftudh vuns[kh dj nh xbz gs_ vksj vkadm+ksa dh miyc/rk ij vf/d O;kogkfjd fopkj djuk rkfd Hkkjr dh rqyuk ns'kksa ds i;kzir :i ls cm+s izfrn'kz ls dh tk ldsa 7-10 bl vè;k; esa fo'ys"k.k o"kz 1980 ls 2016 rd ds tulkaf[;dh vksj LokLF; losz{k.k (Mh,p,l) vkadm+ksa ds vk/kj ij fd;k x;k gsa bl losz{k.k ds vkadm+s ikfjokfjd Lrj ij fy, tkrs gsa_ vksj efgykvksa rfkk iq:"kksa ls vusd nwljs iz'uksa ds lkfk yx ls lacaf/r eukso`fùk;ksa] {kerk vksj fu"d"kks± ls lacaf/r folr`r iz'u iwns tkrs gsaa Hkkjrh; jk"vªh; ifjokj LokLF; losz{k.k (,u,iq,p,l) 2015&16] ftlls Mh,p,l losz{k.k dks vkadm+s feyrs gsa] varjkz"vªh; Mh,p,l vkadm+k lewg ds lkfk feyk fn;k x;k gsa Hkkjr ds fy, foxr Mh,p,l@,u,iQ,p,l ls lacaf/r vkadm+s fueufyf[kr vof/ ds fy, miyc/ gsa% 1992&93] 1998&99 vksj 2005&06A 7-11 gekjs eq[; fu"d"kz fueuor~ gsa% 1 {kerk] eukso`fùk vksj fu"d"kks± ls lacaf/r 17 ladsrdksa esa ls 14 ladsrdksa ij] Hkkjr dk fu"iknu bl le; ds lq/j x;k gsa muesa ls lkr ds laca/ esa] lq/kj bl izdkj gs fd fodkl ds Lrj dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, Hkkjr dk fu"iknu vu; ns'kksa ds fu"iknu ls csgrj ;k leku jgk gsa {kerk esa efgykvksa dh lokzf/d myys[kuh; izxfr]?kj [kjhnus vksj ifjokj rfkk fj'rsnkjksa ls HksaV djus ds ckjs esa] fu.kz; ysus esa gqbz gsa 'kkjhfjd vksj ;ksu mrihm+u ds vuqhko esa fxjkov vkbz gsa efgykvksa ds f'k{kk Lrjksa esa cgqr lq/kj gqvk gs] ijarq ;g lq/kj fodkl ds vuq:i ugha gsa 17 ladsrdksa esa ls 10 ds laca/ esa] Hkkjr vius leorhz ns'kksa ds lkfk jg ikus ls dqn nwj gsa mnkgj.kkfkz] dkykuqøfed nksj esa efgykvksa ds jkstxkj esa fxjkov vkbz gs] tks fodkl dky esa dkiqh vf/d lhek rd?kv x;k gsa nwljk,slk {ks=k L=kh }kjk xhkzfujks/d dk iz;ksx djus esa gsa izk;% 47 izfr'kr efgyk,a fdlh xhkzfujks/d dk blrseky ugha djrha vksj tks djrh gsa] muesa,d frgkbz efgyk,a L=kh fu;af=kr izfrorhz xhkzfujks/d dk blrseky djrh gsaa ;s ifj.kke efgykvksa dks l'kdr ugha djus okys gsa] fo'ks"kdj ;fn os ifj. kke iztuu {kerk ij izfrca/ dh nsu FksA D;k efgyk,a viuh lhfer ilan dk pquko djrh gsa ;k blls lger gs] ;s xehkhj iz'u bl vè;k; ds fo"k; {ks=k ls ijs ds gsaa ;g mrlkgtud gs] fd vfhklj.k ds lk{; Hkh gsaa ifjokj Lrj ij fd, x, fo'ys"k.k ls bafxr gksrk gs fd nks ekinamksa ds flok; vu; lhkh ekinamksa ds vuqlkj] tsls&tsls /u c<+rk gs] osls&osls yx ladsrdksa esa lqèkkj gksrk tkrk gsa vf/d egroiw.kz ;g gs fd fodkl ds nksj ds ifjizs{; esa] izk;% lhkh fyax vk;keksa us /u ds izfr vuqfø;k Hkkjr esa vu; ns'kksa dh vis{kk cgqr gn rd dha bldk vk'k; ;g gs fd tgka Hkh Hkkjr finm+ jgk gs] ogka tsls&tsls Hkkjrh; ifjokjksa dk /u 1 ^^Lrj** dk fo'ys"k.k (vksj varjkz"vªh; rqyuk) ns'k Lrj] vksj Hkkjr ds Hkhrj rqyuk ds fy, jkt;ksa ds Lrj ij #fp esa varj dk ;ksx djus ds i'pkr~ fd;k tkrk gsa gj le; rqyukvksa dks lqdj cukus ds fy,] jkt;ksa dks 1995 dh mudh lhekvksa }kjk ifjhkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gsa ^^ifjorzu** fo'ys"k.k ds fy,],u,iq,p,l 2015&16 ls ifjokj Lrj ds vkadm+ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gsa

123 du;k ugha] iq=k pkfg,% D;k fodkl gh bl lel;k dk lek/ku gs\ 105 c<+rk tk,xk] osls&osls Hkkjr vu; ns'kksa ds cjkcj gksus dh vk'kk dj ldrk gsa tgka Hkkjrh; jkt;ksa vksj fofhkuu vk;keksa ds vanj dkiqh fhkuurk gs] ogka eksvs rksj ij ;g isvuz iwokszùkj ds jkt;ksa esa ls ml,d jkt; dk gs tks fodkl ds nksj esa Hkh i'porhz jkt;ksa ls i;kzir :i esa csgrj fu"iknu dj jgk gs] i'porhz jkt; finm+ jgs gsa] dqn fodkl ds muds Lrj ds cjkcj gks x, gsa] vksj dqn mlls vkxs gks x, gsaa vk'p;z gs fd nf{k.k ds dqn jkt;] tsls vka/z izns'k] rfeyukmq] vius&vius fodkl Lrj dks ns[krs gq,_ izr;k'kk ls cnrj fu"iknu dj jgs gsaa lahkor% og {ks=k tgka Hkkjrh; lekt dks&vksj ;gka ljdkjks a lh; lekt] leqnk;ks a vksj ifjokjks a dks lokzf/d è;ku nsus dh t:jr gs og iq=k dh pkg gs] tgka fodkl bl lel;k dk lek/ku fl¼ ugha gks jgk gsa iq=k dh pkg yx p;fur xhkzikr dks tue nsrh gs vksj mùkjthfork es a fhkuurk ls tue ds le; vksj vkxs yxkuqikr es a fo"kerk isnk gksrh gs] ftlls 63 fefy;u efgykvks a ds xqe gks tkus dk vuqeku gksrk gsa ysfdu gekjs ;gka iq=k dh pkg dk nwljk Lo:i Hkh gs ftlesa iztuu djus okys ekrk&firk }kjk ^^fojke fu;eksa** dks viuk;k tkuk 'kkfey gs] rc rd cppksa dks tue nsrs gsa tc rd bfpnr la[;k esa iq=k isnk ugha gks tkrsa bl iq=k dh pkg ls ^^vupkgh** ym+fd;ksa dh vfufpnr Js.kh c<+rh gs tks 20 fefy;u ls vf/d gsa dqn ek;uksa esa] ym+fd;ksa dk,d ckj tue gksus ij igys rks mudh flfkfr esa lq/kj gksrk gs ysfdu lekt vhkh Hkh ;gh pkgrk gs fd dk'k] buesa ls dqn de gh isnk gqbz gksrhaa iq=k dh pkg vksj iq=k ds ckn iq=k dh pkg ds laca/ esa Hkkjrh; lekt }kjk lkewfgd vkre fparu vko';d gsa ljdkj dh csvh cpkvks csvh i<+kvks] lqdu;k le`f¼ ;kstuk vksj vfuok;z ekr`ro vodk'k fu;ekoyh tslh igysa bl var ufgr pquksrh dk fujkdj.k djus ij dsfunzr,d egroiw.kz dne gasa Hkkjr vksj vu; ns'k Lrj% D;k Hkkjr eq[;/kjk ls ckgj (vkmvyk;j) dk ns'k gs\ 7-12 lkj.kh 1 esa eq[; fu"d"kks± dk lkj fn;k x;k gsa yx laca/h izr;sd vk;ke ds fy, (Mh,p,l vksj,u,iq,p,l4 esa fn, x, iz'uksa ds vuq:i) LraHk 1 vksj 2 nks dkykof/;ksa (2005&06 vksj 2015&16) ds fy, Hkkjr ds laca/ esa vkslr eku rfkk LraHk 3 Hkkjr esa muds chp ifjorzu (izfr'krkad) dks izn 'kr djrs gsaa LraHk&4 ;g ewy;kafdr djrk gs fd D;k vius fodkl ds Lrj dks ns[krs gq, Hkkjr rqyukred :i ls vu; ns'kksa dh n`f"v ls eq[;/kjk ls ckgj dk ns'k (2015) gsa 7-13 ldkjkred ckr ;g gs fd izhkkfor djus okys 17 esa ls 12 pjksa esa] Hkkjr esa vkslr Lrj esa le; ds lkfk lq/kj vk;k gsa mnkgj.k ds fy,] o"kz 2005&06 esa Hkkjr esa 62-3 izfr'kr efgyk,a vius LokLF; ds ckjs esa fu.kz; fy;k djrh Fkha] tks 2015&16 esa c<+dj 74-5 izfr'kr gks x;k gsa blh izdkj] 'kkjhfjd ;k HkkoukRed glk dk vuqhko ugha dh gqbz efgykvksa dh izfr'krrk 63 izfr'kr ls c<+dj 71 izfr'kr gks xbza izfke izlo ij vkslr vk;q nl o"kz esa 1-3 o"kz c<+ xbza 7-14 bu 12 ekeyksa esa ls 7 ekeyksa ij fodkl ds Lrjksa dks fglkc esa ysus ds ckn Hkh Hkkjr dk fu"iknu vu; fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa csgrj ;k cjkcj gsa 7-15 fp=k 1 esa igyh larku ds tue ds le; efgyk dh vk;q ds,sls vk;ke dks n'kkz;k x;k gs tgka Hkkjr (^^vkbz,umh** }kjk izlrqr) us izxfr dh gs] ftlesa 2005&06 vksj 2015&16 ds chp 1-3 o"kz (6-9 izfr'kr) rd dk lq/kj gqvk gsa bu ns'kksa esa fookfgr efgykvksa ds fy, igys cpps ds tue ds le; vkslr vk;q dks izfr O;fDr vk; ds ykwx ds izfr n'kkz;k x;k gsa mudh laiuurk dh flfkfr dks è;ku esa j[krs gq,] Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dk fu"iknu izlo ds le; vk;q dh n`f"v ls 0-4 o"kz rd csgrj gsa 7-16 Hkkjr dks fodkl ds nksj esa vu; ns'kksa ds leku jgus ds fy, vusd vk;keksa (17 esa ls 10) dks dqn iwjk djuk gsa,slk,d vk;ke izfrorhz xhkz&fujks/u mik;ksa dk iz;ksx djuk gsa Hkkjrh; efgykvksa ds /u ds Lrj dh n`f"v ls] mudk xhkz&fujks/u ds izfrorhz mik;ksa dk iz;ksx okanuh; izfr'krkad ls 51-6 izfr'krkad de gsa 7-17 fp=k 2 bl fu"d"kz dh folrkj ls Nkuchu djrk gsa ;g varjjk"vªh; izfrn'kz ds fy, ntz izfr O;fDr thmhih vksj xhkzfujks/d ds rjhds ds :i esa oaè;hdj.k dk mi;ksx u djus okyh efgykvksa ds izfr'kr fdlh Hkh rjg ds

124 106 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 fyax vk;ke fof'k"v eqn~ns # (efgykvksa dh izfrfø;k) lkj.kh 1% ifj.kkeksa dk lkj (1) (2) (3) (4) Hkkjr ds vad (%) Hkkjr ds vad (%) ifjorzu (2)-(1) D;k Hkkjr 2016 esa /u ds Lrj ij eq[;/kjk ls ckgj gs\ 1 {kerk muds LokLF; ds ckjs esa fu.kz; ysus esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k {kerk cm+h?kjsyw [kjhn ds ckjs esa fu.kz; fy, tkus esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k {kerk ifjokj vksj lacaaf/;ksa ls feyus laca/h fu.kz;ksa esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k {kerk Lo;a dh vk; ds ckjs esa fu.kz; ysus esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k {kerk xhkz fujks/d ds ckjs esa fu.kz; fy, tkus esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k eukso`fùk iq=kksa dh rqyuk esa vf/d vfkok mruh gh iqf=k;ksa dh bpnk j[kuk eukso`fùk iruh ds lkfk ekjihv cnkz'r ugha djuk] ;fn fdlh xhkzfujks/u mik; dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk rks izfrorhz xhkzfujks/u dk iz;ksx djuk fu"d"kz caè;hdj.k (LVjhykbts'ku) dk mi;ksx u djuk fu"d"kz fu;ksftr ## fu"d"kz 'kkjhfjd Je brj {ks=kksa esa fu;ksftr ## fu"d"kz ifr ls vf/d vfkok cjkcj vk; fu"d"kz f'kf{kr ## fu"d"kz 'kkjhfjd vfkok HkkoukRed mrihm+u dk vuqhko ugha djuk fu"d"kz ;ksu mrihm+u dk vuqhko u djuk fu"d"kz igys cpps ds tue ds le; vkslr vk;q fu"d"kz izfke fookg ds le; vkslr vk;q fu"d"kz vkf[kjh lurku dk yx vuqikr 2 (izfr lks ij ym+fd;ka) vk;q o"kz esa gs vksj o"kz 1998&99 ds fy, gsa # # lhkh iz'uksa@mùkjksa dks lwfpr fd;k x;k gs rkfd ldkjkred la[;k,a O;kid efgyk l'kfdrdj.k dks n'kkz ldsaa ## bu vk;keksa dks 15&49 o"kz dh vk;q ds chp dh lhkh efgykvksa ds lewg ds laca/ esa vkdfyr fd;k tkrk gsa vu; lhkh vk;keksa dks 15 vksj 49 o"kz dh vk;q ds chp dh fookfgr efgykvksa ds laca/ vkdfyr fd;k tkrk gsa LraHk 4 esa nh xbz la[;k,a ;g n'kkzrh gs fd Hkkjr fdl lhek] ldkjkred vfkok udkjkred] rd eq[; /kjk ls ckgj gsa bugsa vuqyxud&1 esa ifjokj Lrj ij vkdfyr izrhixeu (fjxzs'ku) lehdj.k ls izkir fd;k tkrk gsa o"kks± dh la[;k dks iznf'kzr djus okyh iafdr 15 vksj 16 esa nh xbz la[;kvksa dks NksM+dj] lhkh la[;k,a vkslr vkadfyr laca/ ls izfr'kr fcunq vurjky dks iznf'kzr djrh gsaa eksvs vadksa dh la[;k,a lkaf[;dh; n`f"v ls egroiw.kz gsaa lzksr% Mh,p,l vksj,u,iq,p,l vkadm+ksa ij vk/kfjr losz{k.k vkdyu xhkz fujks/ rjhds dk blrseky djus okyh efgykvksa dh chp ds laca/ dh :ijs[kk rs;kj djrk gsa Hkkjr lokszùke dh iafdr esa dkiqh uhps ds ik;nku ij gsa Hkkjr esa,slh fookfgr efgykvksa dh la[;k tks fdlh rjg ds xhkz fujks/ 2 bl ladsrd dks rs;kj djus ds fy,] fyax ds vk/kj ij tue ds vykok] ;g tkuuk Hkh vko';d gs fd uohure tue ysus okyk cppk vkf[kjh cppk gsa bl lel;k dk lek/ku djus ds fy,] bl lseiy dks dsoy mugha efgykvksa rd lhfer j[kk tkrk gs ftugksaus ;k rks caè;dj.k djok fy;k gs vfkok tsfod iztuu pø dks iwjk dj fy;k gs (40 o"kz ls vf/d vk;q dh)

125 du;k ugha] iq=k pkfg,% D;k fodkl gh bl lel;k dk lek/ku gs\ 107 fp=k 1% 2011&16 esa igys cpps ds tue ds le; efgyk dh vk;q RW KH KY PH AM ID JO Years MZ TG HT KM BJ ZW BF NP SN TZ CM ZM IND GU NM PE CO 18 NI TD BD DR GA Log Real Per Capita Income lzksr% Mh,p,l vksj,u,iq,p,l MsVk ij vk/kfjr lh,lvks,oa losz{k.k vkdyua fp=k 2% xhkz fujks/ ds rjhdss ds :i esa caè;hdj.k dk blrseky u djus okyh efgykvksa dk izfr'kr (2011&16) NI LB BJ MZ TG CD RW ZW SN CM TJ KM KY TD LS HT GM KH TZ BD MW ZM CG MM PH AO AM ID EG JO NM PE GA Percent NP PK GU CO DR Log Real Per Capita Income lzksr% lh,lvks rfkk Mh,p,l,oa,u,iQ,p,l MsVk vk/kfjr losz{k.k vkdyu IND rjhds dk blrseky ugha djrh gsa] dkiqh vf/d (46-5 izfr'kr) gsa fdlh Hkh rjg ds xhkzfujks/ ds rjhds dk blrseky djus okyh efgykvksa esa efgyk laca/h izfrorhz xhkzfujks/d fu;a=kd dk blrseky djus okyh Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dk izfr'kr vkerksj ij de (32-8 izfr'kr) gsa 7-18 ;s fu"d"kz è;ku vkdf"kzr djrs gsa% D;ksafd cgqr de efgyk,a izfrorhz xhkzfujks/u dk mi;ksx djrh gsa vksj tc os larku dks tue nsuk 'kq: djrh gsa rc mudk bl ckr ij cgqr de fu;a=k.k gksrk gs fd os dc lurku izkir djsa] vfirq mugsa bl ij rhkh fu;a=k.k izkir gksrk gs

126 108 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 tc muds cpps isnk gksuk can gks tkrs gsaa bldk fdlh efgyk ds thou ds vu; vkjfehkd egroiw.kz im+koksa ij Hkh le; ls igys vlj im+ ldrk gs_ mnkgj.kkfkz] efgyk,a jkstxkj ds osls volj izkir ugha dj ldrha tsls iq#"k izkir djrs gsaa LokHkkfod :i ls ;s egroiw.kz iz'u gsa tks blls lacaf/r gas fd fdruh oklrfod {kerk efgykvksa dks izkir gsµd;k os viuh lhfer ilanksa dk p;u djrh gsa ;k mu ij eksu lgefr nsrh gsaµijarq ;s xgurj lokykr bl vè;k; ds fo"k; {ks=k ls ijs ds gsaa 7-19 nwljk mi;qdr :i ls izlrqr fd;k x;k fu"d"kz mu efgykvksa ds izfr'kr dks fn[kkrk gs tks dkedkth gsa (lkj.kh 1 dh 9oha iafdr) ftlesa le; ds lkfk fxjkov vkbz gs (o"kz 2005&06 esa jkstxkj esa vk jgh efgykvksa dk izfr'kr 36 izfr'kr ls de gksdj 2015&16 esa 24 izfr'kr jg x;k)a bl ij yack vksj fookfnr lkfgr; gs fd D;k ;g fxjkov prk dk dkj.k gs ;k le; chrus vksj fodkl gksus ds lkfk ;g vius&vki lq/j tk,xka xksfymu vksj vu; (1995) }kjk,d vf/d lkeku; izfø;k dk myys[k fd;k x;k gs ftlesa fodkl ds lanhkz esa efgyk Je 'kfdr dh Hkkxhnkjh dks ysdj U&vkdkj ds O;ogkj dh ckr dgh xbz gsa Hkkjr bl U ds fxjrs #[k ij gs ysfdu rqyuh; ns'kksa ds eqdkcys vf/d csgrj ugha gsa 7-20 vkiw r i{k ds ekspsz ij] iq:"kksa dh vk; vf/d gksus ls efgykvksa dks Je cy ls ckgj fudyus dk volj fey tkrk gs vksj bl rjg dke djus ds dyad ls cp tkrh gsa_ efgykvksa ds mpprj f'k{kk ds Lrj Hkh mugsa [kkyh odr vksj dk;z&fhkuu xfrfof/;ksa esa yxs jgus dk volj nsrs gsa vksj ;s lc efgyk Je 'kfdr esa mudh Hkkxhnkjh dks de dj nsrs gsa (HkYyk vksj dksj] 2011_ dsilkwl] 2014_ dyslu] 2015)A ekax i{k ds ekspz ij] Ñf"k ds e'khuhdj.k ds dkj.k Hkkjrh; Ñf"k ds <kapkxr ifjorzu ds ifj.kkelo:i efgyk Ñf"k Jfedksa dh ekax de gks tkrh gs (pvthz vksj vu;] 2015_ esgjks=kk vksj vu;] 2017)A izek.k bl ckr dk Hkh ladsr nsrs gsa fd,slh uksdfj;ka vi;kzir gsa tks efgyk,a djuk pkgsaxh&fu;fer] va'kdkfyd uksdfj;ka tks efgykvksa dks lrr~ vkenuh eqgs;k djk, vksj dke ds lkfk ikfjokfjd fteesnkfj;ksa dks Hkh fuhkkus dk volj nsa&vksj bl rjg ds {ks=k Hkh de gsa tgka efgyk dkexkj vkuk pkgsaxh (duu.k vksj johanzu] 2012_ pkan vksj JhokLro] 2014) ;g flfkfr vksj lqj{kk laca/h ljksdkjksa,oa prkvksa vksj?kjsyw dk;ks±,oa cppksa vksj cm+ksa dh ns[kjs[k dks ysdj cus lkekftd ekinam efgykvksa dh vkoktkgh vksj osrfud dk;z esa mudh Hkkxhnkjh dks ckfèkr djrs gsa (ikams vksj vu;] 2016_ fizykeu] 2017)A 7-21 varr%] vafre larku dk ysafxd vuqikr efgykvksa ds fo#¼ tkrk gs vksj vu; ns'kksa ds eqdkcys ;g o"kz 2015&16 esa 9-5 izfr'krkad de FkkA ;g finys n'kd esa xfr#¼ Hkh jgk gsa iq=k dh pkg rfkk vksj vfèkd iq=kksa dh pkg ls lacaf/r Hkkx esa bl fu"d"kz ds izhkko ij folrkj ls ppkz dh xbz gsa D;k dksbz lekfhklj.k izhkko gs\ 7-22?kjksa ij fd;k x;k nwljk ewy;kadu ;g ns[kus ds fy, gs fd D;k yx fo"k;d ladsrdksa esa Hkkjr vksj vu; ns'kksa] nksuksa esa] /u ds lkfk lq/kj nsrk gsa 3 lkj.kh 2 ifj.kkeksa dk lkjka'k nsrh gs (vuqca/ 1 bl fo'ys"k.k esa iz;qdr izrhixeu lehdj.k dk C;kSjk nsrk gsa) 7-23 izrhdkred ns'k dk laink xq.kkad dkwye 1 esa fn;k x;k gs tks izfrn'kz esa izrhdkred ns'k esa laxr fyax ladsrd ij laifùk esa 1 ;wfuv o`f¼ ds izhkko dks n'kkzrk gsa mnkgj.k ds fy,] iafdr 1 n'kkzrh gs fd ;fn vkslr ns'k esa laifùk esa 1 ;wfuv dh o`f¼ gksrh gs rks vius LokLF; ds laca/ esa fu.kz; ysus okyh efgykvksa dh la[;k esa 5-5 izfr'kr vadksa dh o`f¼ gksrh gsa dkwye 2 n'kkzrk gs fd Hkkjr esa] laifùk esa 1 ;wfuv o`f¼ gksus ij LokLF; laca/h ekeyksa esa fu.kz; ysus okyh efgykvksa dh la[;k esa iqu% 4-7 izfr'kr dh o`f¼ gksxha dkwye 3 n'kkzrk gs fd laifùk esa 1 ;wfuv dh o`f¼ gksus ij Hkkjr esa laiw.kz izhkko esa dqy 10-2 izfr'kr vadksa ( ) dh o`f¼ gksrh gsa ;s ;qfuv o`f¼;ka ekud fopyu ds lanhkz esa gsa 7-24 lkj.kh 2 esa n'kkz;k x;k egroiw.kz ifj.kke ;g gs fd 17 esa ls 15 ekeyksa esa izrhdkred ns'k dh rqyuk 3 Mh,p,l@,u,iQ,p,l 4 }kjk iznku fd, x, /u dkjd laca/h Ldksj ls ifjokj dk /u dkjd fy;k tkrk gsa ;g Ldksj LokfeRo okyh ifjleifr;ksa dh la[;k vksj izdkj ij vk/kfjr gksrk gsa O;fDrxr Lrj ij vkslr /u dk eki iznku djrs gq,] ifjokj ds vkdkj ls Hkkx nsdj ifjokj ds vkdkj ds laca/ esa bl /u dkjd dks lkeku;hñr fd;k tkrk gsa

127 du;k ugha] iq=k pkfg,% D;k fodkl gh bl lel;k dk lek/ku gs\ 109 fyax vk;ke rkfydk 2% leink dk izhkko fof'k"v eqn~ns (efgykvksa dh izfrfø;k) (1) vu; ns'kksa ds fy, /u $ dk izhkko (%) (2) Hkkjr esa /u $ dk vfrfjdr izhkko (%) (3) = (1) +(2) Hkkjr esa /u $ dk dqy izhkko (%) 1 {kerk Lo;a ds LokLF; ds ckjs esa fu.kz; ysus esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k {kerk cm+h?kjsyw [kjhn ds ckjs esa fu.kz; ds fy, tkus 'kkfey fd;k x;k {kerk ifjokj vksj lacaf/;ksa ls feyus tkus ds fu.kz;ksa esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k {kerk Lo;a dh vk; ds ckjs esa fu.kz; ysus esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k {kerk xhkz fujks/ ds ckjs esa fu.kz; fy, tkus esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k eukso`fùk iq=kksa dh rqyuk esa vf/d vfkok mruh gh iqf=k;ksa dh bpnk j[kuk eukso`fùk iruh ds lkfk ekjihv cnkz'r ugha djuk fu"d"kz izfrorhz xhkzfujks/d dk mi;ksx] ;fn xhkzfujks/d dh dksbz i¼fr dk mi;ksx dj jgh gs fu"d"kz fu;ksftr # fu"d"kz 'kkjhfjd Je brj {ks=kksa esa fu;ksftr # fu"d"kz ifr ls vf/d vfkok cjkcj dh vk; fu"d"kz f'kf{kr # fu"d"kz 'kkjhfjd vfkok HkkoukRed mrihm+u dk vuqhko ugha djuk fu"d"kz ;ksu mrihm+u u fd;k tkuk fu"d"kz igys cpps ds tue ds le; ekè; vk;q ** fu"d"kz izfke fookg ds le; ekè; vk;q ** fu"d"kz vkf[kjh lurku dk fyax vuqikr (izfr 100 tueksa ij csvh dh la[;k) ** ifjokj leink esa 1 izfr'kr dh o`f¼ ds lkfk ;g la[;k Ldksj esa gq, lq/kj dks n'kkzrh gsa ** o"kz 1998&99 ds fy, vkslr vk;q # bu vk;keksa dks 15&49 o"kz dh vk;q ds chp dh lhkh efgykvksa ds lewg ds laca/ esa vkdfyr fd;k x;k gsa vu; lhkh vk;keksa dks 15 vksj 49 o"kz dh vk;q ds chp dh fookfgr efgykvksa ds laca/ vkdfyr fd;k tkrk gsa bugsa vuqyxud&1 esa ifjokj Lrj ij vkdfyr lehdj.k ls izkir fd;k x;k gsa o"kks± dh la[;k dks iznf'kzr djus okyh iafdr 15 vksj 16 esa nh xbz la[;kvksa dks NksM+dj] lhkh la[;k,a vkslr vkdfyr laca/ ls izfr'kr fcunq vurjky dks iznf'kzr djrh gsaa $ eksvs v{kjksa esa Nih la[;k,a lkaf[;dh; :i ls egroiw.kz gsaa lzksr% Mh,p,l vksj,u,iq,p,l vkadm+ksa ij vk/kfjr losz{k.k vkdyu esa Hkkjr esa laifùk ds izfr fyax ladsrd vf/d laosnh gas (dkwye 2 esa 17 esa ls 16 xq.kkad /ukred gsa) 4 A ;g n'kkzrk gs fd ; fi Hkkjr fodkl dky esa ihns gs] ijurq ;g vis{kk dh tk ldrh gs fd ifjokjksa dh laifùk esa o`f¼ gksus ls ;g vu; ns'kksa ds led{k vk ldrk gsa 5] ;g nz"vo; gs fd dsoy nks ekeys tgka,slk vfhklj.k izhkko ugha fn[krk vksj tgka Hkkjr fodkl ds nksj esa Hkh (tgka Hkkjr esa /u dk izhkko LraHk 3 esa Í.kkRed gs) finm+rk izrhr gksrk gs efgyk jkstxkj vksj vafre larku ds yx ls lacaf/r gsaa vafre larku ds ym+dh gksus 4,d dsfo,v ;g gs fd ;gka ekih xbz laink dh bdkbz lkisf{kd gs u fd fujis{k rkfd os lhkh ns'kksa esa laink esa rqyukred o`f¼ u n'kkz,a 5 Li"V :i ls dgs rks] ;g vfhklj.k izhkko rhkh cjdjkj jgsxk ;fn uewus esa fn, le`¼ ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa Hkkjr dk leink xq.kkad vf/d gksa ;g lr; lkfcr gksrk gs vksj lkaf[;dh; :i ls egriow.kz gs (ifj.kke lwfpr ugha# fd, x,)a 6 dqn ekeyksa esa] Hkkjr dk fu"iknu vu; ns'kksa ls vlokhkkfod :i ls csgrj izrhr gks ldrk gs (vuqfø;kredrk ds :i esa)] D;ksafd dfri; pjksa dk Lrj nwljs ns'kksa esa vfèkdre lhek ds ikl gks ldrk gs] ftlls muds fy, /u c<+us ds lkfk lq/kj dh ekewyh ;k 'kwu; xqatkb'k jg tkrh gsa

128 110 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 85 fp=k 3% Hkkjrh; jkt;ksa esa vkslr yx Ldksj Score in BR RJ MP UK WB OD JK CG GJ JH KA UP HR AP Improvement TR HP KL PB AS AR MH TN Deterioration MZ MN SK GA NA MG DL Score in lzksr%,u,iq,p,l 4 MkVk ij vk/kfjr losz{k.k x.kuk,aa dh de la[;k dk dkj.k iq=k pkgr vksj iq=k ds ckn iq=k pkgr fo"k;d [kamksa esa vf/d folrkj ls crk;k x;k gsa Hkkjrh; jkt;ksa dk fu"iknu 7-26 Hkkjrh; jkt;ks a dk,d&nwljs ds laca/ es a vksj fodkl ds muds Lrj ds laca/ esa fu"iknu dslk gs\ bl ij dqn izdk'k Mkysa rks ;g irk yx tk,xk fd Hkkjrh; jkt;ksa dk fu"iknu lhkh vk;keksa esa vkslr 7 jgk gsa fp=k 3 nks ckj dh vof/;ksa esa izr;sd jkt; ds vkslr fu"iknu dks n'kkzrk gsa ;s ifjorz'khy?kvd bl izdkj ekis x, gsa fd vf/dre Ldksj 100 izfr'kr gksa 2005&06 esa jkt;ksa ds Ldksj x&v{k vksj 2015&16 esa jkt;ksa ds Ldksj y&v{k ij gas vksj 45&fMxzh dh js[kk le;karjky esa xfr'khyrk le>us esa ennxkj gsa iwokszrrj jkt;ksa dks uhys jax ls n'kkz;k x;k gsa lhkh vu; jkt;ksa dks yky jax ls n'kkz;k x;k gsa 7-27 blls dqn isvuz mhkjrs gsaa lhkh jkt; (fnyyh dks viokn ekurs gq,) 45&fMxzh dh js[kk ls Åij gsa ftlls igys ds ifj.kke js[kkafdr gksrs gsa fd le; xqtjus ds lkfk&lkfk lq/kj Hkh gqvk gsa njvly] ;gka ^^vfhklj.k** izhkko Hkh gs] D;ksafd finyh vof/ esa detksj fu"iknd jkt; le; ds lkfk&lkfk vius Ldksj esa cgqr lq/kj dj ysrs gsa (voryh; Nksj ds MkWV Å/oZ dksus ij flfkr fcunqvksa dh rqyuk esa 45&fMxzh dh js[kk ds Åij cgqr vf/d gn rd pys x, gsa)a 7-28 f}rh;r%] vf/dka'k esa iwokszùkjh jkt; (f=kiqjk vksj v#.kkpy izns'k dks viokn ekudj) rfkk xksok iwokszùkj ds prqfkk±'k esa gsa] ftlls bafxr gksrk gs fd os lhkh gj le; csgrjhu fu"iknd jgs gsaa buds ckn dsjy csgrjhu fu"iknd jkt; gs aa fiqlm~mh fu"iknd jkt; fcgkj] jktlfkku] eè; izns'k] mùkj izns'k] >kj[kam vksj vk'p;ztud :i 7 izr;sd jkt; dk Ldksj izkir djus ds fy,] ekufldrk],tsalh vksj fu"d"kz ds ifjorzu'khy?kvdksa esa ls izr;sd?kvd dh jkt;okj izfr'kr dh x.kuk igys dh tkrh gsa mez&laca/h ifjorzu'khy?kvdksa (igys fookg ds le; mez vksj igys iztuu ds le; ij mez) ds fy,] jkt;&lrjh; vkslr vk;q dh x.kuk dh tkrh gs vksj LohMu esa fookg dh vksj izfke iztuu vkslr mez ds vk/kj ij lkeku;hdj.k fd;k tkrk gs (Øe'k% 33 o"kz,oa 29 o"kz)a Je cy esa efgykvksa dh izfr'krrk ds fy, orzeku U;wure ekunam efgyk vkcknh ds 72 izfr'kr ij fu;r fd;k tkrk gs tks LohMu esa efgyk Je cy dh fgllsnkjh dk jk"vªh; vkslr gs] vksj bl izdkj Hkkjrh; mùkj lkeku; cuk fn, tkrs gsaa

129 du;k ugha] iq=k pkfg,% D;k fodkl gh bl lel;k dk lek/ku gs\ fp=k 4- yx Ldksj cuke 2015 esa Hkkjrh; jkt;ksa ds fy, izfr O;fDr vk; Score SK GA NA MG MZ TR PB KL MN AS AR HP UK WB DL JK MH OD TN GJ CG UP JH KA RJ HR MP AP BR lzksr%,u,iq,p,l 4 vk/kfjr losz{k.k vuqeku vksj lh,lvks MkVk Log Real Per Capita Income ls vka/z izns'k gsaa fnyyh dk fu"iknu oklrfod :i ls,d n'kd esa cnrj gqvk gs] vksj 2005&06 esa mppre vad ikus okys ds :i esa bldk LFkku uhps vk x;k gs (2005&06 esas 73 ls fxjdj 2015&16 esa 70-9 jg x;k gs)a 7-29 varr%] pwafd ls¼kafrd :i ls iw.kk±d 100 gs] var% Hkkjrh; jkt;ksa dh mudh vf/dre lhek ls nwjh ekih tk ldrh gsa cnrj Hkkjrh; izkirkad 57-6 (fcgkj) gs vksj mppre izkirkad 81 (flfdde) gsa vf/dka'k Hkkjrh; jkt; 55 vksj 65 ds chp Ldksj dj jgs gsa (lhek ls djhc 40 izfr'kr nwj)a Hkkjrh; jkt;ksa dks ls¼kafrd lhek rd igqapus ds fy, dqn nwjh ikj djuh gksxha 7-30 fp=k 4 esa izfr O;fDr vk; ds ykwx ds izfr 2015 esa Hkkjrh; jkt;ksa ds fy, yx Ldksj n'kkz;k x;k gs] vksj bl izdkj] ;g lwfpr fd;k x;k gs fd ^^fodkl dky** esa jkt; dslk fu"iknu dj jgs gsaa ;gka] iwokszrrj jkt;ksa ds vk; Lrjksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq,] budk yx Ldksj dgha vf/d vpnk gsa (os viuh lokzsùke flfkfr ls dgha T;knk csgrj gsa) nwljh vksj] viuh vk; ds Lrjksa ds fglkc ls] vka/z izns'k] gfj;k.kk vksj fcgkj rfkk rfeyukmq us vpnk ifj.kke ugha n'kkz;k gsa iq=k gh pkfg,% tue ij fo"ke yxkuqikr 7-31 iq=k dh pkg ls tqm+k ekeyk leiw.kz Hkkjrh; lekt ds fy, fopkj dk fo"k; gsa D;ksafd ;g,d nhz?kdkfyd,sfrgkfld pquksrh gs blfy, dksbz vdsyk O;fDr blds vflrro vksj blds fujkdj.k ds fy, mùkjnk;h ugha gsa fp=k 5 izfr O;fDr thmhih ds muds Lrj ds eqdkcys 1970 vksj 2014 esa muds tue vk/kfjr yxkuqikr (,lvkjch) n'kkzrk gsa Hkkjr rfkk phu vojksg js[kk ls cgqr Åij gsa ftlls ;g ladsr izkir gksrk gs fd fodkl Lrjksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, efgykvksa dh rqyuk esa iq:"kksa dh la[;k vf/d gsa 7-32 tsfod :i ls izkd`frd <ax ls tue ds le; fyxkauqikr izfr efgyk dh rqyuk esa 1-05 iq#"k gsa 8 blls dksbz Hkh egroiw.kz fopyu ekuoh; glr{ksi&fo'ks"k:i ls fyax p;u xhkzikr ds dkj.k gksrk gsa phu ds ekeys esa],d larku uhfr ds vurdj.k esa iq=k dh pkg ds lkfk vurjfø;k gksus ls fyaxkuqikr dks vksj cnrj dj fn;k]

