Transportation Energy Data Book Quick Facts

Transcription

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2 Trnsporttion Energy Dt Book Quick Fcts Petroleum In 2015 the U.S. produced lmost 13 million brrels of petroleum per dy (mmbd), or lmost 14% of the world s 93.4 mmbd. The U.S. consumed 19.1 mmbd, or 21% of the world s 92.5 mmbd in U.S. trnsporttion petroleum use ws 70% of totl U.S. petroleum use in In 2015 U.S. trnsporttion petroleum use ws 107% of totl U.S. petroleum production. Petroleum comprised 92% of U.S. trnsporttion energy use in Crs nd light trucks ccounted for 64% of U.S. trnsporttion petroleum use in Medium trucks (Clss 3 6) ccounted for 4% of U.S. trnsporttion petroleum use in Hevy trucks (Clss 7 8) nd buses ccounted for 19% of U.S. trnsporttion petroleum use in Nonhighwy modes ccounted for the rest of U.S. trnsporttion petroleum use in 2014 (12%). Energy In 2015 U.S. trnsporttion energy use ccounted for over 28% of totl U.S. energy use. Crs nd light trucks ccounted for 59% of U.S. trnsporttion energy use in Medium trucks ccounted for 5% of U.S. trnsporttion energy use in Hevy trucks ccounted for 18% of U.S. trnsporttion energy use in Light Vehicle Chrcteristics In 2014 there were 114 million crs nd 125 million light trucks in the U.S. (239 million totl light vehicles). U.S. crs: o 7,525,000 crs were sold in o In 2015 the verge ge of U.S. cr ws 11.5 yers. o In 2014 the verge fuel economy for the U.S. cr fleet (ll crs on the rod tody) ws 25.4 mpg. o Crs comprised 44% of new light vehicle sles in U.S. light trucks: o 9,578,000 light trucks were sold in o In 2015 the verge ge of U.S. light truck ws 11.5 yers. o In 2014 the verge fuel economy for the U.S. light truck fleet (ll light trucks on the rod tody) ws 18.5 mpg. o Light trucks comprised 56% of new light vehicle sles in U.S. cr registrtions ccounted for 14% of totl world cr registrtions in In 2014 U.S. truck nd bus registrtions ccounted for 42% of totl world truck nd bus registrtions. The verge U.S. household vehicle trvels 11,300 miles per yer (2009 NHTS). Hevy Truck Chrcteristics 10,906,000 hevy trucks were registered in the U.S. in In 2002 (the lst time survey ws conducted), hevy trucks ccounted for 80% of medium nd hevy truck fuel use.

3 ORNL-6992 (Edition 35 of ORNL-5198) Center for Trnsporttion Anlysis Energy nd Trnsporttion Science Division TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 35 Stcy C. Dvis Susn E. Willims Ok Ridge Ntionl Lbortory Robert G. Boundy Roltek, Inc. October 2016 Trnsporttion Energy Dt Book: Edition 35 cn be found online t: ct.ornl.gov/dt Prepred for the Vehicle Technologies Office Office of Energy Efficiency nd Renewble Energy U.S. Deprtment of Energy Prepred by the Ok Ridge Ntionl Lbortory Ok Ridge, Tennessee Mnged by UT-BATTELLE, LLC for the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY under Contrct No. DE-AC05-00OR22725

4 DOCUMENT AVAILABILITY Reports produced fter Jnury 1, 1996, re generlly vilble free vi US Deprtment of Energy (DOE) SciTech Connect. Website Reports produced before Jnury 1, 1996, my be purchsed by members of the public from the following source: Ntionl Technicl Informtion Service 5285 Port Royl Rod Springfield, VA Telephone ( ) TDD Fx E-mil Website Reports re vilble to DOE employees, DOE contrctors, Energy Technology Dt Exchnge representtives, nd Interntionl Nucler Informtion System representtives from the following source: Office of Scientific nd Technicl Informtion PO Box 62 Ok Ridge, TN Telephone Fx E-mil Website This report ws prepred s n ccount of work sponsored by n gency of the United Sttes Government. Neither the United Sttes Government nor ny gency thereof, nor ny of their employees, mkes ny wrrnty, express or implied, or ssumes ny legl libility or responsibility for the ccurcy, completeness, or usefulness of ny informtion, pprtus, product, or process disclosed, or represents tht its use would not infringe privtely owned rights. Reference herein to ny specific commercil product, process, or service by trde nme, trdemrk, mnufcturer, or otherwise, does not necessrily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendtion, or fvoring by the United Sttes Government or ny gency thereof. The views nd opinions of uthors expressed herein do not necessrily stte or reflect those of the United Sttes Government or ny gency thereof.

5 Users of the Trnsporttion Energy Dt Book re encourged to comment on errors, omissions, emphses, nd orgniztion of this report to one of the persons listed below. Requests for dditionl complementry copies of this report, dditionl dt, or informtion on n existing tble should be referred to Ms. Stcy Dvis, Ok Ridge Ntionl Lbortory. Stcy C. Dvis Ok Ridge Ntionl Lbortory Ntionl Trnsporttion Reserch Center 2360 Cherhl Boulevrd Knoxville, Tennessee Telephone: (865) FAX: (865) E-mil: DAVISSC@ornl.gov Website Loction: ct.ornl.gov/dt Dvid Gohlke Vehicle Technologies Office Energy Efficiency nd Renewble Energy Deprtment of Energy, EE-3V Forrestl Building 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W. Wshington, D.C Telephone: (202) FAX: (202) E-mil: DAVID.GOHLKE@ee.doe.gov Website Loction: vehicles.energy.gov Spredsheets of the tbles in the Trnsporttion Energy Dt Book cn be found on the web t: ct.ornl.gov/dt

6 Find useful dt nd informtion in other U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency nd Renewble Energy products. Vehicle Technologies Mrket Report: ct.ornl.gov/vtmrketreport Light Duty Electric Drive Vehicles: systems/project/light duty electricdrive vehicles monthly sles updtes Hydrogen Dt Book: hydrogen.pnl.gov/cocoon/morf/hydrogen/rticle/103 Subscribe to the Vehicle Technologies Fct of the Week: energy.gov/eere/vehicles/trnsporttion fct week

7 v TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD... xix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS... xxi ABSTRACT... xxiii INTRODUCTION...xxv CHAPTER 1 PETROLEUM Tble 1.1 Proved Reserves of Crude Oil nd Nturl Gs, Tble 1.2 World Crude Oil Production, Tble 1.3 World Petroleum Production, Tble 1.4 World Petroleum Consumption, Figure 1.1 World Oil Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, Figure 1.2 World Oil Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, Figure 1.3 World Oil Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, Tble 1.5 World Oil Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, 1980, 1993 nd Tble 1.6 U.S. Petroleum Imports, Tble 1.7 Imported Crude Oil by Country of Origin, Tble 1.8 Crude Oil Supplies, Figure 1.4 Refinery Gross Output by World Region, 2005 nd Tble 1.9 U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil nd Petroleum Products, Tble 1.10 U.S. Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from Brrel of Crude Oil, Tble 1.11 United Sttes Petroleum Production, Imports, nd Exports, Tble 1.12 Petroleum Production nd Trnsporttion Petroleum Consumption in Context,

8 vi Figure 1.5 Figure 1.6 United Sttes Petroleum Production nd Consumption All Sectors, United Sttes Petroleum Production nd Trnsporttion Consumption, Tble 1.13 Consumption of Petroleum by End-Use Sector, Tble 1.14 Highwy Trnsporttion Petroleum Consumption by Mode, Tble 1.15 Nonhighwy Trnsporttion Petroleum Consumption by Mode, Tble 1.16 Trnsporttion Petroleum Use by Mode, CHAPTER 2 ENERGY Figure 2.1 World Consumption of Primry Energy, Tble 2.1 U.S. Consumption of Totl Energy by End-Use Sector, Tble 2.2 Distribution of Energy Consumption by Source, 1973 nd Tble 2.3 Distribution of Trnsporttion Energy Consumption by Source, Figure 2.2 World Nturl Gs Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, Figure 2.3 World Nturl Gs Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, Figure 2.4 World Nturl Gs Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, Tble 2.4 World Nturl Gs Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, 1980, 1993, nd Figure 2.5 Nturl Gs Production nd Reserves for the Top Ten Nturl Gs Producing Countries, Tble 2.5 Alterntive Fuel nd Oxygente Consumption, Tble 2.6 Tble 2.7 Fuel Ethnol nd Biodiesel Production, Net Imports, nd Consumption, Domestic Consumption of Trnsporttion Energy by Mode nd Fuel Type,

9 vii Figure 2.6 Domestic Consumption of Trnsporttion Energy by Mode nd Fuel Type, Tble 2.8 Trnsporttion Energy Use by Mode, Tble 2.9 Highwy Trnsporttion Energy Consumption by Mode, Tble 2.10 Nonhighwy Trnsporttion Energy Consumption by Mode, Tble 2.11 Off-Highwy Trnsporttion-Relted Fuel Consumption from the Nonrod Model, Tble 2.12 Fuel Consumption from Lwn nd Grden Equipment, Tble 2.13 Highwy Usge of Gsoline nd Diesel, Tble 2.14 Pssenger Trvel nd Energy Use, Tble 2.15 Energy Intensities of Highwy Pssenger Modes, Tble 2.16 Energy Intensities of Nonhighwy Pssenger Modes, Figure 2.7 Energy Intensity of Light Ril Trnsit Systems, Figure 2.8 Energy Intensity of Hevy Ril Systems, Figure 2.9 Energy Intensity of Commuter Ril Systems, Tble 2.17 Energy Intensities of Freight Modes, CHAPTER 3 ALL HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS Tble 3.1 World Production of Crs nd Trucks, 2000 nd Figure 3.1 World Cr Production, Figure 3.2 World Truck nd Bus Production, Tble 3.2 Cr Registrtions for Selected Countries, Tble 3.3 Truck nd Bus Registrtions for Selected Countries, Tble 3.4 U.S. Crs nd Trucks in Use, Figure 3.3 Vehicles per Thousnd People: U.S. (Over Time) Compred to Other Countries (in 2004 nd 2014)...3 8

10 viii Tble 3.5 Vehicles per Thousnd People in Selected Countries/Regions, 2004 nd Tble 3.6 Vehicles per Thousnd People in the United Sttes, Tble 3.7 Shres of Highwy Vehicle-Miles Trveled by Vehicle Type, Tble 3.8 Crs in Opertion by Age, 1970, 2000, nd Tble 3.9 Trucks in Opertion by Age, 1970, 2000, nd Tble 3.10 U.S. Averge Vehicle Age, Tble 3.11 New Retil Vehicle Sles, Tble 3.12 Survivl Rtes for Crs nd Light Trucks by Vehicle Age Tble 3.13 Annul Milege for Crs nd Light Trucks by Vehicle Age Tble 3.14 Hevy Truck Scrppge nd Survivl Rtes, 1970, 1980, nd 1990 Model Yers CHAPTER 4 LIGHT VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS Tble 4.1 Summry Sttistics for Crs, Tble 4.2 Summry Sttistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, Tble 4.3 Summry Sttistics for Light Vehicles, Tble 4.4 Summry Sttistics on Clss 1, Clss 2, nd Clss 2b Light Trucks Tble 4.5 Sles Estimtes of Clss 1, Clss 2, nd Clss 2b Light Trucks, Tble 4.6 New Retil Cr Sles in the United Sttes, Tble 4.7 Tble 4.8 New Retil Sles of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW nd Less in the United Sttes, Production, Production Shres, nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Tble 4.9 Definition of Cr Sport Utility Vehicles in Model Yer Tble 4.10 Production, Production Shres, nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Light Trucks, Model Yers

11 ix Tble 4.11 Production nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Light Trucks nd Light Vehicles, Model Yers Tble 4.12 Light Vehicle Production Shres, Model Yers Figure 4.1 Light Vehicle Production Shres, Model Yers Tble 4.13 Tble 4.14 Tble 4.15 Tble 4.16 Production-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Production-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic nd Import Light Trucks, Model Yers Production-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Averge Mteril Consumption for Domestic Light Vehicle, Model Yers 1995, 2000, nd Tble 4.17 New Light Vehicle Delerships nd Sles, Tble 4.18 Conventionl Refueling Sttions, Tble 4.19 Fuel Economy nd Crbon Dioxide Emissions Stndrds, MY Tble 4.20 Fuel Economy nd Crbon Dioxide Trgets for Model Yer Tble 4.21 Tble 4.22 Cr Corporte Averge Fuel Economy (CAFE) Stndrds versus Sles-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimtes, Light Truck Corporte Averge Fuel Economy (CAFE) Stndrds versus Sles-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimtes, Tble 4.23 Corporte Averge Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, Tble 4.24 The Gs Guzzler Tx on New Crs Tble 4.25 List of Model Yer 2015 Crs with Gs Guzzler Txes Tble 4.26 Tx Receipts from the Sle of Gs Guzzlers, Tble 4.27 Fuel Economy by Speed, Autonomie Model Results Tble 4.28 Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984, 1997, nd 2012 Studies

12 x Figure 4.2 Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984, 1997, nd 2012 Studies nd Autonomie Model Results Tble 4.29 Driving Cycle Attributes Figure 4.3 City Driving Cycle Figure 4.4 Highwy Driving Cycle Figure 4.5 Air Conditioning (SC03) Driving Cycle Figure 4.6 Cold Temperture (Cold FTP) Driving Cycle Figure 4.7 High Speed (US06) Driving Cycle Figure 4.8 New York City Driving Cycle Figure 4.9 Representtive Number Five Driving Cycle Tble 4.30 Comprison of U.S., Europen, nd Jpnese Driving Cycles Attributes Tble 4.31 Exmple of Differing Results Using the U.S., Europen, nd Jpnese Driving Cycles CHAPTER 5 HEAVY VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS Tble 5.1 Summry Sttistics for Clss 3-8 Single-Unit Trucks, Tble 5.2 Summry Sttistics for Clss 7-8 Combintion Trucks, Tble 5.3 New Retil Truck Sles by Gross Vehicle Weight, Tble 5.4 Truck Sttistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Clss, Tble 5.5 Truck Hrmonic Men Fuel Economy by Size Clss, 1992, 1997, nd Tble 5.6 Truck Sttistics by Size, Tble 5.7 Percentge of Trucks by Size Rnked by Mjor Use, Tble 5.8 Percentge of Trucks by Fleet Size nd Primry Fueling Fcility, Tble 5.9 Shre of Trucks by Mjor Use nd Primry Fueling Fcility, Figure 5.1 Distribution of Trucks over 26,000 lbs. by Vehicle-Miles Trveled