130 112 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 fp=k 5% tue ds le; yxkuqikr vksj izfro;fdr oklrfod vk; (1970,oa 2014)% varjjk"vªh; rqyuk Males per Thousand Females NP CN IND BD KR PKNP BD PK IND TR LK CN JP BR US TR Log Real Per Capita Income KR J US lzksr% fo'o fodkl ladsrd vksj isuu oymz VscYl tks 1970 esa 1070 ls c<+dj 2014 esa 1156 gks x;ka bl vof/ ds nksjku] Hkkjr dk fyaxkuqikr Hkh fcuk,d larku uhfr ds egroiw.kz :i ls 1060 ls 1108 gks x;k gs tcfd ;fn fodkl us fdlh mik; dh Hkkafr dk;z fd;k gksrk] tks blls ysafxd vuqikr esa lq/kj gksuk pkfg, FkkA 7-33 fp=k 6 Hkkjr ds fofhkuu jkt;ksa esa 1991 vksj 2011 esa yxkuqikr n'kkzrk gsa ;g è;kukd"kzd gs fd yxkuqikr esa lkeku; ÅèoZeq[kh xfr gs vksj izrhixeu js[kk ÅèoZeq[kh :i ls frjnh gs tks vk;,oa yxkuqikr ds chp udkjkred lglaca/ dk lwpd gs (fodkl dky esa cnrj gksrk gqvk) iatkc vksj gfj;k.kk dk fu"iknu lokzf/d eezli'khz gs tgka yxkuqikr (0&6 o"kz esa) izfr 1000 fl=k;ksa ij 1200 iq:"k rd igqap jgk gs Hkys gh ;s nksuksa jkt; le`¼re jkt;ksa esa ls gsaa 7-34 vusd n'kd iwoz] lsu (1990) us] ym+dksa dh rqyuk esa ym+fd;ksa ds fo"ke vuqikr ij è;ku nsrs gq,] ;g vuqeku yxk;k Fkk fd fo'o esa yxhkx 100 fefy;u efgyk,a xqe'kqnk gsa (dsoy Hkkjr esa rdjhcu 40 fefy;u) A bldk eq[; dkj.k pq unk xhkzikr ds lkfk&lkfk tueksùkj du;k larku dh mis{kk gsa 7-35 lsu (1990) vksj,amjlu,oa js (2010] 2012) }kjk vaxhñr iz.kkyh dk mi;ksx djrs gq,] Hkkjr esa xqe'kqnk efgykvksa dk dqy LVkWd rfkk izokg v ru gsa xqe'kqnk efgykvksa dh la[;k 2014 esa yxhkx 63 fefy;u gs rfkk 2 fefy;u ls vf/d efgyk,a fofhkuu vk;q lewgksa esa izfr o"kz xqe'kqnk gks tkrh gsa (fyax vkèkkfjr xhkzikr] jksx] mis{kk ;k vi;kzir iks"k.k ds dkj.k)a iq=k ^^vr;f/d** pkg% vafre larku vksj ^^vokafnr** ym+fd;ksa dk yxkuqikr 7-36 ; fi Hkzw.k xhkzikr ds tfj, lfø; yx ojh;rk O;kid :i ls izpyu esa gs] rfkkfi iq=k dh pkg lw{erj :i esa Hkh izdv gks ldrh gsa ekrk&firk iq=kksa dh okafnr la[;k izkir gksus rd larku mrifùk tkjh j[kuk ilan dj 8 fodkl dh n`f"v ls uj cppksa esa uotkr dky esa thfor cps jgus dh lahkkouk ekewyh :i ls derj gksrh gs] vksj blhfy, mudk tue ekewyh mpprj nj ij gksrk gsa dqy feykdj] blls ;g lqfuf'pr gksrk gs fd fiq'kj ds fl¼kurkuqlkj] o;ld vof/ esa fyaxkuqikr 1%1 gsa

131 du;k ugha] iq=k pkfg,% D;k fodkl gh bl lel;k dk lek/ku gs\ 113 Boys Per Thousand Girls TR fp=k 6% Hkkjrh; jkt;ksa dk yxkuqikr (0&6 o"kz) vksj oklrfod vk; BR RJ UP GJ BR MP TN MH HP KA OD KL MN AP WB AS AR MG UP PB HR MP MN OD JH TR AS CG RJ JK WB GA lzksr% Hkkjr dh tux.kuk vksj Hkkjrh; fjtoz csad MG DL AR PB GJ AP KA Log Real Per Capita Income UK MH HP TN KL HR DL GA ldrs gsaa ;g iq=k ^^dh vr;f/d** pkg dgykrh gsa iq=k ^^vr;f/d** pkg&hkys gh ;g fyax&vk/kfjr xhkzikr esa ifj.kkeh ugha gksrk&fiqj Hkh ;g efgyk larku ds ekeys esa fu.kkz;d gks ldrk gs D;ksafd ;g muds fy, vis{kkd`r de lalk/uksa dh miyc/rk esa ifjyf{kr gks ldrk gsa (t;kpanzu vksj ikams] 2017) tks egroiw.kz ckr è;ku nsus dh gs] og ;g gs fd ek=k bl izdkj dh fyax ojh;rk ls tue ds le; ;k lexz :i ls fyax vuqikr fo"ke ugha gksxka vr% iq=k dh ^^esvk** pkg dk irk yxkus gsrq dksbz nwljk mik; visf{kr gsa,d,slk ladsrd] tks bl pkg dk irk yxkus dh lahkkouk j[krk gs] og vafre larku dk fyax vuqikr (,lvkj,ylh) gsa vafre larku fyax vuqikr esa gh iq=kksa dh pkg dk :>ku ym+dksa i{k esa fn[kkbz nsxka nwljh vksj] 1-05%1 ds lehi,lvkj,ylh dk vk'k; ;g gksxk fd larku isnk djrs jgus dk ekrk&firk dk fu.kz; csvk ;k csvh ds :i esa finys tue ls lglaca¼ ugha gsa ifjokj okafnr la[;k esa iq=kksa dh izkfir gksus rd larku mrifùk esa yxs jgrs gsaa bl izdkj dk iztuu fojke fu;e fo"ke ysafxd vuqikrksa esa ifj.kkeh gksxk ijarq bldh fn'kk,a fhkuu gks ldrh gsa% vafre larku ym+dk gksus ij] iq#"kksa ds i{k esa] ijarq vafre larku ym+dk u gksus ij] efgykvksa ds i{k esa] (Hkkjr ds laca/ esa uhps nks isuy ns[ksa)a tgka,slk iztuu fojke fu;e ugha gs] ogka ysafxd vuqikr 1-05 gksxk vksj bl ckr dk dksbz izhkko ugha gksxk fd larku vafre gs ;k ughaa 7-37 Hkkjr us fyax p;u [izloiwoz usnkfud rduhd (ih,umhvh) vf/fu;e] 1994 ds dk;kzuo;u ds tfj,] dks dkuwuh :i ls oftzr djus ds ckn] tue ds le; vius fyax vuqikr esa flfkjrk ns[kh] ; fi ;g mpp Lrj ij Fkh (vuqca/ II ns[ksa)a rfkkfi] ;g Li"V ugha gs fd D;k ;g lkekftd rjthgksa esa ifjorzu ls lahko gqvk ;k fyax tkap izks ksfxdh ds l'kdr ljdkjh fofu;eu ds dkj.k lahko gqvka,lvkj,ylh blds ewy dkjdksa dks le>us rfkk mudk fo'ys"k.k djus esa gekjh csgrj enn djrk gsa (;w vksj vu;] 2016) 7-38 fp=k 7 esa Hkkjrh; jkt;ksa ds fy,,lvkjch ds eqdkcys,lvkj,ylh dks n'kkz;k x;k gsa yacor vksj {ksfrftd fcunq js[kk,a iq=k dh pkg jfgr ^^vkn'kz** cspekdz dks izlrqr djrh gsaa es?kky; dh flfkfr vkn'kz gsa blds

132 114 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 fp=k 7% fyax pkg & ^^fod`r** vksj ^^vr;f/d** (izfr gtkj efgykvksa ds eqdkcys iq#"k) TL Ideal SRLC = 1050 DL PB IV HR Sex Ratio at Birth I MG AP GA MZ NG TN TR AS KL MN II AR BH UK UP KA JK JH MH OD SK MP WB CG III RJ GJ HP Sex Ratio of Last Child Ideal SRB = 1050 lzksr%,u,iq,p,l 4 vk/kfjr losz{k.k vkdyu tue ds le; fyax vuqikr vksj vafre larku fyax vuqikr nksuksa csapekdz ds dkiqh fudv gas] o`ùk II vksj o`ùk III esa jkt;ksa] tslsfd dsjy esa fyax p;fur xhkzikrksa dh ijaijk fn[kkbz ugha nsrh gs (D;ksafd tue ds le; muds fyax vuqikr tsfod csapekdz ds dkiqh fudv gsa) ijarq dqn ^^vr;f/d** iq=k dh pkg dks bafxr djrk (ladqfpr,lvkj,ylh)a nwljh vksj] iatkc vksj gfj;k. kk] iq=k dh vr;ar izcy pkg dks n'kkzrs gsa & lexz fyax vuqikr tsfod csapekdz ls dkiqh Åij gsa] vksj vafre larku ds fyax vuqikr esa iq:"k dh la[;k dkiqh vf/d gs] tks ;g n'kkzrk gs fd ekrk&firk ym+dh ds gksus ij iq=k izkfir dh pkg dk R;kx ugha djrs gsaa 7-39 ^^vr;f/d** iq=k pkg fp=k 8d vksj 8[k esa n'kkz;h x;h gsa ck;ha vksj ds lhkh isuy,sls ifjokjksa esa tue ds le; fyax vuqikr dks n'kkzrs gsa ftuesa LVhd :i ls,d ls vf/d larku Fkh (vfkkzr tks igyh larku ds tue ds ckn larku isnk djrs jgs)a blfy,] Hkkjr esa ('kh"kz ck;ka isuy)] LVhd :i ls 1 larku ls vf/d larku isnk djus okys ifjokjksa esa igyh larku dk fyax vuqikr 1-07 gsa blh izdkj] LVhd :i ls 2 larkuksa ls vf/d larku okys ifjokjksa esa nwljh larku dk fyax vuqikr 0-86 gsa 7-40 blds foijhr] fp=k 8[k dk 'kh"kz isuy tue ds Øe esa vafre larku dk fyax vuqikr n'kkzrk gsa Hkkjr ds fy,] igyh larkuksa ds ekeys esa vafre larku fyax vuqikr 1-82 gs] ftlesa 1-05 ds vkn'kz fyax vuqikr dh rqyuk esa ym+dksa dh la[;k dkiqh vf/d gsa LVhd :i ls nks larkuksa okys ifjokjksa esa nwljh larku ds fy, ;g vuqikr fxjdj 1-55 jg tkrk gs vksj vkxs blh izdkj de gksrk tkrk gsa nks isuyksa esa pksadkus okyk varj vr;f/d iq=k dh pkg dh Hkkouk dks lwfpr djrk gsa tc bl varj dh rqyuk bamksusf'k;k (eè; isuy) ds fu"iknu ls dh tkrh gs rc ;g vksj vk'p;zpfdr djrk gs tgka bl rf; dks egro fn, fcuk fd larku vafre gs ;k ugha vksj tue Øe ij è;ku fn, fcuk,lvkj,ylh vkn'kz ds fudv gsa 7-41 ;s fp=k D;k n'kkzrs gsa\ ym+dh isnk gksus okys ifjokjksa dh rqyuk esa ym+dk isnk gksus okys ifjokjksa esa vkxs vksj larku isnk u djus dh lahkkouk vf/d gsa ;g ekrk&firk

133 du;k ugha] iq=k pkfg,% D;k fodkl gh bl lel;k dk lek/ku gs\ 115 fp=k 8d% tue ls fyax vuqikr tc larku vafre u gks fp=k 8[k% tue ls fyax vuqikr tc larku vafre gks 1.80 India 1.82 India Ideal SRB= st Child 2nd Child 3rd Child 4th Child 5th Child 1st Child 2nd Child 3rd Child 4th Child 5th Child 1.80 Indonesia Indonesia Ideal SRB= st Child 2nd Child 3rd Child 4th Child 5th Child 1st Child 2nd Child 3rd Child 4th Child 5th Child 1.80 Indian States 1.86 Indian States Strong Son "Meta" Prefernce States Weak Son "Meta" Preference States Idela SRB = Strong Son "Meta" Preference States Weak Son "Meta" Preference States st Child 2nd Child 3rd Child 4th Child 5th Child 1st Child 2nd Child 3rd Child 4th Child 5th Child lzksr%,u,iq,p,l 4 vk/kfjr losz{k.k x.kuk,a

134 116 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 }kjk vkxs vksj larku isnk u djus ds fy, viuk, tkus okys ^^fojke fu;eksa** dks lq>krk gs & ym+dk isnk gksus rd larku isnk djrs jgks vksj mlds ckn fojkea bl isvuz dk,d ek=k viokn igyh larku ds lanhkz esa gsa,sls ekrk&firk ds ekeyksa esa Hkh] ftudh igyh larku ym+dk gs] vkxs vksj larku isnk djus dh lahkkouk jgrh gs] tks,d fo'kq¼ ifjokj vkdkj rjthg dks izfrfcafcr djrk & Hkkjrh; ekrk&firk vkslru de&ls&de nks larku pkgrs gsaa 7-42 t;kpanzu (2015) esa,slh iq=k pkg ls lacaf/r dkj.kksa dh lwph nh xbz gs] ftuesa ifrlfkkfudrk (fookg ds ckn efgyk dk ifr ds?kj tkuk)] fir`oa'kh;rk (ym+fd;ksa dh ctk; ym+dksa dks laifùk dk glrkarj.k)] ngst (ym+dh gksus ij vfrfjdr vkffkzd cks> ds :i esa ifj.kfr)] ym+ds cq<+kis dk lgkjk vksj ym+dksa }kjk fd, tkus okys vuq"bku@laldkj 'kkfey gasa 7-43 fupys isuy Hkkjrh; jkt;ksa ls lacaf/r gsa] ;s iatkc vksj gfj;k.kk tsls izcy iq=k pkg okys jkt;ksa (yky js[kk) vksj iwokszùkj jkt;ksa (gjh js[kk) tsls de iq=k izcy pkg n'kkzus okys jkt;ksa ds chp varj izdv djrs gsaa ;gka Hkkjrh; jkt;ksa ds chp esa iq=kksa ds fy, izcy iq=k pkg esa iqu% vk'p;ztud varj ekstwn gsa 7-44,slh izcy pkg ^^vokafnr ym+fd;ksa** &,slh ym+fd;ka ftuds ekrk&firk iq=k pkgrs Fks ijarq muds ;gka iq=kh dk tue gqvk] esa o`f¼ djrh gsa ;g vè;k;,slh vuqekur% vkokafnr ym+fd;ksa dk igyk vuqeku izlrqr djrk gsa bldh x.kuk larku isnk djuk can u djus okys ifjokjksa esa csapekdz fyax vuqikr (fcanq js[kk) vksj oklrfod fyax vuqikr ds chp varj ds :i esa dh tkrh gs (fp=k 8d ds ck,a isuy esa_ C;kSjs ds fy, vuqca/ III ns[ksa)a bl rjhds ls vokafnr efgykvksa dh la[;k 21 fefy;u 9 csbrh gsa fu"d"kz 7-45 tulkaf[;dh; LokLF; losz{k.k (Mh,p,l) ds cgq pj.kksa vksj jk"vªh; ifjokj LokLF; losz{k.k (,u,iq,p,l) MkVk ds fo'ys"k.k ls irk pyrk gs fd finys 10&15 o"kks± esa] efgykvksa dh {kerk] eukso`fùk vksj fu"d"kz ds 17 lwpdkadksa esa ls 14 esa lq/kj gqvk gsa muesa ls lkr ij] bl izdkj lq/kj gqvk gs fd fodkl ds Lrjksa dh x.kuk djus ds ckn rqyuh; ns'kksa dh flfkfr ds eqdkcys ls Hkkjr dh flfkfr rqyukred ;k dgha T;knk csgrj gsa 7-46 vusd vk;keksa] fof'k"v :i ls jkstxkj vksj izfrorhz xhkzfujks/d ds iz;ksx ij] Hkkjr dks vu; ns'kksa ds leku gksus ds fy, dqn lq/kj djuk im+sxk D;ksafd fodkl Lo;a fdlh mik; ds :i esa fl¼ ugha gqvk gsa 7-47 mrlkgo/zd <+x ls] fyax fu"d"kz lekfhk:irk isvuz n'kkzrs gsaa buesa leku flfkfr okys ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa Hkkjr esa laink ds lkfk&lkfk bruk lq/kj gks jgk gs fd ihns jgus okys {ks=k esa Hkh] le; ds lkfk leku flfkfr esa vkus dh vk'kk dh tk ldrh gsa 7-48 Hkkjr ds Hkhrj vr;f/d fotkrh;rk gs] iwokszùkj jkt; (ckfd ns'k ds fy, vkn'kz) vu; jkt;ksa dh rqyuk esa yxkrkj csgrj fu"iknu dj jgs gsa vksj bldk dkj.k ;g ugha gs fd os vf/d laiuu gsa_ Hkhrjh jkt; ihns NwV jgs gsa ijarq vk'p;z dh ckr ;g gs fd nf{k.k Hkkjr ds dqn jkt; muds fodkl Lrjksa ds vuqlkj lq>k, x, Lrjksa ls dkiqh de fu"iknu dj jgs gsaa 7-49 D;ksafd ;g pquksrh lfn;ksa ls pyh vk jgh gs] blfy, dksbz,d i{k bl lel;k ds isnk gksus ;k bldk lek/ku djus ds fy, fteesnkj ugha gsa ysafxdrk ds lanhkz esa] lexz rksj ij lekt&flfoy lkslkbvh] leqnk;] ifjokj&dks (vksj u fd fliqz ljdkj dks) lkekftd izkfkfedrkvksa] ;gka rd fd vf/d iq=kksa dh pkg ij fopkj djuk pkfg,] tks fodkl ls vc vizhkkfor fn[kkbz nsrh gsa efgykvksa vksj iq#"kksa ds izfrdwy fyax vuqikr ds dkj.k ^^xqe'kqnk** efgykvksa dh la[;k 63 fefy;u gks xbz gsa ysfdu vf/d iq=kksa dh pkg iztuu&{kerk jksdus ds fu;eksa esa Hkh izfrfcafcr gks ldrh gs tks finyh larku ds fyax ij vk/kfjr gs vksj tks lahkor% ^^vokafnr** du;kvksa dks tue nsrh gs] ftudh la[;k yxhkx 21 fefy;u vkdfyr dh xbz gsa tkfgj gs] ;gka rd fd dukmk esa Hkh fyax vuqikr esa vlekurk Hkkjrh; ewy ds ifjokjksa dh fo'ks"krk gs (Jhfuoklu] 2017)A 7-50 bu voyksduksa dks è;ku esa j[kdj] ns'k vksj lhkh fgr/kjdksa dks f'k{kk vksj jkstxkj ds {ks=k esa efgykvksa 9 ;g orzeku tula[;k esa 0&25 vk;q oxz ds fy, vokafnr efgykvksa dh la[;k gsa

135 du;k ugha] iq=k pkfg,% D;k fodkl gh bl lel;k dk lek/ku gs\ 117 ds fy, miyc/ mùkjksùkj voljksa esa egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkkuh gsa viuh egroiw.kz Hkwfedk dks le>rs gq,] ljdkj us csvh cpkvks csvh i<+kvks vksj lqdu;k le`f¼ ;kstuk Ldhesa 'kq: dh gsaa ljdkj us lkoztfud vksj futh {ks=k esa fu;ksftr efgykvksa ds fy, 26 gýrs ds ekr`ro vodk'k dks Hkh vfuok;z dj fn;k gsaa blds vykok] 50 ls vf/d dezpkfj;ksa okys izr;sd dk;kzy; esa vc Øsp dh lqfo/k iznku djuk vfuok;z gsa bl laca/ esa fodkl dh izcy rkdrksa vksj lkald`frd ekudksa okys vvy mn~s';ksa ds chp bl vleku izfrli/kz esa] iwoz okys ds fy, bls iznku dh tk ldus okyh iw.kz uhfrxr lgk;rk vko';d gksxh vksj rri'pkr bls fdlh vu; enn dh vko';drk gksxha 7-51 ftl izdkj Hkkjr O;kikj djus dh ljyrk lalwpdksa dh jsad esa Åij c<+us ds izfr izfrc¼ gs] dnkfpr bldks fyax laca/h okafnr ifj.kkeksa dks gkfly djus gsrq Bhd oslh gh izfrc¼rk j[kuh gksxha ;gka] y{; O;kid gksuk pkfg,a cgqr ls fyax laca/h ifj.kke xgu lkekftd izkfkfedrkvksa dks tkfgj djrs gsa] ym+dksa dks vr;f/d rjthg nsus ds iqylo:i] dbz efgyk,a ^^xqe'kqnk** gsa vksj ym+fd;ka ^^vokafnr** gks xb±a vr% lexz :i ls Hkkjrh; lekt dks pkfg, fd,d ladyi fy;k tk,&var%dj.k fuezy gks lds] blds fy, lekt dks vhkh cgqr dqn djuk gs&rkfd tyn gh ;s dqfrlr fopkj bfrgkl cu tk,aa REFERENCES Aguirre, D., et al. Empowering the third billion: Women and the world of work in Booz and Company (2012). Anderson, Siwan, and Debraj Ray. Missing women: age and disease. The Review of Economic Studies 77.4 (2010): Anderson, Siwan, and Debraj Ray. The age distribution of missing women in India. Economic and Political Weekly (2012). Beaman, Lori, et al. Powerful women: does exposure reduce bias?. The Quarterly Journal of Economics (2009): Bhalla, Surjit, and Ravinder Kaur. Labour force participation of women in India: some facts, some queries. (2011). Borchorst, Anette, and Birte Siim. Womanfriendly policies and state feminism: Theorizing Scandinavian gender equality. Feminist Theory 9.2 (2008): Brar, Amanpreet, et al. Sex Ratios at Birth Among Indian Immigrant Subgroups According to Time Spent in Canada. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 39.6 (2017): India should focus on women s inclusion in economy: IMF chief at WEF, Business Standard, 23 January, Chand, R. and S. K. Srivastava. Changes in the Rural Labour Market and Their Implications for Agriculture. Economic and Political Weekly 49(10) (2014): Chatterjee, Urmila and Murgai, Rinku and Rama, Martin, Job Opportunities Along the Rural-Urban Gradation and Female Labor Force Participation in India (September 15, 2015). World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No Das, Sonali and Jain-Chandra, Sonali and Kochhar, Kalpana and Kumar, Naresh, Women Workers in India: Why so Few Among so Many? (March 2015). IMF Working Paper No. 15/55. Dollar, David, and Roberta Gatti. Gender inequality, income, and growth: are good times good for women?. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: Development Research Group, The World Bank, Duflo, Esther. Women empowerment and economic development. Journal of Economic Literature 50.4 (2012): Elborgh-Woytek, Katrin, et al. Women, work, and the economy: Macroeconomic gains from gender equity. International Monetary Fund, Fisher, R.A. The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, Clarendon Press, Oxford (1930) Goldin, Claudia. The U-shaped female labor force function in economic development and economic history. No. w4707. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1994.

136 118 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 Guilmoto, Christophe Z. The sex ratio transition in Asia. Population and Development Review 35.3 (2009): Jayachandran, Seema. The roots of gender inequality in developing countries. Economics 7.1 (2015): Jayachandran, Seema, Odds Are You re Measuring Son Preference Incorrectly. Impact Evaluations, World Bank blog, Jayachandran, Seema, and Rohini Pande. Why are Indian children so short? The role of birth order and son preference. American Economic Review (2017): Kannan, K P and G Raveendran. Counting and Profiling the Missing Labor Force. Economic and Political Weekly. 47(6) (2012): Kapsos, Steven, Andrea Silbermann, and Evangelia Bourmpoula. Why is female labour force participation declining so sharply in India?. ILO, 2014 Kevane, Michael, and David I. Levine. The changing status of daughters in Indonesia. Institute for Research on Labor and Employment (2000). Klasen, Stephan, and Janneke Pieters. What explains the stagnation of female labor force participation in urban India?. The World Bank Economic Review 29.3 (2015): Lagarde C., To Boost Growth: Employ More Women. IMF Blog. N. p., Web. Pande, R., J. Johnson and E. Dodge. How to Get India s Women Working? First, Let them out of the House. IndiaSpend, 9 April, (2016). Prillaman, S. A., R. Pande, V. Singh, and C. T. Moore. What Constrains Young Women s Labor Force Participation? Evidence from a Survey of Vocational Trainees. (2017) J-PAL. Ray, Joel G., David A. Henry, and Marcelo L. Urquia. Sex ratios among Canadian liveborn infants of mothers from different countries. Canadian Medical Association Journal(2012): cmaj Sen, Amartya. More Than 100 Million Women Are Missing. The New York Review of Books, www. nybooks.com/articles/1990/12/20/more-than- 100-million-women-are-missing/.(1990) Srinivasan, Sharada. Transnationally Relocated? Sex Selection Among Punjabis in Canada. (2017). Urquia, Marcelo L., et al. Sex ratios at birth after induced abortion. Canadian Medical Association Journal (2016): cmaj Yoo, Sam Hyun, Sarah R. Hayford, and Victor Agadjanian. Old habits die hard? Lingering son preference in an era of normalizing sex ratios at birth in South Korea. Population Research and Policy Review 36.1 (2017): Lawson, Sandra. Women hold up half the sky. Goldman Sachs Economic Research (2008). Loko, Boileau, and Mame Astou Diouf. Revisiting the Determinants of Productivity Growth: What s New? (2009). Mehrotra, Santosh, and Jajati K. Parida. Why is the Labour Force Participation of Women Declining in India?. World Development (2017). Miller, Grant. Women s suffrage, political responsiveness, and child survival in American history. The Quarterly Journal of Economics (2008):

137 a Hkkjr esa fokku vksj izks ksfxdh dk :ikarj.k 08 vè;k; gesa t:jr gs fot; dh,slh Hkkouk dh] tks gesa fo'o esa ml LFkku rd ys tk, ftlds ge vf/dkjh gsa],slh Hkkouk tks ;g Lohdkjs fd ge] ftugsa fojklr esa,d xksjo'kkyh lh;rk feyh gs] bl /jrh ij okdbz ml LFkku ds vf/dkjh gsaa tc og vne; Hkkouk mhkjsxh rks gesa viuk os/ izkjc/ gkfly djus ls dksbz ugha jksd ldsxka fokku vksj izks ksfxdh esa fd, x, uoksues"k fdlh Hkh jk"vª ds nh?kzdkfyd fodkl vksj xfr'khyrk dk vfhkuu vax gksrs gsaa fokku ds vuqlj.k ls ftkklk vksj laokn dh,slh Hkkouk isnk gksrh gs tks vk/qfud] [kqys vksj yksdrkaf=kd lektksa ds fy, cgqr egro j[krh gsa,sfrgkfld n`f"v ls] Hkkjr osf'od fokku vksj izks ksfxdh; miyfc/;ksa esa vius vusd ;ksxnkuksa dk myys[k dj ldrk gsa ysfdu Hkkjr vius fodkl ds Lrj ds lanhkz esa vuqla/ku vksj fodkl ij de [kpz dj jgk gsa vuqla/ku vksj fodkl ij fd;k tkus okyk O;; nksxquk djus dh t:jr gs vksj vf/dka'k o`f¼ futh {ks=k vksj fo'ofo ky;ksa ls vkuh pkfg,a uoksues"k dh og Hkkouk fiqj ls isnk djus ds fy,] tks bls osf'od Lrj ij fokku,oa izks ksfxdh; usr`ro iznku djs &Kku ds fucy mihkksdrk ls gvdj fuoy mriknd cuk,& Hkkjr dks vius ;qok oxz dks fokku vksj xf.kr dh f'k{kk nsus ij è;ku nsuk gksxk] fd, tk jgs vuqla/ku vksj fodkl ds rjhds esa lq/kj ykuk gksxk] futh {ks=k vksj Hkkjrh; tuekul dks lkfk ysdj pyuk gksxk] vksj MkdZeSVj] ftuksfedl] ÅtkZ HkaMkj.k] Ñf"k vksj xf.kr rfkk lkbcj HkkSfrdh ra=k tsls {ks=kksa esa fe'ku izsfjr n`f"vdks.k viukuk gksxka ^^dkjksckj djus esa vklkuh** dh flfkfr dks csgrj cukus ds Hkkjr ds HkkxhjFk iz;klksa ds lkfk&lkfk ^^fokku dk;ks± esa vklkuh** ykus ds Hkh iz;kl fd, tkus gksaxsa µlh-oh- jeu fokku D;ksa 8-1 fokku] izks ksfxdh vksj uoksues"k fdlh Hkh lekt ds fy, lgk;d vksj varfuzfgr egro j[krs gs aa os vkffkzd mriknu vksj lkekftd csgrjh ds eq[; lapkyd gksrs gs aa ysfdu os dqn vksj xgjs dkj.kks a ls Hkh egroiw.kz gksrs gs a% vne; ftkklk okyh oskkfud Hkkouk] rf;ks a vksj lk{;ks a dks nh xbz izkfkfedrk] ;FkkfLFkfr dks pquksrh nsus dh ;ksx;rk] laokn ds ekinamks a dk vuqikyu vksj lansg vksj [kqysiu dks egroa ftkklk dh [kqyh Hkkouk tks fokku dk cqfu;knh fl¼kar gs] og bl le; fo'o Hkj es a [krjukd <ax ls mhkj jgh iqjkru iafkh] /kfezd dv~vjrk vksj ladh.kzrk dh xgjh dkyh Nk;kvks ds fo:¼ lqj{kk dk dke dj ldrh gsa 8-2 tsls&tsls Hkkjr fo'o dh,d lcls cm+h vfkzo;olfkk ds :i esa mhkj jgk gs] osls&osls bls Kku ds fuoy mihkksdrk gksus ls gvdj fuoy mriknd cuus dh t:jr gsa fokku esa blds vusd,sfrgkfld ;ksxnku jgs gsa tks xf.kr ds bfrgkl esa lokzf/d egroiw.kz ;ksxnku&'kwu; dk igyk iz;ksx&tslkfd c['kkyh ikamqfyfi esa crk;k x;k gs (dkczu MsV bzloh 200&400)] ls ysdj vk;zhkv~v] czg~exqir] HkkLdj] laxexzke ds ek/o }kjk fd, x, ;ksxnku rfkk finyh lnh esa lh-oh- jeu],l-,u- cksl] Jhfuokl jkekuqtu tsls fo}kuksa fd, x, 'kkunkj ;ksxnku rd folr`r gsaa

138 120 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m vksj] Lora=k Hkkjr us Hkh vusd miyfc/;ka gkfly dh gsa% ijek.kq ÅtkZ dk;zøe ls ysdj ladj cht dk;zøe tks gfjr Økafr dh cqfu;kn gs vksj varfj{k dk;zøe ftlesa eaxy;ku fe'ku 'kkfey jgk gsa bl fe'ku us fdiqk;rh vksj mpp izks ksfxdh; vuqla/ku djus esa Hkkjr dh fo'ks"kkrk dks js[kkafdr fd;k gsa vhkh gky gh esa] ystj bavjisqjksehvj xzsohvs'kuy&oso vkwctjosvjh (yhxks) iz;ksx esa Hkkjr dh egroiw.kz Hkkxhnkjh (ftlesa rhu eq[; Hkkjrh; vuqla/ku lalfkk,a 'kkfey Fkha) us xq#ro rjaxksa ds vflrro ds ckjs esa vkbalvhu dh Hkfo";ok.kh dks liqyrkiwozd fl¼ fd;ka ;gh ugha] Hkkjr dh osdlhuksa rfkk tsusfjd nokvksa us fo'o Hkj esa yk[kksa yksxksa dh tkusa Hkh cpkbz gsaa 8-4 ysfdu dksbz Hkh ns'k foxr miyfc/;ksa ds lgkjs gh csbk ugha jg ldrka,d vksj rks] oskkfud vuqlaèkku vksj Kku ds folrkj,oa jýrkj dh izpamrk rfkk nwljh vksj] Hkkjr ds ;qokoxz esa bathfu;fjax] esfmflu] izca/u ds dfjvj vksj ljdkjh uksdfj;ksa ds vke rksj ij c<+rs egro dks ns[krs gq,] Hkkjr dks,slk iz;kstu vksj mrlkg fiqj ls txkuk gs tks ;qokvksa dks oskkfud m eksa dh vksj vf/d vkdf"kzr dj ldsa,slk djus ls Hkkjr dh fodkl ls tqm+h lcls cm+h pquksfr;ksa dk lek/ku djus ds fy, Kku laca/h cqfu;kn rks Mkyh gh tk ldsxh] lkfk gh,d lh;] [kqyk lekt Hkh cu ldsxka fokku esa fuos'k djuk Hkkjr dh lqj{kk ds fy, Hkh csgn t:jh gs% bldh vkcknh ds fy, ekuo lqj{kk_ tyok;q ifjorzu ls mhkjus okyh vusdkusd vfuf'prrkvksa dk lek/ku djus ds fy, t:jh leqrfkku'khyrk] vksj lkbcj ;q¼ ls ysdj Mªksu tsls Lok;Ùk lsu; ra=kksa ds dkj.k u, mhkjrs [krjksa ls vkus okyh jk"vªh; lsu; lqj{kk pquksfr;ksa ds lanhkz Hkh vuns[ks ugha fd, tk ldrsa vkxr vksj ifj.kke% dqn lk{; vuqla/ku vksj fodkl O;; 8-5 Hkkjrh; fokku esa fuos'k] ftls vuqla/ku vksj fodkl ij ldy O;; (thbzvkjmh) ds :i esa ekik tkrk gs] esa finys dqn o"kks± esa yxkrkj o`f¼ dk #[k ns[kk x;k gsa thbzvkjmh esa finys n'kd esa vuqekfur lanhkz esa rhu xquk o`f¼ gqbz gs&;g 2004&05 ds 24]117 djksm+ #i, ls c<+dj 2014&15 esa 85]326 djksm+ #i, gks x;k vksj 2016&17 esa vuqekfur 1]04]864 djksm+ #i, gks x;k&vksj oklrfod lanhkz esa ;g nksxquk gks x;k (lkj.kh 1)A rfkkfi] thmhih ds,d va'k ds :i esa] vuqla/ku ij ljdkjh O;; finys nks n'kdksa esa thmhih ds 0-6&0-7 izfr'kr ds chp xfr:¼ jgk gsa ljdkjh O;; dh iz/kurk jgh gs] gkykafd bldk fgllk ldy O;; ds 3@4 ls?kvdj yxhkx 3@5 jg x;k gsa 8-6 ljdkjh fuos'k O;; dk yxhkx 3@5 fgllk ijek.kq ÅtkZ] varfj{k] i`foh fokku vksj izks ksfxdh,oa tsoizks ksfxdh tslh fokku dk foùkiks"k.k djus okyh izeq[k ljdkjh,tsafl;ksa esa yxk gs (lkj.kh 2)A ns'k ds lkeus [km+h LokLF; laca/h Hk;adj pquksfr;ksa dks ns[krs gq,] vkbzlh,evkj dk de vksj olrqr% xfr:¼ ctv cgqr gh de gsa 8-7 vuqla/ku vksj fodkl ij Hkkjr }kjk fd;k tkus okyk O;; (thmhih dk yxhkx 0-6 izfr'kr) izeq[k ns'kksa lkj.kh 1% vuqla/ku vksj fodkl ij O;; (dks"bd esa djksm+ #i, vksj thmhih dk vuqekfur izfr'kr) o"kz vuqla/ku vksj fodkl ij ljdkjh O;; vuqla/ku vksj fodkl ij futh O;; dqy (0.5%) 6039 (0.2%) (0.7%) (0.5%) (0.2%) (0.7%) (0.4%) (0.2%) (0.6%) * (0.4%) (0.3%) (0.7%) lzksr% fokku vksj izks ksfxdh fohkkx_ fo'o csad_ uksv% vuqla/ku vksj fodkl ij ljdkjh O;;=dsUnzh; ljdkjh ea=kky;@fohkkx+ljdkjh {ks=k@la;qdr {ks=k m ksx+jkt; ljdkj+mpprj f'k{kka

139 Hkkjr esa fokku vksj izks ksfxdh dk :ikarj.k 121 lkj.kh 2% izeq[k ljdkjh oskkfud,tsafl;ksa dk O;; (djksm+ #i,),tsalh oskkfud vksj vks ksfxd vuqla/ku ifj"kn (lh,lvkbzvkj) j{kk vuqla/ku vksj fodkl laxbu (MhvkjMhvks) ijek.kq ÅtkZ fohkkx (Mh,bZ) tsoizks ksfxdh fohkkx (MhchVh) fokku vksj izks ksfxdh fohkkx (Mh,lVh) varfj{k fohkkx (Mhvks,l) Hkkjrh; d`f"k vuqla/ku ifj"kn (vkbzlh,vkj) Hkkjrh; fpfdrlk vuqla/ku ifj"kn (vkbzlh,evkj) dqy lzksr% fokku vksj izks ksfxdh fohkkx tsls ;w,l (2-8)] phu (2-1)] btjkby (4-3)] vksj dksfj;k (4-2) ls cgqr de gsa ;g Hkh vn~hkqr ckr gs fd ljdkj vuqla/ku vksj fodkl djus esa fdruh cm+h Hkwfedk fuhkkrh gsa vf/drj ns'kksa esa] Hkys gh ljdkj foùkiks"k.k esa egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkk jgh gks] fiqj Hkh vf/dka'k vuqla/ku vksj fodkl futh {ks=k }kjk fd;k tkrk gsa ysfdu Hkkjr esa ljdkj u fliqz vkj,ammh ds foùkiks"k.k dk gh izeq[k lzksr gs] cfyd ;g bu fuf/;ksa dk izeq[k iz;ksdrk Hkh gs (fp=k 1)A vksj rks vksj] vkj,ammh ij ljdkjh O;; yxhkx iwjh rjg ls dsunz ljdkj }kjk fd;k tkrk gsa jkt; ljdkjksaa }kjk iz;ksx&mueq[kh vkj,ammh] ftldk y{; mudh vfkzo;olfkk vksj vkcknh dh fof'k"v lel;kvksa dk lek/ku gks] ds laca/ esa vf/d O;; fd, tkus dh t:jr gsa 8-8 vuqla/ku esa futh {ks=k }kjk fd;k x;k fuos'k Hkkjr esa ljdkjh fuos'kksa ls cgqr ihns jgk gsa,d fo'ys"k.k (iqksctz] 2017) ds vuqlkj] fo'o Lrj ij 'kh"kz 2500 fp=k 1% o"kz 2015 esa fu"iknudrkz ds fglls ds vuqlkj vkj,ammh ij thbzvkjmh 100% 90% 80% Percentage of GERD 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% India China Germany Korea USA Japan Israel Government Business University Private Non-Profit lzksr% ;wusldks

140 122 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 osf'od vkj,ammh daifu;ksa dh lwph esa 301 phuh daifu;ksa ds eqdkcys esa dsoy 26 Hkkjrh; daifu;ka gsaa 19 iqes± (bu 26 esa ls) dsoy rhu {ks=kksa esa gs&hks"kt] vkwvkseksckby vksj lkývos;ja phu ds foijhr 'kh"kz 10 vkj,ammh {ks=kksa esa ls] 5 esa Hkkjr dh dksbz miflfkfr ugha gs tcfd phu izr;sd {ks=k esa 'kkfey gsa 8-9,d vksj vk;ke esa Hkh Hkkjr fof'k"v gs% blds fo'ofo ky; ns'k ds vuqla/ku dk;zdyki esa vis{kkd`r NksVh Hkwfedk fuhkkrs gsaa vusd ns'kksa esa fo'ofo ky; vuqla/ku ds fy, izfrhkk dk iwy l`ftr djus rfkk mpp Lrjh; vuqla/ku djus esa egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkkrs gsaa ysfdu Hkkjr esa ljdkjh rksj ij foùkiksf"kr vuqla/ ku fofhkuu ljdkjh fohkkxksa ds varxzr fof'k"v vuqla/ku lalfkkvksa esa gh ladsunzr gsa blls fo'ofo ky; eq[;r;k f'k{k.k dh Hkwfedk fuhkkus rd gh lhfer jg tkrs gsa&;g og fu.kz; gs tks 1950 ds n'kd esa fy;k x;k FkkA vc ;g vke rksj ij Lohdkjk tk jgk gs fd ml le; ml fu.kz; ds tks Hkh ykhk jgs gksaxs] vc bl flfkfr us ns'k esa f'k{k.k ds lkfk&lkfk vuqla/ku m e dks Hkh cqjh rjg izhkkfor fd;k gsa 8-10 D;k Hkkjr i;kzir O;; dj jgk gs\ ;g ewy;kadu djus dk,d rjhdk ^^fodkl dky** esa fd, x, vkj,ammh O;; dh rqyuk djuk gks ldrk gs% vfkkzr leku fodkl Lrj ij vu; ns'kksa ds lkfk rqyuk djus ij vkt Hkkjr dgka Bgjrk gs] vksj D;k Hkkjr dk fodkl ifk vkt vu; ns'kksa ds eqdkcys Hkkjr dks ml nksm+ esa 'kkfey gksdj vkxs igqapus nsxka 8-11 fp=k 2 rqyuh; ns'kksa ds lewg ds fy, izfr O;fDr thmhih dh rqyuk esa thmhih ds fglls ds :i esa vkj,. MMh dks fn[kkrk gsa ;g n'kkzrk gs fd Hkkjr,d le; ij izfr O;fDr thmhih ds blh Lrj ij phu tsls ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa thmhih ds izfr'kr ds :i esa vkj,. MMh ij vf/d [kpz dj jgk FkkA vis{kkd`r de eè; vk; okys ns'k ds :i esa ;g vk'p;z dh ckr ugha gs fd Hkkjr dk vkj,.mmh ij [kpz mpp&eè; vk; vksj vf/d vk; okys ns'kksa tsls phu] btjk;y vksj la;qdr jkt; vejhdk ls de gsa rfkkfi] bl le; ;g vius vk; ds Lrj ls Hkh de [kpz dj jgk gsa 8-12 blds vykok] vf/dka'k ns'kksa] fo'ks"k :i ls iwohz,f'k;kbz ns'kksa esa tsls&tsls os vf/d /uh gksrs x,] fp=k 2 thmhih ds izfr'kr ds :i esa vuqla/ku,oa fodkl O;; (fodkl dky esa) Log GDP Per Capita PPP 2011 Dollars China India Israel Japan Korea USA Linear (India) lzksr% ;wusldks] oymz bdukwfed vkmvyqd (MCY;wbZvks)] us'kuy lkbal iqkmams'ku (,u,l,iq)

141 Hkkjr esa fokku vksj izks ksfxdh dk :ikarj.k 123 fp=k 3%,lVhbZ,e esa Hkkjrh; vksj phuh ih,pmh 5,500 5,000 4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, China India lzksr% jk"vªh; fokku iqkmams'ku osls gh phu] tkiku vksj dksfj;k us thmhih ds izfr'kr ds :i esa vkj,.mmh esa vkdfled o`f¼ dh gsa nwljh vksj] Hkkjr ds ekeys esa ekewyh o`f¼ gqbz gsa ;gka rd fd] 2015 esa izfr O;fDr thmhih esa yxkrkj o`f¼ gksus ds ckotwn vkj,.mmh ij fd, x, [kpz esa cm+h fxjkov vkbza viuh orzeku nj ij] tc Hkkjr vejhdk dh rjg /uh gks tk,xk] rc rd og eqf'dy ls thmhih ds 1 izfr'kr ds thbzvkjmh ij gh igqap ldsxka fokku] izks ksfxdh] vfhk;kaf=kdh vksj xf.kr (LVse) esa ih,pmh 8-13 vkj,.mmh ds fy, vu; egroiw.kz buiqv HkyhHkkafr izf'kf{kr dk;zcy gs ftlesa ih,pmh fo kfkhz fo'ks"k Hkwfedk fuhkkrs gsaa Hkkjrh; ih,pmh fo kfkhz ;k rks Hkkjr ;k fiqj fons'k ls viuh fmxzh izkir djrs gsa] fo'ks"k :i ls vejhdk lsa vejhdk esa LVse esa ih,pmh djus okys Hkkjrh; Nk=kksa dh la[;k phuh fo kffkz;ksa dh rqyuk esa vkèkss ls Hkh de lkj.kh 3% vuqla/ku vksj fodkl esa fuos'k] 2015 la-jk- vejhdk bt+jkby phu Hkkjr vkj,am Mh O;; (ihihih fcfy;u Mkyj) ftlesa ls & O;olk; & ljdkj & fo'ofo ky; & futh,uih vkj,am Mh ij O;; (thmhih dk») vuqla/ku izfr fefy;u tula[;k 4,231 8,255 1, lzksr% ;wusldks

142 124 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 gs (fp=k 3)A,slk izrhr gksrk gs fd gky ds o"kks± esa cgqr de Hkkjrh; fo kfkhz bl izdkj dh fmxzh ds fy, ukekadu dj jgs gsa] 'kk;n eklvj fmxzh ds ckn vf/d vkd"kzd fodyiksa ds pyrs vfkok ohtk ds lkfk dk;z djus dh c<+rh pquksfr;ksa ds dkj.ka 8-14 nwljh vksj] Hkkjr esa ih,pmh esas ukekadu dh la[;k c<+ jgh gsa 2015&16 esa Hkkjr esa 126]451 fo kffkz;ksa us ih,pmh dk;zøeksa esa ukekadu djk;k Fkk] ftlesa ls 62 izfr'kr LVse {ks=kksa (,vkb,l,pbz 2015&16) ds FksA ;g o`f¼ iqsyksf'ki dh la[;k vksj izek=kk esa i;kzir o`f¼ (tsls fd vkbzvkbzvh esa iz/kuea=kh vuqla/ku iqsyksf'ki) lfgr ljdkj ds lkewfgd iz;klksa dk ifj.kke gsa gkykafd dqy feykdj] vu; ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa dgha de vuqlaèkkudùkkz gsa (lkj.kh 3)A ifj.kke izdk'ku 8-15 Hkkjr esa izdk'kuksa vksj isvsavksa ij fopkj djus ls Hkkjrh; vuqla/ku dh mrikndrk vksj xq.koùkk dk vkdyu djus esa enn fey ldrh gsa o"kz 2013 esa oskkfud izdk'kuksa esa Hkkjr dk fo'o esa 6oka LFkku FkkA bl jsafdax esa Hkh lq/kj gks jgk gsa 2009&2014 ds chp] okf"kzd izdk'ku o`f¼ yxhkx 14 izfr'kr FkhA,llhvksih;w,l MkVkcsl ds vuqlkj] blls osf'od izdk'kuksa esa Hkkjr dh fgllsnkjh 2009 ds 3-1 izfr'kr ls c<+dj 2014 esa 4-4 izfr'kr gks xbza 8-16 eksvs rksj ij] izdk'ku ds #>kuksa ls ;g izdv gksrk gs fd Hkkjr esa,d egroiw.kz ekid & izdk'ku & ds lanhkz esa fd, x, vkdyu esa viuk fu"iknu esa Øfed :i ls lq/kj jgk gsa rfkkfi] izdk'kuksa esa o`f¼ dk,d udkjkred i{k Hkh gsa,slh vusd if=kdk,a Nius yxh gsa ftuesa eksvk 'kqyd ysdj led{k O;fDr } kjk dh xbz leh{kk&jfgr ikamqfyfi;ksa dk izdk'ku fd;k tkrk gsa mudh la[;k esa cm+h o`f¼ dh izeq[k mrizsjd ^^fu;qfdr ;k inksuufr ds fy, fdlh f'k{kkfon@oskkfud ds vdknfed fu"iknu ds egroiw.kz fu/kzjd ds :i esa vuqla/ku izdk'kuksa dh la[;k ds c<+rs gq, egro }kjk l`ftr ekax gsa** (y[kksfv;k] 2017) 8-17 ijarq izdk'kuksa dh la[;k ds vfrfjdr] xq.koùkk ds #>kuksa (lkj.kh 3 esa cm+h la[;k esa 'kks/ i=kksa ds myys[k ds vuqlkj) esa Hkh /heh o`f¼ gks jgh gsa uspj bamsdl (tks izkd`frd fokku dks doj djrs gq, finys dysamj o"kz esa mpp&lrjh; vuqla/ku ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k ds vk/ kj ij lkjf.k;ka izdkf'kr djrk gs) esa 2017 esa Hkkjr dh jsad 13 FkhA ysfdu Hkkjr vksj vu; nks cm+s ns'kksa ds chp Lrjksa esa dkiqh varj gs vksj 2001 rfkk 2011 ds chp phu esa lq/kj dh nj Hkkjr dh lq/kj nj ls vlk/kj.k :i ls csgrj gs (lkj.kh 4)A isvsav 8-18 ;fn if=kdk izdk'ku fdlh ns'k ds fokku esa dks'ky dks izfrfcafcr djrs gsa] rks isvsav izks ksfxdh esa blds LFkku dks n'kkzrs gsaa MCY;wvkbZihvks ds vuqlkj] Hkkjr fo'o esa 7oka fo'kkyre isvsav iqkbfyax vkfiql gsa 2015 esa] Hkkjr esa] phu (1]101]864)] ;w,l, (589]410)] tkiku (318]721)] dksfj;k x.kjkt; (213]694) vksj tezuh (91]726) dh rqyuk esa 45]658 isvsav iathd`r gq,a rfkkfi] Hkkjr dsoy vkuqøfed dky ds vk/kj ij izfr O;fDr de isvsav dk mriknd ns'k gs (fp=k 4)A lkj.kh 4% phu] Hkkjr vksj ;w,l, esa izdk'ku ifj.kke #>ku o"kz phu Hkkjr la;qdr jkt; vejhdk izdk'kuksa dh la[;k cm+h la[;k esa myys[k fd, x, ys[k izdk'kuksa dh la[;k cm+h la[;k esa myys[k fd, x, ys[k izdk'kuksa dh la[;k ,104 12, ,559 cm+h la[;k esa myys[k fd, x, ys[k , , , , , , lzksr% f'k;k (2014)

143 Hkkjr esa fokku vksj izks ksfxdh dk :ikarj.k 125 fp=k 4% izfr 1 fefy;u tula[;k ij isvsav USA China India Germany Korea Japan Israel lzksr% ;wusldks fp=k 5% izfr 1 fefy;u vkcknh ij ykwx dqy isvsav (fodkl dky) Log GDP Per Capita PPP 2011 Dollars China India Israel Japan Korea USA Linear (India) lzksr% MCY;wvkbZihvks_ MCY;wbZvks fvii.kh%?kjsyw vksj fons'kh {ks=kkf/dkj esa ns'k ds fuokfl;ksa ds vkosnu gsa ftlesa MCY;wvkbZihvks ds vuqlkj lerqy; x.kuk dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gsa 8-19 fodkl dky esa Hkh] dgkuh feyhtqyh fn[kkbz nsrh gsa,d vksj] Hkkjr ds de isvsav ifj.kkeksa dk dkj.k vf/ dk'kar% bldk vis{kkd`r fueu eè;&vk; Lrj gks ldrk gsa rfkkfi] phu] dksfj;k vksj tkiku tsls ns'kksa esa vk; ds lkfk isvsavksa dh la[;k esa dkiqh o`f¼ gqbz gs (fp=k 5)A ;fn vuqla/ku vksj fodkl (vk,ammh) ij vf/d è;ku ugha fn;k x;k rks dsoy c<+rh vk; gh Hkkjr dks fudv Hkfo"; esa vu; ns'kksa ds lkfk fodkl dh nksm+ esa 'kkfey ugha dj ik,xha

144 126 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m fp=k 6% vkosfnr cuke vuqnùk fuoklh isvsav Patent Grants Patent Applications lzksr% MCY;wvkbZihvks 8-20 Hkkjr esa,d izeq[k pquksrh?kjsyw isvsav iz.kkyh jgh gsa tgka fons'kh {ks=kkf/dkj esa Hkkjr ds isvsav vkosnu vksj isvsav iznku djus esa rsth ls o`f¼ gqbz gs] ;g ckr?kjsyw rksj ij ugha gsa tc ls o"kz 2005 esa Hkkjr varjkz"vªh; isvsav O;oLFkk esa 'kkfey gqvk gs] vkoklh; vkosnuksa esa i;kzir o`f¼ gqbz gsa rfkkfi] o"kz 2008 ds ckn fn, x, isvsavksa dh la[;k esa rsth ls deh gks xbz vksj blesa deh cuh jgh gs (fp=k 6)A tgka o"kz 2015 esa fons'kh dk;kzy;ksa esa Hkkjrh; fuokfl;ksa dks 5000 ls vf/d isvsav fn, x, Fks] ogha Hkkjr esa fuoklh iqkbfyax dh la[;k 800 ls FkksM+k vf/d jgha 8-21 isvsav nsus esa gqbz deh] lahkor% dbksj tkap izfø;k ds pyrs jgh gksxha fdurq lk{; ;g n'kkzrs gsa fd blesa cm+k csdykwx jgk gs vksj?kjsyw isvsav vkosnuksa ds fy, yafcr ekeys vf/d jgs gsaa fjiksvs± ;g n'kkzrh gs fd dkfezdksa dh deh ds pyrs rdjhcu 2 yk[k isvsav dk csdykwx gs ftudh tkap yafcr gsa o"kz 2016&2017 esa] Hkkjr esa lhkh isvsav vkosnuksa ds fy, egt+ 132 tkapdrkz gsaa bldk ;g vfkz gqvk fd isvsav dh tkap vksj iznku djus esa 5 o"kz vfkok blls vf/d dk le; yx ldrk gs (pvthz 2017)A izks ksfxdh iqjkuh gks tkus dh rst nj ds pyrs isvsav laca/h izfø;k esa vr;f/d foyac ns'k ds Hkhrj uokpkjksa vksj uo izorzdksa dks cqjh rjg izhkkfor djrs gsaa 8-22 blfy,] ljdkj }kjk gky gh esa 450 ls vf/d vfrfjdr isvsav tkapdrkzvksa dh fu;qfdr vksj o"kz 2017 esa Hkkjrh; fuokfl;ksa ds fy, 'kh?kz iqkbfyax iz.kkyh dk fuekz.k djuk,d Lokxr ;ksx; vksj egroiw.kz dkjzokbz gksxh ftlls ekstwnk isvsav iz.kkyh dks Bhd djus esa enn feysxh (tsu 2017)A vè;k; 9 esa] geus mu lel;kvksa dh ppkz dh gs tks isvsav laca/h eqdnesckth ds yafcr ekeyksa ds dkj.k uokpkjksa vksj dkjksckjksa esa mbrh gsaa isvsav iqkbfyax i{k ds eqíksa ij è;ku nsus ds ckn] isvsav laca/h eqdnesckth dk lek/ku djuk Hkh egroiw.kz gksxk rkfd ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k tk lds fd Hkkjr dh isvsav iz.kkyh dkjxj <ax ls uokpkjksa dks iqjld`r djsa Hkkjr esa vuqla/ku vksj fodkl folrkj% Hkkoh ;kstuk 8-23 tgka mi;qzdr vkadm+s feyhtqyh rlohj is'k djrs gsa] dbz foospdksa us vf/d d"vizn fp=k dh vksj ladsr fd;k gsa mnkgj.kkfkz] oskkfudksa ds,d lewg }kjk izlrqr,d fjiksvz esa ;g dgk x;k gs fd ^^Hkkjrh; fokku dh flfkfr vc vius vrhr dh Nk;k Hkj gs--- bldh otg n'kdksa ls pys vk jgs fnxhkzfer glr{ksi gsaa geus vkrefo'okl vksj egrokdka{kk [kks nh gs vksj vius chp mrd`"vrk dh igpku djus dh ;ksx;rk Hkh [kks nh gsa lerkokn dh

145 Hkkjr esa fokku vksj izks ksfxdh dk :ikarj.k 127 xyr O;k[;k ds pyrs] ge vdlj izr;sd Lrj ij nks;e ntsz dk p;u djrs gsaa [dks'kh] 2017] 8-24 tkfgj gs] Hkkjr dks viuk iz;kl nksxquk djus dh vko';drk gs rkfd ns'k esa fokku vksj vkj,ammh dks fodflr fd;k tk ldsa lcls igys],slk vkj,ammh ij jk"vªh; O;; dks nksxquk djds fd;k tkuk gksxk vksj bl o`f¼ dk vf/dka'k futh {ks=k vksj fo'ofo ky;ksa ls vkuk gksxka fdurq ekinamksa dks Hkh dkxtksa ls vksj isvsavksa ls vkxs tkus dh t:jr gs rkfd lekt ds fy, ewy; miyc/ djkus gsrq o`gr ;ksxnku fd;k tk ldsa ;s iz;kl fdl :i esa gksaxs\ uhps dqn ubz ckrksa dh ppkz dh tk jgh gs% I. Ldwyh Lrj ij xf.kr vksj cks/ dks'ky dks c<+kok nsuk 8-25 dksbz Hkh ns'k vuqla/ku vksj fodkl dh ÅtkZeku lajpuk dk fuekz.k ugha dj ldrk] ;fn blds uksfugkyksa ds fy, izkfkfed vksj ekè;fed f'k{kk dh uhao detksj gksxha gkykafd Hkkjr us izkfkfed vksj ekè;fed f'k{kk dh igqap esa lq/kj ds fy, dkiqh iz;kl fd, gsa tslkfd vè;k; 5 esa esa ppkz dh xbz gs] fiqj Hkh f'k{kk ds ifj. kke dkiqh detksj jgs gsaa ;g detksjh Hkkjr dks yk[kksa ;qokvksa dh cksf¼d 'kfdr vksj {kerk ls oafpr dj jgh gsa II. tkapdrkz izsfjr vuqla/ku dks izksrlkfgr djuk 8-26 Hkkjr dks oskkfud vuqla/ku ds fuf/;u gsrq tkapdrkz pkfyr ekwmy mùkjksùkj viukus dh vko';drk gsa bl fn'kk esa,d dne o"kz 2008 eas fy;k x;k tc Mh,lVh ds lkafof/d fudk; ds :i esa fokku vksj bathfu;fjax vuqla/ku cksmz (,lbzvkjch) dh LFkkiuk dh xbza bl fudk; us vyx&vyx oskkfudksa ds fy, yxhkx lk<+s rhu gtkj ubz vkj,.mmh ifj;kstukvksa dks lalohd`r fd;k gsa ;g,d vpnh 'kq:vkr gs ftls vf/d lalk/u vksj l`tukred 'kklu lajpukvksa ds lkfk folrkj djus dh vko';drk gksxha III. futh {ks=k vksj jkt; ljdkjksa }kjk vuqla/ku gsrq fuf/;u dks c<+kuk 8-27 futh {ks=k dks vf/d vuqla/ku vksj fodkl djus rfkk lh,lvkj fuf/;ksa ds tfj,,lvhbz,e vuqlaèkku dks Hkh lgk;rk nsus gsrq izksrlkgu fn;k tkuk pkfg,a vuqla/ku vksj fodkl esa ekstwnk dj laca/h dkuwu igys gh lh,lvkj fuos'k ds i{k esa gsa] ysfdu ik=k vuqla/ku vksj fodkl fø;kdykiksa dk folrkj fd;k tk ldrk gsa ljdkj u, vuqla/ku vksj fodkl fuf/;u ds voljksa] tksfd futh {ks=k ds fgrksa ds vuq:i gksa] dk l`tu djus esa futh {ks=k ds lkfk Hkh dk;z dj ldrh gsa mpprj vkfo"dkj ;kstuk ds varxzr m ksx ls lac¼ vuqla/ku ds fy,,lbzvkjch ds lkfk 50%50 lk>snkjh tsls iz;kl,d vpnk mnkgj.k gsa fd dsls,slh lk>snkjh dks vf/d mi;ksxh cukus esa enn gks ldrh gsa 8-28 jkt; ljdkjksa dks Hkh viuh vfkzo;olfkk rfkk tula[;k fufnz"v lel;kvksa ij yf{kr vuqiz;ksx mueq[kh vuqla/ku esa fuos'k djus dh vko';drk dks Lohdkjuk pkfg,a ;g jkt; fo'ofo ky;ksa dks lqn`<+ djus ds lkfk&lkfk jkt;ksa dks iqly] ikfjflfkfrdh rfkk jkt; fof'k"v iztkfr;ksa tsls {ks=kksa esa csgrj t:jh Kku Hkh iznku djsxka IV. jk"vªh; iz;ksx'kkykvksa dks fo'ofo ky;ksa ls tksm+uk rfkk u;s Kku ifj&ra=k dk fuekz.k 8-29 f'k{k.k ls vuqla/ku dks vyx djuk Hkkjrh; fokku dh nq[krh jx jgh gsa fo'ofo ky;ksa ds ikl fo kfkhz rks gsa ijarq mugsa vfrfjdr f'k{kd ladk; dh t:jr gsa tcfd vuqla/ku lalfkkuksa ds ikl ;ksx; izkè;kid rks gsa] ijarq ÅtkZ vksj u, fopkjksa ls vksr&izksr gksugkj ;qok fo kffkz;ksa dh deh gsa fof'k"v HkkSxksfyd rfkk LFkkfud O;oLFkk esa nksuksa ds chp fudv laca/ fokku ds,sls {ks=kksa esa vuqlaèkku dks c<+kok nsus esa enn djsxk ftuds laca/ esa jk"vªh; vuqla/ ku dsunzksa dks fo'ks"kkrk izkir gsa os lkfk esa okf.kft;d {ks=kksa dks tksm+ ldrs gsa vksj bl ij mu {ks=kksa esa tks fd bu vuqla/ku {kerkvksa ls ykhk mbkrs gsa] vks ksfxd lewgksa dk fodkl djus rfkk uoksues"k ls izsfjr ^^LekVZ flvh** dh cqfu;kn Mkyus esa enn feysxha 8-30 ;fn vuqla/ku esa liqyrk ds fy, mrd`"vrk gsrq izfrc¼rk dh vko';drk gksrh gs] rks okf.kft;d liqyrk ds fy, xfr vksj dq'kkxzrk dh vko';drk gksrh gsa vf/ izki.k ds fy, L1 dh vis{kk okys ljdkjh fu;e oslk yphykiu iznku djus dh flfkfr esa ugha gsa] tks vuqla/ku ds ekspsz ij t:jh gksrk gs rfkk tgka xfr] mrikn xq.koùkk rfkk fo'oluh;rk liqyrk vksj vliqyrk r; djrs gsaa

146 128 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 V. vuqla/ku rfkk fodkl ds fy, fe'ku izsfjr n`f"vdks.k 8-31 Hkkjr ;fn fuos'k djus dk bpnqd gks rks blesa cgqr ls {ks=kksa esa rrdky osf'od usrk cuus dh lahkkouk gsa rfkkfi] blds fy, dqn izeq[k {ks=kksa esa lqfopkfjr :i ls è;ku nsus dh vko';drk gksxha uhps fn;s x, lahkko; fe'kuksa dks mudh j.kuhfrd egrrk ds fy, rfkk lkekftd izhkko ds fy, lahkkouk gsrq pquk x;k FkkA ;g,d fun'kzudkjh lwph gs ftldh oskkfud leqnk;] ljdkj rfkk vu; fgr/kjdksa }kjk le; ij nksckjk leh{kk dh tkuh pkfg,a d- MkdZ esvj ij jk"vªh; fe'ku 8-32 Hkkjr dks de ls de,d,sls fe'ku dh vko';drk gs tks fd ewyhkwr fokku ds izfr funszf'kr gksa Hkkjr mpp ÅtkZ HkkSfrd fokku RkFkk izklafxd xf.kr esa vxz.kh ns'kksa esa ls,d gsa bl vuqla/ku ds ifj.kke Hkkoh varfj{k fe'kuksa] DokaVe dei;wfvax] ÅtkZ lel;kvksa ds u;s gy fudkyus br;kfn esa fufgr gksaxsa ;g fe'ku ns'k esa [kxksfydh rfkk [kxksy HkkSfrdh vuqla/ku lalfkku dh etcwr uhao ij cuk;k tk ldrk gsa 1 blds vfrfjdr] bl {ks=k esa vuqla/ku dh dqn csgn etcwr varjkz"vªh; lg;ksxh lahkkouk,a gsa ftuesa yhxks] U;wVªhuks] lh,e,l@,y,plh ifj;kstukvksa esa Hkkjr dh vuojr Hkkxhnkjh ls mriuu lahkkouk,a Hkh 'kkfey gsaa [k- thuksfedl ij jk"vªh; fe'ku 8-33 thuksfed vuqla/ku ds tho fokku ds Hkfo"; ds fy, vr;ar egroiw.kz gsa bl le; dbz ns'kksa us egùokdka{kh jk"vªh; thuksfed vuqla/ku ifj;kstuk,a izkjahk dh gsa] mnkgj.kkfkz ;w-ds- ckw;kscsad vè;;u_ fiqfu'k cfkz dksgksvz vè;;u_ ikvzulz gsyfkds;j ckw;kscsad_ pk;uk dmwjh ckw;kscsada ;s vè;;u ckw;ksyksftdy ikfkost ds ykbiqdkslz rfkk jksxksa dh igpku gsrq folr`r lwpuk ds lkfk gh jdr,oa fv';w uewuksa dks Hkh,df=kr dj jgs gsaa Hkkjr esa igys ls gh thou fokku vuqla/ku lalfkkvksa 2 dk lqn`<+ vk/kj gs] tks bl {ks=k esa egroiw.kz ;ksxnku dj ldrh gsaa x- ÅtkZ HkaMkj.k iz.kkyh ij jk"vªh; fe'ku 8-34 uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ gekjk Hkfo"; gs vksj Hkkjr uohdj. kh; ÅtkZ esa fuos'k gsrq izfrc¼ gsa ÅtkZ HkaMkj.k izks ksfxdh (mnkgj.kkfkz% csvjh) bysfdvªd ikwoj iz.kkyh eas ÅtkZ izca/u rfkk fctyh dh xq.koùkk esa lgk;rk iznku djrh gsaa Hkkjr uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ mriknu iz.kkyh ds fofuekz.k esa ihns gsa ÅtkZ HkaMkj.k iz.kkyh eas vf/d fuos'k djus ls ÅtkZ HkaMkj.k iz.kkfy;ksa ds fofuekz.k eas Hkkjr vxz.kh ns'k cu ldrk gsa Hkkjr ds laca/ esa] fxzm&fhkuu uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ iz.kkfy;ksa dk mi;ksx djds fo'ks"k :i ls xkaoksa esa pkschlksa?kavs fctyh dh miyc/rk lqfuf'pr djus esa lgk;rk feysxha?k- xf.kr ij jk"vªh; fe'ku 8-35 xf.kr ds laca/ esa Hkkjr dks rhu fo'ks"k ykhk gsa% i) ;g iwath xgu ugha gs_ ii) mrd`"vrk ds ekud lkozhkksfed gksrs gsaa xf.kr dk jk"vªh; fe'ku mpprj f'k{kk ds lhkh Lrjksa ij xf.kr ds f'k{k.k esa lq/kj yk,xka fo eku lalfkkuksa ds varxzr ikap xf.kr fokku lalfkkvksa dh LFkkiuk dk mís'; gs] lhkh fotsrkvksa ds fy, vkdz"kd Nk=ko`fÙk;ksa ds lkfk ftyk] jkt; vksj jk"vªh; Lrj ij okf"kzd xf.kr vksyfei;kmz dk vk;kstu djuk] ftldk lexz y{;,d n'kd ds vanj xf.kr esa Hkkjr dh ekuo iwath,oa vuqlaèkku izksiqkbzy dh lao`f¼ djuk gsa M- lkbzcj fiqftdy iz.kkyh jk"vªh; fe'ku 8-36 lkbzcj fiqftdy iz.kkyh (lhih,l) dk rkri;z fdlh izkd`frd fo'o ds lanhkz esa e'khu vk/kfjr lapkj] fo'ys"k.k] vuqeku] fu.kz;] dkjzokbz rfkk fu;a=k.k ls gs (^fiqftdy* igyw)a ;g vkfvzfiqf'k;y bavsfytsal esa iz;qdr xf.kr] e'khuh vè;;u] o`gr MsVk fo'ys"k.k] Cykd psu] fo'ks"kk iz.kkfy;ksa] bavsfytsav lkefxz;ksa vksj e'khuksa] 1 buesa Hkkjrh; [kxksy HkkSfrdh lalfkku (vkbzvkbz,)] caxyksj_ [kxksfydh rfkk [kxksy HkkSfrdh varj fo'ofo ky; dsunz (vkbz;wlh,,)] iq.ks_ vk;zhkv~v izs{k.k fokku vuqla/ku lalfkku (,vkjvkbzbz,l)] usuhrky_ VkVk balvhv~;wv vkwiq iqumkesavy fjlpz (VhvkbZ,iQvkj)] eqecbz_ us'kuy lsavj iqkj jsfm;ks,lvªksiqhftdl (,ulhvkj,&vhvkbz,iqvkj)] iq.ks_ Hkkjrh; fokku lalfkku (vkbzvkbz,llh)] csaxyksj_ jeu vuqla/ku lalfkku (vkjvkjvkbz)] csaxyksj_ iqhftdy fjlpz yscksjsvjh (ihvkj,y)] vgenkckn_ gjh'kpunz vuqla/ku lalfkku (,pvkjvkbz)] bykgkckn lfeefyr gsaa 2 VhvkbZ,iQvkj] vkbzvkbz,llh] vkbzvkbz,lbzvkj] lsavj iqkwj fly;wyj,am eksfyd;wyj ckw;ksykwth] us'kuy balvhv~;wv vkwiq be;wuksykwth] balvhv~;wv vkwiq ftuksfedl,am bavsxzsvho ckw;ksykwth] us'kuy lsavj iqkwj lsy lkabzl] us'kuy lsavj iqkwj ck;ksykwftdy lkablst (,ulhch,l)] csaxyw:a

147 Hkkjr esa fokku vksj izks ksfxdh dk :ikarj.k 129 fu;a=k.k iz.kkfy;ksa] lsullz vksj,dpq,vlz] jkscksfvdl vksj LekVZ fofuekz.k ds fy, iz;qdr,d folr`r cgq&fo"k;d {ks=k gsa ;s lhkh Hkkoh m ksx ds fuekz.k gsrq vk/kjf'kyk gsa] ftlls ubz pquksfr;ksa ds lkfk&lkfk volj Hkh izkir gksaxsa p- Ñf"k laca/h jk"vªh; fe'ku 8-37 Hkkjrh; Ñf"k mrikndrk] tks vhkh Hkh phu tsls vu; ns'kksa ls ihns gs] dks lq/kjus vksj lkfk gh c<+ jgs rkieku] o"kkz dh vfu;ferrk] ikuh ds vhkko] dhv,oa iqly jksxksa dh o`f¼ tslh pquksfr;ksa ds lek/ku ds fy, Ñf"k fokku,oa izks ksfxfd;ksa ij vf/d tksj fn, tkus dh vko';drk gsa fo eku Ñf"k vuqla/ku,oa izks ksfxdh lalfkkvksa dh detksjh dks nwj djus ds fy,,d jk"vªh; fe'ku lgk;d gks ldrk gsa VI. izoklh oskkfud fuiq.krk dk ykhk mbkuk 8-38 Hkkjrh; ewy ds 100]000 ls vf/d ih,pmh mikf/ /kjd vkt Hkkjr ds ckgj jg dj dke dj jgs gsa (vdsys ;w-,l- esa 91]000 ls vfèkd) tcfd o"kz 2003 ls 2013 rd ;w-,l- esa jgus okys oskkfudksa,oa bathfu;jksa dh la[;k 21-6 fefy;u ls c<+ dj 29 fefy;u gks xbz gs] izoklh oskkfudksa,oa bathfu;jksa dh la[;k 3-4 fefy;u ls c<+dj 5-2 fefy;u gks xbza buesa Hkkjr ls tqm+s yksxksa dh la[;k o"kz 2003 eas v/z fefy;u ls dqn Åij ls c<+ dj o"kz 2013 esa 950]000 gks xbz gsa 8-39 rfkkfi] Hkkjr dh lqn`<+ vfkzo;olfkk rfkk dqn ik'pkr; ns'kksa esa c<+ jgs izoklh fo:¼ ekgksy dks ns[krs gq,] vf/d oskkfudksa dks vkdf"kzr djus ds fy, Hkkjr ds ikl vc,d vpnk volj gsa finys ikap o"kks± ds nksjku Hkkjr eas dke djus ds fy, okil vk jgs Hkkjrh; oskkfudksa dh la[;k eas o`f¼ gks jgh gs] fdurq ;g la[;k vhkh ekewyh gh gsa [o"kz 2007&12 ds nksjku 243 ls o"kz 2012&17 esa 649] (izsl VªLV vkwiq bafm;k)a 8-40 fons'kksa esa jg jgs ;ksx; Hkkjrh; vuqla/kudrkzvksa dks Hkkjrh; lalfkkvks a@fo'ofo ky;ks a ea s dke djus rfkk foftfvax muur la;qdr vuqla/ku ladk; Ldheks a (oh,tsvkj,) es a Hkkx ysus ds fy, volj iznku djus gsrq jkekuqtu iqsyksf'ki Ldhe] buksos'ku bu lkabl ijl;wv iqkwj bulik;mz fjlpz (bulik;j) iqsdyvh Ldhe rfkk jkefyaxlokeh jh&,savªh iqsyksf'ki tsls dbz ljdkjh izksxzke gsaa lexz vuqlaèkku lewgksa ds l`tu ds :i esa HkrhZ ds volj iznku djrs gq, bu Ldheksa esa o`f¼ dh tk ldrh gsa bl laca/ esa izksrlkgu,slk gksuk pkfg, fd mugsa foùk lgk;rk ls Hkh vf/d mudh lgt {kerk dks c<+kus ds fy, vpns <ax ls vuqla/ku (iz;ksx'kkyk lalkèku] ih,pmh mijkur fu;qfdr djus dh lqfo/k] vkokl vkfn) gsrq volj feysaa VII. vuqla/ku ds ekgksy esa lq/kj 8-41 Hkkjrh; fokku,oa vuqla/ku lalfkkvksa esa de inkuqøfed vfhk'kklu iz.kkyh dh t+:jr gs tks fokku iz'kkldksa ls de tqm+h gks] rfkk mrd`"vrk izkfir gsrq mugsa tksf[ke mbkus vksj ftkklk ds fy, izksrlkfgr djuk pkfg,a chloha lnh esa oskkfudksa dh pje mrikndrk dh vk;q c<+ xbz gs] rfkkfi] vhkh Hkh ;g 50 ls de gsa eè;o; ds ckn fokku esa egku miyfc/;ksa eas fxjkov gksrh gs vksj ;qokoxz] ospkfjd miyfc/,oa oskkfud Økafr esa vkilh laca/ gs (tksul vksj vu; 2014)A vr% ;qok oskkfudksa dks muds fo'ks"kkrk ds {ks=kksa esa fu.kz; ysus okys fudk;ksa eas vf/dkf/d izfrfuf/ro nsuk pkfg,a VIII. fokku,oa vuqla/ku izfr"bkuksa }kjk vf/ dkf/d lkoztfud lg;ksx 8-42 fokku dks lekt ls ;fn vf/d lefkzu izkir djuk gks] rks oskkfudksa dks lekt ds lkfk feydj vr;f/d xgu :i ls dk;z djus dh vko';drk gsa vf/dka'k fokku lkoztfud fgrkfkz gs&,slk gksuk Hkh pkfg,&vksj blh dkj.k bls vf/d ek=kk esa ljdkjh fuf/;u dh ges'kk vko';drk gksxha ysfdu ljdkjh foùk iksf"kr fokku dh vko';drk dk rkri;z jk"vªh; iz;ksx'kkykvksa rfkk vu; ljdkjh :i ls foùk iksf"kr vuqla/ku,oa fodkl lalfkkvksa }kjk vf/d utnhdh ls yksxksa ds lkfk fey dj dk;z djus ls gs] u fd,dkar :i esa muds vuqla/ ku dsanzksa esa vyx jg dj vuqla/ku dk;z djus lsa blds fy,] ehfm;k ds ekè;e ls vfkok Ldwy vksj dkwyst ds Nk=kksa ds lkfk rfkk vke turk ds lkfk fu;fer laidz,oa ysdpjksa ds ekè;e ls fokku lapkj ds fy, vf/d iz;klksa dh vko';drk gksxha oskkfudksa dks vius dk;ks± ds fy, O;kid lkoztfud lefkzu dh vko';drk gs vksj bls dsoy gdnkjh ds rksj ij ugha ekuk tkuk pkfg,] fo'ks"kdj rc tc ljdkjh [ktkus ij dbz i{k viuk nkok j[krs gsaa vksj ;fn os,slk djsa rks mugsa vke turk dk lg;ksx vksj lefkzu izkir gksxka

148 130 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 REFERENCES Chatterjee, Patralekha. Is India s Expedited Examination Of Patents A Big Deal? Intellectual Property Watch, 7 Sept. 2017, org/2017/09/04/indias-expedited-examinationpatents-big-deal/. Forbes, Naushad, India s National Innovation System: Transformed or Half Formed? in Rakesh Mohan (ed). India Transformed: 25 Years of Economic Reforms. Penguin Random House. Government of India. Science, Technology and Innovation Policy, Jones, Benjamin; Reedy, E.J., Weinberg, Bruce A. Ageand Scientific Genius, NBER WorkingPaper No , Koshy, Jacob. Indian Science Needs a Revamp, Says Report. The Hindu, The Hindu, 14 Apr indian-science-needs-a-revamp-says-report/ article ece. Lakhotia, S.C Mis-conceived and mis-implemented academic assessment rules underlie the scourge of predatory journals and conferences. Proc. Indian Natn. Sci. Acad. 83 doi: /ptinsa/2017/ Mazzucato, Mariana, and Gregor Semieniuk. Public Financing of Innovation: New Questions. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, vol. 33, no. 1, Jan. 2017, pp academic.oup. com, doi: /oxrep/grw036. Pray, C. and Nagarajan, L The transformation of the Indian agricultural input industry: Has it increased agricultural R&D? Agric. Econ., 45 (2014): Press Trust of India. Significant Rise in Number of Indian Scientists Returning to Country: Government. NewIndianXpress, The New Indian Express, 20 Dec. 2017, www. newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/dec/20/ significant-rise-in-number-of-indian-scientistsreturning-to-country-government html. Shamseer, L. et al., Potential predatory and legitimate biomedical journals: can you tell the difference? A cross-sectional comparison. BMC Medicine 15 doi: /s Xiea, Yu et al. China s rise as a major contributor to science and technology, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, June 16, 2014.