13 xi Figure 5.2 Shre of Hevy Trucks with Selected Electronic Fetures, Tble 5.10 Effect of Terrin on Clss 8 Truck Fuel Economy Tble 5.11 Figure 5.3 Figure 5.4 Fuel Economy for Clss 8 Trucks s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion Clss 8 Truck Fuel Economy s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion nd Percentge of Totl Distnce Trveled s Function of Speed Clss 8 Truck Percent of Totl Fuel Consumed s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion Tble 5.12 Clss 8 Truck Weight by Component Tble 5.13 Gross Vehicle Weight vs. Empty Vehicle Weight Figure 5.5 Distribution of Clss 8 Trucks by On-Rod Vehicle Weight, Tble 5.14 Vlue of Goods in the United Sttes: Comprison of the 1997, 2002, 2007, nd 2012 Commodity Flow Surveys Tble 5.15 Tons of Freight in the United Sttes: Comprison of the 1997, 2002, 2007, nd 2012 Commodity Flow Surveys Tble 5.16 Growth of Ton-Miles in the United Sttes: Comprison of the 1997, 2002, 2007, nd 2012 Commodity Flow Surveys Tble 5.17 Averge Miles per Shipment in the United Sttes: Comprison of the 1997, 2002, 2007, nd 2012 Commodity Flow Surveys CHAPTER 6 Tble 6.1 ALTERNATIVE FUEL AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS Estimtes of Alterntive Fuel Highwy Vehicles Mde Avilble, Tble 6.2 Hybrid nd Plug-In Vehicle Sles, Tble 6.3 Alterntive Fuel Trnsit Vehicles, Tble 6.4 E85 Flex-Fuel Vehicles Avilble by Mnufcturer, Model Yer Tble 6.5 B20, CNG, nd LPG Vehicles Avilble by Mnufcturer, Model Yer

14 xii Tble 6.6 Hybrid-Electric Vehicles Avilble by Mnufcturer, Model Yer Tble 6.7 Electric-Drive Vehicles Avilble by Mnufcturer, Model Yer Tble 6.8 Number of Alterntive Fuel Vehicle Models Avilble, Tble 6.9 Electric-Drive Medium/Hevy Trucks nd Buses Avilble by Mnufcturer, Tble 6.10 Number of Alterntive Refuel Sites by Stte nd Fuel Type, Tble 6.11 Number of Alterntive Refuel Sttions, Figure 6.1 Clen Cities Colitions Tble 6.12 Properties of Conventionl nd Alterntive Liquid Fuels Tble 6.13 Properties of Conventionl nd Alterntive Gseous Fuels CHAPTER 7 FLEET VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS Figure 7.1 Fleet Vehicles in Service s of Jnury 1, Tble 7.1 Fleet Vehicles in Service, Tble 7.2 Tble 7.3 Averge Length of Time Commercil Fleet Vehicles Are in Service, Averge Annul Vehicle-Miles of Trvel for Commercil Fleet Vehicles, Figure 7.2 Averge Miles per Domestic Federl Vehicle by Vehicle Type, Tble 7.4 Federl Government Vehicles, Tble 7.5 Federl Fleet Vehicle Acquisitions by Fuel Type, FY Tble 7.6 Fuel Consumed by Federl Government Fleets, FY Tble 7.7 Federl Government Vehicles by Agency, FY Tble 7.8 Summry Sttistics on Demnd Response Vehicles, Tble 7.9 Summry Sttistics on Trnsit Buses nd Trolleybuses,

15 xiii CHAPTER 8 HOUSEHOLD VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS Tble 8.1 Popultion nd Vehicle Profile, Tble 8.2 Vehicles nd Vehicle-Miles per Cpit, Tble 8.3 Averge Annul Expenditures of Households by Income, Tble 8.4 Annul Household Expenditures for Trnsporttion, Tble 8.5 Household Vehicle Ownership, Census Tble 8.6 Tble 8.7 Tble 8.8 Demogrphic Sttistics from the 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS nd 2001, 2009 NHTS Averge Annul Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips nd Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS nd 2001, 2009 NHTS Averge Number of Vehicles nd Vehicle Trvel per Household, 1990 NPTS nd 2001 nd 2009 NHTS Tble 8.9 Trip Sttistics by Trip Purpose, 2001 nd 2009 NHTS Figure 8.1 Figure 8.2 Averge Vehicle Occupncy by Vehicle Type, 1995 NPTS nd 2009 NHTS Averge Vehicle Occupncy by Trip Purpose, 1977 NPTS nd 2009 NHTS Tble 8.10 Averge Annul Miles per Household Vehicle by Vehicle Age Tble 8.11 Self-Reported vs. Odometer Averge Annul Miles, 1995 NPTS nd 2001 NHTS Figure 8.3 Shre of Vehicle Trips by Trip Distnce, 2009 NHTS Figure 8.4 Shre of Vehicle Trips to Work by Trip Distnce, 2009 NHTS Tble 8.12 Shre of Vehicles by Annul Miles of Trvel nd Vehicle Age, 2009 NHTS Tble 8.13 Household Vehicle Trips, 2009 NHTS Figure 8.5 Averge Dily Miles Driven (per Driver), 2009 NHTS Tble 8.14 Dily Vehicle Miles of Trvel (per Vehicle) by Number of Vehicles in the Household, 2009 NHTS

16 xiv Tble 8.15 Figure 8.6 Figure 8.7 Dily nd Annul Vehicle Miles of Trvel nd Averge Age for Ech Vehicle in Household, 2009 NHTS Dily Vehicle Miles of Trvel for Ech Vehicle in Household, 2009 NHTS Annul Vehicle Miles of Trvel for Ech Vehicle in Household, 2009 NHTS Tble 8.16 Mens of Trnsporttion to Work, 1980, 1990, 2000 nd Tble 8.17 Chrcteristics of U.S. Dily per Vehicle Driving vs. Dwelling Unit Type nd Density Tble 8.18 Housing Unit Chrcteristics, Tble 8.19 Workers by Commute Time, 1990, 2000, nd Tble 8.20 Bicycle Sles, Figure 8.8 Wlk nd Bike Trips by Trip Purpose, 2009 NHTS Tble 8.21 Long-Distnce Trip Chrcteristics, 2001 NHTS CHAPTER 9 NONHIGHWAY MODES Tble 9.1 Nonhighwy Energy Use Shres, Tble 9.2 Summry Sttistics for U.S. Domestic nd Interntionl Certificted Route Air Crriers (Combined Totls), Tble 9.3 Summry Sttistics for Generl Avition, Tble 9.4 Tonnge Sttistics for Domestic nd Interntionl Wterborne Commerce, Tble 9.5 Summry Sttistics for Domestic Wterborne Commerce, Tble 9.6 Recretionl Bot Energy Use, Tble 9.7 Clss I Rilrod Freight Systems in the United Sttes Rnked by Revenue Ton Miles, Tble 9.8 Summry Sttistics for Clss I Freight Rilrods, Tble 9.9 Intermodl Ril Trffic,

17 xv Tble 9.10 Summry Sttistics for the Ntionl Rilrod Pssenger Corportion (Amtrk), Tble 9.11 Summry Sttistics for Commuter Ril Opertions, Tble 9.12 Summry Sttistics for Ril Trnsit Opertions, CHAPTER 10 TRANSPORTATION AND THE ECONOMY Figure 10.1 Trnsporttion Services Index, Jnury 1990 Jnury Tble 10.1 Gsoline Prices for Selected Countries, Tble 10.2 Diesel Fuel Prices for Selected Countries, Figure 10.2 Gsoline Prices for Selected Countries, 1990 nd Figure 10.3 Diesel Prices for Selected Countries, 1990 nd Tble 10.3 Prices for Brrel of Crude Oil nd Gllon of Gsoline, Tble 10.4 Retil Prices for Motor Fuel, Figure 10.4 Oil Price nd Economic Growth, Figure 10.5 Costs of Oil Dependence to the U.S. Economy, Tble 10.5 Refiner Sles Prices for Propne nd No. 2 Diesel, Tble 10.6 Refiner Sles Prices for Avition Gsoline nd Jet Fuel, Tble 10.7 Federl Excise Txes on Motor Fuels, Tble 10.8 Federl, Stte, nd Locl Alterntive Fuel Incentives, Tble 10.9 Federl, Stte, nd Locl Advnced Technology Incentives, Tble Averge Price of New Cr, Tble Averge Price of New Cr (Domestic nd Import), Tble Cr Operting Cost per Mile, Tble Fixed Cr Operting Costs per Yer, Tble Personl Consumption Expenditures,

18 xvi Tble Consumer Price Indices, Tble Trnsporttion-Relted Employment, 2000 nd Tble U.S. Employment for Motor Vehicles nd Motor Vehicle Prts Mnufcturing, CHAPTER 11 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS Tble 11.1 World Crbon Dioxide Emissions, 1990, 2005, nd Figure 11.1 World Crbon Dioxide Emissions, Tble 11.2 Tble 11.3 Numericl Estimtes of Globl Wrming Potentils Compred with Crbon Dioxide U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gses, Bsed on Globl Wrming Potentil, Tble 11.4 Totl U.S. Greenhouse Gs Emissions by End-Use Sector, Tble 11.5 Tble 11.6 Tble 11.7 U.S. Crbon Emissions from Fossil Fuel Consumption by End-Use Sector, Trnsporttion Sector Crbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Consumption, U.S. Crbon Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion in the Trnsporttion End-Use Sector, Tble 11.8 Trnsporttion Crbon Dioxide Emissions by Mode, Figure 11.2 GREET Model Figure 11.3 GREET Model Feedstocks nd Fuels Figure 11.4 Well-to-Wheel Emissions for Vrious Fuels nd Vehicle Technologies Tble 11.9 Tble Tble Production-Weighted Annul Crbon Footprint of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Production-Weighted Annul Crbon Footprint of New Domestic nd Import Light Trucks, Model Yers Averge Annul Crbon Footprint of New Vehicles by Vehicle Clssifiction, Model Yers 1975 nd

19 xvii Tble Direct Crbon Dioxide Emissions from Gllon of Fuel Tble Crbon Content of Trnsporttion Fuels CHAPTER 12 CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANTS Tble 12.1 Totl Ntionl Emissions of the Criteri Air Pollutnts by Sector, Tble 12.2 Totl Ntionl Emissions of Crbon Monoxide, Tble 12.3 Emissions of Crbon Monoxide from Highwy Vehicles, Tble 12.4 Totl Ntionl Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, Tble 12.5 Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Highwy Vehicles, Tble 12.6 Totl Ntionl Emissions of Voltile Orgnic Compounds, Tble 12.7 Emissions of Voltile Orgnic Compounds from Highwy Vehicles, Tble 12.8 Totl Ntionl Emissions of Prticulte Mtter (PM 10), Tble 12.9 Emissions of Prticulte Mtter (PM 10) from Highwy Vehicles, Tble Totl Ntionl Emissions of Prticulte Mtter (PM-2.5), Tble Emissions of Prticulte Mtter (PM-2.5) from Highwy Vehicles, Tble Totl Ntionl Emissions of Sulfur Dioxide, Tble Tier 3 Non-Methne Orgnic Gses nd Nitrogen Oxide Stndrds Tble Tier 3 Prticulte Mtter Emission Stndrds for Light Gsoline Vehicles, MY 2017 nd Beyond Tble Tier 3 Evportive Emission Stndrds Tble Tble Light-Duty Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, nd Medium-Duty Pssenger Vehicle Tier 2 Exhust Emission Stndrds Light-Duty Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, nd Medium-Duty Pssenger Vehicle Tier 2 Evportive Emission Stndrds

20 xviii Tble Hevy-Duty Highwy Compression-Ignition Engines nd Urbn Buses Exhust Emission Stndrds Tble Hevy-Duty Highwy Sprk-Ignition Engines Exhust Emission Stndrds Tble Hevy-Duty Highwy Compression-Ignition nd Sprk-Ignition Engines Evportive Emission Stndrds Tble Cliforni New Cr, Light Truck nd Medium Truck Emission Certifiction Stndrds, Model Yer 2015 On Tble Aircrft Exhust Emission Stndrds Tble Nonrod Compression-Ignition Engines Exhust Emission Stndrds Tble Nonrod Lrge Sprk-Ignition Engines Exhust nd Evportive Emission Stndrds Tble Locomotives Exhust Emission Stndrds Tble Tble Tble Tble Tble Mrine Compression-Ignition (CI) Engines Exhust Emission Stndrds Mrine Sprk-Ignition Engines nd Vessels Exhust Emission Stndrds Nonrod Recretionl Engines nd Vehicles Exhust Emission Stndrds Gsoline Sulfur Stndrds Highwy, Nonrod, Locomotive, nd Mrine (NRLM) Diesel Fuel Sulfur Stndrds APPENDIX A. SOURCES & METHODOLOGIES... A 1 APPENDIX B. CONVERSIONS... B 1 APPENDIX C. MAPS... C 1 GLOSSARY... G 1 INDEX... I 1