149 O;Oklk; djus dks vklku cukus dk vxyk ekspkz% le; ls U;k; 09 vè;k; Hkwfedk dksu lgsxk le;&odr dh ekj flrexj ds flre vc rks gs cl U;k; dh njdkj ;olk; rfkk okf.kt; dks vklku cukus dh fn'kk esa ljdkj }kjk fd, tk jgs iz;klksa ds ifj.kke lkeus vkus yxs gsaa O;olk; djus dks vklku cukus ds fy, fd, tk jgs iz;klksa dk vxyk ekspkz vihyh; rfkk U;k; {ks=kksa esa yafcr] foyafcr rfkk vfu.khzr ekeyksa dk fuivku djus ls lacaf/r gsa bu flfkfr;ksa ds dkj.k fookn lekèkku rfkk lafonkvksa ds fø;kuo;u esa ckèkk mriuu gksrh gs] fuos'k esa deh vkrh gs] ifj;kstukvksa dk fø;kuo;u ckf/r gksrk gs] dj mxkgh esa vojks/ mriuu gksrk gs rfkk vnkyrksa esa ekeyksa ij [kpz c<+rk gsa rfkk U;k;ikfydk] tks ÅèokZ/j lgdkjh la?kokn ds mís';ksa dh iwfrz gsrq,d izdkj ls 'kfdr;ksa dk {ksfrt lgdkjh i`fkddj.k gs] ds chp fø;kdykiksa dks djus ls ^^vnkyrksa esa ekeyksa ds fucvku esa foyac** dh lel;k dk lek/ku gksxk rfkk vkffkzd fø;kdykiksa dks c<+kok feysxka 9-1 fgunh fiqye nkfeuh esa U;k;ky; ds le{k vfhkusrk luh ns;ksy dk izfl¼ foyki ^^rkjh[k ij&rkjh[k] rkjh[k&ij&rkjh[k** rfkk fofy;e 'ksdlih;j dh ukv~; d`fr gseysv ds ik=k ds mi;qzdr dfku esa i;kzir lekurk gsa ;s nksuksa vfhko;fdr ds nks fhkuu&fhkuu :i gsaa,d esa vfhkusrk ph[k&ph[k dj vr;f/d Hkkoqdrkiw.kZ :i esa viuh osnuk dks vfhko;dr djrk gs rks nwljs esa ukvd dk ik=k vr;f/d lksp&fopkj djds vius eu dh ckr djrk gs fdarq ckotwn blds ;s nksuksa gh }kjk U;k; izkir djus esa foyac vksj bl dkj.k U;k; ls oafpr gksus ds dkj.k mriuu grk'kk dks cyiwozd vfhko;fdr iznku djus esa,d lh Hkkouk dks iznf'kzr fd;k x;k gsa 9-2 Hkkjr fo'o csad dh bzt vkwiq Mqbax fctusl (bzvksmhch)] 2018 esa igyh ckj 30 LFkku Åij mnydj &gseysv pksvh ds 100 ns'kksa dh Js.kh esa 'kkfey gqvk gsa bldh ;g jsfdax ljdkj }kjk O;kid lalwpdksa ds lanhkz esa fd, tk jgs lq/kjkred mik;ksa dks lwfpr djrh gsaa Hkkjr djk/ku rfkk 'kks/u v{kerk ls lacaf/r lalwpdksa esa Øe'k% 53 vksj 33 LFkku Åij vk;k gs tks djk/ku ds {ks=k esa fd, x, iz'kklfud lq/kjksa rfkk 'kksèku v{kerk,oa fnokfy;kiu lafgrk vkbzchlh 2016 (ns[ksa ckdl la- 3-1,oa 3-2_ vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m&2 dk vè;k; 3) dks ikfjr fd, tkus ds dkj.k gqvk gsa blus vyila[;dksa ds fgrksa dks lqj{kk iznku djus rfkk jkstxkj 'kq: djus dh bpnk j[kus okys O;fDr;ksa dks ½.k miyc/ djkus dh fn'kk esa Hkh fujarj iz;kl fd, gsa rfkk ljdkj }kjk fctyh miyc/ djkus ds {ks=k esa fd, x, lq/kjksa ds dkj.k bzvksmhch 2017 esa 70 LFkku Åij mbdj blus fctyh izkir djus ds ekeys esa,d mpp LFkku izkir dj fy;k gsa bl o"kz dh fjiksvz esa eky rfkk lsokdj (Tkh,lVh) tsls vu; mik;ksa dks 'kkfey ugha fd;k ftlls vxkeh o"kks± esa Hkkjr dh 1 ns[ksa ukwfkz (1990)_,axjeSu,aM lksdksykwiq (2000)_,slseksXyq tkwulu,am jksfculu (2001)_ jkwfmªd] lqcze.;u rfkk VªsCch (2004)_,slseksXyq,aM tkwulu (2005)_ yk iksvkz,oa vu; (1998] 1999)_ vkwu bafm;k] ns[ksa diwj,am esgrk (2007)_ diwj] esgrk,am os'uo (2017)_,aM psfeu (2012)A

150 132 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 jsfdax esa vksj vf/d lq/kj gksus dh vk'kk gsa 9-3 ckotwn bl izsjd izxfr ds] Hkkjr lafonkvksa dks veyh tkek igukus ls lacaf/r lalwpdksa ds ekeys esa yxkrkj finm+ jgk gs rfkk tkjh dh xbz gkfy;k fjiksvz esa bldk LFkku 172 ls lq/jdj 164 ij igqapk gs rfkk bl jsfdax esa ;g ikfdlrkku] dkaxksa rfkk lwmku tsls ns'kksa ls Hkh ihns gs (nsa[ks vuqca/ 1) 9-4 vkffkzd o`f¼ rfkk fodkl esa dkjxj] n{k rfkk 'kkh?kzrkiwozd lafonk dks izofrzr djus ds egro dh vuns[kh ugha dh tk ldrha,d ikjn'khz rfkk dqn gn rd dkuwuh,oa dk;zdkjh O;oLFkk] tks n{k U;kf;d iz.kkyh }kjk leffkzr gks rfkk ukxkfjdksa ds laifùk vf/dkjksa dh mi;qdr :i esa lqj{kk djrh gks] lafonkvksa dh ifo=krk dks cuk, j[krh gks rfkk lafonk eas 'kkfey i{kdkjksa ds vf/ dkjksa rfkk mùkjnkf;roksa dks ykxw djrh gks] O;olk; rfkk okf.kt; 1 dh iwokzis{kk gsa 9-5 ljdkj us lafonk izorzu O;oLFkk dks rhozrj cukus rfkk mlesa lq/kj ykus ds fy, vusd mik; fd, gsaa 2 mnkgj.k ds fy, ljdkj us viz;qdr gks pqds 1000 ls Hkh vf/d dkuwuksa dks lekir dj fn;k_ fvªc;wuyksa dks ;qfdrlaxr cuk;k_ eè;lfke rfkk lajk/u vf/fu;e] 2015 esa la'kks/u fd;k_ mpp U;k;ky; dk okf.kft;d U;k;ky;] okf.kft;d izhkkx rfkk okf.kft;d vihy izhkkx vf/fu;e] 2015 ikfjr fd;k_ var% ljdkjh dkuwuksa dh la[;k de dh_ rfkk U;k;ikfydk ds cks> dks de djus ds fy, yksd vnkyr dk;zøe dk folrkj fd;ka ljdkj us dkuwuh lkarr; dks lqfuf'pr djus rfkk fu;eksa o fu;eksa esa vizr;kf'kr ifjorzuksa ds dkj.k mriuu vo;olfkk dh flfkfr esa deh ykus ds fy,,d Hkkoh dkuwuh O;oLFkk dks Hkh vkjahk fd;k gsa U;k;ikfydk us egroiw.kz us'kuy tqfmf'k;y MsVk fxzm (,utsmhth) dk folrkj fd;k gs rfkk ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds dkiqh lfuudv gs fd ns'k esa gj mpp U;k;ky; dk vk/qfudhdj.k gks tk,] ;g,d,slk iz;kl gs ftls bzvksmhch] 2018 esa LFkku fn;k x;k gsa rfkkfi] vkffkzd fø;kdyki dkuwuh O;oLFkk esa O;kIr nsjh rfkk ekeyksa ds yafcr gksus dh flfkfr ds dkj.k izhkkfor gks jgk gsa bl vè;k; esa eq[; :i ls vkffkzd leh{kk 2 ds fy, ladfyr fd, x, u, vkadm+ksa ij vkèkkfjr bu?kvukøeksa ij O;kid izdk'k Mkyk x;k gsa 9-6 izkir fu"d"kz ljy rfkk fujis{k gsa ftudk uhps myys[k fd;k x;k gs% i ii iii vkffkzd vfhk;kstu ls lacaf/r ekeyksa ds fuivku esa nsjh rfkk muds yafcr gksus dh?kvuk mppre U;k;ky;] mpp U;k;ky;ksa] vkffkzd fvªc;wuyksa rfkk dj fohkkx esa dkiqh vf/d la[;k esa gsa vksj buesa yxkrkj o`f¼ gks jgh gs ftuds dkj.k ifj;kstukvksa ds #ds jgus] dkuwuh ykxr esa o`f¼ gksus] dj jktlo esa o`f¼ gksus rfkk vf/d O;kid :i esa fuos'k esa deh vkus ds dkj.k vfkzo;olfkk ij xahkhj izhkko im+ jgk gsa ekeyksa ds fuivku esa nsjh rfkk muds yafcr gksus dh?kvuk dk dkj.k U;k; O;oLFkk ij vf/d dk;zhkkj gksuk gs ftlds ifj.kkelo:i {ks=kkf/dkj esa folrkj gksus,oa U;k;ky;ksa }kjk fgnk;r rfkk LFkxu vkns'k tkjh djus dh?kvuk gksrh gs_ dj ls lacaf/r vfhk;kstuksa esa ;g flfkfr ljdkj }kjk vihyh; izøe ds izr;sd pj.k esa yxkrkj foiqyrk dk lkeuk djus ds ckotwn ljdkj }kjk eqdnesckth ij vm+s jgus ds dkj.k mriuu gksrh gs_ U;k;ky;ksa rfkk ljdkj }kjk ;fn,d lkfk feydj dk;z fd;k tk, rks blls flfkfr esa i;kzir lqèkkj gks ldrk gsa U;k;ky;ksa esa ekeyksa dk yafcr im+k jguk rfkk fuivku esa nsjh% rf; vkffkzd fvªc;wuy 9-7 ewy :i ls vf/d jkf'k okys okf.kft;d ekeyksa dks ns[kus okys 6 izeq[k vihyh; fvªc;wuyksa ds fo'ys"k.k ls nks izdkj ds isvuz Kkr gksrs gsa_ igyk] bu lhkh 6 fvªc;wuyksa 2 vkadm+s mppre U;k;ky;] ikap izeq[k mpp U;k;ky; (fnyyh] enzkl] cacbz] dydùkk rfkk bykgkckn)] rfkk Ng lokzf/d egroiw.kz vkffkzd fvªc;wuyksa% nwjlapkj (nwjlapkj fookn fuivku rfkk vihy fvªc;wuy&vhmh,l,vh)] fo qr (fo qr vihyh; fvªc;wuy&,ihvhbz,u_ i;kzoj.k (jk Vªh; gfjr fvªc;wuy&,uthvh)] mihkksdrk laj{k.k (jk Vªh; mihkksdrk fookn izfrrks k vk;ksx&,ulhmhvkjlh)] dsanzh; vk; dj (vk;dj vihy fvªc;wuy&vkbzvh,vh)] rfkk dsanzh; vizr;{k dj (lhek'kqyd] mrikn 'kqyd rfkk lsok dj vihy fvªc;wuy] lhbz,lvh,vh) ls lacaf/r gsa 3 bl vè;k; ds lanhkz esa vfhko;fdr ^^yafcr** dk vfkz,sls lhkh ekeyksa ls gs tks nk;j fd, x, fdurq ftudk fuivku ugha gqvk gs pkgs mugsa dhkh Hkh m oz D;ksa u djk;k x;k gksa bl vè;k; esa ^yafcr* ekeyksa dh le; vof/ dk vfkkzr~ ekeys ds yafcr jgus dh lkeku; vof/ dh rqyuk esa vf/d le; rd fdlh ekeys dks U;kf;d iz.kkyh esa cus jgus ds laca/ esa vyx ls myys[k ugha fd;k x;k gsa (ns[ksa fjiksz la[;k 245 cdk;k rfkk finys ekeys% vfrfjdr U;kf;d tu'kfdr dk l`tu% Hkkjr dk fof/ vk;ksx (2014)

151 O;Oklk; djus dks vklku cukus dk vxyk ekspkz% le; ls U;k; 133 fp=k 1% yafcr ekeys&lvkwd (6 vihyh; fvªc;wuy)] ds vuqlkj fp=k 2% yafcr ekeys% izokg (6 vihyh; fvªc;wuy] 2000&2017] vkadm+s gtkj esa)] ds vuqlkj lzksr% vkadm+s 6 vihyh; U;k;k/hdj.k vksj n{k ls izkir vkadms+ esa ekeyksa ds yafcr gksus dh nj dkiqh vf/d gs ftuds yafcr ekeyksa dh la[;k yxhkx 1-8 yk[k gksus dk vuqeku yxk;k x;k gs (fp=k 1)A nwljk] le; ds vuqlkj ekeyksa ds yafcr gksus dh nj esa cgqr rsth ls o`f¼ gqbz gsa tslkfd fp=k 2 esa n'kkz;k x;k gs] yxhkx lhkh fvªc;wuyksa us viuk fp=k 3% yafcr vkffkzd ekeys% LVkWd (5 mpp U;k;ky;)] dh flfkfr ds vuqlkj lzksr% vkadm+s 6 vihyh; U;k;k/hdj.k vksj n{k ls izkir vkadms+ dkedkt fu;a=k.kh; la[;k esa ekeyksa ds lkfk 'kq: fd;k Fkk] vksj gj o"kz nkf[ky fd, x, ekeyksa dks fuivkus esa yxs Fks fdarq bu ekeyksa dh la[;k bu lhkh fvªc;wuyksa esa 'kh?kz gh fu;a=k.k ls vf/d gks xbza o"kz 2012 dh rqyuk esa vc bu fvªc;wuyksa esa ugha fuivk, x, ekeyksa dh la[;k fp=k 4% yafcr vkffkzd ekeys% izokg (5 mpp U;k;ky;] 2008&2016&vakdM+s gtkj esa dh flfkfr ds vuqlkj) lzksr% vkadm+s 5 mpp U;k;ky;ksa vksj n{k ls izkir vkadms+ lzksr% vkadm+s 5 mpp U;k;ky;ksa ls izkir vkadms+ 4 4 cacbz mpp U;k;ky; ftlds }kjk vkffkzd rfkk okf.kft;d ekeyksa esa egroiw.kz Hkwfedk dk fuozgu fd;k tkrk gs] dqy yafcr ekeyksa dh la[;k 1993 esa 23 yk[k ekeyksa ls c<+ dj 2016 esa yxhkx 41 yk[k gks xbz gs (ns[ksa vuqc/ 3)A

152 134 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 esa 25 izfr'kr o`f¼ gqbz gsa bu lhkh fvªc;wuyksa esa ekeyksa ds yafcr gksus dh vkslr vof/ 3-8 o"kz gsa ;g,d myys[kuh; rf; gs fd nks ekeyksa vfkkzr nwjlapkj,oa fo qr ls lacaf/r ekeyksa esa nkf[ky fd, x, ekeyksa dh la[;k esa rhoz o`f¼ eq[; :i ls mppre U;k;ky; }kjk glr{ksi djus ds dkj.k gqbz gs (ns[ks vuqca/ 2)A mpp U;k;ky; 9-8 blds vfrfjdr] fvªc;wuyksa dks l`ftr djus ls ns'k ds mpp U;k;ky;ksa esa ekeyksa dh yafcr la[;k esa dksbz cnyko ugha vk;k vksj u gh bu U;k;ky;ksa dh vu; vkffkzd ekeyksa ds fuivku dh {kerk esa gh dksbz ifjorzu gqvka vkffkzd leh{kk ds fy, ikap mpp U;k;ky;ksa esa yafcr 3 izdkj ds vkffkzd ekeyksa dk vè;;u fd;k x;ka mpp U;k;ky; esa yafcr ekeyksa dh lexz la[;k (vuqca/ 3) rfkk mpp U;k;ky;ksa esa bu vkffkzd ekeyksa ds yafcr im+s gksus ds laca/ esa ekeykokj la[;k (fp=k 4) eas fujarj o`f¼ gks jgh gsa jk"vªh; U;kf;d vkadm+k fxzm ds vuqlkj 2017 ds var rd ns'k ds mpp U;k;ky;ksa esa yafcr im+s ekeyksa dh dqy la[;k 3-5 fefy;u gksxha gkykafd vkffkzd ekeyksa dh la[;k vu; ekeyksa dh rqyuk esa de gs] fdarq muds yafcr im+s gksus dh vkslr vof/ vf/dka'k ekeyksa dh rqyuk esa cnrj flfkfr esa gs tks 5 izeq[k mpp U;k;ky; esa yxhkx 4-3 o"kz gsa 6 ekeyksa dh vkslr yafcr vof/ eq[; :i ls izfr ekeyk yxhkx 6 o"kz gs tks,d n;uh; flfkfr gsa (fp=k 3 vksj 4) 9-9 yafcr ekeyksa dh la[;k esa deh ;fn gqbz gks rks,slk ;k rks yafcr ekeyksa dh x.kuk fof/ esa cnyko ds dkj.k ;k fiqj vkffkzd&{ks=kkf/dkj esa cnyko ds dkj.k gqvk tks mpp U;k;ky;ksa esa ewy i{k ls ftyk U;k;ky;ksa esa ekeys dk varfjr fd, tkus ds dkj.k gqvka,sls cnykoksa ds ckn yafcr ekeyksa dh la[;k esa ;fn vf/d nj ij ugha rks iwoz ls leku o`f¼ tkjh jgh (ns[ksa vuqca/ 3)A fd, x, dqn glr{ksih mik;kas tslsfd jk"vªh; U;kf;d MsVk fxzm dh LFkkiuk rfkk fvªc;wuyksa dh LFkkiuk fd, tkus ls flfkfr dks lq/kjus esa lgk;rk feyh gs fdarq bl fn'kk esa vksj vf/d iz;kl fd, tkus dh vko';drk gsa 4 ekeyksa dk yafcr im+k jguk rfkk muds fuivku esa nsjh% lahkkfor dkj.k mpp U;k;ky;% foosdk/hu {ks=kkf/dkj esa folrkj ds dkj.k dke ds cks> esa o`f¼ 9-10 mpp U;k;ky;ksa esa yafcr vkffkzd ekeyksa dh la[;k lkj.kh 1% cacbz rfkk fnyyh mpp U;k;ky;ksa esa flfoy eqdneksa ds yafcr jgus dh vkslr vof/ U;k;ky; dk uke yafcr eqdnesa vkslr foyac (o kks± esa) fnyyh mpp U;k;ky; 19, fnyyh fueu U;k;ikfydk 15, ckwecs mpp U;k;ky; 16, egkjk"vª fueu U;k;ikfydk 1,02, lzksr% n{k * xzsvj ckwecs dh fueu U;k;ikfydk ftlesa ckwecs mpp U;k;ky; dk eksfyd {ks=kkfèkdkj 'kkfey gs] ds eqdneksa dk C;kSjk miyc/ ugha gsa 5. Å ps U;k;ky; vafre lgkjk cuus ds ctk; igyk lgkjk cu x, gsa rfkk bu U;k;ky;ksa us lkafo/kfud dkuwuksa vksj nwljksa ds d`r; ds dkj.k ihfm+r gksus okys O;fDr dks U;k; fnykus okys dkuwuksa dks la;ksftr dj fn;k gs rfkk ljdkjh,oa xsj&ljdkjh dkuwuksa ds chp ijaijkxr Hksn dks lekir fd;k gsa bl folrkj dk rkrdkfyd izhkko ;g im+k gs fd fupyh vnkyrksa esa xsj&ljdkjh dkuwu ra=k dks fodflr djus dh {kerk fujarj dkuwuh nk;js ls ckgj fudy jgh gsa (cky x.ks'k] 2016) 6 mppre U;k;ky; us 1958 esa bl vf/dkj {ks=k dks lhfer djrs gq, ;g fu/kzfjr fd;k fd U;k;kY; rfkk fvªc;wuy ^^vius lkafof/d vf/dkj {ks=k ls vkxs viuh 'kkfdr;ksa dk iz;ksx u djsa fdarq mugsa l`ftr djus okys ;k mugsa dk;z lksaius okys lafo/kfud dkuwu ds Hkhrj jgrs gq, dkuwuksa dks lgh :i ls ykxw djsaa** (th ohjiik fiyybz cuke jeu,am jeu fyfevsm],vkbzvkj 1952 mppre U;k;ky; 192)A mppre U;k;ky; us fjv {ks=kkf/dkj ds varxzr vihyh; 'kkfdr;ksa dks iz;ksx esa ykus ds laca/ esa psrkouh tkjh djrs gq, dgk fd ^^tcrd ;s izkf/dj.k dkuwu dk v{kj'k% ikyu djrs gsa rc rd mpp U;k;ky;ksa dks bl ckr ls dksbz ljksdkj ugha gs fd mu 'kfdr;ksa dks fdl izdkj iz;ksx fd;k x;ka** (uxsanz ukfk cksjk cuke iozrh; izhkkx vihy vk;qdr] vle],vkbzvkj 1958,vkbZvkj 398) 7 buesa ls vusd fjv ;kfpdk,a iz'kklfud dkuwu] lsok dkuwu] djk/ku dkuwu] Je dkuwu rfkk fvªc;wuyksa }kjk ikfjr fd, x, vkns'kksa ls lacaf/r gsa 8 vuqca/ 6 Hkkjr ds lafo/ku ds vuqpnsn 226 rfkk nam izfø;k lafgr dh /kjk 482 ds vk/kj ij mpp U;k;ky; ds fu.kz;ksa dh la[;k ds n`f Vxr 1980&2016 ds nksjku dh nh?kkzof/ ds nksjku fjv {ks=kkfèkdkj rfkk vijk/ neu {ks=kkf/dkj ds folrkj ls lacaf/r gsa 9,dy tt ekeyksa dh lquokbz djrk gs_ jftlvªkj ekeyksa dk fopkj.k vk;ksftr djuk gs rfkk mu ekeyksa ls lacaf/r vihy mlh mpp U;k;ky; ds fmfotu csapkas esa nk;j dh tkrh gsa bu U;k;ky;ksa esa ewy i{k ls lacaf/r ekeyksa dk vuqikr vkffkzd {ks=kkf/dkj esa o`f¼ ls?kv&c<+ jgk gsa mnkgj.k ds fy,] fnyyh mpp U;k;ky; ds ekeys esa vkffkzd {ks=kkf/dkj 2003 esa 5 ls c<+kdj 20 yk[k rfkk o kz 2016 esa 20 yk[k ls c<+kdj 2 djksm+ dj fn;k x;k gsa 10 Hkkjr dk mppre U;k;ky; orzeku esa ewy vfhk;kstu Lor% lakku vk/kj ij fjv ;kfpdk (flfoy) la[;k 8@2017 ds izca/u esa fnyyh mpp U;k;ky; }kjk flfoy okn esa fuivku esa foyac dh ekfuvfjax dj jgk gsa mdr ekeys ds vuqlj.k esa 1 ekpz 2018 dks ykxw gksus ds dkj.k mpp U;k;ky;] fnyyh us fnyyh mpp U;k;ky; (ewy i{k) fu;e] 2018 dks vf/lwfpr fd;ka

153 O;Oklk; djus dks vklku cukus dk vxyk ekspkz% le; ls U;k; 135 fp=k 5% mu eqdneksa dh izfr'kr fgllsnkjh ftuesa mppùke U;k;ky; us vuqefr iznku dha fp=k 6% mppùke U;k;ky; dh nk;j lwph esa,l,yih {ks=kkf/dkj dh izfr'kr fgllsnkjha lzksr% lqizhe dkvz vkwiq bafm;k lzksr% lqizhe dkvz vkwiq bafm;k vksj jkwfculu (2013). esa vf/dk/hd o`f¼ gksus dk,d dkj.k U;k;ky;ksa dk vfr Hkkfjr gksrk gsa blds vfrfjdr] vkffkzd rfkk okf.kft;d ekeys izk;% tfvy gksrs gsa] buds fucvku ds fy, vkffkzd fo'ks"kkrk dh rfkk U;k;laxr :i esa vf/d le; dh Hkh vko;drk gksrh gsa rfkkfi] dqn ekeyksa esa ;g vfrhkkj vu; {ks=kkf/dkj esa larqyu ;k lexz iz'kklu rfkk n{krk esa lq/kj ds fy, fcuk dksbz i;kzir mik; fd, U;k;ky;ksa ds foosdleer {ks=kkf/dkj esa folrkj ds dkj.k Hkh gsa 9-11 mnkgj.k ds fy,] Hkkjr ds lafo/ku] ds vuqpnsn 226 rfkk 227 ds varxzr mpp U;k;ky;ksa dks lko/ kuhiwozd lhfer fjv ls lacaf/r {ks=kkf/dkj iznku fd, x, gsaa 6 rfkkfi] O;ogkj esa mpp U;k;kyk;ksa us bl mica/ dks,d vuqer :i esa rfkk O;kid :i esa,d le;kof/ ds nksjku fø;kfuor djus ds laca/ esa O;k[;k dh gs] ftlls vuqpnsn 226 ls lacaf/r ekeyksa esa i;kzir o`f¼ gqbz gsa orzeku esa 6 mpp U;k;ky;ksa esa fjv vkosnu yafcr gs tks 11 o"kz 1950 esa] mppùke U;k;ky; us ;g fu.kz; fy;k fd og ^^rc rd fo'ks"k vuqefr ;kfpdk iznku ugha djsxk tc rd fd ;g u n'kkz;k x;k gks fd vkiokfnd vksj fo'ks"k ifjflfkfr;ka fo eku gsa] cgqr vf/d vksj xahkhj vu;k; gqvk gs vksj fopkjk/hu ekeys esa ftl fu.kz; ds fo#¼ vihy dh xbz gs mldh leh{kk dks U;k;laxr Bgjkus ds fy, i;kzir xahkhjrk gsa** izhre lg cuke jkt;] 1950,llhvkj 453_,vkbZvkj 1950,llh 169% bl mpp ekud esa n'kdksa ls NwV nh tkrh jgh gs] ftlds ifj.kkelo:i 2004 esa mppùke U;k;ky; us viuk er j[kk fd ^^lafo/ku ds bu Li"V vf/lojksa ds ckotwn fd U;k;kf/dkj esa dkuwu dks bl izdkj O;ofLFkr djuk fufeùk gs rkfd mpp U;k;ky;ksa vksj v/hulfk U;k;ky;ksa dks bl U;k;ky; }kjk LFkkfir fd, x, vksj fuf'pr fd, x, dkuwu ds fl¼karksa dk vuqikyu djus esa l{ke cuk;k tk lds vksj ;g fd bl U;k;ky; dk vfhkizk; O;fDrxr ekeyksa esa vu;k; djuk ugha Fkk] vuqhko crkrk gs fd Lo;a ij yxk, x,,sls izfrca/ksa us U;k;ky; dks O;fDrxr fooknksa dks rrijrk ls fuivkus esa ckf/r ugha fd;k gsa** tcfd ;s izfrca/ vuqpnsn 136 ds rgr blds vius foosdkf/dkj dks csfm+;ksa ds leku tdm+s gq, gsaa tse'ksm gkseqzlth okfm;k cuke ckwmz vkwiq VªLVht+] iksvz vkwiq eqacbz (2004)3,llhlh ^^Hkkjr ds mppùke U;k;ky; dh,d [kam ihb us tksch cuke tkwtz (2016) 7,llhlh 700 ekeys esa Lo;a dks,d fu;fer vihyh; U;k;ky; esa :ikarfjr djus laca/h fu.kz; dks iyvus ds fy, vuqpnsn 136 ds rgr NqV~Vh iznku djus ds ekunamksa dh leh{kk djus ds fy,,d ekeys dks lafo/ku ihb ds ikl Hkstk FkkA rfkkfi] 11 tuojh] 2016 dks ikap U;k;/h'kksa dh,d lafo/ku ihb us fn'kk&funsz'k tkjh djrs gq, ;k ml fdle ds ekeyksa dks lhfer djrs gq,] ftuesa vihy djus ds fy, fo'ks"k NqV~Vh iznku dh tk ldrh gs] vuqpnsn 136 ds dk;z {ks=k dks de djus ls euk dj fn;k FkkA 13 lk{; ;g Hkh n'kkzrk gs fd ;g c<+k gqvk dk;zhkkj eq[;r% /u] ljdkj vksj HkkSxksfyd :i ls ubz fnyyh ds lehi flfkr vihydrkzvksa ds dkj.k gs (jksfculu 2013). 14 ets+ dh ckr ;g gs fd bls,l,yih ds dk;zcks> dh prk ds ckjs esa lafo/ku lhkk dh cglksa ds nksjku igys gh tku fy;k x;k Fkk vksj ppkz dj yh xbz Fkh% ^^mppùke U;k;ky; esa dk;z ds lahkkfor ladqyu ds iz'u esa vusd ekuuh; lnl;ksa dks bu la'kks/uksa ds mica/ksa dk fojks/ djus ds fy, 'kkfey fd;k x;k gsa bl fojks/ ds ihns ml U;k;ky; esa xahkhj ladqyu isnk gksus dk Mj vksj ;g Hkh Mj fd mu ekeyksa dks fuivkus ds fy, gesa vksj vf/d U;k;/h'kksa dks fu;qdr djuk gksxk lrk jgk gsa rfkkfi] esa ekurk gwa fd ;g Mj U;k;laxr ugha gsa tgka rd dkuwu ds iz'u dk laca/ gs] ;g ^dkuwu dk vfregroiw.kz iz'u* gh gs tks fdlh ikvhz dks liqyrkiwozd izek.k i=k ;k fo'ks"k NqV~Vh izkir djus esa l{ke cuk,xk** lafo/ku lhkk dh cgl fnukad 14 twu] 1949A bu cglksa esa ;g Li"V fd;k x;k fd,l,yih ds {ks=kkf/dkj dk lgkjk ^^U;k; iznku djus ds fdlh fl¼kar ds fdlh xahkhj myya?ku ;k dfri; fl¼karksa ds,sls myya?ku tks vkneh vksj vkneh ds chp ds U;k; ds iz'kklu dh cqfu;knksa dks izhkkfor dj jgs gksa** 13 ds ekeys esa gh fy;k tk,xka,l,yih {ks=kkf/dkj esa igqapus ds fy, ekudksa esa nh xbz <hy ds vkyksd esa] 'kk;n U;k;ky; ds fy, lafoèkku ds vuqpnsn 136 ds dk;z{ks=k ij iqu% fopkj djus dk vksj vklvªsfy;kbz U;k;ikfydk vf/fu;e] 1903 ;k vejhdh mppre U;k;ky; fu;ekoyh ds leku ekunamksa dks fu/kzfjr djus dk ;g lgh le; gs rkfd u dsoy] mpp U;k;ky; esa vk Fkd vksj vu; eqdneksa ds c<+rs foyacu dks fu;af=kr fd;k tk lds cfyd ns'k ds lokszpp laos/kfud U;k;ky; ds :i esa bldh Nfo dks Hkh cuk, j[kk tk ldsa

154 136 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 U;k;ky; eas yafcr dqy ekeyksa dk 50&60» gs] ftuesa yafcr jgus dh vkslr vof/ 3&10 o"kz gs (vuqca/&4) A 5 mpp U;k;ky;ksa ds laca/ esa 2008&2013 esa miyc/ vkadm+ksa ls ;g Kkr gksrk gs fd gky ds o"kksza ds nksjku yafcr fjv ;kfpdkvksa dh la[;k esa fujarj o`f¼ gqbz gs ftlls vu; ekeyksa ds fy, U;k;fu.kZ;u esa dkiqh de le; fey ikrk gs (vuqca/ 5)A mpp U;k;ky;% ewy i{k {ks=kkf/dkj ls dk;z dk vfrhkkj 9-12 ns'k ds dqn mpp U;k;ky;ksa dk vuu; ewy {ks=kkf/dkj gksrk gs ftlds varxzr mpp U;k;ky;] u fd laxr fupys U;k;ky;] dqn ekeyksa ds fy, izfke n`"v;k U;k;ky; cu tkrs gsa 8 U;k;ky; esa nk;j ekeyksa esa i;kzir la[;k mughsa ekeyksa dh gksrh gsa fnyyh vksj eqecbz mpp U;k;ky;ksa dk bu ekeyksa ds laca/ esa ewy {ks=kkf/ dkj gs tks bu U;k;ky; esa ekeyksa dh dqy la[;k dk yxhkx 10&15» gs (vuqca/ 7)A o"kz 2014 esa fnyyh mpp U;k;ky; esa ewy i{k ds ekeyksa dh fgllsnkjh 30» FkhA vkffkzd leh{kk ds fy, ladfyr fd, x, vkadm+ksa ls Kkr gksrk gs fd ftyk U;k;ky;ksa dh rqyuk esa mpp U;k;ky;ksa esa ekeyksa ds fuivku esa vf/d le; yxrk gsa lkj.kh 2% yafcr vkbzihvkj eqdnesaµlvkwd (fnyyh mpp U;k;ky;) Ø- la- Js.kh dqy ekeys yafcr ekeys yafcr ekeys izfr'kr esa fnyyh mpp U;k;ky; esa flfoy eqdíeksa ds yafcr jgus dh vkslr vof/ 5&8 o"kz gs tcfd fnyyh esa fupyh vnkyrksa esa bu ekeyksa ds yafcr jgus dh vkslr vof/ 3&6 o"kz gs (lkj.kh&1)a mppre U;k;ky;% fo'ks"k vuqefr ;kfpdk (,l,- lih) {ks=kkf/dkj dk folrkj 9-13 mpp U;k;ky;ksa dh rjg mppùke U;k;ky; ds ikl Hkh eqdneksa dh c<+rh la[;k ds dkj.k c<+rs vk Fkd eqdneksa dks fuivkus ds fy, i;kzir {kerk ugha gsa (ns[ksa vuqca/ 8)A mppùke U;k;ky; ds ekeys esa] ;g cks> dqn gn rd Hkkjr ds lafo/ku ds vuqpnsn 136 ds rgr fo'ks"k NqV~Vh ;kfpdkvksa ls mriuu gqvk gsa bl vuqpnsn ds rgr fdlh Hkh i{k dks fdlh Hkh U;k;ky; ;k vf/dj.k ls lh/s mppùke U;k;ky; esa tkus dk vf/ dkj iznku fd;k x;k gsa izkjahk esa dsoy ^^vkiokfnd ifjflfkfr;ksa** esa ykxw,l,yih vc mppùke U;k;ky; dh dk;z i¼fr ij vr;f/d cks> cu xbz gasa** tslk fd fp=k 6 5 esa n'kkz;k x;k gs] ftl nj ij mppùke U;k;ky; esa lafo/ku ds vuqpnsn 136 ds rgr fo'ks"k NqV~Vh ;kfpdk,a nk;j gksrh gsa og o"kz 2008 dh yxhkx 15» ls c<+dj o"kz 2016 esa yxhkx 40» gks fp=k 7% yafcr eqdneksa dh vkslr vk;q&lvkwd (LFkxukns'k izkir vksj vafre fuivku vkbzihvkj eqdnesa] fnyyh mpp U;k;ky;) 1. dkwihjkbzv % 2. isvsav % 3. VªsMekdZ % 4. vu; % dqy % lzksr% lqizhe dkvz vkwiq bafm;k lzksr% lqizhe dkvz vkwiq bafm;k vaarfje pj.k ij fu"ks/kkkvksa dks iznku djus ds c<+rs :>ku ls mpp U;k;ky;ksa ds le{k vkbzihvkj eqdnesckth dh izñfr eksfyd :i ls foñr gks xbz gs] ftlds iqylo:i gky gh ds,d ekeys esa mppùke U;k;ky; dks ;g iwnus ij foo'k dj fn;k fd ^^;fn mpp U;k;ky; us,slk lqfolr`r (varfje) fu.kz; dsoy bl rf; dh izkfir ij fy[kuk mfpr le>k gksrk fd fnyyh mpp U;k;ky; esa cksf¼d laink vf/dkj (vkbzihvkj) ds ekeyksa esa varfje vkns'k i{kdkjksa dks yach le;kof/ ds fy, vf/'kkflr djsaxs rks eq[; eqdnesa dk fuivku cgqr nwj dh ckr gksrha** es-,tsm Vsd (bafm;k) vksj vu; cuke es- buvsdl VsDuksykst+ht (bafm;k) fy- vksj vu;a 16

155 O;Oklk; djus dks vklku cukus dk vxyk ekspkz% le; ls U;k; 137 lkj.kh 3% jksdh xbz ifj;kstuk,aµlvkwd (6 ea=kky;] dh flfkfr ds vuqlkj) ea=kky; jksdh xbz ifj;kstuk,a dqy ewy; jksd dh vof/ (djksm+ #-) iksr ifjogu fo qr 11 23,913 3 lm+d 30 11,216 3 isvªksfy;e [kku jsy 12 13,882 3 dqy 52 52, lzksr % j{kk ea=kky; ds vkadm+s lkj.kh 4%,lchvkbZ }kjk foùk iksf"kr ifj;kstuk,a ftugksaus vkjchvkbz }kjk vfrfjdr le; ekaxkµfoxr 3 o"kz ifj;kstukvksa dh dqy ifj;kstuk ewy; ekaxs x, le;&folrkj lzksr % LVsV csad vkwiq bafm;k xbz gsa blds foijhr] vejhdk vksj dukmk ds mppùke U;k;ky; esa buds le{k nk;j eqdneksa dh dqy la[;k dk Øe'k% 3» vksj 9»,l,yih nk;j gksrh gsa (ns[ksa vuqca/&9)a fo'ks"k NqV~Vh iznku djus ds bl c<+rs #>ku ls mppùke U;k;ky; dh izñfr eksfyd :i ls foñr gks fp=k 8% dkjiksjsv Hkkjr ds fof/d [kpsz% izokg (1998&2016] gtkj esa) Total Legal Expenditure lzksr% lsavj iqkwj ekwuhvfjax bafm;u bdkwukseh izk-fy- (lh,evkbzbz) dk izksosl MkVkcsl 17 xbz gs vksj blls vfu.khzr eqdneksa dh la[;k mpp Lrj ij igqap xbz gs] ftlesa yxhkx 85» eqdnesa,l,yih ds gsa (fp=k 6)A 12 mppùke U;k;ky; ds,l,yih {ks=kkf/dkj esa vu; ekeys tsls fd LFkkukarj.k vksj leh{kk ;kfpdk,a 'kkfey ugha gsa] ftudh U;k;ky; ds jftlvj esa yxhkx 4&6» dh Hkkxhnkjh gsa (vuqca/&10) 13 A blds lkfk&lkfk] fjvksa (U;kf;d vkns'kksa) eqdneksa dh fgllsnkjh Hkh?kV xbz gsaa tks 1993 esa yxhkx 7» Fkh o"kz 2011 esa 2» ls Hkh uhps jg xbz gsa 14 fu"ks/kkkvksa vksj LFkxukns'kksa dk lgkjk 9-15 vfu.khzr ekeyksa dh la[;k U;k;ky;ksa }kjk yxkbz xbz eqdneksa dh fu"ks/kkk ds ifj.kkelo:i Hkh c<+h gsa mnkgj.k ds fy,] uhps lkj.kh 2 esa n'kkz, x, cksf¼d laink vf/dkj (vkbzihvkj) ds eqdneksa ds ekeys esa] fu"ks/kkkvksa ds ifj.kkelo:i yxhkx 60» eqdneksa ij LFkxukns'k fn, x,] ftudk vkslr foyacu 4-3 o"kz 14 gsa fofhkuu mpp U;k;ky;ksa esa yacs varfje vkns'k],di{kh; vuafre LFkxukns'k] vafre cglksa ij eqdneksa ds foyacu izksosl 27]000 ls Hkh vf/d daifu;ksa ds foùkh; fu"iknu dk MkVkcsl gsa blesa jk"vªh; LVkWd,Dlpsat vksj ckwecs LVkWd,Dlpsat ij O;kikj djus okyh lhkh daifu;ka] gtkjksa vlwphc¼ lkoztfud fyfevsm daifu;ka vksj lsdm+ksa futh fyfevsm daifu;ka 'kkfey gsaa blesa,sls vusd egroiw.kz O;kolkf;d fudk; Hkh 'kkfey gsa tks iathñr daifu;ka ugha gsaa tkap ds ckn] fohkkx ;k fu/kzfjfr;ksa ds ikl vk; dj&vihy ds vk;qdr] vk; dj vihy vf/dj.k] mpp U;k;ky;ksa vksj varrksxrok Hkkjr ds mppre U;k;ky; esa tkus dk fodyi gksrk gsa blh rjg] vizr;{k dj dh eqdnesckth ds ekeys esa Hkh] fohkkx vksj fu/kzfjrh ds ikl lhek 'kqyd] mrikn 'kqyd vksj lsok dj vihy vf/dj.k (lh LVSV) ds vk;qdr (vihy)] mpp U;k;ky;ksa vksj Hkkjr ds mppre U;k;ky; ds le{k tkus dk fodyi gksrk gsa

156 138 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 fp=k 9% izr;{k dj fp=k 10% vizr;{k dj Supreme Court 6357 cases 0.08 lakh crore High Court 38,481 cases 2.87 lakh crore Supreme Court 2946 cases 0.2 lakh crore High Court 14,141 cases 0.37 lakh crore lzksr% losz{k.k x.kuk * vufure vuqeku ITAT* 92,338 cases 2.01 lakh crore dh c<+rh nj] vksj vkbzihvkj ekeyksa 15 esa vafre fu.kz; ugha nsuk vkbzihvkj dk;z i¼fr dh dqn lkeku; fo'ks"krk,a gsaa bu eqdneksa esa ls yxhkx 50» eqdnesa odkyr (lkuqjks/ ;kpuk) ds pj.k esa gh yafcr im+s gsa] ;g og pj.k gs ftlesa i{kdkjksa dks lquokbz ls igys vksipkfjd vis{kk,a iwjh djuh gksrh gsa (ns[ksa vuqca/ 11 vksj 12)A isvsav dh iqkbfyax,oa vuqnku esa fcyac rfkk yafcrrk ds C;kSjs vkffkzd leh{kk ds vè;k; 8 esaa 9-16 bu eqdneksa esa ls vu; 12» eqdnesa vafre fuivku ds fy, yafcr gsaa vafre fu.kz; dh izrh{kk dj jgs eqdneksa dh vkslr vk;q cgqr vf/d 7-9 o"kz gs] tks ;g n'kkzrh gs fd vafre fuivku ds pj.k esa yafcr im+s lzksr% losz{k.k x.kuk CESTAT 83,338 cases 1.92 lakh crore eqdneksa dh vksj vf/d è;ku nsus dh vko';drk gsa yacu vksj nsjh% ykxrsa nsjh dh ykxrsa lkj.kh 5% fohkkx dh ;kfpdk nj vksj liqyrk nj izr;{k dj 9-17 yacu vksj nsfj;ksa dh ykxrksa dk vuqeku yxkuk dfbu gsa ijarq dqn O;k[;kRed vkadm+s lahkko; egro dk cks/ djkus esa dkiqh lwpukizn gsaa uhps lkj.kh 3 esa,sls Ng volajpukred ea=kky;ksa esa ljdkjh ifj;kstukvksa dh la[;k vksj mudk ewy; fn;k x;k gs ftu ij orzeku esa U;k;ky; dh fu"ks/kkkvksa ds }kjk LFkxukns'k (jksd yxkbz fn, x,) gsaa vksj lkfk gh bu LFkxuksa dh vkslr vizr;{k dj U;k;ky; liqyrk nj 19 ;kfpdk nj 20 liqyrk nj isa'ku nj mppre U;k;ky; 27% 87% 11% 63% mpp U;k;ky; 13% 83% 46% 39% vkbzvh,vh@lhlvsv 27%* 88%* 12% 20% lzksr% leh{kk ifjdyu * vufure vuqeku lzksr% leh{kk ifjdyu 19 fohkkx dh ;kfpdk \\ fohkkx }kjk nk;j ekeyksa dh dqy la[;k dk izfr'kr gs 'ks"k vihysa os gsa tks fu/kzfjfr;ksa }kjk nk;j dh xbz gsaa 20 ohkkx dh liqyrk nj mu ekeyksa ds vuqikr ds :i esa ifjdfyr dh xbz gs] ftuesa lacaf/r U;k;ky; vfkok vf/dj.k fohkkx ds i{k esa iw.kzr% vfkok va'kr% iqslyk lqukrk gsa U;k;kf;d izkf/dj.k }kjk vyx dj fn, x, ekeys bl ifjdyu esa 'kkfey ugha fd, x, gsaa

157 O;Oklk; djus dks vklku cukus dk vxyk ekspkz% le; ls U;k; 139 ckwdl 1% mppre U;k;ky; dk dj laca/h eqdneksa dk liqy izca/u mppre U;k;ky; ns'k dk lcls mppre U;k;ky; gs tks fofhkuu izdkj ds ekeyksa dks ns[krk gsa tc,sls egroiw.kz dkuwuh iz'uksa vfkok laos/kfud eqn~nksa_ ftuesa fo'ks"k&vkdkj okyh U;k;ihBksa dk xbu visf{kr gksrk gs] dh ns[kjs[k ugha gks ikrh rks ;g U;k;ky;] ns'k ds mpp U;k;ky;ksa rfkk vu; eapksa ls vk, ekeyksa ij fu.kz; nsus ds fy, nks U;k;k/h'kksa okyh U;k;ihBksa esa lquokbz djrk gsa bu U;k;ihBksa ls fofhkuu izdkj dh fo"k;&olrq] ftuesa laos/kfud dkuwu] nam dkuwu] flfoy dkuwu] okf.kft;d dkuwu vksj djk/ku vkfn 'kkfey gksa] okys ekeyksa dh lquokbz djus vksj fu.kz; nsus dh vis{kk dh tkrh gsa izr;sd U;k;k/h'k ls mlds le{k izlrqr rf;ksa vksj dkuwu esa fuiq.k gksus rfkk U;k; ds iz'u dks Li"V djus rfkk rfkk fuivku djus ds fy, fooknksa dk lek/ku djus dh vis{kk dh tkrh gsa gkykafd] djk/ku ds fy,,d fo'ks"k U;k;ihB ds xbu laca/h U;k;ky; ds gky gh ds iz;ksx ds izhkko'kkyh ifj.kke izkir gq, gsa] ftugsa vu; fo"k;&olrqvksa okys ekeyksa esa nksgjk;k tk ldrk gs rfkk,sls vu; mpp U;k;ky;ksa }kjk vuqdj.k fd;k tk ldrk gs ftuesa nsfud lquokbz;ksa ds fy, fo'ks"k jkslvj ugha gsaa fp=k 14 ;g n'kkzrk gs fd o"kz 2014 esa dj&u;k;ihb ds xbu gksus ds ckn ls mppre U;k;ky; dj laca/h ekeyksa dh c<+rh gqbz yafcrrk izo`fùk dks cnyus esa l{ke jgk gsa ;g è;ku nsus ;ksx; gs fd bl vof/ ds nksjku] mppre U;k;ky; us fohkkx ds vo:¼ nkoksa ij viuk Hkjkslk de fd;k gs rfkk ekeyksa dh lquokbz rfkk fuivku ij è;ku dsfunzr fd;k gs] tslk fd fp=k 15 ls lk{; feyrk gsa fp=k 1% vkbzvh,vh] mpp U;k;ky; vksj mppre U;k;ky; esa dj laca/h ekeyksa dh fp=k 2% mppre U;k;ky; esa #ds gq, dj laca/h ekeyksa dk C;kSjk ITAT HC SC (RHS) No. of Stayed Cases (LHS) Valuation of Stayed Cases (Rs. lakhs, RHS) lzksr% dj&;kstuk vksj vuqla/ku bdkbza lzksr% dj&;kstuk vksj vuqla/ku bdkbza yafcrrk rfkk finys cdk;k ekeyksa dks de djus ds vfrfjdr] mppre U;k;ky; dh bl O;oLFkk }kjk fof/ ls lacaf/r vusd ekeyksa esa fu.kz; fn, rfkk U;k;ky; dks fof/ laca/h iz'uksa dks Li"V djus vksj fuivku djus dh bldh ifjdfyir Hkwfedk dk fuogzu djus dh xqtkab'k iznku dha fo'ks"k U;k;ihB us o"kz 2015 esa 197 fu.kz; fn,] tks fd finys rhu o"kks± esa fn, x, fu.kz;ksa dk yxhkx rhu xquk FksA 19,d gh izdkj dh fo"k; olrq ls lacaf/r U;k;ihBksa ds vu; egroiw.kz ykhk gsaa,slh U;k;ihBsa ;g lqfuf'pr djrh gas fd mppre U;k;ky; ds fu.kz;ksa esa xfrjks/ ugha gks rfkk fofhkuu U;k;ihBksa }kjk U;k; ds leku iz'u ij fhkuu rfkk xfrjks/ okys iwoz fu.kz;ksa ds orzeku pyu dks de fd;k tk ldsa blds vykok os] U;k;/h'k dks mlds le{k izlrqr fof/ dh fof'"v 'kk[kk ij gh è;ku dsfunzr djus dh O;oLFkk djrs gq,] dk;z dq'kyrk dk fuekz.k djrh gsaa bl ekwmy dks tc dhkh Hkh vko';d le>s tkus ij mppre U;k;ky; esa fof/ laca/h vu; okf.kft;d,oa vkffkzd {ks=kksa esa nksgjk;k tk ldrk gs vksj bls ns'k ds izr;sd mpp U;k;ky; }kjk nksgjk;k tkuk pkfg,a mppre U;k;ky; dk vuqhko bl ckr dh Hkh iqf"v djrk gs fd U;k;ky; yafcrrk dks nwj djus ds fy, fo'ks"k :i ls ekeyksa ds fof'k"v izca/u }kjk] ekstwnk fmtkbu vksj {kerk izfrca/ksa ds Hkhrj gh dne mbk ldrs gsa] mnkgj.k ds fy, fof'k"v U;k;ihBksa ds ekè;e ls Hkh ekeys ds fofhkuu pj.kksa ds izca/u esa mrd`"vrk gks ldrh gsa orzeku esa] mpp U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/h'k fueufyf[kr Øe esa ekeyksa dh lquokbz djrs gsa% vuqiwjd ekeys (u, ekeys)] vfxze ekeys (ntz ekeys)],oa fu;fer ekeys (vafre :i ls fuivku gsrq lwphc¼ ekeys)a izr;sd U;k;k/h'k] fnu dh 'kq:vkr u, ekeyksa ls djrk gs] rfkk fdlh Hkh rjg ls fnu ds nwljs izgj esa gh iqjkus ekeyksa ij igqap ikrk gsa mppre U;k;ky; izca/u dk vuqhko ;g n'kkzrk gs fd,slh Js.kh&okj U;k;ihB cukuk vksj vf/d foosdlaxr gks ldrk gs] tks vafre lquokbz ds Lrj ij ekeyksa dh fo'ks"k :i ls ns[kjs[k djsa rkfd mugsa Åij n'kkz, x, vkbzihvkj MkVk ls izkir lk{;kuqlkj utjvankt ugha fd;k tk ldsa 1

158 140 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 lkj.kh 6% mpp U;k;ky;ksa rfkk mppre U;k;ky; dh la[;k,oa fjfdr;ksa dk C;kSjk dqy la[;k lzksr% fof/ vksj U;k; ea=kky;a fjfdr;ksa dh la[;k izfr'krrk esa fjfdr;k vof/ Hkh nh xbz gsa blesa,slh vu; dsanzh; ljdkjh ifj;kstuk,a ;k jkt; Lrjh; cgqla[;d ifj;kstuk,a 'kkfey ugha gsa ftugsa blh rjhds ls U;k;ky; dh fu"ks/kkkvksa ds }kjk jksdk x;k gs] blesa,slh foxr ifj;kstuk,a Hkh 'kkfey ugha gsa ftuesa fu"ks/kkkvksa ds dkj.k foyac gqvk ijarq ckn esa bugsa vius izpkyu fiqj ls pkyw djus dh vuqefr nh xbz FkhA jksdh xbz ifj;kstukvksa dh ifj;kstuk ykxrsa (LVkWd)&ml le; tc bugsa izkjahk esa LFkxukns'k feyk Fkk&yxHkx 52]000 djksm+ #- curh gsaa 9-18 fo qr] lm+d vksj jsy lokzf/d izhkkfor ea=kky; gsaa pwafd ifj;kstuk ykxrsa eq[;r% Í.k }kjk foùk iksf"kr gksrh gsa] lahkkouk gs fd ifj;kstuk ykxrsa LFkxu (jksd) dh vkslr vof/ ds dkj.k 60 izfr'kr rd c<+ xbz gksaa Hkkjrh; LVsV csad ls izkir vkadm+ksa (lkj.kh 4) ls mu futh {ks=k dh volajpukred ifj;kstukvksa dh Hkh blh rjg dh flfkfr dk irk pyk gs ftugksaus eè;lfkrk laca/h dk;zokgh ;k U;k;ky;h eqdneksa ds dkj.k Hkkjrh; fjt+oz csad ds eq[; ifji=k ds isjk ds rgr vfrfjdr le; ekaxk Fkk (vuqca/ 13)A fp=k 11% thmhih ds izfr'krkad ds :i esa U;k;ky;ksa dks vkoafvr ctv dqy {kerk dh orzeku dk;z {kerk orzeku dk;z {kerk % 63.6% 9-19 vihyh; vf/dj.kksa] mpp U;k;ky;ksa vksj mppre U;k;ky; esa c<+rs yacu vksj lkfk gh fu"ks/kkkvksa o vu; xsjdkjxj lk/uksa ds c<+rs iz;ksx ds lexz izhkko ds ifj. kkelo:i dkjiksjsv Hkkjr ds fof/d [kpsz mùkjksùkj :i ls c<+ jgs gsa] tslkfd fp=k 8 esa n'kkz;k x;k gsa dsanz ljdkj ds dj% izdj.k vè;;u 9-20 yacu] cdk;s vksj nsfj;ka dsoy U;k;ky;ksa vksj vf/dj.kksa dh gh fo'ks"krk ugha gs cfyd ;s dj fohkkxksa vksj budh cgqlrjh; izfø;k ls Hkh tqm+s gsaa ekpz 2017 dh flfkfr ds vuqlkj] dqy 137]176 izr;{k dj ekeys vk; dj vihy vfèkdj.k (vkbzvh,vh)] mpp U;k;ky;ksa vksj mppùke U;k;ky; ds Lrj ij fopkjk/hu gsaa (fp=k 9)A bu ekeyksa esa ls dsoy 0-2» dqy ekax ewy; dk yxhkx 56» Fks_ yafcr ekeyksa dk 66»] tks nkfor jkf'k ds lunhkz esa izr;sd 10 yk[k ewy; ls de Fkk] yafcr ekeyksa dk ykdm&vi ewy; ek=k 1-8» FkkA 9-22 vizr;{k djksa ds ekeys esa Hkh flfkfr ogh gs tslk fd fp=k 10 esa n'kkz;k x;k gsa ekpz 2017 dks lekir frekgh ds vuqlkj] vk;qdr (vihy)] lhlvsv] mpp U;k;ky;ksa vksj mppùke U;k;ky; esa dqy feykdj 1-45 yk[k vihysa yafcr Fkh] ftudk fohkkx }kjk 2-62 yk[k djksm+ #- ewy; vkadk x;k FkkA ekpz 2017 dks lekir frekgh rd eqdnesckth (vihy vf/dj.kksa vksj Åij ds U;k;ky;ksa esa) esa iqals vizr;{k vksj izr;{k dj nksuksa ds nkoksa dh ewy; jkf'k yxhkx 7-58 yk[k djksm+ #- Fkh] tks thmhih dk yxhkx 4-7 ls vf/d gsa fohkkx ds fy, ;s vkadm+s fo'ks"kdj lafyir jkf'k;ksa dk ewy;] le; ds lkfk&lkfk rst+h ls c<+rk jgk gs (ns[ksa vuqca/ 14) 2 A lzksr% vksbzlhmh vkffkzd uhfr dkxtkr,oa foùk ea=kky;a fnypli ckr ;g gs fd izr;{k vksj vizr;{k dj nksuksa rjg ds vfhk;kstu ds fy, vihy ds lhkh U;kf;d fu"iknu,oa fu/kzjd dkjd % Økl davªh ifjizs{;] vksbzlhmh vkffkzd uhfr i=k la- 5] twu 2013A 22 tsi&tkiku] ukj&ukosz] vksl&vklvªsfy;k] vkbl&vkblysam] b.m&bf.m;k] Msu&MsuekdZ] vk;j&vk;jysam] bax&bxysam,.m osyl] LdkW&LdkVySaM] fiqu&fiqu ysam] Loh&LohMu] usv&uhnjysam] bzlv&,lvkfu;k] bvk&bvyh],l,y vks vkj&lyksokd x.kra=k] Loh&fLoV~tj ysam] psd&psd x.kra=k] ukyz&mùkjh vk;jysam] :l&:fl;k] U;w&U;wthySaM] gu&gaxjh] iksj&iwrzxky] iksy&iksysam] Lyks&Lyksosuk] vkbl&btjk;y

159 O;Oklk; djus dks vklku cukus dk vxyk ekspkz% le; ls U;k; 141 rhuksa&vihy vf/dj.kksa] mpp U;k;ky;ksa vksj mppre U;k;ky;&Lrjksa ij fohkkx dh liqyrk nj 18 30» ls uhps gsa dqn ekeyksa esa ;g cgqr de 12» gsa (ns[ksa lkj.kh 5)A fohkkx lqli"v <ax ls yxhkx 65» eqdnesa gkj tkrk gsa dqn le; ls] fohkkx dh liqyrk nj dsoy?kv gh jgh gsa tcfd fuèkkzfjfr;ksa dh liqyrk nj c<+ jgh gsa (vuqca/ XV)A 9-24 blds ckotwn] fohkkx lokzf/d cm+k oknh gsa tslkfd lkj.kh 5 esa n'kkz;k x;k gs] izr;{k djksa ds ekeys esa ntz dqy vihyksa esa ls fohkkx dh vihysa yxhkx 85» gsa gkykafd vizr;{k djksa ds ekeys esa bl la[;k esa lq/kj vk;k gsa ekpz 2017 dks lekir gksus okyh frekgh rd izr;{k djksa ds yafcr dqy ekeyksa esa ls fohkkx }kjk izkjahk fd, x, 88» vfhk;kstu vkbzvh,vh esa vksj mpp U;k;ky;ksa esa] rfkk 83» vfhk;kstu mppre U;k;ky;ksa esa yafcr gsaa 9-25 yacs le; ckn fueufyf[kr rlohj mhkj dj lkeus vkbz gs% gkykafd yacs le; ls fohkkx dh liqyrk nj dkiqh?kvh gs] fiqj Hkh ;g vfmx jgk gs] vksj U;kf;d lksiku ds izr;sd Lrj ij vfhk;kstu dks fujarj tkjh j[ks gq, gsa (ns[ksa vuqca/ 15 vksj 16)A pwafd mpp U;k;ky;ksa vksj mppre U;k;ky; ds dk;z cks> dk,d cm+k fgllk dj&vfhk;kstu gs] vr% U;k;ikfydk ds mpp Lrjksa ij ym+h xbz vihyksa esa deh gksus ls U;k;ky; vksj fohkkx ykhk dh flfkfr esa gksaxsa ftruh vihysa de gksaxh U;k; dh flfkfr mruh gh lqn`<+ gksxha. U;k;&iz'kklu ij O;; 9-26 fp=k 16 }kjk n'kkz, x, vuqlkj] jkt;ksa rfkk dsunz }kjk U;k;&iz'kklu ij dqy O;; thmhih dk yxhkx 0-08&0-09» gksrk gs tks fd vu; ns'kksa] fo'ks"k :i ls lkeku; fof/ ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa de gs (fp=k 11)A vuqlaèkku ;g n'kkzrk gs fd tgka U;k;&O;oLFkk ij lkeku; :i ls O;; djus ls yafcrrk ij izhkko ugha im+ ldrk gs] ogha vkèkqfudhj.k] dei;wvjhdj.k vksj rduhdh ij fd, tkus okys O;; ls vkslru lquokbz vof/ esa deh vkrh gsa foùk vk;ksx] jkt;ksa ds fy, dk;z fu"iknu&vk/ kfjr izksrlkgu ds :i esa fupyh U;k;&O;oLFkk esa yafcrrk dks nwj djus ds fy, fd, x, iz;klksa vksj izxfr vkfn ij fopkj dj ldrk gsa blds vykok ekeyk ntz djus] rkehy rfkk vu; lqiqnzxh lacaf/r eqn~nksa_ tks fd vf/dre foyac dk dkj.k gksrs gsa_ ij O;; djus dks izkffkfedrk nh tk,aa vkffkzd losz gsrq lesfdr fd;s x, vkadm+s ;g crkrs gs fd fdlh ekeys dh laiw.kz vof/ dk yxhkx 30» vksipkfjd dk;zokfg;ksa tsls&leu vksj uksfvl dh rkehy esa O;rhr gks tkrk gs (vuqca/ 17 ns[ksa)] tks fd,sls eqn~nsa gsa ftugsa ekeyk ntz djus vksj rkehy dk;zra=k laca/h rduhdh muu;u ds ekè;e ls vklkuh ls gy fd;k tk ldrk gsa gkykafd] vfrfjdr U;kf;d {kerk dk fuekz.k rc rd izhkkoh ugha gks ldrk tc rd ekstwnk {kerk dk iw.kz mi;ksx ugha fd;k tk,a orzeku U;k;&O;oLFkk bldh ekstwnk {kerk ds 63-6» ij lapkfyr gks jgh gs (lkj.kh 6)] tks fd U;k;ky;ksa esa yafcrrk dks nwj djus ds fy, viuh {kerk dh xahkhj :i ls uqdlku igqapk jgh gsa 1990 ds n'kd ds vuqhko bl ckr dh iqf"v djrs gsa fd 1990 ds eè; ds n'kd esa vk;dj vihyh; vf/ dj.kksa ds ekeys esa c<+rh gqbz U;kf;d O;oLFkk us Hkkjh ek=kk esa yafcrrk dks de fd;ka (vuqca/ 18 ns[ksa) uhfrxr fufgrkfkz 9-29 U;k; O;oLFkk ds fofhkuu Lrjksa ds ekè;e ls yafcrrk] foyac rfkk fu"ks/kkk] U;k;ky;ksa ij t:jr ls T;knk cks> Mky jgs gsa rfkk fo'ks"k :i ls vkffkzd ekeyksa dh,oa vu; ekeyksa dh izxfr ij xahkhj izhkko Mky jgs gsaa ljdkj rfkk U;k;ky;ksa nksuksa dks lkfk feydj,d,slh lel;k_ tks vfkzo;olfkk ls,d cm+h jkf'k Nhu jgh gs] dk fuokj.k djus ds fy, cm+s isekus okys rfkk mrjksùkj c<+us okys lq/kj djus dh vko';drk gsa fueufyf[kr dqn mik;ksa ij fopkj fd;k tk ldrk gs% (i) fupys U;k;ky;ksa esa U;k;&O;oLFkk dh {kerk esa folrkj djuk rfkk mpp U;k;ky;ksa vksj mppre U;k;ky; ds ekstwnk Hkkj dks de djuka 23 dkjksckj dh lqxerk ds fy, lq/kj ekinamksa ij ppkz djus ds fy, xfbr ljdkjh dk;zcy us ;g uksv fd;k % ^^(okf.kft;d U;k;ky; vf/fu;e ds varxzr okf.kft;d fooknksa dks lqxe cukus ds fy, 'kq: fd, x, ekinamksa dk ladsrd MkVk ij u;k izhkko jgk FkkA pwafd eqacbz vksj fnyyh ds mpp U;k;ky;ksa dk ewy U;k;kf/dkj {ks=k gs] blfy, okf.kft;d U;k;ky; ftyk Lrj ij LFkkfir ugha fd, x, gsaa blds ctk; mpp U;k;ky;ksa ds okf.kft;d izhkkx LFkkfir fd, x, gsa] bl laca/ esa fnyyh vksj eqacbz mpp U;k;ky;ksa ls ijke'kz fd;k tk jgk gs rfkk fof/ dk;z fohkkx ls buiqv (tkudkjh) ekaxs x, gsaa 24 nsos'k diwj vksj feyu os".k] LVaFkfuax bafm;ku :y vkwiq ykw of-law.html.