21 xix FOREWORD Welcome to this 35 th edition of the Trnsporttion Energy Dt Book. Twenty-seven editions of this Dt Book hve been produced by Stcy Dvis; the Deprtment of Energy is grteful for the dediction, consistency, nd skill tht she hs brought to this effort. I would like to bring to your ttention some of the dt tht re new or chnged for this edition: Figures on oil prices (Figure 10.4) nd costs of oil dependence (Figure 10.5) hve been moved from Chpter 1 Petroleum to Chpter 10 Trnsporttion nd the Economy. Figure 2.1 on the consumption of primry energy now hs United Sttes dt shown seprtely. Tble 2.6 is new tble on the production, net imports, nd consumption of fuel ethnol nd biodiesel. This replces tble for which dt were no longer vilble. Tble 2.7 now includes Btu of electricity used by plug-in crs. The dt come from the Energy Informtion Administrtion s Annul Energy Outlook Tbles 3.12 nd 3.13 show the survivl rtes nd milege schedules for crs nd light trucks coming from the mid-term evlution of the Light Vehicle Greenhouse Gs nd Corporte Averge Fuel Economy Stndrds. Tble 3.14 on hevy truck survivl ws not replced from the previous edition due to lck of dt on the subject. Tble 4.3 combines cr nd light truck dt from Tbles 4.1 nd 4.2 to present picture of the light vehicle popultion s whole. Tble 4.27 contins fuel economy by speed results from the Autonomie model to replce similr dt from the PSAT model. The Autonomie results re lso included in Figure 4.2. Tble 4.30 includes severl interntionl driving cycles tht were not previously on the tble, such s the new World Light Vehicle Test Cycle. It lso includes the distnce of ech cycle. Dt on demnd response vehicles (Tble 7.8) nd trnsit buses (Tble 7.9) were moved from Chpters 4 nd 5, respectively, to Chpter 7 on fleet vehicles. On Tble 6.1, the estimtes on the number of lterntive fuel vehicles in use were replced by the number of vehicles mde vilble due to chnges in source dt by the Energy Informtion Administrtion. Dt on the number of lterntive fuel vehicle models vilble over time (Tble 6.8) nd dt on the number of lterntive fuel refueling sttions over time (Tble 6.11) were dded to Chpter 6 on lterntive fuels. Tble 7.1 on fleet vehicle registrtions ws replced by historicl tble on fleet vehicles in service, due to registrtion dt unvilbility. Chpter 10 Trnsporttion nd the Economy now includes explntory text on current nd constnt dollrs two terms used extensively in tht chpter. Tble shows the crbon content of trnsporttion fuels in grms per gllon nd grms per Btu from the GREET model. Tble contins ntionl emissions of sulfur dioxide by source ctegory. I hope you find vlue in this dt book. Stcy nd I welcome suggestions on how to improve it. Dvid Gohlke Vehicle Technologies Office U.S. Deprtment of Energy

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23 xxi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The uthors would like to express their grtitude to the mny individuls who ssisted in the preprtion of this document. First, we would like to thnk Rchel Neler, Dvid Gohlke, Jcob Wrd, nd the Vehicle Technologies Office stff for their continued support of the Trnsporttion Energy Dt Book project. We would lso like to thnk Mrk Robbins for the cover design. We re indebted to Debbie Bin, who hs msterfully prepred the mnuscript since 1998, nd Sheil Moore, who ssisted with the report contents. This book would not be possible without the ledership, guidnce, nd vision of Phil Ptterson, who begn this book in the 1970 s. We hope to continue this report into the future with the sme level of excellence. The uthors nd the trnsporttion reserch community will be forever grteful for his efforts.

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25 xxiii ABSTRACT The Trnsporttion Energy Dt Book: Edition 35 is sttisticl compendium prepred nd published by Ok Ridge Ntionl Lbortory (ORNL) under contrct with the U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency nd Renewble Energy, Vehicle Technologies Office. Designed for use s desk-top reference, the Dt Book represents n ssembly nd disply of sttistics nd informtion tht chrcterize trnsporttion ctivity, nd presents dt on other fctors tht influence trnsporttion energy use. The purpose of this document is to present relevnt sttisticl dt in the form of tbles nd grphs. The ltest edition of the Dt Book is vilble to lrger udience vi the Internet (ct.ornl.gov/dt). This edition of the Dt Book hs 12 chpters which focus on vrious spects of the trnsporttion industry. Chpter 1 focuses on petroleum; Chpter 2 energy; Chpter 3 highwy vehicles; Chpter 4 light vehicles; Chpter 5 hevy vehicles; Chpter 6 lterntive fuel vehicles; Chpter 7 fleet vehicles; Chpter 8 household vehicles; Chpter 9 nonhighwy modes; Chpter 10 trnsporttion nd the economy; Chpter 11 greenhouse gs emissions; nd Chpter 12 criteri pollutnt emissions. The sources used represent the ltest vilble dt. There re lso three ppendices which include detiled source informtion for some tbles, mesures of conversion, nd the definition of Census divisions nd regions. A glossry of terms nd title index re lso included for the reder s convenience.

26 xxiv

27 xxv INTRODUCTION In Jnury 1976, the Trnsporttion Energy Conservtion (TEC) Division of the Energy Reserch nd Development Administrtion contrcted with Ok Ridge Ntionl Lbortory (ORNL) to prepre Trnsporttion Energy Conservtion Dt Book to be used by TEC stff in their evlution of current nd proposed conservtion strtegies. The mjor purposes of the Dt Book were to drw together, under one cover, trnsporttion dt from diverse sources, to resolve dt conflicts nd inconsistencies, nd to produce comprehensive document. The first edition of the TEC Dt Book ws published in October With the pssge of the Deprtment of Energy (DOE) Orgniztion Act, the work being conducted by the former Trnsporttion Energy Conservtion Division fell under the purview of the DOE's Office of Trnsporttion Progrms. This work continues tody in the Vehicle Technologies Office. Policymkers nd nlysts need to be well-informed bout ctivity in the trnsporttion sector. The orgniztion nd scope of the dt book reflect the need for different kinds of informtion. For this reson, Edition 35 updtes much of the sme type of dt tht is found in previous editions. In ny ttempt to compile comprehensive set of sttistics on trnsporttion ctivity, numerous instnces of indequcies nd inccurcies in the bsic dt re encountered. Where such problems occur, estimtes re developed by ORNL. To minimize the misuse of these sttistics, n ppendix (Appendix A) is included to document the estimtion procedures. The ttempt is to provide sufficient informtion for the conscientious user to evlute the estimtes nd to form their own opinions s to their utility. Clerly, the ccurcy of the estimtes cnnot exceed the ccurcy of the primry dt, n ccurcy which in most instnces is unknown. In cses where dt ccurcy is known or substntil errors re strongly suspected in the dt, the reder is lerted. In ll cses it should be recognized tht the estimtes re not precise. The mjority of the sttistics contined in the dt book re tken directly from published sources, lthough these dt my be reformtted for presenttion by ORNL. Consequently, neither ORNL nor DOE endorses the vlidity of these dt.

28 xxvi

29 1 1 Petroleum Summry Sttistics from Tbles/Figures in this Chpter Source Tble 1.3 World Petroleum Production, 2015 (million brrels per dy) U.S. Production (million brrels per dy) U.S. Shre 13.6% Tble 1.4 World Petroleum Consumption, 2014 (million brrels per dy) U.S. Consumption (million brrels per dy) U.S. Shre 20.7% Figure 1.4 Averge Refinery Yield, 2015 OECD b Europe OECD b Americs Gsoline 20.6% 41.0% Diesel oil 30.7% 29.2% Residul fuel 8.6% 4.2% Kerosene 14.9% 8.2% Other 10.2% 13.6% Tble 1.12 U.S. trnsporttion petroleum use s percent of U.S. petroleum 107.0% production, 2015 Tble 1.12 Net imports s percentge of U.S. petroleum consumption, % Tble 1.13 Trnsporttion shre of U.S. petroleum consumption, % Tble 1.16 Highwy shre of trnsporttion petroleum consumption, % Tble 1.16 Light vehicle shre of trnsporttion petroleum consumption, % In this document, petroleum is defined s crude oil (including lese condenste) nd nturl gs plnt liquids. Orgniztion for Economic Co opertion nd Development.

30 1 2 As new technologies pper nd new res re explored, the mount of proved reserves of crude oil nd nturl gs hs grown. Although the reserves of nturl gs in the United Sttes were 68% higher in 2014 thn it ws in 1980, the U.S. shre of World nturl gs reserves is lower. Tble 1.1 Proved Reserves of Crude Oil nd Nturl Gs, Crude Oil Reserves (billion brrels) U.S. Shre of Crude Oil Nturl Gs Reserves (trillion cubic feet) U.S. Shre of Nturl Gs Yer World United Sttes Reserves World United Sttes Reserves % 2, % % 2, % % 2, % % 3, % % 3, % % 3, % % 3, % % 3, % % 3, % % 3, % , % 3, % , % 4, % % 4, % % 4, % % 5, % , % 4, % , % 4, % , % 4, % , % 5, % , % 5, % , % 5, % , % 5, % , % 5, % , % 5, % , % 6, % , % 6, % , % 6, % , % 6, % , % 6, % , % 6, % , % 6, % , % 6, % , % 6, % , % 6, % , % 6, % Averge Annul Percentge Chnge % 0.5% 3.0% 1.5% % 4.7% 1.4% 6.0% Note: Reserve dt for 2015 were not vilble t time of publiction. Source: U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Energy Informtion Administrtion, Interntionl Energy Sttistics, June (Additionl resources:

31 1 3 In 2015, the Orgniztion of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) ccounted for 42.6% of world oil production. The U.S. production of crude oil incresed to 9.43 million brrels per dy, which is the highest production since The U.S. production hs risen to 11.8% of World production. Tble 1.2 World Crude Oil Production, (million brrels per dy) Yer United Sttes U.S. shre Totl OPEC b OPEC shre Totl non- OPEC World % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % Averge nnul percentge chnge % 2.5% 2.4% 2.5% % 0.8% 1.6% 1.2% % 0.3% 1.2% 0.8% Source: U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Energy Informtion Administrtion, Interntionl Energy Sttistics website, August (Additionl resources: Includes lese condenste. Excludes nturl gs plnt liquids. b See Glossry for membership.

32 1 4 This tble shows petroleum production, which includes both crude oil nd nturl gs plnt liquids. Becuse other liquids nd processing gin re not included, the world totl is often smller thn world petroleum consumption (Tble 1.4). The United Sttes ws responsible for 13.6% of the world s petroleum production in 2015 nd 11.8% of the world s crude oil production (Tble 1.2). Tble 1.3 World Petroleum Production, (million brrels per dy) Totl Non- United U.S. Totl OPEC non- OPEC Yer Sttes shre OPEC b shre OPEC shre World % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % c Averge nnul percentge chnge % 0.5% 1.6% 1.1% % 0.6% 1.8% 1.3% Source: U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Energy Informtion Administrtion, Interntionl Energy Sttistics website, September 2016; World Production: Short-Term Energy Outlook, 2016; U.S. Production, Monthly Energy Review, August (Additionl resources: Includes nturl gs plnt liquids, crude oil nd lese condenste. Does not ccount for ll inputs or refinery processing gin. b Orgniztion of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossry for membership. c Not comprble with previous dt. Includes other inputs nd refinery processing gins.

33 1 5 During the 1980s nd 1990s, the United Sttes ccounted for bout one-qurter of the world s petroleum consumption, but from 2000 to 2012 tht shre hd been decresing. In 2014 the United Sttes ccounted for only 20.7%. World petroleum consumption decresed in 2009 but hs continued to increse beginning with Non-OECD consumption hs continued to increse. Tble 1.4 World Petroleum Consumption, (million brrels per dy) Yer United Sttes U.S. shre Totl OECD Totl non-oecd World % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % Averge nnul percentge chnge % 2.0% 3.9% 2.7% % 0.6% 3.0% 1.5% % -0.9% 3.6% 1.1% Source: U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Energy Informtion Administrtion, Interntionl Energy Sttistics website, September 2016; World Production: Short-Term Energy Outlook, (Additionl resources: Orgniztion for Economic Coopertion nd Development. See Glossry for membership.

34 1 6 Figure 1.1. World Oil Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, 1980 Source: See Tble 1.5. Figure 1.2. World Oil Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, 1993 Source: See Tble 1.5.

35 1 7 Figure 1.3. World Oil Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, 2014 Source: See Tble 1.5. Tble 1.5 World Oil Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, 1980, 1993 nd 2014 Crude oil reserves (billion brrels) Petroleum production (million brrels per dy) Petroleum consumption (million brrels per dy) Reserve shre Production shre Consumption shre 1980 United Sttes % % % OPEC % % 2.5 4% Rest of world % % % 1993 United Sttes % % % OPEC % % 4.5 7% Rest of world % % % 2014 United Sttes % % % OPEC 1, % % % Rest of world % % % Note: Totl consumption is higher thn totl production due to refinery gins including lcohol nd liquid products produced from col nd other sources. See Glossry for OPEC countries. World nd OPEC consumption dt re 2013 dt. Sources: Energy Informtion Administrtion, Interntionl Energy Sttistics, September (Additionl resources:

36 1 8 The shre of petroleum imported to the United Sttes cn be clculted using totl imports or net imports. Net imports, which re the preferred dt, rose to over 50% of U.S. petroleum consumption for the first time in 1998, while totl imports reched 50% for the first time in OPEC shre of net imports hs been below 50% since Net imports s shre of consumption decresed to 24.0% in 2015 the lowest since Tble 1.6 U.S. Petroleum Imports, (million brrels per dy) Yer Net OPEC imports Net OPEC shre Net imports Net imports s shre of U.S. consumption Totl imports % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 9.40 Averge nnul percentge chnge % 1.9% 3.0% % 0.9% 2.3% % -9.1% -3.3% Source: U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Energy Informtion Administrtion, Monthly Energy Review, Wshington, DC, August 2016, Tble 3.3. (Additionl resources: Orgniztion of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossry for membership.

37 1 9 Just over hlf of the oil imported to the United Sttes in 2015 ws from the western hemisphere. Cnd, Mexico, nd Venezuel provided most of the oil from the western hemisphere, long with smll mounts from Brzil, Columbi, Ecudor, nd the U.S. Virgin Islnds (these countries re not listed seprtely). Tble 1.7 Imported Crude Oil by Country of Origin, (million brrels per dy) Other OPEC countries Cnd Mexico Russi Other non- OPEC countries Totl imports Yer Sudi Arbi Venezuel Nigeri Sources: U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Energy Informtion Administrtion, Monthly Energy Review, Wshington, DC, August 2016, Tbles 3.3c nd 3.3d. (Additionl resources: Orgniztion of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossry for membership.

38 1 10 The Strtegic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) begn in October 1977 s result of the 1975 Energy Policy nd Conservtion Act. Its purpose is to provide protection ginst oil supply disruptions. The U.S. consumed 19.4 million brrels per dy in At tht rte of consumption, the SPR supply would lst 36 dys if used exclusively nd continuously. Tble 1.8 Crude Oil Supplies, Strtegic Petroleum Reserve Other crude oil stocks Totl crude oil stocks U.S. petroleum consumption Number of dys the SPR would Yer (million brrels) (million brrels per dy) supply the U.S. b , , , , , , , , , , Sources: U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Energy Informtion Administrtion, Monthly Energy Review, Wshington, DC, August 2016, Tbles 3.1 nd 3.4. (Additionl resources: Other crude oil stocks include stocks held by petroleum compnies, s well s stocks of Alskn crude oil in trnsit. b Strtegic Petroleum Reserves divided by U.S. consumption per dy. This would only hold true if the SPR were the only oil used for tht mny dys.

39 1 11 Other prts of the world refine crude oil to produce more diesel fuel nd less gsoline thn does OECD Americs. The OECD Asi Oceni countries produce the lowest shre of gsoline in Figure 1.4. Refinery Gross Output by World Region, 2005 nd 2015 Source: Interntionl Energy Agency, Monthly Oil Survey, Februry 2016 nd Monthly Oil Sttistics, My (Additionl resources: Includes jet kerosene nd other kerosene. b Includes motor gsoline, jet gsoline, nd vition gsoline. c Orgniztion for Economic Coopertion nd Development. See Glossry for membership.

40 1 12 Oxygente refinery input incresed significntly in 1995, most certinly due to the Clen Air Act Amendments of 1990 which mndted the sle of reformulted gsoline in certin res beginning in Jnury The use of MTBE hs declined over the lst ten yers due to mny sttes bnning the dditive. The other hydrocrbons nd liquids ctegory includes unfinished oils, motor gsoline blending components nd vition gsoline blending components. Tble 1.9 U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil nd Petroleum Products, (thousnd brrels) Oxygentes Other Nturl gs Fuel Other hydrocrbons Totl input to Yer Crude oil liquids ethnol MTBE oxygentes b nd liquids refineries ,691, ,889 c c d 132,720 5,105, ,848, ,566 c c d 105,645 5,258, ,891, ,109 c c d 223,797 5,297, ,894, ,589 c c d 260,108 5,325, ,855, ,306 c c d 280,265 5,307, ,908, ,701 c c d 272,676 5,352, ,968, ,213 3,351 49,393 1, ,074 5,482, ,061, ,868 3,620 52,937 1, ,808 5,483, ,100, ,026 9,055 79,396 4, ,411 5,555, ,195, ,552 11,156 79,407 3, ,282 5,668, ,351, ,769 11,803 86,240 4, ,268 5,806, ,434, ,921 11,722 89,362 4, ,135 5,892, ,403, ,756 13,735 94,784 4, ,779 5,877, ,514, ,921 15,268 90,288 4, ,135 5,964, ,521, ,479 16,929 87,116 4, ,632 5,979, ,455, ,429 26,320 90,291 2, ,567 5,955, ,585, ,763 55,626 67,592 1, ,459 6,027, ,663, ,356 74,095 47, ,203 6,135, ,555, ,037 84,088 39, ,064 6,135, ,563, , ,198 11, ,989 6,198, ,532, , ,603 1, ,807 6,204, ,361, , , ,843 6,277, ,232, , , ,998 6,169, ,374, , , ,015 6,345, ,404, , ,266 1, ,059 6,422, ,489, , , ,946 6,406, ,589, , , ,476 6,577, ,784, , , ,213 6,779,342 Averge nnul percentge chnge % -1.5% d d d 5.0% 1.1% % 1.9% 15.7% -34.2% -49.6% 9.7% 1.0% Source: U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Energy Informtion Administrtion, Petroleum Supply Annul 2014, Vol. 1, September 2015, Tble 16, nd nnul. (Additionl resources: Methyl tertiry butyl ether (MTBE). b Includes methnol nd other oxygentes. c Reported in Other hydrocrbons nd liquids ctegory in this yer. d Dt re not vilble.

41 1 13 When crude oil nd other hydrocrbons re processed into products tht re, on verge, less dense thn the input, processing volume gin occurs. Due to this gin, the product yield from brrel of crude oil is more thn 100%. For the lst 20 yers, the processing volume gin hs been bout 5-7%. Tble 1.10 U.S. Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from Brrel of Crude Oil, (percentge) Motor Distillte Liquefied Yer gsoline fuel oil Jet fuel petroleum gs Other Totl b Source: Deprtment of Energy, Energy Informtion Administrtion, Petroleum Supply Nvigtor, August (Additionl resources: Includes vition gsoline (0.1%), kerosene (0.1%), residul fuel oil (2.7%), nphth nd other oils for petrochemicl feedstock use (1.3%), other oils for petrochemicl feedstock use (0.7%), specil nphths (0.3%), lubricnts (1.0%), petroleum coke (5.4%) sphlt nd rod oil (2.0%), still gs (4.3%), nd miscellneous products (0.5%). b Products sum to greter thn 100% due to processing gin. The processing gin for yers 1978 to 1980 is ssumed to be 4 percent.

42 1 14 Domestic petroleum production incresed in 2009 for the first time in 20 yers nd hs continued to increse. Most of the petroleum imported by the United Sttes is in the form of crude oil. The United Sttes does export smll mounts of petroleum, minly refined petroleum products which go to Cnd nd Mexico. Tble 1.11 United Sttes Petroleum Production, Imports, nd Exports, (million brrels per dy) Domestic production Net imports Exports Nturl gs Crude plnt Crude Petroleum Crude Petroleum oil liquids Totl oil products Totl oil products Totl Averge nnul percentge chnge % 2.9% 1.2% 4.3% 2.7% 3.8% 2.4% 4.8% 4.3% % 1.5% 0.3% 3.9% -0.1% 2.3% 8.9% 6.5% 6.7% % 6.6% 6.3% -3.2% -5.4% -3.7% 31.4% 14.3% 15.1% Source: U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Energy Informtion Administrtion, Monthly Energy Review, Wshington, DC, August 2016, Tbles 3.1 nd 3.3b. (Additionl resources: Totl domestic production includes crude oil, nturl gs plnt liquids nd smll mounts of other liquids.

43 1 15 U.S. petroleum production hs been incresing nd petroleum imports decresing over the lst six yers. Net imports of petroleum in 2015 were t the lowest level since Tble 1.12 Petroleum Production nd Trnsporttion Petroleum Consumption in Context, Domestic petroleum production Net petroleum imports Trnsporttion petroleum consumption U.S. petroleum consumption World petroleum consumption Net imports s shre of U.S. U.S. petroleum consumption s shre of world Trnsporttion petroleum use s shre of domestic (million brrels per dy) consumption consumption production b 8.4% b 56.8% b 10.4% b 58.8% % 46.0% 64.5% % 37.0% 67.0% % 31.4% 68.9% % 29.0% 89.4% % 27.0% 93.9% % 26.2% 93.0% % 25.5% 123.2% % 24.9% 116.4% % 25.3% 123.3% % 25.5% 127.9% % 25.7% 136.6% % 25.2% 138.2% % 25.5% 142.6% % 25.3% 146.8% % 25.5% 154.8% % 25.7% 164.8% % 25.6% 168.0% % 25.3% 168.4% % 25.2% 172.9% % 25.0% 179.8% % 25.0% 188.6% % 24.6% 201.6% % 24.2% 206.7% % 23.8% 207.0% % 22.7% 199.0% % 22.1% 181.3% % 21.8% 176.7% % 21.2% 167.2% % 20.5% 144.9% % 20.8% 130.2% b 26.5% b 113.5% b 24.0% b 107.0% Averge nnul percentge chnge % 3.3% 2.2% 1.7% b % 0.9% 1.2% 0.6% b % -9.5% -0.2% -0.7% b Sources: U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Energy Informtion Administrtion, Monthly Energy Review, Wshington, DC, August 2016, Tbles 2.5, 3.1, nd A3. (Pre-1973 dt from the Annul Energy Review). World petroleum consumption - U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Energy Informtion Administrtion, Interntionl Energy Sttistics website, August (Additionl resources: Totl domestic production includes crude oil, nturl gs plnt liquids nd smll mounts of other liquids. b Dt re not vilble.

44 1 16 Before 1989 the U.S. produced enough petroleum to meet the needs of the trnsporttion sector, but ws still short of meeting the petroleum needs of ll the sectors, including industril, residentil nd commercil, nd electric utilities. In 1973 the gp between wht the U.S. produced nd wht ws consumed ws 5.6 million brrels per dy. By 2040, the gp is expected to be only bout 7.8 million brrels per dy if petroleum nd nonpetroleum sources re included or 8.9 million brrels per dy if only conventionl petroleum sources re used. Figure 1.5. United Sttes Petroleum Production nd Consumption All Sectors, Notes: The U.S. Production hs two lines fter The solid line is conventionl sources of petroleum, including crude oil, nturl gs plnt liquids, nd refinery gins. The dshed line dds in other non-petroleum sources, including ethnol, biomss, liquids from col, other blending components, other hydrocrbons, nd ethers. The shrp increse in vlues between 2006 nd 2007 is the result of the FHWA s methodology chnge. The dt chnge from historicl to projected vlues occurs between 2014 nd Source: See Tble 1.11, 2.7 nd 2.8. Projections re from the Energy Informtion Administrtion, Annul Energy Outlook 2016, July 2016.

45 1 17 In 1989 the trnsporttion sector petroleum consumption surpssed U.S. petroleum production for the first time, creting gp tht must be met with imports of petroleum. In 2009, however, the U.S. production of petroleum begn to increse. The Energy Informtion Administrtion expects petroleum production to be just under trnsporttion consumption by When including non-petroleum sources, the production will exceed trnsporttion demnd by bout 0.6 million brrels per dy in Figure 1.6. United Sttes Petroleum Production nd Trnsporttion Consumption, Notes: The U.S. Production hs two lines fter The solid line is conventionl sources of petroleum, including crude oil, nturl gs plnt liquids, nd refinery gins. The dshed line dds in other non-petroleum sources, including ethnol, biomss, liquids from col, other blending components, other hydrocrbons, nd ethers. The shrp increse in vlues between 2014 nd 2015 re cused by the dt chnge from historicl to projected vlues. The shrp increse in the vlue for hevy trucks between 2006 nd 2007 is the result of the FHWA s methodology chnge. Source: See Tble 1.11, 2.7 nd 2.8. Projections re from the Energy Informtion Administrtion, Annul Energy Outlook 2016, July 2016.

46 1 18 Trnsporttion ccounted for bout 70% of the U.S. petroleum use from 2008 to Totl petroleum consumption reched more thn 20 million brrels per dy from 2003 to 2007, but hs been below tht level from 2008 through present. Tble 1.13 Consumption of Petroleum by End-Use Sector, (million brrels per dy) Electric Yer Trnsporttion Percentge Residentil Commercil Industril utilities Totl % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % Averge nnul percentge chnge % -2.1% -2.1% 0.1% -5.7% 0.3% % -3.1% -2.0% -0.7% -13.4% -0.7% Source: U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Energy Informtion Administrtion, Monthly Energy Review, Wshington, DC, August 2016, Tbles Converted to million brrels per dy using Tble A3. (Additionl resources:

47 1 19 Crs nd light trucks use most of the petroleum in the trnsporttion sector. Light trucks include pick-ups, minivns, sport-utility vehicles, nd vns. See Tble 2.9 for highwy energy use in trillion Btu. Tble 1.14 Highwy Trnsporttion Petroleum Consumption by Mode, (thousnd brrels per dy) Light vehicle subtotl Clss 3-6 trucks Clss 7-8 trucks Hevy Trucks subtotl Yer Crs Light trucks Motorcycles Buses Highwy subtotl Totl trnsporttion b , , ,031 7, ,836 1,245 6, ,099 8, ,565 1,552 6, ,055 1,302 7,500 9, ,508 1,546 6, ,077 1,329 7,466 9, ,509 1,481 5, ,077 1,330 7,403 8, ,587 1,562 6, ,097 1,354 7,586 9, ,609 1,670 6, ,132 1,398 7,758 9, ,665 1,785 6, ,131 1,396 7,930 9, ,773 1,897 6, ,155 1,426 8,184 9, ,782 1,996 6, ,190 1,469 8,336 10, ,784 2,130 6, ,211 1,495 8,503 10, ,821 2,170 6, ,242 1,534 8,618 10, ,538 2,323 6, ,294 1,597 8,549 10, ,196 2,493 6, ,320 1,630 8,413 10, ,268 2,670 6, ,345 1,660 8,698 10, ,374 2,795 7, ,386 1,711 8,979 10, ,428 2,878 7, ,463 1,806 9,211 11, ,440 2,975 7, ,523 1,881 9,396 11, ,515 3,089 7, ,564 1,931 9,636 11, ,559 3,222 7, ,579 1,949 9,834 11, ,677 3,292 7, ,630 2,012 10,086 12, ,780 3,448 8, ,792 2,212 10,550 12, ,766 3,453 8, ,861 2,298 10,630 12, ,798 3,491 8, ,859 2,295 10,690 12, ,923 3,602 8, ,944 2,401 11,029 12, ,866 3,963 8, ,890 2,334 11,265 13, ,919 4,137 9, ,752 2,162 11,323 13, ,050 3,840 8, ,965 2,426 11,422 13, ,893 3,959 8, ,006 2,476 c 11,436 13, ,852 4,034 8, ,495 3,080 12,089 14, ,664 3,992 8, ,521 3,112 11,895 13, ,344 4,033 8, ,341 2,890 11,392 13, ,060 4,220 8, ,379 2,937 11,335 13, ,891 4,291 8, ,240 2,766 11,068 13, ,777 4,331 8, ,238 2,763 10,998 12, ,737 4,276 8, ,288 2,824 10,965 12, ,684 4,502 8, ,325 2,871 11,184 12,877 Averge nnul percentge chnge % 4.0% 1.0% 4.7% 1.0% 3.1% 3.1% 3.1% 1.4% 1.3% % 1.6% -0.8% 9.6% 0.5% 1.7% 1.7% 1.7% -0.2% -0.5% Source: See Appendix A, Section 2.1 Highwy Energy Use. Ech gllon of petroleum product ws ssumed to equl one gllon of crude oil. The oil used to produce electricity is lso estimted. See Appendix A, Section 2.4 for detils. b Totl trnsporttion figures do not include militry nd off-highwy energy use nd my not include ll possible uses of fuel for trnsporttion (e.g., snowmobiles). c Due to chnges in the FHWA fuel use methodology, motorcycle, bus, nd hevy truck dt re not comprble with dt before the yer Cr nd light truck dt chnged fter 2008; see Appendix A, Section 7, Cr/Light Truck Shres.