160 142 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1,d lqxe vuqca/ izorzu O;oLFkk ds fy,] fupyh U;k;&O;oLFkk esa_ fo'ks"k :i ls vkffkzd vksj okf. kft;d ekeyksa dks ns[kus ds fy,] {kerk&fuekz.k djuk vko';d gksxk rfkk mpp U;k;ky;ksa dks dkuwu ds iz'uksa dks Li"V djus rfkk laxr cukus ij è;ku dsfunzr djus dh xqtkab'k nsuh gksxha blh ds fy,] flfoy izfø;k lafgrk] okf.kft;d U;k;ky; vf/fu;e rfkk vu; laca¼ okf.kft;d fo/k;u es a la'kks/uks a ij fopkj fd;k tkuk pkfg, (vuqca/ 19 ns[ksa)a bu mik;ksa dks vko';d :i ls U;kf;d vdknfe;ksa }kjk fo'ks"k :i ls okf.kft;d vksj vkffkzd ekeyksa esa U;k;k/h'kksa dks izf'kf{kr djus ds iz;klksa }kjk etcwr cuk;k tkuk pkfg,a mpp U;k;ky;ksa ds ewy rfkk okf.kft;d U;k;kf/dkj&{ks=k esa deh djuk vfkok gvkuk],oa fupyh U;k;&O;oLFkk dks,sls ekeys ns[kus ds fy, lefkz cukuka fnyyh mpp U;k;ky; ls feys vkjafhke ifj.kke ;g lq>ko nsrs gsa fd 2016 esa ewy U;k;kf/dkj {ks=k ds vkdkj esa deh us U;k;ky; dks bldh lelr yafcrrk dks de djus ds fy, vf/d le; nsus dh xqatkb'k nha (vuqca/ 20 ns[ksa)_ 23 U;k;ky; vius foosdk/hu U;k;kf/dkj&{ks= ds vkdkj vksj isekus ij iqu% fopkj dj ldrs gsa rfkk tc rd vko';d u gks mudk lgkjk ysus ls cpsa rkfd mpprj U;k;&O;oLFkk dh ifjdfyir laos/kfud vksj ijekns'k mpprk dks fiqj ls izkir fd;k tk ldsa ekstwnk U;kf;d {kerk dk iw.kz mi;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,a (ii) dj fohkkx viuh fueu liqyrk nj dks ns[krs gq,] vihyksa dks lhfer djrs gq, vksj vf/d vkre&la;e cjr jgk gsa bls vihyksa dks lhfer djus ds izr;kf'kr fu;eksa ds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gs] mnkgj.k ds fy, pkj mpp U;k;ky; ds fu.kz;ksa esa ls,d vfkok rhu fookpu ekeyksa esa ls,d esa_ vfkok mrizsfjr djus okyh uksdj'kkgh&tksf[ke fuokj.k esa 3lh (lhchvkbz] lhohlh vksj lh,th) dh egrh Hkwfedk dks ns[krs gq, bl fohkkx ds fo#¼ dj&fu.kz;ksa dh vxyh vihyksa ij fu.kz; djus ds fy, lahkor;k,d Lora=k isuy dk fuekz.k fd;k tk ldrk gsa blds vykok laoh{kk ds Lrjksa dh la[;k djk/ ku ds ekeys esa 3 eapksa rd lhfer dh tk ldrh gsa (iii) U;k;&O;oLFkk ij jkt;&o;; esa Hkkjh ek=kk esa o`f¼] fo'ks"k :i ls muds vk/qfudhdj.k ij O;; o`f¼a Hkkoh foùk vk;ksx U;k;ky; ds vk/qfudhdj.k vksj fmthvyhdj.k ij O;; dh ek=kk c<+kus ij fopkj dj ldrs gsaa blds fy, vf/dj.kksa vksj U;k;ky;ksa nksuksa ds fy, lalk/ uksa gsrq vf/d izko/ku dj lg;ksx nsus dh vko';drk gsa bld vfrfjdr] fo/k;uksa (vksj lahkor% U;kf;d fu.kz; Hkh tks u, U;k;kf/dkj {ks=kksa dk folrkj vfkok 'kq:vkr djrs gsa) ds lkfk U;kf;d&{kerk vksj lkoztfud O;; Kkiu Hkh gksus pkfg,a tks c<+rh gqbz U;kf;d&vko';drk dk lekèkku djus ds fy, visf{kr vko';d izko/kuksa dks mi;qdr :i ls rs;kj djrs gsa vksj mudk i;kzir foùkiks"k.k lqfuf'pr djrs gsaa blds fy, visf{kr jkf'k cgqr gh de gksxh ysfdu blds ifj.kke cgqr O;kid gks ldrs gsaa (iv) dj laca/h ekeyksa ds fuivku esa mppre U;k;ky; dh liqyrk ds vk/kj ij vksj vf/d fo"k;&olrq vksj Lrj&fof'k"V U;k;ihBksa dk fuekz.k djuk tks U;k;ky; dks yafcrrk rfkk foyac dks nwj djus ds fy, vkarfjd fo'ks"kkrk vksj l{kerk ds fuekz.k dh xqatkb'k nsrh gsaa (v) fu"ks/kkkvksa vksj LFkxuksa dk vkljk ysuk de djuka U;k;ky; izkfkfedrk okys LFkxu ekeyksa ij fopkj dj ldrs gsa rfkk,d,slh l[r le; lhek yxk ldrs gsa ftlds Hkhrj valfkk;h LFkxu okys ekeyksa ij fu.kz; fd;k tk ldsa] fo'ks"k :i ls rc tc muesa ljdkjh volajpukred ifj;kstuk,a 'kkfey gksa_,oa (vi) U;k;ky;&ekeyk izca/u rfkk U;k;ky; Lopkyu iz.kkyh dks lq/kjuka 24 bzvksmhch 2018 Hkkjr ds [kjkc U;k;ky; izca/u rfkk U;k;ky; Lopkyu lacaf/r fof'k"v igyqvksa dh igpku djrk gs] ftls U;k;ky; vksj ljdkj }kjk,d vkn'kz ds :i esa iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gs (ns[ksa vuqca/ 21)A U;kf;d le;kof/ dks cpkus ds fy, ;wds dh Økmu dksvz esustesav lfozlst tslh igyksa ij fopkj fd;k tk ldrk gs tks fd iz'kklfud nkf;roksa ds izca/u vksj ns[kjs[k ds izfr lefizr gsaa 9-30 vkt ds le; esa] U;k;&O;oLFkk,oa ljdkj dh vu; 'kk[kkvksa ds eè; egùkk rfkk os/rk ds ckjs esa ikjlifjd izr;kjksi gkoh jgrs gsaa ckr ;g ugha gs fd dksu lk i{k lgh gs] oju izr;sd dh os/rk vksj izhkkfork nwljs dh deh ij fuhkzj djrh gsa dksbz ;g dg ldrk gs fd

161 O;Oklk; djus dks vklku cukus dk vxyk ekspkz% le; ls U;k; 143 lhkh 'kk[kkvksa esa vifjorzu'khy os/rk vksj izhkkfork dh,d O;oLFkk gs] tgka,d i{k [kksrk gs rks nwljk izkir djrk gsa lahkor% ;g Hkh lr; gs fd xq.k vksj nks"k jgus ds ckotwn] U;k;ikfydk fo'ks"k :i ls mpp U;k;ky; vksj mppre U;k;ky; dks vkt Hkh fu"i{k vksj vafre fu.kkz;d le>k tkrk gsa U;k;ky; esa c<+rs gq, ekeyksa dh lel;k dk lek/ku fuf'pr :i ls mi;qzdr vo/ kj.kk dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, djuk pkfg,a 9-31 th,lvh ds gky ds vuqhko us ;g n'kkz;k gs fd dsunz vksj jkt;ksa ds eè; yacor lg;ksx&lg;ksxkred la?kokn&ifjorzudkjh vkffkzd uhfrxr cnyko lkeus yk;k gsa lahkor;k mldh {ksfrth; fhkuurk&ftls dksbz lg;ksxkred i`fkddj.k dg ldrk gs&tks,d vksj U;k;ikfydk,oa nwljh vksj ds eè; laca/ esa ykxw gks ldrk gsa oklro esa] bu nksuksa ds eè; Lora=krk vksj os/rk cuk, j[kus ds fy, fohkktu ('kfdr;ksa ds i`fkdj.k) dh Li"V js[kk,a gsaa ;gka rd fd bu js[kkvksa dk leeku djrs gq,] bu 'kk[kkvksa ds fy, ;g lahko vksj okanuh; gksuk pkfg, fd os laiw.kz vkffkzd xfrfof/ dh lgk;rk djus ds fy, Rofjr U;k; lqfuf'pr djus ds fy,,d lkfk feydj dk;z djsaa lunhkz Acemoglu, Daron, Simon Johnson, and James A. Robinson. The colonial origins of comparative development: An empirical investigation. American economic review 91.5 (2001): Acemoglu, Daron, and Simon Johnson. Unbundling institutions. Journal of political Economy (2005): Balganesh, Shyamkrishna. The Constitutionalisation of Indian Private Law, in Choudhry, Sujit, Madhav Khosla, and Pratap Bhanu Mehta, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the Indian Constitution. Oxford University Press, Chemin, Matthieu. Does court speed shape economic activity? Evidence from a court reform in India. The Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization 28.3 (2010): Chowdhury, Rishad Ahmed. Missing the Wood for the Trees: The Unseen Crisis in the Supreme Court. NUJS L. Rev. 5 (2012): 351. Dhawan, Rajeev. The Supreme Court under Strain: the Challenges of Arrears MN Tripathi Pvt. Ltd. Bombay (1978). Dhawan, Rajeev. Litigation Explosion in India, MN Tripathi Pvt. Ltd. Bombay (1986). Eisenberg, Theodore, Sital Kalantry, and Nick Robinson. Litigation as a measure of wellbeing. DePaul L. Rev. 62 (2012): 247. Esposito, Gianluca, Mr Sergi Lanau, and Sebastiaan Pompe. Judicial System Reform in Italy-A Key to Growth. No International Monetary Fund, Galanter, Marc. India s Tort Deficit: Sketch for a Historical Portrait. Fault Lines: Tort Law as Cultural Practice (2009): Hazra, Arnab Kumar, and Bibek Debroy, eds. Judicial reforms in India: Issues and aspects. Academic Foundation, Islam, Roumeen Do More Transparent Governments Govern Better? Policy Research Working Paper 3077, World Bank, Washington, DC. Jones, Eric. The European miracle: environments, economies and geopolitics in the history of Europe and Asia. Cambridge University Press, Kapur, Devesh, and Pratap Bhanu Mehta. Public Institutions in India: Performance and Design. Oxford University Press, Kapur, Pratap Bhanu Mehta, and Milan Vaishnav (Eds), Rethinking Public Institutions in India, Oxford University Press, Law Commission of India- Report No. 245: Arrears and Backlog: Creating Additional Judicial (wo)manpower, Mehta, Pratap Bhanu. India s judiciary: The promise of uncertainty. The Supreme Court Versus the Constitution: A Challenge to Federalism (2006):

162 144 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 Moog, Robert. Indian litigiousness and the litigation explosion: challenging the legend. Asian Survey (1993): North, Douglass (1990), Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. North, Douglas E. Institutions, Institutional Change and Public Performance (1990). North, Douglass C., and Robert Paul Thomas. The rise of the western world: A new economic history. Cambridge University Press, OECD Economic Policy Papers No. 5, Judicial Performance and its determinants: a crosscountry perspective Porta, Rafael La, et al. Law and finance. Journal of political economy (1998): Rajagopalan, Shruti. State capacity freed is state capacity built. Livemint, com/opinion/cvnodqeyef2uiua2nxq2on/ State-capacity-freed-is-state-capacity-built.html (2017). Rajamani, Lavanya, and Arghya Sengupta. The Supreme Court of India: power, promise, and overreach. The Oxford Companion to Politics in India (2010). Robinson, Nick. A quantitative analysis of the Indian Supreme Court s workload. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 10.3 (2013): Robinson, Nick. Structure matters: The impact of court structure on the Indian and US Supreme Courts. The American Journal of Comparative Law 61.1 (2013): Robinson, Nick. Expanding judiciaries: India and the rise of the good governance court. Wash. U. Global Stud. L. Rev. 8 (2009): 1. Robinson, Nick. A court adrift. Frontline, article ece (2013). Rodrik, Dani, Arvind Subramanian, and Francesco Trebbi. Institutions rule: the primacy of institutions over geography and integration in economic development. Journal of economic growth 9.2 (2004): Somanathan, T. V. The Administrative and Regulatory State, in Choudhry, Sujit, Madhav Khosla, and Pratap Bhanu Mehta, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the Indian Constitution. Oxford University Press, Sokoloff, Kenneth L., and Stanley L. Engerman. History lessons: Institutions, factors endowments, and paths of development in the new world. The Journal of Economic Perspectives 14.3 (2000): Thiruvengadam, Arun. Tribunals, in Choudhry, Sujit, Madhav Khosla, and Pratap Bhanu Mehta, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the Indian Constitution. Oxford University Press, 2016.

163 vuqca/ ([k.m I)

164 ii vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1

165 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 1 vè;k; 1 % vfkzo;olfkk dh flfkfr% uhfr ds fy, fo'ys"k.k ijd n`f"v layxud I% dim+k isdst laca/h vu; fooj.k Hkkjr esa izfr,d yk[k #i;s ds fuos'k ij ifj/ku {ks=k 24 ukdfj;ka iznku djrk gs tcfd vkwvks bumlvªh esa brus gh fuos'k ls 3 uksdfj;ka izkir gksrh gsa vksj blikr m ksx esa 1 uksdjh izkir gksrh gsa bl {ks=k esa lkekftd :ikarj.k ds fy, myys[kuh; lahkkouk,a ekstwn gsa D;ksafd blesa vf/dka'k efgykvksa dks jkstxkj feyrk gsa Hkkjr esa ifj/ku {ks=k esa 75» ls Hkh vf/d jkstxkj esa efgykvksa dh fgllsnkjh gs tks lhkh fofuekz.k {ks=kksa esa lcls vf/d fgllsnkjh gs 1 A tslk fd igys okyh vkffkzd leh{kk esa ppkz dh xbz Fkh] Hkkjrh; ifj/ku fu;kzr {ks=k ds lkeus lahkkfjdh] Jfed fofu;e] dj vksj 'kqyd uhfr;ksa tslh vusd pquksfr;ka gsaa blds vykok Hkkjr vius izfrlif/z;ksa ftudh vesfjdk vksj ;wjksih; la?k ds cm+s cktkjksa esa vuqdwy igqap gs] dh rqyuk esa de ykhkdkjh flfkfr esa gs 2 A bu eqn~nksa ds fuokj.k ds fy, o"kz 2016 ds dim+k isdst esa vusd?kvd 'kkfey FksA bldh igyh?kks"k.kk twu] 2016 esa dh xbz FkhA Ldhe dks vf/dkfjd :i ls uoecj] 2016 esa vf/lwfpr fd;k x;k vksj ekpz rfkk ebz] 2017 esa Øe'k% 400 djksm+ #i;s vksj 1554 djksm+ #i, dh igyh vksj nwljh fdlrsa tkjh dj nh xb±a fueufyf[kr fp=k 1 esa dim+k isdst ds fy, dk;kzfuo;u dh le; laca/h :ijs[kk n'kkz;h xbz gs fp=k d- 1 dim+k isdst dh le; js[kka isdst ds?kvdksa eas vyikof/ Je lafonkvksa dks ljy cukuk] fu;ksdrk bzih,iq va'knkuksa ds fy, lgk;rk vksj vu; fu;kzr izksrlkgu 'kkfey gsa buesa ls lcls cm+k?kvd jkt; ysoh laca/h NwV (vkjvks,l,y) Fkh tks fu;kzr laca/h vizr;{k djksa esa varfuzfgr FkhA ;s M~;wVh MªkcSd vksj vu; fu;kzr izksrlkgu ls vyx FkhA fueufyf[kr lkj.kh d&1 esa isdst ls igys ds vksj ckn ds izksrlkguksa laca/h ifjorzuksa dks lkjkaf'kr fd;k x;k gsa 3 lkj.kh d&1 isdst iwoz vksj i'pkr dqy fu;kzr izksrlkguksa esa ifjorzua lkj.kh d1- dqy fu;kzr izksrlkguksa esa ifjorzu% ~ isdst ds iwoz,oa i'pkr~ M~;wVh dh [kkfe;k isdst ds iwoz vkjvks,l,y M~;wVh dh [kkfe;k+ vkjvks,l,y M~;wVh dh [kkfe;k isdst ds i'pkr~ vkjvks,l,y M~;wVh dh [kkfe;k+ vkjvks,l,y vkj,eth dkwvu 7.6% - 7.6% 7.6% 3.4% 11% vkj,eth ekuo fufezr iqkbcj 9.8% - 9.8% 9.8% 2.8% 12.6% vkj,eth flyd 7.5% - 7.5% 7.6% 3.9% 11.5% vkj,eth Åu 8.5% - 8.5% 8.7% 3.9% 12.6% 1 dim+k vksj twrs% D;k Hkkjr U;wu n{krk fofuekz.k ls mcj ldrk gs\ vkffkzd leh{kk 2016&17] vkwdliqksmz ;wfuoflzvh izsl 2017 i`"b 128] ogh 3,ebZvkbZ,l tsls vu; izksrlkgu 'kkfey ugha gsaa

166 2 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 vkj,eth CySaMM dkwvu vksj ekuo fufezr iqkbcj vkj,eth Åu vksj ekuo fufezr iqkbcj 9.5% - 9.5% 9.5% 3.0% 12.5% 8.5% - 8.5% 8.7% 3.1% 11.8% vkj,eth vu; 7.5% - 7.5% 7.6% 2.8% 10.4% lzksr% lhchbzlh] ol=k ea=kky; MkVk,oa VªhVesaV vksj feyku lewgksa dh ifjhkk"kk mi;qzdr fo'ys"k.k djus ds fy, geus 118 fofhkuu mriknksa ds fy, vizsy 2010 ls flrecj] 2017 ds vfofpnuu ekfld fu;kzrksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gsa ;s mrikn 17 fofhkuu fofuekz.k {ks=kksa ds Hkkx gsaa fhkuu&fhkuu mriknksa ds fu;kzr esa i;kzir eksleh;rk ifjorzu'khyrk gsa blfy, lhkh ijkorzuksa ds fy, geus fu"d"khz; ifjorzu'khyrk ds :i esa eksleh lek;ksftr ekfld fu;kzr ds y?kqx.kd dk iz;ksx fd;k gsa gekjk fo'ys"k.k nks osdfyid lewgksa dks ifjhkkf"kr djrk gsa igys fu:i.k lewg esa dsoy ekuo fufezr rurqvksa ds cus rs;kj ifj/ku (vkj,eth) 'kkfey gsaa nwljs fu:i.k lewg esa dim+k isdst eas 'kkfey 3 vu; rs;kj ifj/ku laca/h mrikn tsls fd vkj,eth dkwvu] vkj,eth flyd] vkj,eth&vu; vkrs gsaa etcwrh iznku djus ds fy,] ge izr;sd fu:i.k lewg dh rqyuk 3 fhkuu rqyuk lewgksa ls djrs gsaa igyk rqyuk lewg mu lhkh vu; 114 mriknksa ls cu;k x;k gs tks dim+k isdst esa 'kkfey ugha FksA nwljs esa 15 Je iz/kurk okys mrikn 4 (pem+k] e'khu VwYl] dkxt mrikn vkfn) 'kkfey gsa tcfd rhljs esa 26 vu; mihkksdrk olrq,a (tsls fd midj.k] vkwvks vksj bysdvªksfudl vkfn 'kkfey gsa) vuhkokfjr j.kuhfr geus fmiqjsal bu fmiqjsal&bu fmiqjsal (MhMh),izksp ij vk/kfjr 5 fofhkuu ijkorzu fofunsz'kksa dk mi;ksx fd;k gsa lkeku; fofunsz'k fuee izdkj gs% Where: (1) tcfd le; T ds nksjku i mrikn ds fy, vkfjr pj gs (vfkkzr fofhkuu mriknksa ds eksle lek;ksftr mriknksa dk y?kqx.kd) izr;sd mrikn ds fy, Nne pj gs (mrikn fuf'pr izhkko) izr;sd le;kof/ ds fy, Nne pj gs (ekg o"kz fuf'pr izhkko) fu:i.k flfkfr gs tks 1 ds cjkcj gs ;fn mrikn i fu:i.k lewg (vkj,ulh) esa gs vksj le;kof/ t fu:i.k vof/ (twu 2016 ds i'pkr dh) esa gs] vksj O vu;fkka le;kof/ f ds nksjku mrikn i ds fy, vu; fu;a=k.k (os ifjorzuh;rk,a tks LVsV gsa vksj le; fhkuurk&tslsfd foeqnzhdj.k,oa th,lvh ds fy, fu;a=k.k) dk lapkyd gsa =kqfv 'kcn 5 gsa 4 nkl,v,y Hkkjr ds laxfbr fofuekz.k vkbzlhvkj vkbz,iqvkj] 2009 esa JeO;kih m ksxksa dh jkstxkj lahkkouka 5 fueufyf[kr vksvks lglaca/ ds fy, geus lhkh =kqfv;ksa dks lekfgr fd;k gs] cvzjsam vksj MwÝyks (2003)

167 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 3 C;kt dk gekjk eq[; isjkehvj gs ftlls fu:i.k ds izhkko dh eki dh tkrh gsa lehdj.k (1) ds vfrfjdr] ge etcwrh iznku djus ds fy, tkap ds 4 vu; fofunsz'kksa dks pykrs gsaa bl izdkj ls] vius fo'ys"k.k ds fy, ge izr;sd fu:i.k rqyuk tksm+ksa ds fy, fueufyf[kr 5 fofunsz'kksa dks pykrs gsa (uksv lhedj.k (1) dks uhps fofunsz'k 4 esa n'kkz;k x;k gsa 1- dksbz fu;r izhkko ;k fu;a=k.k ugha 2- mrikn&fu;r izhkko,oa le;&fu;r izhkko 3- {ks=k x le;&fu;r izhkko 4- mrikn fu;r izhkko] le;&fu;r izhkko rfkk foeqnzhdj.k vksj th,lvh ds lkfk ijlij izhkkfor vksipkfjdrk (MhMh fof'kf"vdj.k) 5- {ks=k x le;&fu;r izhkko] rfkk foeqnzhdj.k vksj th,lvh ds lkfk ijlij izhkkfor vksipkfjdrk blds vfrfjdr] ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fd lao;ogkj,oa vè;;u&xok{k esa ifjorzu djus ds fy, gekjs ifj.kke cgqr iq"v gsa] geus izfrxeu ds fy, vkjafhkd&rkjh[k,oa lekfir rkjh[k dks Hkh lek;ksftr fd;ks gsa lexz :i esa] ge yxhkx 2000 izfrxeu lapkfyr djrs gsaa bu lfeej.kksa dks lkj.kh d&2 esa laf{kir :i esa n'kkz;k x;k gsa bu fof'k"vrkvksa esa ls geus ;g ik;k gs fd fof'k"vrk 4] tc uoacj 2015 ls vkjahk gksrh gs_ lojs"b vftzr djrh gsa ;g fof'k"vrk lao;ogkj vksj rqyuk&lewgksa ds lfeej.kksa ds nksjku flfkj gs] rfkk mi;qdùkk dh mppre Js"Brk j[krh gs] vksj ml vof/ ds nksjku izkjahk gksrh gs tc iwoz&pyu] mrikn&js[kkfp=kksa ds nksjku vf/d leku gsaa lkj.kh d2% izfrxeu lfeej.k dk lkj (A) lfeej.kksa dh la[;k (C) rqyuk lewg (D) vkjahk vof/ (E) fof'k"vrk,a (F) lekfir vof/ dqy izfrxeu lfeej.kksa dh la[;k ,920 fooj.k vkj,eth% ekuofufezr vkj,eth% izkd`fr js'ks (mu dks NksM+dj) lhkh xsj&vkj,eth fofuekz.k fu;kzr Je&l?ku m ksxksa ds fofuekz.k&fu;kzr mihkksdrk lkeku ds fofuekz.k&fu;kzr vizsy] 2010 tuojh] 2013 uoacj] 2015 ebz] 2016 dksbz fu;a=k.k ugha mrikn,oa le;,iqbz {ks=k,iqbz mrikn,oa le;,iqbz tksm+ mrikn vuksipkfjdjrk }kjk foeqnzhdj.k vksj th,lvh {ks=k,iqbz tksm+ mrikn vuksipkfjdjrk }kjk foeqnzhdj.k 2016,e6 2016,e7 2016,e8 2016,e9 2016,e ,e ,e ,e1 2017,e2 2017,e3 2017,e4 2017,e5 2017,e6 2017,e7 2017,e8 2017,e9 ifj.kke dk lkjka'k vxys i`"b ij ekstwn rkfydk,a uoacj] 2015 vksj flracj] 2017 ds eè; dh vof/ ds fy, lhkh rhu rqyuk lewgksa dh rqyuk fd, tkus ij jsmhesm xkjesav~l (vkj,eth) vu; rfkk ekuofufezr js'ks ls cus jsmhesm xkjesav~l (vkj,eth) ds eq[; izfrxeu ifj.kkeksa dks lkj :i esa n'kkzrh gsaa

168 4 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 ;s ifj.kke ;g n'kkzrs gsa fd lwrh] flyd vksj vu; ds vkj,eth ij isdst dk dksbz izhkko ugha Fkk (lkj.kh d3)a ogha nwljh vksj] ekuofufezr js'kksa }kjk cus vkj,eth ds fu;kzrksa ij isdst dk egroiw.kz izhkko gs (lkj.kh d4)a fof'k"vrk (1) ftldk dksbz vfrfjdr fu;a=k.k ;k fu;r izhkko ugha gs] dk -122 dk lao;ogkjkred izhkko gsa rfkkfi] tc ge mrikn vksj le;&fu;r izhkkoksa dks 'kkfey djrs gsa] rks izhkko esa -127 ls -138 ds eè; gydh lh o`f¼ gksrh gsa tc ge foeqnzhdj.k vksj th,lvh ds fy, fu;a=k.k dks 'kkfey djrs gsa] rks izhkko esa iqu% -161 ls -171 ds chp o`f¼ gksrh gsa ;g ns[kus ds fy, fdl izdkj izhkko esa le; ds lkfk ifjorzu gksrk gs] ge izfrxeu dks fhkuu&fhkuu lekfir rkjh[kksa ds lkfk lapkfyr djrs gsaa fp=k d2 n'kkzrk gs fd ekuofufezr js'kksa ds vkj,eth ij isdst dk izhkko /hjs&/hjs Øe c¼ :i ls c<+rk gsa bldk vk'k; gs fd DykWfFkax&iSdst us flracj 2017 rd ekuofufezr js'kksa ds vkj,eth ds ekfld fu;kzr esa 16&17» dh o`f¼ dha fp=k d2,e,e,iq&vkj,eth ij le; ds lkfk vuqekfur lap;h izhkko

169 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 5 lkj.kh d 3- jsfmesm dim+ksa ds fu;kzr ij Dyksfnax isdst dk izhkko izkñfrd iqkbcj (uoecj&2015 ls flrecj&2017) cuke & vu; fofuekz.k cuke & mihkksdrk olrq,a cuke & Je xgu olrq,a (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Dyksfnax isdst (0.145) (0.148) (0.172) (0.149) (0.172) (0.149) (0.162) (0.466) (0.152) (0.202) (0.147) (0.151) (0.190) (0.152) (0.190) mrikn,iqbz gka gka gka gka gka gka le;,iqbz gka gka gka gka gka gka lsdvj VkbZe,iQbZ gka gka gka gka gka gka th,lvh,oa Mseks fu;a=k.k gka gka gka gka gka gka,m~t vkj LDokMZ ,u 2,691 2,691 2,691 2,415 2, lkj.kh d 4- jsfmesm dim+ksa ds fu;kzr ij Dyksfnax isdst dk izhkko ekuofufezr iqkbcj (uoecj&2015 ls flrecj&2017) cuke & vu; fofuekz.k cuke & mihkksdrk olrq,a cuke & Je xgu olrq,a (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Dyksfnax isdst (0.000)** (0.026)** (0.072) (0.036)** (0.070)* (0.000)** (0.055)* (0.445) (0.068)* (0.000)** (0.000)** (0.022)** (0.063)** (0.034)** (0.063)** mrikn,iqbz gka gka gka gka gka gka le;,iqbz gka gka gka gka gka gka lsdvj VkbZe,iQbZ gka gka gka gka gka gka th,lvh,oa Mseks fu;a=k.k gka gka gka gka gka gka,m~t vkj LDokMZ ,u 2,645 2,645 2,645 2,369 2, * p<0.05; ** p<0.01; ekud =kqfv;ka dks"vd esa nh xbz gsaa 6 vkj,eth Åu dks NksM+dj tks fd Dyksfnax isdst dk fgllk ugh FkkA

170 6 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 vè;k; 2: eky,oa lsok dj (th,lvh) ds ifjizs{; esa Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk dk,d uwru izcks/d,oa laf{kir foospu vuqca/ I- ^^lajpuk** Ldhe ds fy, fdlus p;u fd;k\ u, th,lvh ra=k ds fueu oxz ds djnkrkvksa ds fy, vuqdwy cukus gsrq] ^deikykbzl&ykbzv* lajpuk Ldhe 'kq: dh xbz FkhA lajpuk Ldhe ds rgr m eksa ds fu;fer :i ls dj fooj.kh nk;j djus okyksa ij ykxw gksus okyh ekfld dj fooj.kh dh ctk, frekgh :i ls dj fooj.kh nkf[ky djuh gs] muds dqy dkjksckj ij U;wu dj (1»] 2» ;k 5») vnk djuk gsa ijurq os buiqv dj&øsfmv ds ik=k ugha gsaa th,lvh kq: djus ls igys] ;g vuqeku yxk;k Fkk fd mihkksdrkvksa dks izr;{k :i ls fcøh djus okys NksVs Mhyj (ch 2 lh) lajpuk Ldhe dks ialn djsaxsa vk'kkuqlkj] bl Ldhe ds rgr yxhkx 1-6 fefy;u djnkvksa us iathdj.k djk;k FkkA vf/d pkasdus okyh vksj vthc ckr ;g Fkh fd bl Ldhe ds fy, ik=k vusd NksVs dkjksckfj;ksa us fiqj Hkh th,lvh ds v/hu fu;fer djnkrk cuuk ialn fd;ka folr`r fo'ys"k.k ls irk pyrk gs fd bldk,d dkj.k ;g gs fd NksVs dkjksckjh cm+s dkjksckfj;ksa ls vf/d eky [kjhnuk ilan djrs gsa rkfd os buiqv ØsfMV dk ykhk ys ldsaa f}rh;r] lajpuk Ldhe dk pquko fd;k tkuk] th,lvh nj rfkk vafre pj.k esa of/zr ewy; ds chp laca/ ij Hkh fuhkzj djrk gsa lkj.kh 1 esa fn;k x;k mnkgj.k bl ij eq[; :i ls izdk'k Mkyrk gsa isuy d dkjksckj rfkk th,lvh njksa ds dqn lfeej.kksa dks lwphc¼ djrk gsa isuy [k fu;fer nj ds fofhkuu lfeej.kksa dh dj ns;rkvksa rfkk lehdj.k&1 ds vk/kj ij of/zr ewy; dh ek=kk dh x.kuk djrk gsa,d ldkjkred la[;k ;g n'kkzrh gs fd lajpuk Ldhe dh rqyuk esa fu;fer iqkbfyax dk pquko djuk vf/d ykhkizn gsa ;g lgtcks/ Li"V gs% dkjksckj esa of/zr fd, x, ewy; dk vuqikr ftruk vf/d gs vksj dj&nj esa vf/drk gs lajpuk Ldhe ds varxzr dj ns;rk,a mruh de gsaa pwafd vafre pj.k ij vf/dka'kr% xsj&fvdkå mihkksdrk olrqvksa dh fueurj djksa,oa fueurj ewy; o/zu dh vksj vkdf"kzr gksus dh izo`fùk jgrh gs] blfy, mudk foø; djus okys Mhyjksa }kjk fu;fer iqkbfyax dk pquko djus dh lahkkouk gksrh gsa isuy d [[kjhn + vafre pj.k ij of/zr ewy;) lajpuk nj] [vafre pj.k ij of/zr ewy; fu;fer th,lvh nj] (1) lkj.kh 1- vafre pj.k ij dj njksa rfkk ewy; o/zu ds chp vk/kjhkwr laca/ dsl&1 dsl&2 dsl&3 dsl&4 [kjhn (dj dks NksM+dj) (#i,) th,lvh nj 6% 12% 18% 28% th,lvh (#i,) lajpuk nj 1% 1% 1% 1% isuy [k ewy;o/zu dh izfr'krrk fu;fer dj nj ([kjhn ij) 6% 12% 18% 28% ewy;o/zu dh izfr'krrk ([kjhn ij) 0% % % % %

171 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 7 vuqca/&ii vuksipkfjdrk&vuqekuksa dh O;k[;k bl vuqca/ esa bl vè;k; ds Hkkx 7 esa vuksipkfjdrk ds vuqeku fudkyus esa iz;ksx dh xbz fof/ dh O;k[;k dh xbz gsa,u,l,lvks us Hkkjr esa tqykbz 2015 ls twu 2016 (73oka nksj) ds chp vlaxfbr xsj&ñf"k m eksa (fuekz.k dks NksM+dj) dk losz{k.k fd;ka blds fy, fo'ks"krksj ij iz'ukoyh iwnh xbz fd D;k iqez dks oh,vh] Hkfo"; fuf/ vksj bz,lvkbzlh ds lkfk iathñr fd;k x;k gsa geus mu iqeks± dks NksM+ fn;k gs] ftugksaus crk;k fd os muds varxzr iathñr gsaa 'ks"k iqeks± dks vuksipkfjd ekuk tk,xka bu xsj&osv] xsj bih,iqvks vksj xsj&b,lvkbzlh iqeks± esa ls] ge mu iqeks± dks Hkh NksM+ jgs gsa] ftudk VuZ&vksoj th,lvh dh izkjafhkd lhek ls vf/d gs] ;g vlahkko; ekurs gq, fd os th,lvh usv dk Hkkx ugha gksaxs] ge Lo;a lgk;rk lewgksa dks Hkh NksM+rs gsaa ;g vkadm+k 574 yk[k iqeks± dk gksrk gsa ge bu vkadm+ksa dks nks o"kz ds fy, v ru djsaxs] ftudk le; 73osa nksj ls iwjk gks x;k gks] ;g ekurs gq, fd iqez esa 3» ok "kd o`f¼ gksxha 2017&18 esa vuksipkfjd iqeks± dh la[;k yxhkx 609 curh gsa (bu x.kukvksa dk vk/kj nks dkj.kksa ls] vkffkzd x.kuk dh ctk, 73oka nksj gs% iwoz dk VuZvksoj vkadm+k gs_ nwljk,sls i'u djrk gs tks mudh igpku djus dh vuqefr nsrk gs tks dj vksj lkekftd lqj{kk usv dk Hkkx gks ldrs gsaa) 73osa nksj ls vfuxfer fuekz.k dks NksM+k x;k gs] geus NBs vk Fkd losz{k.k tux.kuk (2012&13) ds vkadm+ksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, bl,d {ks=k esa vuksipkfjd m eksa dh la[;k dk vuqeku yxk;k gs] bldks 2017&18 m e dh ok "kd o`f¼ nj esa,d izfr'kr tksm+dj v ru dj jgs gsaa,slh 10 yk[k iqez gksrh gsaa geus mu dezpkfj;ksa dk vuqeku yxk;k tks 73osa nksj ls th,lvh ;k bzih,iqvks dk Hkkx ugha gsa iqez dk fu"d"kz fudkyus ds fy, th,lvh vksj bzih,iqvks@b,lvkbzlh vkadm+ksa dk feyku djuk] lhkh ds fy, lkeku; ckr gs] vksj os tks igyh Js.kh esa vkrs gsa ijurq nwljh esa ughaa pwafd th,lvh vkadm+s iqeks± ds osru fpv~bk dh la[;k iznku ugha djrs] vr% geus lkj.kh 7 esa,d lsy dk vuqeku yxkuk im+k] uker% iqeks± ds fy, osru fpv~bk tks th,lvh esa gs ijurq bzih,iqvks ;k bz,lvkbzlh esa ugha gsa geus ;g ekurs gq,,slk fd;k fd mu iqeks± ds VuZvksoj ds osru fpv~bk dk vuqikr ogh gksxk tks m e ds fy, Fkk vksj tks th,lvh vksj bzih,iqvks nksuksa esa FkkA ;g vli"v vo/kj.kk gs fd pwafd os vksipkfjd iqes± gsa (20 ls vf/d dezpkjh dk;zjr gas]) buesa vu;,slh vksipkfjd iqeks± dh fo'ks"krk,a gksuh pkfg,] ftuds laca/ esa gekjs ikl vkadm+s FksA dqy xsj&ñf"k dk;z cy ds laca/ esa gekjk vuqeku o"kz 2011&12 ds jkstxkj,oa csjkstxkjh losz{k.k ds 63osa nksj ls fy, x, gsaa bl losz{k.k esa jk"vªh; vks ksfxd oxhzdj.k (,uvkbzlh) }kjk lwpuk,d=k dh tkrh gsa bl lwpuk ds vk/ kj ij o"kz 2017&18 esa xsj&ñf"k dk;z cy yxhkx 24 djksm+ ls 25 djksm+ gksus dk vuqeku gsa lp rks ;g gs fd gesas fo'ys"k.k ds laca/ esa dqn lko/kfu;ka Hkh cjruh gksaxha gels dqn,slh vksipkfjd iqes± NwV ldrh gsa tks th,lvh vksj@vfkok bz,lvkbzlh@bzih,iqvks dk vuqikyu ugha dj jgh gsa] gkykafd gekjk ;g fo'okl gs fd ;g Js.kh NksVh gh gksxha 73osa nksj ds ckn ls dqn,slh?kvuk,a gqbz gsa] tks lahkor% bl fo'ys"k.k esa 'kkfey ugha dh xbz gkasxha vkxs vksj vuqla/ku djus ls,sls vusd egroiw.kz iz'uksa ij vksj izdk'k Mkyus esa enn feysxha

172 8 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 ifjf'k"v 2% jkt; dksm dh lwph dksm ih,vkjih,,l ch,p lhth MhbZ,y thvks thts,pvkj,pih ts,.m ds ts,p ds, dsb,eih,e,p,e,u,eth,etsm,uth vksmh ih;w,u vkjts,lds Vh,u VhbZ Vhvkj ;wih ;wds MCY;wch jkt; dk uke vka/z izns'k v:.kkpy izns'k vklke fcgkj NÙkhlx<+ fnyyh xksok xqtjkr gfj;k.kk fgekpy izns'k teew o d'ehj >kj[k.m dukzvd dsjy eè; izns'k egkjk"vª ef.kiqj es?kky; fetksje uxkys.m vksfm'kk iatkc jktlfkku flfdde rfeyukmq rsyaxkkuk f=kiqjk mùkj izns'k mùkjk[k.m if'pe caxky

173 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 9 vè;k; 3% fuos'k vksj cpr esa fxjkov vksj flfkfr esa lq/kj% Hkkjr ds laca/ esa fofhkuu ns'kksa dk vuqhko vuqca/ 1% izfrhkkt] le;kof/] MkVk lzksr uewuk% vythfj;k] vts±vhuk] caxykns'k] cksfyfo;k] czkthy] dse:u] fpyh] phu] dksyfec;k] dkslvk jhdk] lkbizl] dksvums boksj] Mksfeuhd fjifcyd] bftiv] bz,y lyokmksj]?kkuk] xksvsekyk] gksumjl] Hkkjr] bamksusf'k;k] bzjku] btjkby] tesdk] tksjmu] dsu;k] fjifcyd vkwiq dksfj;k] esmkxkldj] ekys] eysf'k;k] eykoh] eksfjll] esfdldks] eksjddks] ekstkfecd] fudkjkxqvk] ukbthfj;k] ikfdlrku] iukek] ijkxqvk;] is:] fiqfyihul] lsusxy] lh;x fyvksu] flaxkiqj] nf{k.kh vizqhdk] Jhyadk] ratkfu;k] FkkbZySaM] rquhfl;k] fvªfunkn vksj Vkscsxks] VdhZ] m:xos] osustq,yk] fteckcsa le;kof/% 1970&2016 voeanu (LyksMkmu) dh ifjhkk"kk ds lapkyu ls o"kz 1975,oa 2014 ds chp dh izhkkoh le;kof/ lhfer gksrh gsa vpj% ldy?kjsyw cpr vksj ldy fu;r iwath fuekz.k (ldy?kjsyw mrikn ds» ds :i esa) vksj oklrfod izfro;fdr thmhih (lrr 2010 vejhdh Mkyj) MkVk lzksr% fo'o csad fo'o fodkl ladsrd gsaa vuqca/ II voeanu?kvukvksa ds davªh bz;j (rsy fu;kzrdksa dks NksMdj) 3 vksj 4 izfr'kr volhekvksa ds voeanu ds davªh bz;j dh la[;k (2200 davªh bz;j esa ls) uhps nh xbz lkj.kh esa n'kkzbz xbz gs% lkj.kh, 1 voeanu ds davªh bz;j 3 izfr'kr volhek cpr fuos'k lkeku; dqy izfr'kr volhek cpr fuos'k lkeku; dqy davªh bz;j% bl fo'ys"k.k esa iz;qdr MkVk yxhkx 2200 voyksduksa (55 vfkzo;olfkkvksa ds fy, 40 o"kz) vfkok 2200 davªh bz;j ls lacaf/r gsa cpr dh ctk, fuos'k dh vksj vf/d davªh bz;j ls lacaf/r voeanuksa dk 1975&2014 ds nksjku irk pyk gsa ;g myys[k fd;k x;k gs fd mpprj volhek esa fdlh fufnz"v o"kz ds nksjku iwjh dh tkus okyh,d dbksjrj 'krz fufgr gksrh gs ftls,d voeanu o"kz ds :i esa ekuk tk,] volhek ftruh mpprj gksxh voeanu dh lhek mruh gh de gksxha voeanu dh?kvukvksa dh la[;k,a lkj.kh, 2 esa n'kkzbz xbz gsaa lkj.kh, 2% voeanu?kvukvksa dk lkjka'k fuos'k cpr lkeku; 2» volhek » volhek » volhek

174 10 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 vuqcu/ 3 lkj.kh%, 3 fuos'k vksj cpr voeanu?kvukvksa dk igyk o"kz (rsy fu;kzrdksa dks NksM+dj) 2» volhek 3» volhek 4» volhek fuos'k voeanu cpr voeanu fuos'k voeanu cpr voeanu fuos'k voeanu cpr voeanu vts±vhuk caxykns'k cksfyfo;k czkthy dse:u fpyh phu dksyfec;k dkslvk jhdk dksvums boksj lkbizl Mksfeuhd fjifcyd bftiv] vjc fjifcyd bz,y lyokmksj ?kkuk xksvsekyk gksumjl Hkkjr bamksusf'k;k btjkby tesdk tksjmu dsu;k fjifcyd vkwiq dksfj;k esmkxkldj eykoh eysf'k;k ekyh eksfjll esfdldks eksjddks ekstkfecd fudkjkxqvk ikfdlrku iukek ijkxqvk; is: fiqfyihul lsusxy 1985 lh;jk fyvksu flaxkiqj nf{k.kh vizqhdk Jhyadk ratkfu;k FkkbZySaM rquhfl;k VdhZ m:eos fteckcs

175 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 11 vuqca/ IV. i'p xeu izhkko% lkj.kh%, 4 i'p xeu izhkko% fuos'k] cpr eanh vksj oklrfod izfr O;fDr fodkl 3» volhek lkeku;?kvuk Øeksa ds fcuk 3» volhek 4» volhek lkeku;?kvuk Øeksa ds fcuk 4» volhek fuos'k *** (0.1863) cpr (0.2185) (0.1750) (0.2387) fvii.kh% *p<0.1, **p<0.05, ***p<0.01. dks"vd esa ekud =kqfv;ka *** (0.2027) (0.2596) *** (0.1917) (0.2838) vuqca/% V. voeanu ls olwfy;ka lkj.kh, 5 fofhkuu eanh izhkkoksa ds laca/ esa o"kz ds var esa 5 ls 7 o"kks± dh fuos'k@cpr vksj oklrfod izfr O;fDr ldy?kjsyw mrikn izxfr laca/h vurj dks n'kkzrh gsa lkj.kh%, 5 eanh ds i'pkr vyikof/ fuos'k vksj cpr laca/h O;ogkj (izfr'krrk fcunq] vkslr vk/kj ds mij) 3» volhek 4» volhek fuos'k eanh dk lap;h ifjek.k vkslr fvªxj nj (thmhih dk %) 5&7 o"kz ds i'pkr~ vkslr nj varj 50 to < to < to < Up to vkslr cpr eanh dk lap;h ifjek.k vkslr fvªxj nj (thmhih dk %) 5&7 o"kz ds i'pkr~ vkslr nj varj 50 to < to < to < Up to vkslr uhps lkj.kh, 6 vu; vfkzo;olfkkvksa esa 35-5 izfr'kr dh pje nj ij igwpus ds ckn fuos'k dh flfkfr dks n'kkzrh gsa lkj.kh, 6 vu; vfkzo;olfkkvksa esa 35-5 izfr'kr ds pje ls olwfy;ka ekunam leku?kvukøeksa dh la[;k 9 o"kz ds ckn fuos'k nj esa ifjorzu 9 o"kz ds ckn o`f¼ esa ifjorzu 35.5% dh mppre nj

176 12 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 vè;k; 4 % jktdks"kh; la?kokn vksj tokcnsgh feyku% D;k dksbz U;wu larqyu ik'k Hkh gs\ layxud I % fofhkuu jkt;ksa esa,y,lth ds ch fuf/;ksa ds mèokz/j vksj {ksfrt laforj.k ds fy,,l,iqlh }kjk vuqlaf'kr lw=k Share of RLBs & ULB in devolved funds (in per cent) RLB ULB Kerala Odisha Rajasthan Bihar Tamil Nadu Sikkim Assam Distribution between District, Block & Gram Panchayat (in per cent) Kerala Odisha Rajasthan Bihar Tamil Nadu Sikkim Assam Gram Panchayat Taluk Panchayat District Panchayat Distribution among District Panchayats (weights of criteria in per cent) Kerala Odisha Rajasthan Bihar Tamil Nadu Sikkim Assam Population Deprivation index/measure of need Other Revenue effort Area SC/ST population Fixed award Source: SFC Reports and Action-Taken Reports on SFC Reports.