48 1 20 Although bout 18% of trnsporttion energy use is for nonhighwy modes, only 13% of trnsporttion petroleum use is for nonhighwy. This is becuse some nonhighwy modes, such s pipelines nd trnsit ril, use electricity. An estimte for the petroleum used to mke electricity is included in the dt. See Tble 2.10 for nonhighwy trnsporttion energy use in trillion Btu. Tble 1.15 Nonhighwy Trnsporttion Petroleum Consumption by Mode, (thousnd brrels per dy) Yer Air Wter Pipeline Ril Nonhighwy subtotl Totl trnsporttion b ,302 7, ,373 8, ,618 9, ,709 9, ,541 8, ,491 9, ,606 9, ,606 9, ,712 9, ,775 10, ,840 10, ,887 10, ,876 10, ,833 10, ,885 10, ,841 10, , ,880 11, , ,950 11, , ,965 11, , ,942 11, , ,927 12, , ,095 12, , ,164 12, , ,975 12, , ,917 12, , ,863 13, , ,073 13, , ,142 13, , ,168 13, , ,206 14, , ,094 13, , ,867 13, , ,961 13, , ,938 13, , ,798 12, ,729 12, ,693 12,877 Averge nnul percentge chnge % 0.3% -5.9% 0.1% 0.6% 1.3% % -3.3% -11.3% -0.5% -2.0% -0.4% Source: See Appendix A for Nonhighwy Energy Use. Ech gllon of petroleum product ws ssumed to equl one gllon of crude oil. The oil used to produce electricity is lso estimted. See Appendix A, Section 2.3 Nonhighwy Energy Use for detils. b Totl trnsporttion figures do not include militry nd off-highwy energy use nd my not include ll possible uses of fuel for trnsporttion (e.g., snowmobiles).

49 1 21 Highwy vehicles were responsible for 86.9% of ll trnsporttion petroleum use in See Tble 2.8 for trnsporttion energy use in trillion Btu. Tble 1.16 Trnsporttion Petroleum Use by Mode, Percentge of totl U.S. Thousnd brrels per dy Percentge of totl b petroleum consumption b HIGHWAY 10, , % 86.9% 57.8% 58.5% Light vehicles 8, , % 63.8% 42.4% 43.0% Crs 3, , % 28.6% 19.7% 19.3% Light trucks c 4, , % 35.0% 22.6% 23.5% Motorcycles % 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% Buses % 0.8% 0.5% 0.5% Trnsit % 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% Intercity % 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% School % 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% Medium/hevy trucks 2, , % 22.3% 14.9% 15.0% Clss % 4.2% 2.8% 2.9% Clss 7-8 2, , % 18.1% 12.1% 12.2% NONHIGHWAY 1, , % 13.1% 9.1% 8.9% Air % 7.8% 5.2% 5.2% Generl vition % 0.8% 0.5% 0.6% Domestic ir crriers % 5.3% 3.6% 3.6% Interntionl ir crriers % 1.6% 1.1% 1.1% Wter % 3.3% 2.6% 2.2% Freight % 2.3% 1.9% 1.6% Recretionl % 1.0% 0.7% 0.7% Pipeline % 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Ril % 2.1% 1.3% 1.4% Freight (Clss I) % 2.0% 1.3% 1.3% Pssenger % 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% Trnsit % 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Commuter % 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Intercity % 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% HWY & NONHWY TOTAL d 12, , % 100.0% 66.9% 67.3% Off-Highwy 1, ,095.3 Source: See Appendix A, Section 2. Energy Use Sources. Ech gllon of petroleum product ws ssumed to equl one gllon of crude oil. The oil used to produce electricity is lso estimted. See Appendix A, Section 2.4 for detils. b Percentges my not sum to totls due to rounding. c Two-xle, four-tire trucks. d Civilin consumption only. Totls my not include ll possible uses of fuels for trnsporttion (e.g., snowmobiles).

50 1 22

51 2 1 Chpter 2 Energy Summry Sttistics from Tbles in this Chpter Source Tble 2.1 Trnsporttion shre of U.S. energy consumption, % Tble 2.2 Petroleum shre of trnsporttion energy 91.5% consumption, 2015 Tble 2.6 Fuel ethnol consumption (million gllons) 13,939.7 Biodiesel consumption (million gllons) 1,476.2 Tble 2.8 Trnsporttion energy use by mode, 2014 (trillion Btu) (trnsporttion energy shre) Crs 6, % Light trucks 8, % Medium/hevy trucks 6, % Buses % Totl Highwy 21, % Air 2, % Wter % Pipeline 1, % Ril %

52 2 2 Petroleum ccounted for 33% of the world s energy use in Although petroleum nd nturl gs re the dominnt energy sources for OECD countries, the non-oecd countries rely on col nd petroleum. The U.S. shres of primry energy sources re similr to the OECD countries s whole, but with lesser relince on renewbles. Figure 2.1. World Consumption of Primry Energy, 2013 Note: The United Sttes dt re shown seprtely but re lso included in the OECD dt. Source: U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Energy Informtion Administrtion, Interntionl Energy Outlook, My (Additionl resources:

53 2 3 Totl energy use ws 97.4 quds in 2015 with trnsporttion using 28.5%. The Energy Informtion Administrtion includes renewble energy in ech sector. Tble 2.1 U. S. Consumption of Totl Energy by End-Use Sector, (qudrillion Btu) Yer Trnsporttion Percentge trnsporttion of totl Industril Commercil Residentil Totl % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % Averge nnul percentge chnge % -0.1% 1.5% 0.8% 0.6% % -0.4% 0.1% -0.4% -0.3% Source: U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Energy Informtion Administrtion, Monthly Energy Review, August 2016, Wshington, DC, Tble 2.1. (Additionl resources: Electricl energy losses hve been distributed mong the sectors.

54 2 4 In trnsporttion, the lcohol fuels blended into gsoline to mke gsohol (10% ethnol or less) re counted under renewbles nd re not in with petroleum. The petroleum ctegory, however, still contins other blending gents tht re not ctully petroleum, but re not broken out into seprte ctegory. Tble 2.2 Distribution of Energy Consumption by Source, 1973 nd 2015 (percentge) Energy Trnsporttion Residentil Commercil source Petroleum Nturl gs b Col Renewble Nucler Electricity c Totl Energy Industril Electric utilities source Petroleum Nturl gs b Col Renewble Nucler Electricity c Totl Source: U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Energy Informtion Administrtion, Monthly Energy Review, August 2016, Wshington, DC, Tbles 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, nd 2.6. (Additionl resources: use. In trnsporttion, the petroleum ctegory contins some blending gents which re not petroleum. b Includes supplementl gseous fuels. Trnsporttion sector includes pipeline fuel nd nturl gs vehicle c Includes electricl system energy losses.

55 2 5 Totl trnsporttion energy consumption ws 27.7 quds in Petroleum hs ccounted for more thn 90% of trnsporttion energy consumption since the mid-1950 s. In the lst few yers, the nturl gs shre ws more thn 3%. Tble 2.3. Distribution of Trnsporttion Energy Consumption by Source, Yer Petroleum Nturl gs b Col Renewbles Electricity c Totl (trillion Btu) % 1.5% 18.4% 0.0% 1.3% 8, % 2.7% 4.4% 0.0% 0.8% 9, % 3.4% 0.7% 0.0% 0.3% 10, % 4.2% 0.1% 0.0% 0.3% 12, % 4.6% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 16, % 3.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 18, % 3.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 19, % 2.6% 0.0% 0.2% 0.2% 20, % 2.4% 0.0% 0.3% 0.2% 20, % 2.5% 0.0% 0.3% 0.2% 21, % 2.8% 0.0% 0.3% 0.2% 22, % 2.9% 0.0% 0.3% 0.2% 22, % 3.0% 0.0% 0.3% 0.2% 22, % 2.8% 0.0% 0.3% 0.2% 22, % 2.7% 0.0% 0.4% 0.2% 22, % 2.8% 0.0% 0.4% 0.2% 22, % 3.0% 0.0% 0.4% 0.2% 23, % 3.0% 0.0% 0.5% 0.2% 23, % 3.0% 0.0% 0.3% 0.2% 24, % 3.2% 0.0% 0.4% 0.2% 24, % 2.6% 0.0% 0.4% 0.2% 25, % 2.6% 0.0% 0.5% 0.2% 25, % 2.5% 0.0% 0.5% 0.2% 26, % 2.5% 0.0% 0.5% 0.2% 26, % 2.6% 0.0% 0.6% 0.2% 26, % 2.3% 0.0% 0.9% 0.3% 26, % 2.2% 0.0% 1.0% 0.3% 27, % 2.2% 0.0% 1.2% 0.3% 28, % 2.2% 0.0% 1.7% 0.3% 28, % 2.3% 0.0% 2.1% 0.3% 28, % 2.5% 0.0% 3.0% 0.3% 27, % 2.7% 0.0% 3.5% 0.3% 26, % 2.7% 0.0% 4.0% 0.3% 27, % 2.7% 0.0% 4.3% 0.3% 26, % 3.0% 0.0% 4.4% 0.3% 26, % 3.3% 0.0% 4.8% 0.3% 26, % 3.3% 0.0% 4.8% 0.3% 27, % 3.3% 0.0% 4.9% 0.3% 27,706.5 Source: U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Energy Informtion Administrtion, Monthly Energy Review, August 2016, Wshington, DC, Tble 2.5. (Additionl resources: In trnsporttion, the petroleum ctegory contins some blending gents which re not petroleum. b Includes supplementl gseous fuels. Trnsporttion sector includes pipeline fuel nd nturl gs vehicle use. c Includes electricl system energy losses.

56 2 6 Figure 2.2. World Nturl Gs Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, 1980 Source: See Tble 2.4. Figure 2.3. World Nturl Gs Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, 1993 Source: See Tble 2.4.

57 2 7 Figure 2.4. World Nturl Gs Reserves, Production nd Consumption, 2014 Source: See Tble 2.4. Tble 2.4 World Nturl Gs Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, 1980, 1993, nd 2014 (trillion cubic feet) Nturl gs reserves Reserve shre Nturl gs production Production shre Nturl gs consumption Consumption shre 1980 United Sttes % % % OPEC % 2.4 5% 2.4 4% Rest of world 1, % % % 1993 United Sttes % % % OPEC 1, % 7.1 9% 5.6 7% Rest of world 2, % % % 2014 United Sttes % % % OPEC 3, % % % Rest of world 3, % % % Note: Production dt re dry gs production. OPEC production nd consumption re 2013 dt. See Glossry for OPEC countries. Source: Energy Informtion Administrtion, Interntionl Energy Sttistics, nd Interntionl Energy Outlook, September (Additionl resources:

58 2 8 In 2014, the United Sttes nd Russi were by fr the top nturl gs producing countries with more thn triple tht of ny other country. Although the United Sttes produced more thn Russi, Russi hs five times more reserves. Figure 2.5. Nturl Gs Production nd Reserves for the Top Ten Nturl Gs Producing Countries, 2014 Note: The Energy Informtion Administrtion Interntionl Energy Sttistics ws formerly the source of this figure, but did not hve 2014 production dt vilble t the time of publiction. Source: U.S. Centrl Intelligence Agency, The World Fctbook, September (Additionl resources:

59 2 9 The Energy Informtion Administrtion no longer publishes ntionl dt on lterntive use. They do publish fuel use dt for four types of lterntive fuel vehicle fleets t Tble 2.5 Alterntive Fuel nd Oxygente Consumption, (thousnd gsoline equivlent gllons) Alterntive fuel Liquefied petroleum gs 188, , , , , , ,457 Compressed nturl gs 166, , , , , , ,247 Liquefied nturl gs 22,409 23,474 24,594 25,554 25,652 26,072 26,242 E85 38,074 44,041 54,091 62,464 71,213 90, ,165 Electricity b 5,219 5,104 5,037 5,050 4,956 4,847 7,635 Hydrogen Biodiesel 91, , , , , , ,968 Other Subtotl 512, , , , , ,925 1,426,888 Oxygentes MTBE c 1,654, , Ethnol in gsohol 2,756,663 3,729,168 4,694,304 6,442,781 7,343,133 8,527,431 8,563,841 Totl 4,923,590 4,849,594 5,476,783 7,197,439 8,099,342 9,255,356 9,990,729 Note: These re the ltest dt vilble from the Energy Informtion Administrtion. See text box for dditionl informtion. Source: U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Energy Informtion Administrtion, Alterntive Fuel Vehicle Dt website, My 2013, (Additionl resources: Consumption includes gsoline portion of the mixture. b Vehicle consumption only; does not include power plnt inputs. c Methyl Tertiry Butyl Ether. This ctegory includes very smll mount of other ethers, primrily Tertiry Amyl Methyl Ether (TAME) nd Ethyl Tertiry Butyl Ether (ETBE).

60 2 10 Ethnol is n oxygente blended with gsoline in mounts up to 10% to be used in conventionl vehicles, nd is blended in higher mounts up to 85% for use in flex-fuel vehicles. The production of ethnol grew to nerly 15 billion gllons in 2015, with consumption reching nerly 14 billion gllons. Beginning in 2010, the United Sttes begn exporting more fuel ethnol thn it imports. Biodiesel is renewble fuel typiclly mde from vegetble oils or niml fts. It cn be burned in stndrd diesel engines nd is often blended with petroleum diesel. In 2015, nerly 1.5 billion gllons of biodiesel were consumed. Tble 2.6 Fuel Ethnol nd Biodiesel Production, Net Imports, nd Consumption, (million gllons) Fuel ethnol Biodiesel Yer Production Net imports Consumption Production Net imports Consumption , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , (0.7) , , (1.1) , , , , , , (136.1) , , (374.6) , , (194.9) ,297.9 (382.8) 12, (85.0) ,929.1 (1,023.3) 12, (38.1) ,218.0 (247.4) 12, (92.5) ,292.7 (242.0) 13, , , ,312.8 (771.6) 13, , , ,805.8 (752.8) 13, , ,476.2 Averge nnul percentge chnge % 16.3% % 13.1% 30.1% 32.2% Note: The Energy Informtion Administrtion no longer publishes the ntionwide consumption of E-85. Net imports re totl imports minus exports. Source: U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Energy Informtion Administrtion, Monthly Energy Review, Wshington, DC, August 2016, Tble (Additionl resources:

61 2 11 As dt bout lterntive fuel use become vilble, n ttempt is mde to incorporte them into this tble. Sometimes ssumptions must be mde in order to use the dt. Plese see Appendix A for description of the methodology used to develop these dt. See Tble 1.16 for trnsporttion petroleum use in thousnd brrels per dy. Tble 2.7 Domestic Consumption of Trnsporttion Energy by Mode nd Fuel Type, 2014 (trillion Btu) Gsoline Diesel fuel Liquefied petroleum gs Jet fuel Residul fuel oil Nturl gs Electricity Totl b HIGHWAY 15, , ,742.3 Light vehicles 15, ,514.4 Crs 6, ,951.3 Light trucks c 8, ,505.9 Motorcycles Buses Trnsit Intercity School Medium/hevy trucks , ,021.6 Clss 3-6 trucks ,332.1 Clss 7-8 trucks , ,689.5 NONHIGHWAY , ,730.6 Air , ,063.3 Generl vition Domestic ir crriers 1, ,415.6 Interntionl ir crriers d Wter Freight Recretionl Pipeline ,112.9 Ril Freight (Clss I) Pssenger Trnsit Commuter Intercity TOTAL HWY & NONHWY b 15, , , ,472.8 Source: See Appendix A, Section 2. Energy Use Sources. Civilin consumption only. Totls my not include ll possible uses of fuels for trnsporttion (e.g., snowmobiles). b Totls my not sum due to rounding. c Two-xle, four-tire trucks. d One hlf of fuel used by domestic crriers in interntionl opertion.

62 2 12 The gsoline nd diesel used in highwy modes ccounts for the mjority of trnsporttion energy use (81.8%). Figure 2.6. Domestic Consumption of Trnsporttion Energy Use by Mode nd Fuel Type, 2014 Note: Residul fuel oil is hevier oil which cn be used in vessel bunkering. Source: See Tble 2.7 or Appendix A, Section 2. Energy Use Sources. Civilin consumption only. Totls my not include ll possible uses of fuels for trnsporttion (e.g., snowmobiles).

63 2 13 Nonhighwy modes were responsible for 17.9% of ll trnsporttion energy use in See Tble 1.16 for trnsporttion energy use in thousnd brrels per dy. Tble 2.8 Trnsporttion Energy Use by Mode, Trillion Btu Percentge of totl bsed on Btus HIGHWAY 21, , % 82.1% Light vehicles 15, , % 58.6% Crs 7, , % 26.3% Light trucks b 8, , % 32.1% Motorcycles % 0.2% Buses % 0.8% Trnsit % 0.3% Intercity % 0.1% School % 0.3% Medium/hevy trucks 5, , % 22.7% Clss 3-6 trucks 1, , % 5.0% Clss 7-8 trucks 4, , % 17.7% NONHIGHWAY 4, , % 17.9% Air 2, , % 7.8% Generl vition % 0.8% Domestic ir crriers 1, , % 5.3% Interntionl ir % 1.6% Wter 1, % 3.5% Freight % 2.5% Recretionl % 0.9% Pipeline 1, , % 4.2% Ril % 2.4% Freight (Clss I) % 2.0% Pssenger % 0.4% Trnsit % 0.2% Commuter % 0.1% Intercity % 0.1% HWY & NONHWY TOTAL 26, , % 100.0% Off-highwy 2, ,194.3 Source: See Appendix A, Section 2. Energy Use Sources. Civilin consumption only. Totls my not include ll possible uses of fuels for trnsporttion (e.g., snowmobiles). b Two-xle, four-tire trucks.

64 2 14 Light trucks include pick-ups, minivns, sport-utility vehicles, nd vns. See Tble 1.14 for highwy petroleum use in thousnd brrels per dy. Tble 2.9 Highwy Trnsporttion Energy Consumption by Mode, (trillion Btu) Light vehicles subtotl Clss 3-6 trucks Clss 7-8 trucks Hevy trucks subtotl Yer Crs Light trucks Motorcycles Buses Highwy subtotl ,479 1,539 10, ,220 1,553 11,707 15, ,298 2,384 11, ,574 2,003 13,823 17, ,800 2,975 11, ,757 2,686 14,630 18, ,693 2,963 11, ,065 1,659 2,724 14,552 18, ,673 2,837 11, ,182 1,525 2,707 14,393 18, ,802 2,990 11, ,121 1,649 2,770 14,736 18, ,837 3,197 12, ,072 1,801 2,873 15,075 18, ,932 3,413 12, ,897 2,883 15,404 19, ,138 3,629 12, ,038 2,958 15,908 20, ,157 3,819 12, ,203 3,061 16,225 20, ,158 4,078 13, ,257 3,118 16,548 21, ,232 4,156 13, ,330 3,199 16,782 21, ,688 4,451 13, ,442 3,334 16,664 21, ,029 4,774 12, ,507 3,402 16,405 21, ,169 5,117 13, ,570 3,468 16,962 21, ,368 5,356 13, ,671 3,577 17,509 22, ,470 5,515 13, ,842 3,778 17,972 22, ,489 5,695 14, ,983 3,937 18,330 23, ,634 5,917 14, ,088 4,045 18,806 23, ,710 6,169 14, ,141 4,086 19,182 24, ,936 6,303 15, ,251 4,218 19,679 24, ,134 6,602 15, ,054 3,584 4,638 20,603 25, ,100 6,607 15, ,085 3,734 4,819 20,761 26, ,161 6,678 15, ,074 3,738 4,813 20,872 25, ,391 6,883 16, ,114 3,921 5,035 21,525 26, ,255 7,551 16, ,083 3,812 4,895 21,915 26, ,331 7,861 17, ,003 3,532 4,535 21,946 27, ,579 7,296 16, ,126 3,963 5,088 22,183 27, ,316 7,550 16, ,149 4,045 5,193 b 22,286 27, ,221 7,679 16, ,429 5,031 6,460 23,615 29, ,831 7,572 16, ,444 5,083 6,527 23,192 28, ,209 7,635 15, ,341 4,720 6,061 22,165 27, ,657 7,971 15, ,363 4,797 6,160 22,032 27, ,336 8,104 15, ,283 4,517 5,801 21,489 26, ,121 8,180 15, ,282 4,512 5,794 21,356 26, ,047 8,077 15, ,310 4,613 5,924 21,310 26, ,951 8,506 15, ,332 4,689 6,022 21,742 26,473 Averge nnul percentge chnge Totl trnsporttion -0.5% 4.0% 1.0% 4.9% 1.1% 3.2% 3.1% 3.1% 1.4% 1.2% -3.1% 1.5% -0.9% 9.0% 0.5% 1.7% 1.7% 1.7% -0.2% -0.4% Note: Totls my not dd due to rounding. Source: See Appendix A, Section 2.1 Highwy Energy Use. Totl trnsporttion figures do not include militry nd off-highwy energy use nd my not include ll possible uses of fuel for trnsporttion (e.g., snowmobiles). These dt hve been revised due to new dt series for recretionl bots. b Due to chnges in the FHWA fuel use methodology, motorcycle, bus, nd hevy truck dt re not comprble with dt before the yer Cr nd light truck dt chnged fter 2008; see Appendix A for cr/light truck shres.

65 2 15 About 18% of trnsporttion energy use is for nonhighwy modes. Air trvel ccounts for lmost 44% of nonhighwy energy use. See Tble 1.15 for nonhighwy petroleum use in thousnd brrels per dy. Tble 2.10 Nonhighwy Trnsporttion Energy Consumption by Mode, (trillion Btu) Yer Air Wter Pipeline Ril Nonhighwy subtotl Totl trnsporttion , ,688 15, , ,601 17, ,434 1, ,310 18, ,453 1, ,189 18, ,445 1, ,844 18, , ,632 18, , ,887 18, , ,801 19, ,823 1, ,368 20, ,899 1, ,546 20, ,978 1, ,779 21, ,981 1, ,903 21, ,046 1, ,918 21, ,916 1, ,777 21, ,945 1, ,879 21, ,986 1, ,813 22, ,075 1, ,958 22, ,141 1, ,135 23, ,206 1, ,167 23, ,300 1,250 1, ,146 24, ,275 1, ,982 24, ,483 1, ,357 25, ,554 1, ,512 26, ,397 1, ,073 25, ,229 1, ,012 26, ,260 1, ,800 26, ,456 1, ,227 27, ,532 1, ,399 27, ,511 1, ,473 27, ,509 1, ,608 29, ,396 1, ,400 28, ,127 1, ,943 27, ,149 1, ,153 27, ,157 1, ,112 26, ,077 1,183 1, ,858 26, ,037 1,055 1, ,813 26, , , ,731 26,473 Averge nnul percentge chnge % 0.2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.6% 1.2% % -3.4% 3.1% -0.2% -1.0% -0.3% Note: Totls my not dd due to rounding. Source: See Appendix A, Section 2.3 Nonhighwy Energy Use. Totl trnsporttion figures do not include militry nd off-highwy energy use nd my not include ll possible uses of fuel for trnsporttion (e.g., snowmobiles).

66 2 16 The Environmentl Protection Agency's MOVES model estimtes fuel use for different types of nonrod equipment nd off-highwy vehicles. Most of these vehicles/equipment use diesel fuel. Recretionl equipment, such s off-highwy motorcycles, snowmobiles, nd ATVs, re minly fueled by gsoline. Tble 2.11 Off-Highwy Trnsporttion-Relted Fuel Consumption from the Nonrod Model, 2014 (trillion Btu) Agriculturl equipment Trctors, mowers, combines, blers, nd other frm equipment which hs utility in its movement. Gsoline Diesel LPG CNG Totl Airport ground equipment Construction nd mining equipment Pvers, rollers, drill rigs, grders, bckhoes, excvtors, crnes, mining equipment Industril equipment Forklifts, terminl trctors, sweeper/scrubbers Logging equipment Feller/buncher/skidder Rilrod mintennce equipment Recretionl equipment Off-rod motorcycles, snowmobiles, ll-terrin vehicles, golf crts, specilty vehicles Totl , ,194.3 Source: Environmentl Protection Agency, MOVES2014 model, There is no equipment listed for this fuel type.

67 2 17 Mowing equipment consumes nerly hlf of ll the fuel used by lwn nd grden equipment. The gsoline used in lwn nd grden equipment is 2.0% of totl gsoline use. Tble 2.12 Fuel Consumption from Lwn nd Grden Equipment, 2014 (million gllons ) Totl fuel Equipment Clssifiction Gsoline Diesel LPG consumption Mowing equipment Front mowers Commercil Lwn & grden trctors Commercil Lwn & grden trctors Residentil Lwn mowers Commercil Lwn mowers Residentil Rer engine riding mowers Commercil Rer engine riding mowers Residentil Totl 1, ,431.5 Soil nd turf equipment Commercil turf equipment b Commercil Rotry tillers < 6 HP Commercil Rotry tillers < 6 HP Residentil Totl Wood cutting equipment Chin sws < 6 HP Commercil Chin sws < 6 HP Residentil Chippers/stump grinders Commercil Shredders < 6 HP Commercil Totl Blowers nd vcuums Lefblowers/vcuums Commercil Lefblowers/vcuums Residentil Snowblowers Commercil Snowblowers Residentil Totl Trimming equipment Trimmers/edgers/brush cutter Commercil Trimmers/edgers/brush cutter Residentil Other lwn & grden equipment c Commercil Other lwn & grden equipment c Residentil Totl Totl ll equipment 2, ,123.6 Source: U.S. Environmentl Protection Agency, MOVES2014 model, Numbers my not sum due to rounding. b Includes equipment such s ertors, dethtchers, sod cutters, hydro-seeders, turf utility vehicles, golf course greens mowers, nd snd trp groomers. c Includes equipment not otherwise clssified such s ugers, sickle-br mowers, nd wood splitters.