177 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 13 layxud II % vkj,yth D;k gs\ d- xzkeh.k LFkkuh; fudk;ksa (iapk;r) ds ckjs esa dqn ewy rf; Hkkjr esa vkslr iapk;r yxhkx 3500 O;fDr;ksa dh lsok djrh gsaa ; fi vis{kkd`r cm+s jkt;ksa esa ns'k dh iapk;rksa dk LokHkkfod :i ls fo'kkyre fgllk gs fiqj Hkh] vis{kkd`r NksVs jkt;ksa tsls fd dsjy if'pe caxky esa iapk;rsa cm+h la[;k esa (yxhkx 19000) O;fDr;ksa dh lsok djrh gsaa (fp=k uhps ns[ksa) fp=k d 1% Hkkjr esa xzkeh.k LFkkuh; fudk;ksa (xzke iapk;r) dk ykhkkfkhz vk/kj 0 Avg. population per GP lzksr% iapk;rh jkt,oa losz{k.k ifjdyu fp=k d 2% xzkeh.k LFkkuh; fudk;ksa (vkj,yth) ds izfr O;fDr lalk/u vksj O;; (#i;s) Per capita direct Per capita own taxes tax Per capita own non-tax Per capita own resources Per capita SFC devolution 90 Per capita FFC devolution Per capita TE lzksr% xzkeh.k LFkkuh; fudk;ksa ds fy,] leh{kk ifjdyu vka/z izns'k] dukzvd] dsjy vksj mùkj izns'k ls fy, x, MkVk ij vk/kfjr gsa fvii.kh% dqy izkfir;ksa dks dqy O;; ds leku ekuk tkrk gs

178 14 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 2- xzkeh.k LFkkuh; fudk;ksa dh jktlo l`tu {kerk dk C;kSjk ; fi fp=k d 2 lkeku; fp=k n'kkzrh gs] fiqj Hkh lexz jkt;ksa esa vius Lo;a ds jktlo l`tu dh ek=kk vyx vyx gs (fp=k d 3)A eq[; rksj ij nks miyfc/;ka gsa% i. fp=k 4 esa fn, x, lkeku; isvuz ds varxzr] nks Js.kh ds jkt; gsa vfkkzr~ dsjy] v#.kkpy izns'k,oa dukzvd tks dqn izr;{k djksa vksj Lo;a ds dj jktlo dk laxzg djrs gsa vksj blds foijhr mùkj izns'k,oa jktlfkku tsls jkt; iwjh rjg ls varj.kksa ij fuhkzj djrs gsa_ vksj ii. fpark dh ckr ;g gs fd lkisf{kd :i ls vius Lo;a dk jktlo tqvkus esa vpnk dk;z fu"iknu djus okys jkt;ksa dh ;ksx;rk Hkh {kh.k gks jgh gsa vku/z izns'k vksj dukzvd }kjk,df=kr izr;{k djksa vksj Lo;a dj jktlo ds fglls ('ks;j) esa 2014&16 ds nksjku deh vkbz gsa ;g vk'p;ztud ugha gsa vr% bl vof/ esa vurfjr fuf/;ksa ds laca/ esa fuhkzjrk esa bu jkt;ksa esa Hkh o`f¼ gqbz gsa fp=k d 3% vkj,yth% p;fur jkt;ksa esa izr;{k dj] Lo;a dk jktlo vksj varj.k (») Direct tax revenue as % of total revenue Own revenue as % of total revenue Kerala Andhra Karnataka UP Kerala Andhra Karnataka UP SFC devolution as % of total revenue Kerala Andhra Karnataka UP FFC devolution as % of total revenue Kerala Andhra Karnataka UP lzksr% leh{kk ifjdyu jkt; ljdkjksa }kjk izlrqr dh xbz lwpukvksa ij vk/kfjr gsa ;w,yth% izeq[k jkt;ksa esa ;w,yth }kjk,d=k fd, x, Lo;a ds dj jktlo dk 'ks;j yxhkx 50 izfr'kr gs izrhr gksrk gs egkjk"vª] iatkc] rsyaxkuk] tsls jkt; dsjy vksj rfeyukmq tsls jkt;ksa dh rqyuk esa ;w,yth foùk ds laca/ esa csgrj dk;z dj jgs gsaa

179 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 15 fp=k d 4% ;w,yth dh jktdks"kh; flfkfr 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 - Per-capita resources of ULGs (Rs.) Own revenue as per cent of total revenue Per capita Own Revenue: ULBs (Rs.) Per capita Total Income: ULBs (Rs.) lzksr% leh{kk x.kuk,a,uqvy losz vkwiq bafm;u flvh fllve~l tukxzg }kjk izlrqr fd, x, vkadm+ksa ij vk/kfjr gsa [k% iapk;r foùk ds fo"k; esa ge D;k tkurs gsa\ vkj,yth ds lexz jktdks"kh; fu"iknu dks le>us esa eq[;r% nks ck/k,a ns[kus esa vk;h gasa igyh ck/k rks MkVk dh i;kzirrk dh lel;k gsa blls Hkh vf/d cm+h lel;k vkj,yth dks izdk;kzred vkcavu laca/h Li"Vrk dk vhkko gsa 73osa lafo/ku la'kks/u rfkk jkt; iapk;rjkt vf/fu;eksa esa vkj,yth dh izdk;kzred Hkwfedk dk o.kzu fd;k x;k gs] rfkkfi oklro esa bu Hkwfedkvksa dk izhkkoh <ax ls varj.k ugha fd;k x;k vksj blds lkfk vkj,yth ds mi&osdfyid dj iz;kl ds lkfk tksm+k x;k vfkkzr~ jkt; vksj la?k ljdkj ds ikl vkj,yth O;; ds laca/ esa i;kzir,dkf/dkj gsa la?k] jkt; vksj LFkkuh; iz'kklu vksj O;; laca/h fofhkuu psuyksa ds chp izdk;kzred Hkwfedkvksa dk ifj.kkeh izfrpnknu gksus ls vkj,yth dh foùkh; flfkfr dh lvhd fu/kzj.k djuk yxhkx vlahko gks x;k gsa MkVk i;kzirrk% viw.kz] vi;kzir vksj vlvhd MkVk jk"vªh; MkVk csl dks fu;fer vk/kj ij vimsv ugha fd;k tkuk% vkj,yth foùk;u ds laca/ esa dksbz O;kid vksj jk"vªh; MkVk csl miyc/ ugha gsa lh,iqlh vksj,l,iqlh }kjk iz;qdr fd, tkus okys MkVk dk lzksr eq[; :i ls jkt; ljdkjksa }kjk laxzfgr vksj iznùk gksrk gsa,d ds ckn,d foùk vk;ksxksa us uksv fd;k gs fd ;g MkVk viw. kz] vlaxr gs vksj t:jr im+us ij fdlh dke ugha vkrka mnkgj.k ds fy, rsjgosa lh,iqlh }kjk o"kz 2002&03 ls 2007&08 ds fy, vius jktlo laca/h viuk MkVk laxzfgr fd;k x;k Fkk ijurq bls os vius fo'ys"k.k esa iz;qdr ugha dj ik,a 14osa ;w,iqlh us thih ds ;kn`fpnd lseiy ls MkVk Hkstus dk vuqjks/ fd;k FkkA jkt;ksa us dsoy 9085 thih ls lacaf/r MkVk miyc/ djk;k buesa ls dsoy 6020 thih ds ckjs esa gh iw.kz C;kSjk FkkA bl MkVk esa bl rf; ds ckotwn vurj ik;k x;k fd Hkkjr ds fu;a=kd egkys[kk ijh{kd us vkj,yth Lrjh; foùkh; MkVk dks laxzfgr djus ds fy, jkt;ksa dks fofgr iqkeszv miyc/ djk;k x;k gsa cgqr ls jkt;ksa us muds bl lq>ko dk vuqikyu ugha fd;ka ;w,iqlh vksj,l,iqlh dh fliqkfj'kksa ds chp dksbz le; laxfr ugha gs ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i,d gh vof/ ds fy, dbz&dbz ckj MkVk laxzfgr gks tkrk gs (vksj vdlj vkil esa esy ugha [kkrk)a ;g u dsoy fu"izhkkoh jgrk gs cfyd bldk vfkz ;g Hkh gs fd vkj,yth foùkh; Lrjh; MkVk dh dksbz lrr~ le; J`a[kyk ugha gsa jkt; ctvksa esa iapk;rksa dks fuf/ varj.k ds fy, dksbz lqfuf'pr izko/ku ugha gs% vkj,yth dks fuf/ varj.k djus laca/h MkVk jkt; ctv nlrkostksa ls izkir fd;k tkrk gsa vf/dka'k jkt; ctvksa esa vkj,yth dks fd, tkus okys varj.kksa dks,d eq'r ds :i esa n'kkz;k x;k gs fdurq blesa vf/dka'kr% vkj,yth lacaf/r os lhkh varj.k 'kkfey gs ftudh ys[kkadu iz.kkyh ikjn'khz ugha gksrh] ftlls fuf/ varj.k dh ek=kk dk irk yxkuk eqf'dy gks tkrk gsa O;; ds olrq 'kh"kks± ls lacaf/r C;kSjk miyc/ ugha gsa ;gka rd fd jkt; Lrjh; iapk;rh jkt fohkkx vkj,yth ds izdk;zokj

180 16 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 O;; laca/h MkVk,d=k ugha djrs ftlls O;; dk fu/kzj.k djuk dfbu gks tkrk gsa dsoy dqn jkt;ksa tsls fd dukz- Vd] dsjy] egkjk"v vksj xqtjkr us gh vkj,yth ds izr;sd Lrj ij varfjr dh xbz fofo/ jkf'k;ksa ds fy, fof'k"v ctvh; izko/ku djus dh O;oLFkk dh gsa fof'k"v ctvh; izko/kuksa ds vhkko esa iapk;r Lrj ij fof'k"v O;; laca/h MkVk laxzg.k djus ds fy, dsoy,d gh iz.kkyh cprh gs vksj og gs laca¼ fohkkxksa ds ekè;e ls,slk dk;z fd;k tkuka gkykafd] bl ckjs esa LFkku vk/kfjr thih dsafunzr O;; laca/h vkadm+ksa dks ladfyr ugha fd;k tkrka lkfk&gh&lkfk] thih [kkrksa ds ekè;e ls (budh vcn~/ fuf/;ksa ls) [kpz dh xbz fuf/;ksa vksj jkt; fohkkxh; O;; lalfkkvksa }kjk [kpz dh xbz fuf/;ksa ds chp dksbz fohksn ugha fd;k tkrk ftlls ;g fuf'pr djuk dfbu gks tkrk gs fd iapk;rksa us viuh vcn~/ fuf/;ksa dks dsls [kpz fd;k gsa,y,lth esa vfhkys[kksa ds j[kj[kko dh xq.koùkk% thih Lrj ij vfhkfyf[kr MkVk vdlj jkt; Lrjh; vkwuykbu MkVk&csl ls esy ugha [kkrka mnkgj.k ds fy,] dukzvd esa uhfr vuqla/ku vè;;u dsaunz dh,d tokcnsgh laca/h igy us vius vè;;u esa ik;k fd xzkeh.k fodkl,oa iapk;r jkt fohkkx ds vkwuykbu fllve ij j[ks x, ys[kk dk thih MkVk ds lkfk esy ugha gks ik;ka dezpkfj;ksa ls lacaf/r vojks/ksa ds dkj.k bl lel;k esa vksj c<+ksrjh gh gksrh gsa bl vè;;u ls ;g Hkh irk pyk fd cgqr lss thih vf/dkfj;ksa ds LFkkukarj.k ds dkj.k foxr o"kks± ds jftlvjksa dk irk ugha yx ldka lgorhz dkjd&viw.kz varj.k xfrfof/ laca/h Li"V :ijs[kk dk vhkko% izhkkoh varj.k lqfuf'pr djus ds fy,] jkt; ljdkjksa dks vius izdk;ksa dks O;kid :i iznku djrs gq, bugsa xfrfof/;ksa esa :ikarfjr djus rfkk bugsa ljdkj ds leqfpr Lrj dks varfjr djus dh vko';drk gsa dukzvd vksj dsjy tsls dqnsd jkt;ksa ds flok;] fdlh Hkh jkt; }kjk,slh xfrfof/ dh :ijs[kk rs;kj djus esa xahkhjrk ugha fn[kkbz xbz gsa ifj.kkelo:i] cgqr ls jkt; varj.k dks ^^fo"k;ksa** ;k ^^fohkkxksa** dh 'kcnkoyh esa fjiksvz djrs gsa vksj laxr ctvksa dks,y,lth dks ^^varfjr** :i esa eku ysrs gsaa gkykafd O;kogkfjd rksj ij],slh vusd xfrfof/;ka vksj laca¼ ctv 'kh"kz gsa tks jkt; fohkkx ds ikl gh jgrs gsaa izdk;ks± esa ifj.kkeh lgofrzrk rfkk O;; /kkjkvksa dh vusdrk ls,y,lth O;; dk izkddyu djuk dfbu gks tkrk gsa laxeu ls,d nwljh lel;k issnk gks tkrh gsa vkj,yth dks varfjr izdk;ksz vksj lalk/u t:jrksa laca/h laxr O;; mùkjnkf;roksa dk fu/kzj.k djus ds fy,,l,iqlh ds ikl dksbz y{; iz.kkyh ugha gs ftlds ifj.kkelo:i,y,lth ds izhkkoh vkdyu djus ds fy, lalk/u vurj dh fofo/ vksj rnfkz ifjhkk"kk,a cms+ Lrj ij vaxhd`r djrs gsa ftlls,y,lth dks vurj.k djuk dfbu gks tkrk gsa blds vykok jkt;ksa ds chp fdlh Hkh izdkj dh rqyuk djuk vlahko gks tkrk gsa fueufyf[kr dk;ks± ls LFkkuh; fudk;ksa dks lwpuk ds vk/kj vksj izokg esa lq/kj ykus vksj eq[;/kjk esa ykus esa lqfo/k gksxh%& jkt; ctv esa LFkkuh; 'kkluksa ds fy, LFkku cukuk% jkt; ljdkjksa dks vius ctv nlrkostksa esa,y,lth ds lhkh Lrjksa ds fy, vurj.k ds folr`r oxhzdj.k lfgr eq[; 'kh"kz ls olrq 'kh"kz lfgr iw.kz O;oLFkk djuh pkfg,a bldh fliqkfj'k 13osa foùk vk;ksx us dh FkhA lhkh O;;ksa ds fy, LFkkuh; tkudkjh dk fooj.k% izr;sd clrh ds fy,,d ;wfud dksm dk l`tu fd;k tkuk pkfg, rkfd thih Lrjh; O;;ksa ds LFkkuh; fooj.k dks izkir fd;k tk ldsa blls oklrfod le; esa fdlh fof'k"v clrh ds Hkhrj lhkh dk O;; laca/h MkVk dk Lor% lesdu djuk lahko gks ldsxka,l,iqlh vksj lh,iqlh ds chp ledkfyd rkyesy% finys pkj lh,iqlh fliqkfj'k dj pqds gsa fd,l,iqlh dh fu;qfdr le; ij dh tkuh pkfg, vksj,l,iqlh dh vof/ vksj lh,iqlh dh vof/ ds chp esa rkyesy gksuk pkfg,a

181 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 17 ekudhd`r ys[kkadu izk:i vksj ekun.m% fu;a=kd,oa egkys[kkijh{kd }kjk ;Fkk fofgr laxfer MkVk dks izkir djus rfkk mldk vuqj{k.k djus ds fy, ys[kkadu izk:iksa vksj ekun.mksa dk vuqj{k.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,a ys[kkijh{kk dh laof/zr fu;ferrk ls ys[kkadu vuq'kklu dks cuk, j[kus esa lgk;rk feysxha,yth MkVk ds fy, uksmy dk;kzy; ds :i esa jkt; Lrj ij,d LFkk;h,l,iQlh lsy dh LFkkiuk% izr;sd jkt; esa,d LFkk;h,l,iQlh lsy ls cgqr yacs le; rd fu;fer vksj fo'oluh; MkVk laxzg.k lqfuf'pr gks ldsxka x- xzke iapk;rksa esa ekuo lalk/u xzke iapk;rsa lkoztfud LoPNrk] is;ty] ;krk;kr leidz] LVªhV ykbfvax] vu; lkoztfud ifjleifùk;ksa,oa tulqfo/ kkvksa dk fuekz.k,oa j[kj[kko rfkk dk;zøeksa dh ekwuhvfjax rfkk i;zos{k.k ls lacaf/r dk;z djrh gsaa pksngosa foùk vk;ksx ds v/hu fuf/;ksa dk vkcavu c<+k fn;k x;k gs ftlls muds Åij egroiw.kz fteesnkfj;ka vk xbz gsa vksj mi;qzdr dk;ks± ds fy, mugsa cm+h la[;k esa ekuo lalk/uksa dh t:jr im+rh gsa uhps nh xbz lkj.kh xzke iapk;rksa ds izfrfuf/ro vk/kj dks n'kkzrk gs tgka,d fuokzfpr izfrfuf/ yxhkx ikap lks yksxksa dk izfrfuf/ro djrk gsa ;g jktuhfrd fodsunzhdj.k dh 'kfdr dks Hkh bafxr djrk gsa gkykafd] ;g dk;z] dk;zdrkzvksa vksj dk;kzuo;u {kerkvksa ds i;kzir fodsunzhdj.k esa ifjofrzr ugha gks ik;ka mùkj izns'k esa yxhkx 10 iapk;rksa&; fi tula[;k ds ekeys esa bu iapk;rksa dk dojst NksVk Fkk&dk izca/u,d dk;zdkjh izeq[k ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gsa nks ;k rhu jkt;ksa ds vykok vf/dka'k jkt; dk;zdrkzvksa dh deh ls tw> jgs gsaa izfr xzke iapk;r ekuo lalk/u lnl; iapk;r lfpo xzsm IV ds vykok vu; LVkiQ izfr xzke iapk;r tula[;k dsjy mùkjizns'k jktlfkku vka/zizns'k dukzvd fcgkj NA mi;qzdr dk vkslr lzksr% lacaf/r jkt; ljdkjksa }kjk izlrqr vkadm+ksa vksj leh{kk ifjdyu ij vk/kfjr,u,=miyc/ ugha xzkeh.k fodkl ea=kky; ds v/hu xzkeh.k fodkl dk;zøeksa esa csgrj ifj.kke ds fy, fu"iknu vk/kfjr Hkqxrku ls lacaf/r lfefr us viuh uohure fjiksvz esa iapk;rkas esa LVkiQ dh deh dks mtkxj fd;k gsa izeq[k inksa ij fjfdr;k vf/d gsa vksj mdr inksa ds laca/ esa HkrhZ dk ekè;e fhkuu&fhkuu gsa iqylo:i xzke iapk;rksa ds dk;ksza ds fy, Bsd dss LVkiQ ij fuhkzjrk c<+rh tk jgh gsa vf/dka'k jkt;ksa ds vkj,yth esa ifjhkkf"kr ekuo lalk/u uhfr dk vhkko gs_ iqyr% rnfkz inksa ij HkfrZ;k dh tk jgh gsaa fjiksvz esa vkuqikfrd ekuo lalkèku dks lqn`<+ fd, fcuk bathfu;fjax] vdkmafvax vksj MkVk,aVªh ds {ks=k esa c<+rs dk;z Hkkj dks Hkh bafxr fd;k gsa layxud 3% Hkwfe dj lahkko;rk jkt; ljdkj }kjk Hkwfe dj ds laxzg.k dk vkdyu pkj Ms+Vk lzksrksa ls izkir tkudkjh ds la;kstu }kjk fd;k tkrk gs% (d) jk"vªh; izfrn'kz losz{k.k dk;kzy; dh ^^Hkkjr esa fdlkuksa ds vk;] O;;] mriknd] ifjleifr;k vksj ½.kxzLrrk ij fjiksvz** tksfd tuojh&fnlecj 2013 ds nksjku jk"vªh; izfrn'kz (lseiy) losz{k.k dk;kzy; ds 70osa nksj dh csbd vksj rnuq:i ;wfuv ysoy MsVk ij vk/kfjr gsa

182 18 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 ([k) dsjy ljdkj }kjk dsjy ds lkr ls vf/d ftyksa esa iqsys 700 ls vf/d xk oksa dh fofhkuu izdkj dh Hkwfe dk mfpr ewy; vkwuykbu lzksrksa ls fu/kzfjr djuka (x) dsjy esa fofhkuu izdkj dh d`f"k Hkwfe ds fy, 180 ls vf/d foø; ewy; ds dksvs'ku fj;y,lvsv osc+lkbvksa ls izkir fd, x, gasa blh izdkj rfeyukmq esa fofhkuu lzksrksa ls 100 ls vf/d mdr dksvs'ku izkir fd, x, gsaa (?k) vkjchvkbz ds izdk'ku ^^jkt; foùkh; lk/u% ctv dk vè;;u** ls izkir tkudkjh ds vuqlkj jkt; ljdkjksa ds Hkwfe jktlo dk laxzg.ka Hkwfe ds ewy ewy; dk vkdyu % jk"vªh; izfrn'kz losz{k.k dk;kzy; ds 70osa nksj ls [ksrh&ckm+h vksj i'kqikyu ls gksus okyh 'kq¼ vk; ij lwpuk izkir gqbza d`f"k {ks=k ls lacaf/r ;g lwpuk d`f"k tux.kuk 2010&11 dh lwpuk dk iz;ksx djrs gq, igyh ckj osyhvsqg dh xbza o"kz 2012 (tqykbz&fnlacj) ds fy, vk; dks c<+kdj o"kz 2015&16 esa gksus okyh vk; ds cjkcj fd;k x;k gs vksj blds fy, eè;orhz o"kks± ds nksjku d`f"k,oa i'kqikyu dk;ks± ds varxzr ldy ewy; of/zr fodkl dks mi;ksx es yk;k x;k gsa fiqj] ml vk;&iwathdj.k ekwmy dk mi;ksx djds] ftlds varxzr Hkwfe ds ewy; dks iw.kzr% Hkkoh vk; izokgksa ij vk/kfjr ekuk tkrk gs rfkk Hkwfe ds orzeku ewy; dks Hkwfe ls gksus okyh Hkkoh vk; ds dkvkd`r izokg dks tksm+ dj izfr gsdvs;j Hkwfe ls gksus okyh d`f"kxr vk; dk iwathdj.k fd;k tkrk gsa fp=k d 5% lahkko;rk ds lkis{k lahkko;rk ds izfr'kr ds :i esa Hkw&jktLo laxzg.k% 2015&16 jk"vªh; Hkwfe ewy;ksa ds vk/kj ij lzksr% leh{kk x.kuk os/dj.k% dsjy ljdkj dk iathdj.k fohkkx] ljdkj }kjk fu/kzfjr] Hkwfe ds mfpr ewy;ksa ds laca/ esa lwpuk dk viuh osclkbv ij izpkj djrk gsa ;s mfpr ewy; ftu dk fu/kzj.k o"kz 2010 esa,d fodsanzhd`r i¼fr ds ekè;e ls fd;k x;k vksj dqn ekeyksa esa] ckn esa buesa la'kks/u Hkh fd, x,] fofhkuu Hkw&Jsf.k;ksa ds fy, dqn ^vk/kj&ewy;* fufnz"v djrs gsaa dsjy ds lkr ftyksa (dksyye] ivuerhrk] dksv~v;e] f=kpwj] iyddm] eyiiqje vksj dksf>dksm) esa] ckxokuh Hkwfe] vkoklh; Hkw[kaM vksj ue Hkwfe] uked rhu laxr Jsf.k;ksa ds mfpr ewy;ksa ds yxhkx 2000 izs{k.kkas dh tkap ls irk pyrk gs fd vkslr mfpr ewy;] vk; iawthdj.k ekwmy ds vkèkkj ij izkddfyr ewy; dk fudvrk ds lkfk vuqlj.k djrs gsa (dsjy ds laca/ esa 21 yk[k #- izfr,dm+] tksfd bu jkt;ksa ds chp lokszpp gs vksj vf[ky Hkkjrh; vkslr dk rdjhcu nksxquk gs_ tcfd bldh rqyuk esa jktlfkku esa ;g U;wure ;kuh 5-0 yk[k #i, izfr,dm+ gs)a Hkwfe ds cktkj ewy; dh VªSfdax% vkerksj ij ;g ns[kk tkrk gs fd Hkwfe dk cktkj ewy; vk;&iawthdj.k ekwmy ls

183 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 19 O;qRiUu ewy; ls cgqr vf/d gsa blfy,] vkwuykbu jh;y LVsV izkbl dksvs'kuksa dk mi;ksx djrs gq, Hkwfe ds cktkj ewy; dk Hkh irk yxk;k tkrk gsa fofhkuu Jsf.k;ksa dh Hkwfe] tslsfd dkwiqh vksj fepz ds ckxku] ukfj;y mxkus ds fy, iz;qdr Hkwfe] /ku,oa jcj rfkk vu; lkeku; iqlyksa dh [ksrh ds fy, iz;qdr Hkwfe ds i`fkd&i`fkd fu/kzfjr ekax ewy;ksa laca/h tkudkjh Hkh tqvkbz xbz gsa o"kz 2013 esa dsjy ljdkj ds d`f"k fohkkx }kjk izdkf'kr ^^iqsdv~l,am fiqxlz,ckmv,xzhdypj bu dsjy** ls O;qRiUu] dsjy esa fofhkuu iqlyksa ds laca/ esa {ks=kokj Hkkjkadksa ds vk/kj ij bu dherksa dk vkslr fu/kzfjr fd;k x;k gsa bl vkslr ekax ewy; esa] bl rf; dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, fd vkwuykbu nh xbz ewy; laca/h dksvs'ku oklrfod fuivkjk dherksa ls mpprj gks ldrh gsa] 10 izfr'kr rd dh dvksrh dh xbz gsa dsjy ds laca/ esa] lek;ksftr cktkj ewy;] vk; iwathdj.k ekwmy ls izkir Åij n'kkz, x, Hkwfe ds ewy; ds rhu xquk ls Hkh vf/d gsa,d vf/d lhfer fo'ys"k.k rfeyukmq jkt; ds laca/ esa fd;k x;k gs ftlus n'kkz;k gs fd Hkwfe dk cktkj ewy; dfyir ewy; dk yxhkx nksxquk gsa layxud 4% x`g&dj lahkko;rk x`g&dj lahkko;rk ij fu"d"kz fudkyus ds fy, fueufyf[kr MkVk lzksrksa dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gs% d- tux.kuk 2011 ij jkt;okj vkoklu MkVk_ [k- Hkkjr esa ^is;ty] LoPNrk] LokLF; vksj vkoklu flfkfr ij tqykbz&fnlecj] 2012 ds nksjku fd, x, vius mugùkjosa jkmam vksj ;wfuv Lrj ds le:ih MkVk ij vk/kfjr] jk"vªh; uewuk losz{k.k dk;kzy; dh fjiksvz_ x- edkuksa ds vkdkj vksj O;kid :i ls mn~/`r fj;y,lvsv osclkbvksa ls yh xbz mudh dherksa ij vkwuykbu MkVkA ewy;kadu% o"kz 2011 dh tux.kuk esa ifjokjksa ds }kjk vf/x`ghr d{kksa dh la[;k ds vuqlkj forj.k ij lwpuk nh xbz gs] fdurq blesa?kjksa ds {ks=kiqy ij lwpuk ugha nh xbz gsa jk"vªh; uewuk losz{k.k dk;kzy; ds 69osa jkmam ls fy, x, okl d{kksa dk {ks=k edkuksa ds ewy;kadu ds fy,] fuekz.k ds ckn ewy; o`f¼ ds fy, ;qfdrlaxr :i ls lek;ksftr] fuekz.k dh dsanzh; yksd fuekz.k fohkkx dh vuqlwph njksa vksj tux.kuk laca/h MkVk ls tqm+k gsa dsjy] rfeyukmq vksj dukzvd ds fy,] edkuksa ds vkdkj ds ifjdyuksa dks vkwu&ykbu oklrfod laink lwpuk dks] bl rf; ds ys[kk tks[kk ds fy, fd vkwuykbu fokkiuksa dks lkeku;r% vkoklu LiSDVªe ds Åijh fljs ds fy, vlfkk;h gksrs gsa] mi;qdr lek;kstuksa ls iwjk djds la'kksf/r fd;k x;k gsa vu; vusd jkt;ksa ds fy, fo'olr vkwuykbu lwpuk miyc/ ugha gsa layxud 5% rfeyukmq dh xzke iapk;rksa esa vius jktlo laxzgksa esa fhkuurk,a rfeyukmq dh xzke iapk;rksa esa viuk jktlo laxzg Own revenue (OR) collections in the Village Panchayats of Tamil Nadu lkaf[;dh (izfr O;fDr (izfr (#Ik;s yk[k esa) #i;s esa) (yk[k #i;s esa) O;fDr #i;s esa) iapk;rksa dh la[;k 12,506 12,506 12,506 12,506 vkslr ekud fopyu oka 'kread oka 'kread (ekfè;dk) oka 'kread U;wure ewy; vf/dre ewy; lzksr% rfeyukmq MkVk,ufyfVDl ;wfuv

184 20 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 vè;k; 5% D;k fodkl esa foyafcr vfhkl`fr,d ck/k cu tkrh gs\ D;k Hkkjr blls cp ik,xk\ vuqca/µi lajpukred ifjorzu fo?kvu i¼fr xzk uxu MkVk (fvej] fm ozht,am fm ozht] 2014) 10 {ks=kksa dh igpku djrk gsa ge {ks=kh; mrikndrk lao`f¼ rfkk {ks=kksa ds eè; ifjorzu ds Hkhrj fof'k"v igpku djrs gq, buesa ls rhu ij vf/d è;ku nsrs gsaa ge o"kz 1980 ls 2010 dh vof/ ij eq[; :i ls è;ku nsrs gq, ththmhlh MkVkcsl esa] bu izr;sd 10 {ks=kksa] rfkk 42 vfkzo;olfkkvksa ds fy, izfr dkexkj ewy; o`f¼] Ycst rfkk jkstxkj va'k Ocst dk ewy;kadu djrs gsaa fo?kvu ds ckn izfke vurjksa dks vkjafhkd Lrjh; mriknu ls fohkkftr dj esdfeyu,v,y (2016) vkfn ds vuqlkj gesa feyrk gs% bl fo'ys"k.k ds mís'; ls ge lajpukred ifjorzu dks ththmhlh MkVk ds nl {ks=kksa esa ls rhu ^^vk/qfud** {ks=kksa ls lg;ksftr djrs gsa] ftls ge lsv,e (M)={fofuekZ.k_ ifjogu] HkaMkj,oa laizs"k.k_ rfkk foùk] chek] fj;y,lvsv vksj O;kikj lsok,a} }kjk n'kkzrs gsaa ^^vpnh** lao`f¼ ds vkarfjd&{ks=k&?kvd dk ewy;kadu djus ds fy, ge bu rhu ^^vk/qfud** {ks=kksa ds i`fkddj.k esa igys inksa dk ;ksx djrs gsaa {ks=k&lao`f¼ ds varxzr ^^vpnh** lao`f¼ ds ladh.kz lajpukred ifjorzu?kvd ds fy,] ge bugha rhu {ks=kksa ds nwljs vksj rhljs inksa dk ;ksx djrs gsa% lajpukred :ikarj.k = bu nks inksaa esa ^^vpnh lao`f¼** 'kkfey gs rfkk js[kkfp=k 4 esa uhyh rfkk yky jax ds {ks=kksa ds vuq:i gsaa