68 2 18 The Federl Highwy Administrtion (FHWA) cutions tht dt from 1993 on my not be directly comprble to erlier yers. Some sttes hve improved reporting procedures in recent yers, nd the estimtion procedures were revised in The FHWA no longer publishes seprte estimtes of gsohol or ethnol used in gsohol. Tble 2.13 Highwy Usge of Gsoline nd Diesel, (billion gllons) Yer Totl gsoline nd gsohol Diesel Percent diesel Totl highwy fuel use % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % Averge nnul percentge chnge % 3.5% 1.1% % 0.6% 0.1% Source: U.S. Deprtment of Trnsporttion, Federl Highwy Administrtion, Highwy Sttistics 2014, Wshington, DC, 2015, Tble MF-21 nd nnul. (Additionl resources: E85. Consists primrily of diesel fuel, with smll quntities of other fuels, such s liquefied petroleum gs nd

69 2 19 Gret cre should be tken when compring modl energy intensity dt mong modes. Becuse of the inherent differences mong the trnsporttion modes in the nture of services, routes vilble, nd mny dditionl fctors, it is not possible to obtin truly comprble ntionl energy intensities mong modes. These vlues re verges, nd there is gret del of vribility even within mode. Tble 2.14 Pssenger Trvel nd Energy Use, 2014 Number of vehicles (thousnds) Vehiclemiles (millions) Pssengermiles (millions) Lod fctor (persons/ vehicle) (Btu per vehiclemile) Energy intensities (Btu per pssengermile) Energy use (trillion Btu) Crs 113, ,436,600 2,226, ,839 3,122 6,951.2 Personl trucks 109, ,067,201 1,963, ,555 3,563 6,995.9 Motorcycles 8, ,970 23, ,871 2, Demnd response ,595 2, ,047 14, Buses b b b b b b Trnsit ,445 22, ,419 3, Intercity c b b b b b b 34.6 School c b b b b b 84.9 Air b b b b b b 1,636.6 Certificted route d b 5, , ,030 2,369 1,415.6 Generl vition b b b b b Recretionl bots 13,811.1 b b b b b Ril ,476 39, ,964 2, Intercity (Amtrk) , ,932 2, Trnsit , ,512 2, Commuter , ,564 2, Source: See Appendix A, Section 3. Pssenger Trvel nd Energy Use. Includes pssenger crs, vns, nd smll buses operting in response to clls from pssengers to the trnsit opertor who disptches the vehicles. b Dt re not vilble. c Energy use is estimted. d Only domestic service nd domestic energy use re shown on this tble. (Previous editions included hlf of interntionl energy.) These energy intensities my be inflted becuse ll energy use is ttributed to pssengers crgo energy use is not tken into ccount.

70 2 20 Gret cre should be tken when compring modl energy intensity dt mong modes. Becuse of the inherent differences mong the trnsporttion modes in the nture of services, routes vilble, nd mny dditionl fctors, it is not possible to obtin truly comprble ntionl energy intensities mong modes. These vlues re verges, nd there is gret del of vribility even within mode. Tble 2.15 Energy Intensities of Highwy Pssenger Modes, Crs Light truck Trnsit Buses b (Btu per (Btu per (Btu per (Btu per (Btu per Yer vehicle-mile) pssenger-mile) vehicle-mile) vehicle-mile) pssenger-mile) ,250 4,868 12,479 31,796 2, ,993 4,733 11,879 33,748 2, ,916 4,279 10,224 36,553 2, ,670 4,184 9,997 37,745 3, ,465 4,109 9,268 38,766 3, ,365 4,092 9,124 37,962 3, ,202 4,065 8,931 38,705 3, ,164 4,110 8,730 38,876 3, ,194 4,197 8,560 37,889 3, ,959 4,128 8,359 36,247 3, ,683 4,033 8,119 36,673 3, ,589 4,046 7,746 36,754 3, ,169 3,856 7,746 37,374 3, ,912 3,695 7,351 37,732 3, ,956 3,723 7,239 40,243 4, ,087 3,804 7,182 39,043 4, ,024 3,765 7,212 37,259 4, ,902 3,689 7,208 37,251 4, ,874 3,683 7,247 37,452 4, ,797 3,646 7,251 38,861 4, ,767 3,638 7,260 41,296 4, ,821 3,684 7,327 40,578 4, ,687 3,611 7,158 41,695 4, ,626 3,583 7,080 38,535 4, ,662 3,607 7,125 37,548 4, ,535 3,525 7,673 37,096 4, ,489 3,496 7,653 37,855 4, ,607 3,571 7,009 37,430 4, ,511 3,510 6,974 39,568 4, ,513 3,512 6,904 39,931 4, ,466 3,526 6,830 39,906 4, ,239 3,380 7,158 39,278 4, ,117 3,301 6,919 36,046 4, ,032 3,246 6,795 37,822 4, ,949 3,193 6,674 37,212 4, ,873 3,144 6,557 37,453 4, ,839 3,122 6,677 35,419 3,829 Averge nnul percentge chnge % -1.0% -1.4% 0.2% 1.0% % -1.1% -1.4% -0.7% -1.3% Source: See Appendix A, Section 4. Highwy Pssenger Mode Energy Intensities. All two-xle, four-tire trucks. b Series not continuous between 1983 nd 1984 becuse of chnge in dt source by the Americn Public Trnsporttion Assocition (APTA).

71 2 21 Gret cre should be tken when compring modl energy intensity dt mong modes. Becuse of the inherent differences between the trnsporttion modes in the nture of services, routes vilble, nd mny dditionl fctors, it is not possible to obtin truly comprble ntionl energy intensities mong modes. Tble 2.16 Energy Intensities of Nonhighwy Pssenger Modes, Air Ril Yer Certificted ir crriers (Btu per pssenger-mile) Intercity Amtrk (Btu per pssenger-mile) Ril trnsit (Btu per pssenger-mile) Commuter ril (Btu per pssenger-mile) ,115 b 2,157 b ,625 3,548 2,625 b ,282 3,278 2,633 b ,990 3,443 2,364 b ,144 3,554 2,144 b ,607 3,351 2,290 b ,561 3,065 2,312 b ,774 2,883 2,592 b ,412 3,052 2,699 b ,133 2,875 2,820 b ,298 2,923 3,037 2, ,053 2,703 2,809 2, ,011 2,481 3,042 2, ,827 2,450 3,039 2, ,861 2,379 3,072 2, ,844 2,614 2,909 2, ,797 2,505 3,024 2, ,602 2,417 3,254 2, ,455 2,534 3,155 2, ,490 2,565 3,373 2, ,407 2,282 3,338 2, ,349 2,501 3,340 2, ,199 2,690 3,017 2, ,173 2,811 2,856 2, ,987 2,788 2,823 2, ,108 2,943 2,785 2, ,960 3,235 2,797 2, ,943 3,257 2,803 2, ,718 3,212 2,872 2, ,614 2,800 2,837 2, ,505 2,760 2,750 2, ,346 2,709 2,783 2, ,250 2,650 2,707 2, ,153 2,516 2,577 2, ,055 2,398 2,521 2, ,901 2,435 2,516 2, ,825 2,271 2,520 2, ,772 2,214 2,459 2, ,633 2,120 2,398 2, ,568 2,118 2,404 2, ,511 2,186 2,381 2,708 Averge nnul percentge chnge c % -1.2% 0.2% -0.1% % -2.3% -1.4% 0.5% Source: See Appendix A, Section 5. Nonhighwy Pssenger Mode Energy Intensities. These dt differ from the dt on Tble 2.14 becuse they include hlf of interntionl services. These energy intensities my be inflted becuse ll energy use is ttributed to pssengers crgo energy use is not tken into ccount. b Dt re not vilble. c Averge nnul percentge clculted to erliest yer possible.

72 2 22 The energy intensity of light ril systems, mesured in Btu per pssenger-mile vries gretly. The weighted verge of ll light ril systems in 2014 is 3,844 Btu/pssenger-mile. Figure 2.7. Energy Intensity of Light Ril Trnsit Systems, 2014 Source: U.S. Deprtment of Trnsporttion, Ntionl Trnsit Dtbse, August (Additionl resources: Typiclly n electric rilwy with light volume trffic cpcity with power drwn from n overhed electric line.

73 2 23 Figure 2.8. Energy Intensity of Hevy Ril Systems, 2014 Source: U.S. Deprtment of Trnsporttion, Ntionl Trnsit Dtbse, August (Additionl resources: Figure 2.9. Energy Intensity of Commuter Ril Systems b, 2014 Note: Does not include systems clssified s hybrid ril. Source: U.S. Deprtment of Trnsporttion, Ntionl Trnsit Dtbse, August (Additionl resources: An electric rilwy with the cpcity for hevy volume of trffic. b Electric cr or diesel-propelled rilwy for urbn pssenger trin service between centrl city nd djcent suburbs.

74 2 24 Gret cre should be tken when compring modl energy intensity dt mong modes. Becuse of the inherent differences between the trnsporttion modes in the nture of services, routes vilble, nd mny dditionl fctors, it is not possible to obtin truly comprble ntionl energy intensities mong modes. Tble 2.17 Energy Intensities of Freight Modes, Hevy single-unit nd combintion trucks Clss I freight rilrod Wterborne commerce on txble wterwys Yer (Btu per vehicle-mile) (Btu per freight cr-mile) (Btu per ton-mile) (Btu per ton-mile) ,960 17, ,631 18, ,758 18, ,059 18, ,297 18, ,853 17, ,585 17, ,343 17, ,352 17, ,923 16, ,596 16, ,411 16, ,795 16, ,749 15, ,609 16, ,373 16, ,193 16, ,097 15, ,109 15, ,340 15, ,516 15, ,884 15, ,449 14, ,024 15, ,462 15, ,461 15, ,540 15, ,866 15, ,340 b 14, ,238 14, ,008 14, ,024 13, ,499 13, ,677 14, ,524 13, ,540 14, ,573 14, Averge nnul percentge chnge % -0.4% -1.9% % -0.5% -1.5% Source: See Appendix A, Section 6. Freight Mode Energy Intensities. Dt re not vilble. b Due to chnges in the FHWA fuel use methodology, truck dt re not comprble with dt before the yer 2007.

75 3 1 All Highwy Vehicles nd Chrcteristics Summry Sttistics from Tbles in this Chpter Source Tble 3.2 U.S. shre of world cr registrtions, % Tble 3.3 U.S. shre of world truck & bus registrtions, % Tble 3.4 Number of U.S. crs, 2014 (thousnds) 113,899 Tble 3.4 Number of U.S. trucks, 2014 (thousnds) 137,531 Tble 3.7 Vehicle miles trveled, 2014 (million miles) 3,025,700 Crs 47.5% Two-xle, four-tire trucks 42.1% Combintion trucks 5.6% Other single-unit trucks 3.6% Motorcycles 0.7% Buses 0.5% Tble 3.10 Averge ge of vehicles, 2015 Crs (yers) 11.5 Light trucks (yers) 11.5 All light vehicles (yers) 11.5

76 3 2 The top countries producing the world s crs nd trucks hve chnged over the lst ten yers. In 2014, Chin ws the lrgest producer of crs nd trucks. In 2000, Jpn produced the most crs nd the United Sttes produced the most trucks (includes light trucks). Tble 3.1 World Production of Crs nd Trucks, 2000 nd 2014 (thousnds) Crs Percent chnge Chin ,500 1,967% Jpn 8,363 8,277-1% Germny 5,132 5,604 9% U.S. 5,542 4,253-23% Brzil 1,362 2,405 77% Indi 605 2, % Russi 969 1,693 75% Mexico 1,130 1,916 69% Spin 2,366 1,898-20% UK 1,641 1,528-7% Frnce 2,880 1,503-48% Czech Republic 428 1, % All Other Countries 10,205 11,547 13% Totl World 41,229 56,752 38% Trucks Percent chnge Chin 1,464 11, % U.S. 7,263 7,408 2% South Kore 513 2, % Indi 283 1, % Jpn 1,781 1,497-16% Cnd 1,411 1,481 5% Thilnd 315 1, % All Other Countries 4,685 5,987 28% Totl World 17,717 32,224 82% Source: Wrd s Communictions, Wrd s World Motor Vehicle Dt, 2015 Edition, Southfield, MI, 2015, pp nd nnul. (Additionl resources: Includes light trucks, hevy trucks, nd buses.

77 3 3 Figure 3.1. World Cr Production, Source: See Tble 3.1. Figure 3.2. World Truck nd Bus Production, Source: See Tble 3.1. The shrp decrese in 2009 coincides with the recession. Note tht the scles of the two figures differ.

78 3 4 Use cution compring historicl dt becuse of disconnects in dt series. Also, the United Sttes is unique in how mny light trucks (SUVs, minivns, pickups) re used for personl trvel. Those light trucks re not included on this tble. The U.S. shre of world crs continues to decline. The growth in the World totl comes minly from developing countries, like Chin, Indonesi, Indi, nd South Kore. Tble 3.2 Cr Registrtions for Selected Countries, (thousnds) Averge nnul percentge chnge Country Argentin 474 1,482 3,112 4,284 5,060 5,340 7,605 8,683 10, % Brzil 12,127 15,393 18,370 25,541 29,566 32, % Cnd b 4,104 6,602 10,256 12,622 16,832 18,124 20,121 20,652 21, % Chin 351 1,897 3,750 8,900 34,430 52, , % Frnce 4,950 11,860 18,440 23,550 28,060 30,100 31,300 31,600 31, % Germny c 4,856 14,376 23,236 35,512 43,772 46,090 42,302 43,431 44, % Indi 2,300 5,150 7,654 13,300 19,130 27, % Indonesi 1,200 3,850 8,891 10,432 12, % Jpn 457 8,779 23,660 34,924 52,437 57,091 58,347 58,421 60, % Mlysi 1,811 4,213 6,402 9,115 9,833 11, % Pkistn ,726 1,997 2, % Russi 20,353 25,285 34,350 38,482 40, % d South Kore 2,075 8,084 11,122 13,632 14,577 15, % United Kingdom 5,650 11,802 15,438 22,528 27,185 30,652 31,258 31,482 32, % United Sttes 61,671 89, , , , , , , , % U.S. percentge of world 62.7% 46.1% 38.0% 32.3% 23.3% 21.5% 17.8% 15.6% 13.7% World totl 98, , , , , , , , , % Source: Wrd s Communictions, Wrd s World Motor Vehicle Dt, 2015 Edition, Southfield, MI, 2015, pp nd nnul. (Additionl resources: Dt re not vilble. b Dt from 2000 nd lter re not comprble to prior dt. Cnd reclssified utos nd trucks prior to c Dt for 1990 nd prior include West Germny only. Krftwgen re included with utomobiles. d Dt for erliest yer vilble.