185 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 21 vè;k; 6% tyok;q] tyok;q ifjorzu vksj Ñf"k vuqca/ 1 tyok;q] tyok;q ifjorzu vksj Ñf"k% MkVk] lzksr vksj i¼fr vè;k; esa fo'ys"k.k esa iz;qdr MkVkcsl vksj muls lacaf/r lzksr Hkkx&1 esa of.kzr gsa bdksukehfvªd i¼fr Hkkx 2 esa nh xbz gsa 1- MkVk,oa lzksr eksle rkieku,oa izslhfivs'ku MkVk fueukafd lzksr 7 ls izkir fd, tkrs gsaa MkVk lzksr LVs'kuksa dh la[;k (vf[ky Hkkjr) o"kz vlfkk;h ladyi fxzm vkdkj izslhfivs'ku (vkbz,emh) izslhfivs'ku (Msykokjs) rkieku (vkbz,emh) rkieku (vkbz,emh) rkieku (Msykokjs) Hkkjrh; i¼fr fohkkx nsfud 1 fmxzh nj 1 fmxzh Msjkokjs fo'ofo ky; (th,plh,u@vkbz,emh ls tqvk;k x;k) Hkkjrh; eksle fokku fohkkx Hkkjrh; eksle fokku fohkkx Msjkokjs fo'ofo ky; (th,plh,u@vkbz,emh ls tqvk;k x;k) ekfld 0.5 fmxzh nj 0.5 fmxzh ekfld 0.5 fmxzh nj 0.5 fmxzh nsfud 1 fmxzh nj 1 fmxzh ekfld 0.5 fmxzh nj 0.5 fmxzh Ñf"k fo'ys"k.k ds fy, Ñf"k MkVk ds nks lzksrksa dk blrseky fd;k x;ka 1966&2010 dh vof/ ds fy, lseh vkjhm VªkfiDl (vkbzlhvkjvkbz,l,vh) ds fy, varjjk"vªh; iqly chek lalfkku }kjk ladfyr MkVk lsv dks iz;qdr fd;k x;ka izeq[k iqlyksa ds fy, ;g MkVk lsv iqly dvkbz ds vurxzr mriknu vksj {ks=k laca/h lwpuk miyc/ djkrk gsa bl MkVk esa 'kkfey iqlysa ;g gsa pkoy] eddk] lksj?ke] nkysa] dikl] ewaxiqyh] cktjk] fiqaxj feysv] lks;k] xsgwa] tks] fpddih] fyulhm],oa jsih rfkk ljlksa chta bu iqlyksa ds lclsv ds fy, vkbzlhvkjvkbz,l,vh Hkh iqly dher ij MkVk miyc/ djkrk gsµfdlku }kjk fcøh ds izfke dsunz ij izkir dh xbz dhera iqkez jktlo (izfr ;wfuv {ks=k) ds mik;ksa gsrq] bldk iz;ksx fd;k x;ka ;g MkVk 19 izeq[k jkt;ksa dks doj djrk gs blesa 'kkfey gsa% vku/z izns'k] xqtjkr] gfj;k.kk] dukzvd] eè; izns'k] egkjk"vª] iatkc] jktlfkku] rfeyukmq] mùkj izns'k] fcgkj] if'pe caxky] mm+hlk] vle] fgekpy izns'k] dsjy] NÙkhlx<+] >kj[kam vksj mùkjk[kama vkbzlhvkjvkbz,l,vh }kjk miyc/ djk, x, lhkh vkadm+s 1966 ftyksa ds vuq:i gsaa 2011&2014 dh vof/ ds fy, Ñf"k ea=kky; }kjk iqly mriknu vksj {ks=k ij miyc/ djk;k x;k MkVk lsv iz;ksx esa yk;k x;ka lerk dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, bl MkVk dks 1966 ftyk ckamfmª;ksa gsrq iw.kk±fdr fd;k x;ka

186 22 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 2- fof'k"v i¼fr ;g [kam 3 esa fu"d"kz ij vkus ds fy, iz;qdr dh xbz i¼fr dk o.kzu djrk gsa eq[; ;kstuk MkVk&lsV dh isuy&- lajpuk dk irk yxkuk gs] rkfd bl le; esa,d ftys ds Hkhrj d`f"k&fu"iknu ij eksle esa ifjorzu ds izhkko dk vè;;u fd;k tk ldsa ;g iwjh rjg Lohdkj fd;k tk pqdk gs fd eksle rfkk d`f"k fu"iknu ds chp laca/ cgqr vf/d ukwu&fyfu;j gs (Ms'ksUl,aM xzhu LVksu 2007)A bl xsj&js[kh;rk dk izca/u djus ds dbz jklrs gsaa mnkgj.k ds fy,] vkbz,e,iq (2017) ijkorzu dk vuqeku yxkrs gsa tgka O;k[;kRed pj jkf'k;ksa esa rkieku vksj o"kkz ds fy, leku rfkk f}?kkrh; fuca/u 'kkfey gsaa ;gka,d fhkuu n`f"v viukbz xbz gsa fueufyf[kr iqkez ds fof'k"v ijkorzu vuqekfur Fks% ;gka Ycdt dk vk'k;,d o"kz t esa,d ftys d esa iqly c ds fy, ykhk dh ifj.kkeh pj jkf'k&ykwx (iqly),oa ykwx (mriknu dk ewy;) gsa ^^csm VsEijspj 'kkwd** pj jkf'k,d vkhkklh pj jkf'k gs tks ewy; 1 ysrh gs ;fn o"kz t esa ftys d esa VsEijspj (rkieku)] ftyk&fof'k"v&rkieku&forj.k ds 'kh"kz 20 izfr'kr esa gksa blh izdkj] ^^csm jsuiqkwy 'kkwd** ewy; 1 ysrk gs ;fn o"kz t esa ftys d esa VsEijspj (rkieku)] ftyk&fof'k"v o"kkz&forj.k ds 'kh"kz 20 izfr'kr esa gksa 8 Ycd dk vk'k;] iqly fof'k"v ftyk fu;r izhkko gs tks ftyksa ds chp fdlh le;&vifjorzuh;&fu;r ifjorzuksa&e`nk xq.koùkk] vkslr rkieku] o"kkz vkfn dk irk yxkrk gsa blh izdkj Sct o"kz&fu;r izhkko gs tks >Vdksa ('kkwdl) ds izhkkoksa dks crkrk gs] tks,d fn, x, o"kz esa lhkh ftyksa esa lkeku; gsaa buesa izks ksfxdh esa ifjorzu (tsls fd gfjr Økafr)] vfkok ljdkjh uhfr esa cnyko tsls U;wure lefkzu ewy; (,e,lih) esa o`f¼ 'kkfey gks ldrh FkhA lhkh ijkorzuksa esa ekud =kqfv;ksa dks ftyk Lrj ij bdv~bk fd;k x;k gsa bl rjg rs;kj djrs gq,] ;s ijkorzu,d ftys ds le;ksifj ds Hkhrj eksle ds izhkkoksa dh igpku djrs gsaa rkieku mrkj p<+ko ds pj jkf'k laca/h xq.kd ;g vuqeku yxkrs gsa fd,d ftys esa,d mpp rkieku o"kz esa ^^lkeku;** rkieku o"kz dh rqyuk esa iqly esa fxjkov gqbza blh izdkj] o"kkz&mrkj&p<+ko pj jkf'k;ksa laca/h xq.kkd fueufyf[kr iz'u dk mùkj nsrs gs%,d ftys esa,d fueu o"kkz okys o"kz esa] lkeku; o"kz dh rqyuk esa iqly esa fdruh deh gqbza uhps lkj.kh d 1&d4 ds igys dkwye bl ijkorzu ls izkir xq.kdksa ds ckjs esa crkrs gsaa vu; miyc/ fodyiksa esa ls bl fof'k"vrk ds p;u dk dkj.k ;g gs fd rkieku vksj o"kkz ds izhkko rc vf/dre iq"v gksrs gsa tc ^^lkeku; Lrjksa** ls izkir fopyu fo'kkyre gksrs gsaa ;g fp=k 9 vksj 10 esa n'kkz;k x;k Fkk] tgka rkieku forj.k dk nk;ka fljk,oa o"kkz&forj.k dk ck;ka fljk mitksa esa o``gre deh ds lkfk tqm+k FkkA ml fp=k ds lkfk tqm+k gqvk ijkorzu uhps n'kkz;k x;k gs% ;gka rkieku vksj o"kkz ds 10 n'keyo dks Meh ds :i esa iz;qdr fd;k tkrk gsa 5oka n'keyo vyx Js.kh esa vkrk gsa vr% ;g lg&laca/ b 10 mrikndrk esa vkslr enksa dks n'kkzrk gs] tc rkieku 50 n'keyo ds eqdkcys 10 oka n'keyo gksrk gsa mlh izdkj g 1 lg&laca/ 5 oka n'keyo dh rqyuk esa izfke n'keyo esa o"kkz gksus ij mrikndrk esa vkslr en gsa eq[; vè;k; esa vkadm+k 8 rfkk bl ijkorzu lg&laca/ dks n'kkzrk gsa flafpr rfkk vflafpr {ks=k ds chp eksle fhkuurk ds izeq[k dk vè;;u djus ds fy, ge mi;qzdr ijkorzu dks vur% fø;k ds lkfk folrkj nsrs gsa lhkh ijkorzuksa o"kkz ds nksjksa dks twu ls flrecj ds nksjku o"kkz ds vk/kj ij ifjhkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gsa rkieku ds nksjksa dks [kjhiq iqly ds fy, twu ls flrecj vof/ esas vkslr nsfud rkieku vksj jch iqly ds fy, vdvwcj ls fnlecj ds vk/kj ij ifjhkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gsa mi;qzdr lehdj.k dh O;k[;k dsls dh tk ldrh gs\ o"kkz vksj rkieku vk?kkr ij lg&laca/ dk vuqeku,d ftys esa gqbz [kjkc o"kkz vksj [kjkc rkieku vk?kkrksa ds izhkko ls yxk;k tkrk gs tgka flapkbz 0 gsa (d 1 +B 1 ) vksj (d 2 +B 2 )

187 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 23 dk lehdj.k ftys esa gqbz [kjkc eksle ds izhkko dks n'kkzrk gs tgka Ñf"k Hkwfe dk 100» flafpar gksrk gsa a 1 ds fy, /ukred ewy;] B 1 ds fy, Í.kkRed ewy; ds lkfk la;qdr gksrk gs tks rkieku vk?kkrksa ls vflafpr {ks=kksa esa mrikndrk dks de djrh gs] ysfdu ;g flafpar {ks=kksa dks detksj dj nsrk gsa bl fof'k"vdj.k dk ifj.kke rkfydk d1µd4 ds nwljs dkye esa ns[kk tk ldrk gsa foijhr rkieku vksj o"kkz vk?kkrksa dk izhkko vflafpr {ks=kksa esa dkiqh eglwl fd, tkrs gsa tcfd iw.kz flafpar {ks=k esa (tgka flafpar {ks=k dk vuqikr 1 ds cjkcj gs)] ;gka dk izhkko 'kwu; gsa bl vè;k; esa izfrxeu ds ifj.kke dks fjiksvz djrh gs ftlesa flafpar vksj vflafpar {ks=kksa ds fy, vyx ls vuqeku yxk;k tkrk gsa ge,d ftys esa flafpar gksus okys {ks=k dks ifjhkkf"kr djrs gsa ;fn blds 50» ls de fuoy iqly {ks=k dk flapkbz 2010 esa fd;k x;k gksa lhkh vu; ftys vflafpar {ks=k ds :i esa ekus tkrs gsaa var esa] ;g lq>krk gs fd dbz dkjd ds vfrfjdr o"kkz dh vkslr Lrj Ñf"k izfriqyksa dks ekuk tkrk gsa pwafd gekjs ikl jkstkuk vkadm+k gksrk gs] ge ;g tkap dj ldrs gsa D;k [kjhiq vksj jch eksle ds nksjku,d eghus ds Hkhrj o"kkz dk forj.k bu fodyih; psuyksa ds fy, Li"V :i ls tkap ds fy, gesa vuqefr nsrk gsa,slk djus ds fy, ge bldk vuqeku fueufyf[kr izdkj ds izrhxeu ls dj ldrs gsa (flafpar vksj vflafpar {ks=kksa ds fy, vyx&vyx)a 'kq"d fnol] fnuksa dh la[;k dks bafxr djrk gs tgka o"kkz 0-1,e,e ls de jgka bl izrhxeu dk ifj.kke rkfydk A 1 -A 4 ds dkye 3 esa fjiksvz fd;k x;k gsa tslk fd lkj.kh ls Li"V gs fd o"kkz vk?kkrksa ds fu;a=k.k ds ckotwn] 'kq"d fnuksa dh la[;k d`f"k izfriqy dks n'kkzrh gsa lkj.kh d1 [kjhiq izfriqy ij eksle dk izhkko ykwx (izfriqy) ykwx (izfriqy) ykwx (izfriqy) izfrdwy rkieku vk?kkr *** *** *** ( ) (0.0105) (0.0101) flapkbz*izfrdwy rkieku vk?kkr *** (0.0190) (0.0183) izfrdwy o"kkz vk?kkr *** *** *** ( ) (0.0113) (0.0100) flapkbz*izfrdwy o"kkz vk?kkr 0.283*** 0.207*** 'kq"d fnolksa dh la[;k (0.0196) (0.0184) *** ( ) flapkbz*'kq"d fnolksa dh la[;k *** ( ) iqly ftyk,iqbz gk gk gk iqly o"kz,iqbz gk gk gk voyksdu 73,198 69,301 69,301 vkj&oxkzdkj fvii.kh% lhkh rkfydkvksa esa] ekud =kqfv;ka ftyk Lrj ij lewg cuk ysrh gs tks dks"bdksa esa fjiksvz fd, x, gsa ***] ** vksj * dk fpug Øe'k% 1 izfr'kr] 5 izfr'kr vksj 10 izfr'kr ds iz;kzir varj dks bafxr djrk gsa

188 24 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 lkj.kh d2- [kjhiq jktlo ij eksle dk izhkko ykwx (izfriqy) ykwx (izfriqy) ykwx (izfriqy) izfrdwy rkieku vk?kkr *** *** *** ( ) (0.0141) (0.0135) flapkbz*izfrdwy rkieku vk?kkr 0.140*** (0.0289) (0.0276) izfrdwy o"kkz vk?kkr *** *** *** ( ) (0.0168) (0.0147) flapkbz*izfrdwy o"kkz vk?kkr 0.300*** 0.166*** (0.0307) (0.0294) 'kq"d fnolksa dh la[;k *** ( ) flapkbz*'kq"d fnolksa dh la[;k *** ( ) iqly ftyk,iqbz gk gk gk iqly o"kz,iqbz gk gk gk voyksdu 34,263 34,263 34,263 vkj&oxkzdkj lkj.kh d3- jch izfriqyksa ij eksle dk izhkko ykwx (izfriqy) ykwx (izfriqy) ykwx (izfriqy) izfrdwy rkieku vk?kkr *** *** *** ( ) (0.0105) (0.0106) flapkbz*izfrdwy rkieku vk?kkr 0.185*** 0.134*** (0.0170) (0.0166) izfrdwy o"kkz vk?kkr *** *** *** ( ) ( ) ( ) flapkbz*izfrdwy o"kkz vk?kkr 0.111*** (0.0154) (0.0167) 'kq"d fnolksa dh la[;k *** ( ) flapkbz*'kq"d fnolksa dh la[;k *** ( ) iqly ftyk,iqbz gk gk gk iqly o"kz,iqbz gk gk gk voyksdu 41,864 37,649 37,649 vkj&oxkzdkj

189 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 25 lkj.kh d4- jch jktlo ij eksle dk izhkko ykwx (izfriqy) ykwx (izfriqy) ykwx (izfriqy) izfrdwy rkieku vk?kkr *** *** *** ( ) (0.0137) (0.0138) flapkbz*izfrdwy rkieku vk?kkr 0.211*** 0.154*** (0.0230) (0.0228) izfrdwy o"kkz vk?kkr *** *** *** ( ) (0.0107) (0.0114) flapkbz*izfrdwy o"kkz vk?kkr *** (0.0204) (0.0222) 'kq"d fnolksa dh la[;k *** ( ) flapkbz*'kq"d fnolksa dh la[;k *** ( ) iqly ftyk,iqbz gk gk gk iqly o"kz,iqbz gk gk gk voyksdu 25,979 24,473 24,473 vkj&oxkzdkj dksm uke dksm uke,ih vku/z izns'k,e,p egkjk"vª,vkj v#.kkapy izns'k,e,u ef.kiqj,,l vle,eth es?kky; chvkj fcgkj,etsm fetksje lhth NÙkhlx<+,u, ukxkysam Mh,y fnyyh vksmh vksfm'kk th, xksok ihch iatkc thts xqtjkr vkjts jktlfkku,pvkj gfj;k.kk,lds flfdde,pih fgekpy izns'k Vh,u rfeyukmq tsds teew o d'ehj Vh,y rsyaxkuk ts,p >kj[k.m Vhvkj f=kiqjk ds, dukzvd ;wih mùkj izns'k ds,y dsjy ;wds mùkjk[k.m,eih eè; izns'k MCY;wch if'pe caxky

190 26 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 vè;k; & 7 % fyax&vk;ke dk fu/kzj.k vksj ijkorzu lehdj.k vuqca/ I. fyax&vk;ke dk fu/kzj.k vksj ijkorzu lehdj.k ;g vuqca/ jk"vªh; ifjokj LokLF; losz{k.k (,u,iq,p,l) ds nksuksa pjksa ds lalk/u dk lfolrkj Li"Vhdj.k djrk gs ftlls fd bl vè;k; esa iz;qdr fyax&fo"k;d vk;keksa,oa ijkorzu lehdj.k dks izkir fd;k tk ldsa lhkk ijkorzu (fjxzs'ku) Mh,p,l vksj,u,iq,p,l ds losz{k.k vkadm+ksa ds efgyk fjdkwmz [kam dk mi;ksx djds flagkoyksfdr gsaa fyax&fo"k;d 17 ladsrdksa ij] izr;sd ds l`tukfkz] fueufyf[kr jhfr iz;qdr dh xbz gs% & vfhkdj.k fo"k;d ladsrdksa ij] pqfuank rqyuk 15 vksj 49 o"kz dh mez ds chp dh mu fookfgrk efgykvksa esa gs tks ;g lwpuk nsrh gsa fd os fu.kz; djus esa lfeefyr gksrh gsa& pkgs os Lo;a fu.kz; ysrh gksa ;k os vius ifr@lgpj ds lkfk feytqy dj fu.kz; ysrh gksaa & vfhko`fùk fo"k;d ladsrdksa ij] pqfuank rqyuk 15 vksj 49 o"kz ds chp dh vk;q okyh fookfgrk efgykvksa esa gsa & jkstxkj vksj f'k{kk (tks efgyk,a jkstxkj esa gsa] tks efgyk,a xsj&'kkjhfjd Je okys {ks=k esa jkstxkj esa gsa] vksj tks i<+h fy[kh gsa) ds ifj.kkeksa ij] pqfuank rqyuk lhkh losz{k.k 'kqnk efgykvksa esa gsa fdlh Hkh Lrj dh f'k{kk izkir& izkfkfed] ekè;fed ;k mpprj& efgyk,a ^f'kf{kr* esa fxuh tkrh gsaa blh izdkj] fiqygky dk;zjr efgyk,a] ^jkstxkj 'kqnk* efgykvksa esa fxu yh tkrh gsaa jkstxkj'kqnk efgyk dh flfkfr esa] xsj&'kkjhfjd Je okys {ks=k esa jkstxkj'kqnk efgykvksa dh la[;k dh x.kuk rc dh tkrh gss tc efgyk,a ;g lwpuk nsrh gsa fd os is'ksoj] fyfidh;] fcøh ;k lsokvksa esa dk;zjr gsaa & xhkz fujks/d i¼fr] thou lkfkh dh fgalk] ifr ds laca/ esa dekbz] fookg vksj izfke tppxh ij L=kh dh mez ls lacaf/r ifj.kkeksa ij] pqfuank rqyuk 15 vksj 49 o"kz dh mez ds chp dh fookfgrk efgykvksa esa gsa & xhkz fujks/u ds ifj.kke ij] tks efgyk,a fdlh i¼fr dk blrseky u djus okyk mùkj nsrh gsa] mudh x.kuk ugha dh tkrh] vksj tks caè;hdj.k ls fhkuu xhkz fujks/d mik;ksa ds blrseky djus dk mùkj nsrh gsa] mudh x.kuk dh tkrh gsa & fueufyf[kr ijkorzu bl vè;k; esa lkj.kh 1 ds fuekz.k esa iz;qdr fd;k x;k Fkk O;fDr i ds ekeys esa Mh,p,l@,u,iQ,p,l }kjk miyc/ djk;k x;k /u fo"k;d dkjd fu"ikknu gs Where: W i is the wealth factor score provided by DHS/NFHS, for individual i. IND Hkkjr ds fy, ewy; vksj vu; ns'kksa ds fy, 0 dk ksrd gs =kqfv dk lwpd gs fo'ks"k :i ls] ;g bl ifjdyiuk dh tkap djrk gs fd fyax fo"k;d ladsrd Hkkjr esa /u dh c<+r ij lq/jrk gs vksj ;g tkap Hkh djrk gs fd D;k ;s lq/kj vu; ns'kksa dh vis{kk Hkkjr esa vf/d etcwr gsaa β 2, ;fn udkjkred vksj egroiw.kz gks] rks ;g vk'k; nsrk gs fd Hkkjr 'ks"k ns'kksa ds vkslr ls uhps gsa ;fn ldkjkred gks] rks bldk vfhkizk; gs fd Hkkjr uewus esa vkslr ns'k ls csgrj fu"ikknd gsa β 3, ;fn udkjkred gks] rks bldk vk'k; gs fd Hkkjr ds ekeys esa /u izkfir c<+us ij fyax fo"k;d fu"ikknu ds izfr 1 yksftv LisflfiQds'ku dk mi;ksx Hkh leku ifj.kke iznku djrk gsa

191 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 27 vuqfø;kredrk vu; ns'kksa esa vuqfø;kredrk ls de gsa ldkjkred xq.kkad ls vk'k; gs fd Hkkjr esa /u c<+us ij gksus okys lq/kj uewus esa vkslr ns'k ds lq/kj ls vf/d gsaa ;fn β 3 ½.kkRed gks] rks Hkkjr vu; ns'kksa ds cjkcj ugha gks ldrka rfkkfi] ;fn β 3?kukRed gks] rks Hkkjr Hkfo"; esa 'ks"k ns'kksa ds cjkcj gks tkus dh vk'kk djrk gs D;ksafd thmhih esa o`f¼ mpp?kjsyw /u esa rcnhy gks tkrh gsa ijkorzu esa larqfyr isuy cukus ds fy, ns'kksa vksj jkt;ksa dh lwph dksm uke dksm uke IND India NP Nepal AF Afghanistan NG Nigeria BD Bangladesh PK Pakistan BR Brazil PH Philippines KH Cambodia ZA South Africa EG Egypt LK Sri Lanka GH Ghana TH Thailand ID Indonesia TR Turkey MX Mexico SN Senegal MM Myanmar TZ Tanzania AM Armenia BF Burkina Faso AO Angola BJ Benin CM Cameroon CO Colombia DR Dominican Republic HT Haiti JO Jordan LS Lesotho MD Madagascar ML Mali MW Malawi MZ Mozambique NI Niger TD Chad ZW Zimbabwe CN China CN China KR Korea JP Japan US United States of America UY Uruguay

192 28 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 dksm uke dksm uke AP Andhra Pradesh MH Maharashtra AR Arunachal Pradesh MN Manipur AS Assam MG Meghalaya BR Bihar MZ Mizoram CG Chhattisgarh NA Nagaland DL Delhi OD Odisha GA Goa PB Punjab GJ Gujarat RJ Rajasthan HR Haryana SK Sikkim HP Himachal Pradesh TN Tamil Nadu JK Jammu And Kashmir TL Telangana JH Jharkhand TR Tripura KA Karnataka UP Uttar Pradesh KL Kerala UK Uttarakhand MP Madhya Pradesh WB West Bengal vuqca/ 1% fyax p;u ij jksd% nf{k.k dksfj;k vksj Hkkjr dk rqyukred vè;;u xqm+yekwvks (2009) us vlk/kj.k :i ls mpp,lvkjch ds fy, vko';d rhu flfkfr;ksa dh igpku dh Fkh% csvksa ds fy, rjthg tks fyaax p;u dks izsfjr djus gsrq dkiqh izcy gsa] de iztuu {kerk tks ^^iztuu esa deh** ls vkrh gs vksj fyax igpku izks ksfxdh rd igqap (;w vksj vu;] 2016)A fp=k 1d vksj fp=k 1[k 1970 ds 'kq:vkrh n'kd ls nf{k.k dksfj;k vksj Hkkjr esa mriuu flfkfr dks n'kkzrs gsaa 1980 ds 'kq:vkrh n'kd esa fyax&igpku&izks ksfxdh dh miyc/rk ds lkfk&lkfk nksuksa jk"vªksa esa iq=k dh pkg vksj?kvrh iztuu nj ds ifj.kkelo:i nksuksa ns'kksa esa tue ds le; vr;ar fo"ke fyaxkuqikr jgka cnrj gksrs fyax vuqikr ls fpafrr gksdj] nksuksa ns'kksa us p;ukred fyax xhkzikr ij jksd yxk nh Fkh & dksfj;k us 1987 esa vksj Hkkjr us 1994 esaa dksfj;k esa bl fof/ dk fø;kuo;u dkiqh izhkkoh Fkk ftlds ifj.kkelo:i,lvkjch o"kz 2000 ds eè; rd,lvkjch derj Lrjksa ij okil vk xbz Fkh] ; fi ;g vhkh Hkh fu"i{krk ds Lrj ls vf/d FkhA nwljh vksj] Hkkjr esa izlo&iwoz funku IkzkS ksfxd (fofu;eu vksj nq#i;ksx fuokj.k) vf/fu;e] 1994 (ih,umhvh) dk vf/d izhkko ugha fn[kkbz fn;k vksj,lvkjch dh flfkfr vksj [kjkc gksrh pyh xbza vkf[kjdkj] bl vf/fu;e] esa 2003 esa la'kks/u fd;k x;k ftlls flfkfr dks vkxs vksj [kjkc u gksus nsus esa] fo'ks"k :i ls?kvrh iztuu nj ds ckotwn enn feyha rfkkfi],lvkjch dk Lrj vlkeku; :i ls Åij cuk jgk gsa

193 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 29 fp=k 1d% Hkkjr esa,lvkjch vksj Vh,iQvkj fp=k 1[k% nf{k.k dksfj;k esa,lvkjch vksj Vh,iQvkj Males Per Thousand Females sex detection technology available SRB PNDT Act introduced TFR (RHS) PNDT Act ammended Males Per Thousand Femlaes law passed against sex selective abortion sex detection technology available SRB TFR (RHS) lzksr% MCY;wMhvkbZ vuqca/ 3% ^^vokafnr** du;kvksa dk vuqeku djus dh izfof/ ^esvk* iq=k pkgr dh lhek vksj vokafnr du;kvksa dh la[;k r; djus dh dksf'k'k ds ihns eq[; ckr ;g gs fd fdlh Hkh tue&øe ij,d iq=kh okys ekrk&firk ds fy,,d cpps okys eka&cki dh rqyuk esa larkus isnk djrs jgus dh lahkkouk vf/d gsa larku isnk djuk tkjh j[kus okys Ikfjokjksa ds lewg esa] oklrfod fyax vuqikr vksj vkn'kz fyax vuqikr ds chp varj vokafnr du;kvksa dh la[;k dk vuqeku izlrqr djrk gsa fo'ks"krksj ij] izr;sd tue Øe ds ekeys esa ^^i** du;kvksa ds fy, LVhd :i ls ^^i** ls vf/d larkuksa okys ifjokjksa ds lewg Ikj fopkj djsaa vokafnr du;kvksa dh la[;k uhps fn, x, lw=k ls fu/kzfjr dh xbz gsa tgka i = 1,2,3.. tue dk Øe gsa elyu] nwljs tue Øe ds ekeys esa tue ij L=kh&iq#"k&vuqikr ij fopkj djsaa bl vuqikr dk fu/kzj.k mu fl=k;ksa ds fy, vyx ls fd;k x;k gs ftuds fy, nwljh larku mudh vkf[kjh larku gs1 1 rfkk tks vf/d larkusa (ftu fl=k;ksa dks nks ls vf/d larkusa gsa) isnk djrh jgha izfke lewg ds ekeys esa L=kh&iq#"k vuqikr 0-64 rfkk nwljs lewg ds fy, 1-16 ik;k x;k gsa fdlh tue Øe ds fy, L=kh&iq#"k dk vkn'kz vuqikr gksuk pkfg,a vkn'kz L=kh&iq#"k vuqikr ls ;g fopyu gesa n'kkzrk gs fd du;k larku okys ekrk&firkvksa ds fy, larkusa isnk djrs jgus dh vf/d lahkkouk gsa vkn'kz L=kh&iq#"k vuqikr ls oklrfod L=kh&iq#"k vuqikr] bl ekeys esa 0-21] dqy uj larkuksa (2 ls vf/d larkusa isnk djus okys ifjokjksa esa tue&øe esa nwljh) ls xqf.kr ls vr;f/d du;k larku dk vuqeku feyrk gsa ^vr;f/d* du;k larku dh la[;k dh x.kuk lhkh tue Øeksa esa leku <ax ls dh tkrh gsa bldh dqy la[;k og gs tks bl fo'ys"k.k esa vaokfnr du;k,a dgha xbz gsa 1 bldh x.kuk mu ekrkvksa esa dh tkrh gs tks caè;hdj.k djok pqdh Fkh ;k 40 o"kz dh vk;q ls vf/d Fkh & vksj blh fy, muds vf/d larkusa isnk ugha gks ldrhaa 2,slk gs] D;ksafd thofokkuh iq#"k&l=kh&vuqikr 1005 gs vksj blhfy, thofokkuh L=kh&iq#"k vuqikr 1@1-05 = 0-95 gsa

194 30 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 ladsrd vè;k; 9% O;Oklk; djus dks vklku cukus dk vxyk ekspkz% le; ls U;k; vuqca/ 1% dkjksckj lqxerk fjiksvz] 2018 esa ^izorzuh; djkjksa* ds fy, ladsrd&okj izkirkad izkirkad le; (fnu) 1445 ntz djuk,oa rkehy 45 lquokbz,oa fu.kz; 1095 fu.kz; ykxw djuk 305 ykxr (nkok ewy; dk») 31.0 vvkuhz 'kqyd 22 U;k;ky; 'kqyd 8.5 izorzu 'kqyd 0.5 U;kf;d izfø;k lwpdkad dh xq.koùkk (0&18) 10.0 U;k;ky; lajpuk,oa dk;zokgh (1&5) 4.5 ekeyk&izca/u (0&6) 1.5 U;k;ky;&Lopkyu (0&4) 2.0 osdfyid erhksn lek/ku (0&3) 2.0 lzksr% fo'o csad dkjksckj lqxerk fjiksvz] 2018 vuqca/ 2% ekeyksa dk lalfkkiu] yafcrrk,oa fuivku% izokg (VhMh,l,Vh,oa,ihVhbZ,y) lalfkkiu] yafcrrk,oa fuivku&vhmh,l,vh lalfkkiu yafcrrk,oa fuivku&,ihvhbz,y Institution Disposal Net Flow Pendency SC cancelled 2G licenses Institution Disposal Net Flow Pendency SC cancelled coal blocks lzksr% VhMh,l,Vh,oa,ihVhbZ,y ls izkir vkadmsa

195 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 31 vuqca/ 3% yafcr ekeys% izokg (5 izeq[k mpp U;k;ky;] 1985&2016] fefy;u esa) lzksr% 5 mpp U;k;ky;ksa ls izkir vkadm+s vuqca/ 4% 5 mpp U;k;ky;ksa ds ;kfpdk vf/dkj&{ks=k Proportion of Civil, Criminal, Civil/ Criminal Writ and Rest Average Pendency (in years) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% High Court of Madras High Court of Delhi % 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Calcutta High Court High Court Of Allahabad High Court Of Bombay High Court High Court of Delhi of Madras Civil Writ Civil/Criminal Writ Criminal Writ Others 2.07 High Court Of Bombay High Court Of Allahabad Calcutta High Court Criminal Civil/Criminal Civil lzksr% n{k *n{k ls izkir vkadm+ksa esa fueufyf[kr i¼fr viukbz xbz gs% ekeyksa dks ekeyksa dh izo`fùk rfkk U;k;ky; dh osclkbvksa ij miyc/ flfkfr fo"k;d lwpuk ds vk/kj ij Js.khc¼ fd;k x;k FkkA flfkfr C;kSjs jfgr ekeyksa dks yafcr ekuk x;ka vkslr yafcrrk dh x.kuk orzeku rkjh[k rfkk og rkjh[k tc ekeyk ntz fd;k x;k Fkk] ds eè; varj (fnuksa@o"kks± esa) ds vk/kj ij dh xbza ;fn tgka ekeyk ntz gksus dh rkjh[k miyc/ ugha gs] ogka ekeyk&la[;k esa crk, x, ekeyk&ntz djus ds o"kz dh 1 tqykbz dks ntz djus dh rkjh[k (dsysamj o"kz dk eè;) ekuk x;k gsa fo'ys"k.k] fof'k"v ekeyk&la[;k ij vk/kfjr gsa

196 32 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 vuqca/ 5% yafcr lekns'k ;kfpdk% izokg (5 mpp U;k;ky;] 2008&13_ yk[kksa esa) vuqca/ 6%,sls fu.kz;ksa dh la[;k tks lafo/ku ds vuqpnsn 226 rfkk nam izfø;k lafgrk dh /kjk 482 ij vk/kfjr gsa% izokg lhkh mpp U;k;ky; 1980&2016] gtkjksa esaa lzksr% 5 mpp&u;k;ky;ksa ls izkir vkadm+sa vuqca/ 7% dqy yafcrrk ds ewy i{k dk izfr'krrk va'k% izokg (4 mpp U;k;ky;] 2008&2016] izfr'kr esa) vuqca/ 8% yafcrrk izokg (mppre U;k;ky;] 1950&2016] gtkjksa esa) lzksr% 4 mpp U;k;ky;ksa ls izkir vkadm+s lzksr% Hkkjr dk mppre U;k;ky; 1 o"kz 1992 rd n'kkz, x, yafcrrk fp=k folrkfjr vksj feykbz xb± iqkbyksa dh la[;k ds i'pkr ekeyksa dh la[;k dks n'kkzrs gsaa 1993 ls] ekeyksa dh yafcrrk ds fp=k] oklrfod iqkby&okj gsa] vksj buesa folrkfjr vksj feykbz gqbz iqkbyksa dh la[;k ugha gsa

197 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 33 vuqca/ 9 % ;w,l lokszpp U;k;ky; }kjk Lohd`r ekeyksa dk izfr'kr ekeys dk izdkj vijkf/d 2.1% 6.4% 2.8% 1.8% ;w,l ukxfjd 1.4% 2.6% 3.2% 1.9% izkbosv ukxfjd 2.5% 2.0% 2.7% 3.4% lzksr% la;qdr jkt; izsl lokszpp U;k;ky; iz'kklfud 2.1% 10.9% 5.5% 11.5% dqy 2.1% 4.2% 2.9% 2.8% vuqca/ 10% dqy MkWdsV esa fofhkuu izdkj dh ;kfpdkvksa ds fglls dk izfr'kr& izokg (lokszp; U;k;ky;] 1993&2011] izfr'kr esa) lzksr% lokszpp U;k;ky; vksj jksfcu'ku (2013) dh okf"kzd fjiksvz ls vkadm+sa vuqca/ 11% jksd yxs ekeyksa dh la[;k vksj vuqikr&izeq[k (1996&2016] fnyyh mpp U;k;ky;) lzksr% fnyyh mpp U;k;ky; ds vkdm+sa

198 34 vkffkzd leh{kk [k.m 1 vuqca/ 12% yafcr vkihvkj ekeyksa dk flfkfr ijd izksiqkbzy Evidence Final Arguments Framing of Issues Pleadings Settlement 14 lzksr% fnyyh mpp U;k;ky; ds vkdm+sa vuqca/ 13 fnukad 1 tqykbz 2014 ds eq[; ifji=k la[;k MhchvksMh la chihlh 9@ @2014&15 ds isjk ds vurxzr csadks dks vk; dh igpku ds foosdh ekunam] vkflr oxhzdj.k vksj vfxze laca/h izkoèkkuksa ls lacaf/r lesfdr ekxzn'kzu tkjh fd, x, gsa] csadks dks eè;lfkrk dk;zokgh ;k U;k;kf/d ekeyksa ds dkj.k izlrkfor ½.k dks la'kks/u vksj iqu%lajpuk djus dh vuqefr nh xbz gs% (ii) (d) ([k) csad izlrkfor ½.k dh iqul±jpuk mi;qzdr isjk (i)(d) esa mfyyf[kr le; lhek ls ckgj Mhlhlhvks dks la'kksf/r djds dj ldrk gs vksj ^ekud* vkflr oxhzdj.k dks tkjh j[ksaxs_ ;fn fueu lhek ds vunj u;k Mhlhlhvks fu/kzfjr fd;k x;k gs] vksj iqu%lajpuk 'krks± ds vuqlkj [kkrk tkjh jgs% U;k;ky; ekeys okys volajpuk ifj;kstuk,a vxys nks o"kks± rd (mi;qzdr isjk 1(d) esa mfyyf[kr nks o"kz dh vof/ ls vf/d TkSls dqy folrkj 4 o"kz)] Mhlhlhvks ds folrkj dk dkj.k ekè;lfke dk;zokgh ;k U;k;ky; ekeyk gksus ija U;k;ky; ekeys okyh volajpuk ifj;kstuk,a volajpuk ifj;kstuk,a izkseksvj ds fu;a=k.k ds ckgj ds vu; dkj.kksa ls foyec gksa Mhlhlhvks ds folrkj ds ekeys esa nwljs,d o"kz rd mi;qzdr isjk xzkiq 1(d) vfkkzr~ dqy 3 o"kz ds folrkj esa m¼r 2 o"kz dh vof/ ls ijs) nwljs 1 o"kz rd izorzdksa (U;k;ky; ekeyksa ds vykok) ds fu;a=k.k ls ijs gksa lzksr% Hkkjrh; fjtoz csad