79 3 5 The United Sttes totls include SUVs, minivns, nd light trucks, mny of which re used for personl trvel. Thus, countries tht only use trucks for freight movement will not be comprble to the United Sttes. Tble 3.3 Truck nd Bus Registrtions for Selected Countries, (thousnds) Averge nnul percentge chnge Country Argentin ,217 1,501 1,554 1,730 2,511 3, % Brzil 936 3,917 4,653 6,524 9, % Cnd b 1,056 1,481 2,955 3, , % Chin 1,480 4,314 9,650 21,750 43,590 22, % Frnce 1,650 1,850 2,550 4,910 5,733 6,198 6,444 6, % Germny c 786 1,228 1,617 2,764 3,534 3,133 2,960 3, % Indi 2,050 2,390 4,145 9,500 10, % Indonesi 1,391 2,373 2,950 6,938 8, % Jpn 896 8,803 14,197 22,773 20,211 16,734 15,512 14, % Mlysi 616 1,030 1,323 1,138 1, % Pkistn % Russi 7,200 5,041 5,705 6,304 9, % South Kore 1,320 3,956 4,275 4,310 4, % United Kingdom 1,534 1,769 1,920 3,774 3,361 3,943 4,220 4, % United Sttes 12,186 19,175 34,195 45,106 85, , , , % U.S. percentge of world 42.6% 36.2% 37.7% 32.7% 42.1% 42.6% 38.5% 42.3% World totl 28,583 52,899 90, , , , , , % Source: Wrd s Communictions, Wrd s World Motor Vehicle Dt, 2015 Edition, Southfield, MI, 2015, pp nd nnul. (Additionl resources: Dt re not vilble. b Dt from 2000 nd lter re not comprble to prior dt. Cnd reclssified utos nd trucks prior to c Dt for 1990 nd prior include West Germny only. Krftwgen re included with utomobiles.

80 3 6 VEHICLES IN USE Both the Federl Highwy Administrtion (FHWA) nd IHS Automotive report figures on the cr nd truck popultion ech yer. The two estimtes, however, differ by s much s 11.2% (1981). The differences cn be ttributed to severl fctors: The FHWA dt include ll vehicles which hve been registered t ny time throughout the clendr yer. Therefore, the dt include vehicles which were retired during the yer nd my double count vehicles which hve been registered in different sttes or the sme sttes to different owners. IHS Automotive dt include only those vehicles which re registered on July 1 of the given yer. The clssifiction of mini-vns, sttion wgons on truck chssis, nd utility vehicles s crs or trucks cuses importnt differences in the two estimtes. IHS Automotive dt included pssenger vns in the cr count until 1980; since 1980 ll vns hve been counted s trucks. Strting in 1993, the FHWA reclssified some minivns nd sport utility vehicles into the truck ctegory which were previously included with crs. This chnge produced drmtic chnge in the individul percentge differences of crs nd trucks. The difference in totl vehicles hs been less thn 5% ech yer since 1990 nd does not pper to be significntly ffected by the FHWA reclssifictions. Beginning with 2009, the FHWA discontinued the cr/2-xle, 4-tire truck designtions on Tble VM-1. The dt since 2009 come from Tbles MV-1 nd MV-9. The FHWA dt include ll non-militry Federl vehicles, while IHS Automotive dt include only those Federl vehicles which re registered within stte. Federl vehicles re not required to hve Stte registrtions, nd, ccording to the Generl Services Administrtion, most Federl Vehicles re not registered. In 2012 both IHS Automotive nd FHWA chnged their methodologies for the cr/light truck split which creted significnt decrese in the number of crs reported nd corresponding increse in the number of light trucks.

81 3 7 In the erly 1980's, reserchers hd to mke conscious choice of which dt series to use, since they differed by s much s 11%. In 2005 the two sources differed by less thn 1%. Both sources chnged their methodologies for the cr/light truck split cusing significnt decreses to the number of crs in Tble 3.4 U.S. Crs nd Trucks in Use, (thousnds) Crs Trucks Totl Yer FHWA IHS Automotive Percentge difference FHWA IHS Automotive Percentge difference FHWA IHS Automotive Percentge difference ,243 80, % 18,797 17, % 108,040 98, % ,706 95, % 25,781 24, % 132, , % ,189 97, % 27,876 26, % 138, , % ,288 99, % 29,314 28, % 141, , % , , % 31,336 30, % 147, , % , , % 32,914 32, % 151, , % , , % 33,667 35, % 155, , % , , % 34,644 36, % 157, , % , , % 35,382 36, % 159, , % , , % 36,723 38, % 163, , % , , % 37,507 40, % 165, , % , , % 43,210 42, % 171, , % , , % 45,103 44, % 175, , % , , % 46,826 47, % 178, , % , , % 49,941 50, % 183, , % , , % 52,172 53, % 186, , % , , % 54,470 56, % 188, , % , , % 59,206 58, % 187, , % , , % 63,136 61, % 189, , % , , % 66,082 65, % 193, , % , , % 69,491 66, % 197, , % , , % 72,458 70, % 200, , % , , % 75,940 73, % 205, , % , , % 77,307 76, % 207, , % , , % 79,062 79, % 210, , % , , % 83,148 82, % 215, , % , , % 87,108 85, % 220, , % , , % 92,045 87, % 229, , % , , % 92,939 91, % 228, , % , , % 94,944 94, % 230, , % , , % 100,016 99, % 236, , % , , % 103, , % 240, , % , , % 107, , % 243, , % , , % 110, , % 246, , % , , % 110, , % 247, , % , , % 110, , % 245, , % , , % 110, , % 241, , % , , % 118, , % 244, , % , , % 133, , % 244, , % , , % 132, , % 246, , % , , % 137, , % 251, , % Source: FHWA - U.S. Deprtment of Trnsporttion, Federl Highwy Administrtion, , Highwy Sttistics 2008 nd erlier, Wshington, DC, 2009, Tble VM-1 nd nnul dt from Tbles MV-1 nd MV-9, Highwy Sttistics (Additionl resources: IHS Automotive - IHS Automotive, Detroit, Michign. FURTHER REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED. (Additionl resources:

82 3 8 The grphs below show the number of motor vehicles per thousnd people for vrious countries. The dt for the United Sttes re displyed in the line which goes from 1900 to The points lbeled on tht line show dt for the other countries/regions round the world nd how their vehicles per thousnd people compre to the United Sttes t two different points in time, 2003 nd For instnce, the grph shows tht in 2004, Estern Europe s vehicles per thousnd people ws bout where the United Sttes ws in 1936, but by 2014 it is bout where the United Sttes ws in The lower prt of the grph ( ) is shown enlrged on the fcing pge. Figure 3.3. Vehicles per Thousnd People: U.S. (Over Time) Compred to Other Countries (in 2004 nd 2014)

83 3 9 Source: See Tbles 3.5 nd 3.6.

84 3 10 Though some countries re listed seprtely in this tble, those countries re lso included in the regionl totl. For instnce, Chin is listed seprtely, but is lso included in the Asi, Fr Est region. Tble 3.5 Vehicles per Thousnd People in Selected Countries/Regions, 2004 nd 2014 Vehicles per 1,000 people Country/Region Afric Asi, Fr Est Asi, Middle Est Brzil Cnd Centrl & South Americ Chin Europe, Est Europe, West Indi Indonesi Pcific United Sttes Sources: Popultion U.S. Census Bureu, Popultion Division, Interntionl Dt Bse (IDB) World, September 17, (Additionl resources: Vehicles Wrd s Communictions, Wrd s World Motor Vehicle Dt 2015, pp (Additionl resources:

85 3 11 The number of vehicles per thousnd people in the United Sttes hs grown tremendously since After pek in 2007 t 844.5, the number hs declined nd in 2014 ws U.S. vehicles per 1,000 people Tble 3.6 Vehicles per Thousnd People in the United Sttes, U.S. vehicles per 1,000 people U.S. vehicles per 1,000 people U.S. vehicles per 1,000 people U.S. vehicles per 1,000 people Yer Yer Yer Yer Yer Sources: Popultion U.S. Census Bureu, Popultion Division, Interntionl Dt Bse (IDB) World, September 17, (Additionl resources: Vehicles (2013) U.S.: U.S. Deprtment of Trnsporttion, Federl Highwy Administrtion, Highwy Sttistics 2014, Wshington, DC, 2015.

86 3 12 Totl vehicle-miles trveled incresed slightly from 2013 to The trend of using two-xle, four-tire trucks, such s pickups, vns, nd sport-utility vehicles, for personl trvel is evident in these dt; two-xle, four-tire trucks ccount for 31.0% more trvel in 2014 thn in 1970, nd crs ccount for 35.1% less trvel in tht time period. Tble 3.7 Shres of Highwy Vehicle-Miles Trveled by Vehicle Type, Two-xle, four-tire trucks Other single-unit trucks Totl vehicle-miles trveled (million miles) Combintion Yer Crs Motorcycles trucks Buses % 0.3% 11.1% 2.4% 3.2% 0.4% 1,109, % 0.4% 15.1% 2.6% 3.5% 0.5% 1,327, % 0.7% 19.0% 2.6% 4.5% 0.4% 1,527, % 0.7% 19.1% 2.5% 4.4% 0.4% 1,555, % 0.6% 19.2% 2.5% 4.4% 0.4% 1,595, % 0.5% 19.8% 2.6% 4.5% 0.3% 1,652, % 0.5% 20.8% 2.6% 4.5% 0.3% 1,720, % 0.5% 22.0% 2.6% 4.4% 0.3% 1,774, % 0.5% 23.1% 2.5% 4.4% 0.3% 1,834, % 0.5% 23.8% 2.5% 4.5% 0.3% 1,921, % 0.5% 24.8% 2.4% 4.4% 0.3% 2,025, % 0.5% 25.6% 2.4% 4.4% 0.3% 2,096, % 0.4% 26.8% 2.4% 4.4% 0.3% 2,144, % 0.4% 29.9% 2.4% 4.4% 0.3% 2,172, % 0.4% 31.5% 2.4% 4.4% 0.3% 2,247, % 0.4% 32.5% 2.5% 4.5% 0.3% 2,296, % 0.4% 32.4% 2.6% 4.6% 0.3% 2,357, % 0.4% 32.6% 2.6% 4.8% 0.3% 2,422, % 0.4% 32.8% 2.6% 4.8% 0.3% 2,485, % 0.4% 33.2% 2.6% 4.9% 0.3% 2,561, % 0.4% 33.0% 2.6% 4.9% 0.3% 2,631, % 0.4% 33.5% 2.6% 4.9% 0.3% 2,691, % 0.4% 33.6% 2.6% 4.9% 0.3% 2,746, % 0.3% 33.7% 2.6% 4.9% 0.3% 2,797, % 0.3% 33.8% 2.7% 4.9% 0.2% 2,855, % 0.3% 34.0% 2.7% 4.8% 0.2% 2,890, % 0.3% 34.6% 2.6% 4.8% 0.2% 2,964, % 0.3% 34.8% 2.6% 4.8% 0.2% 2,989, % 0.4% 35.9% 2.7% 4.7% 0.2% 3,014, % 0.7% 35.7% 3.8% 5.9% 0.2% 3,117, % 0.7% 36.2% 4.1% 6.0% 0.2% 3,063, % 0.7% 36.1% 4.1% 5.7% 0.5% 2,956, % 0.6% 38.8% 3.7% 5.9% 0.5% 2,967, % 0.6% 40.4% 3.5% 5.6% 0.5% 2,950, % 0.7% 41.3% 3.6% 5.5% 0.5% 2,969, % 0.7% 41.2% 3.6% 5.6% 0.5% 2,988, % 0.7% 42.1% 3.6% 5.6% 0.5% 3,025,700 Averge nnul percentge chnge % % Source: U.S. Deprtment of Trnsporttion, Federl Highwy Administrtion, Highwy Sttistics 2014, Wshington, DC, 2015, Tble VM-1 nd nnul. (Additionl resources: crs nd 2-xle 4-tire trucks see Section 7 in Appendix A. Due to FHWA methodology chnges, dt from 2007-on re not comprble with previous dt.

87 3 13 In 1970 only 2.9% of the cr popultion ws 15 yers old or older; by 2013 tht number rose to nerly 20%. Tble 3.8 Crs in Opertion by Age, 1970, 2000, nd Age (yers) Vehicles (thousnds) Percentge Cumultive percentge Vehicles (thousnds) Percentge Cumultive percentge Vehicles (thousnds) Percentge Cumultive percentge Under 1 b 6, % 7.8% 6, % 5.2% 9, % 7.1% 1 9, % 19.4% 8, % 11.6% 7, % 13.1% 2 8, % 30.3% 7, % 17.6% 5, % 17.6% 3 7, % 40.1% 7, % 23.8% 6, % 22.4% 4 8, % 50.8% 7, % 29.6% 5, % 26.6% 5 8, % 61.3% 8, % 36.4% 7, % 32.1% 6 7, % 70.2% 7, % 42.4% 7, % 38.2% 7 6, % 78.0% 7, % 48.4% 7, % 44.1% 8 5, % 84.3% 7, % 53.9% 7, % 50.2% 9 3, % 88.3% 7, % 59.4% 6, % 55.5% 10 2, % 91.8% 7, % 65.0% 7, % 61.1% 11 1, % 93.9% 7, % 70.7% 7, % 66.6% % 94.9% 6, % 76.1% 6, % 71.7% % 96.1% 6, % 80.9% 6, % 77.0% % 97.1% 5, % 85.0% 5, % 81.2% 15 nd older 2, % 100.0% 19, % 100.0% 24, % 100.0% Subtotl 80, % 127, % 130, % Age not given Totl 80, , ,078 Source: IHS Automotive, Detroit, MI. FURTHER REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED. Percentges my not sum to totls due to rounding. b Includes crs which were sold prior to July 1, 1970, nd similrly, sold prior to July 1, For 2013, crs sold prior to December 31, 2013 were included.

88 3 14 The number of trucks in the United Sttes hs grown significntly since 1970, some of it due to the use of light trucks (pickups, vns, sport utility vehicles) s personl pssenger vehicles. Those light trucks, s well s medium nd hevy trucks, re included in the dt. In 1970 bout 15% of trucks were ge 15 or older; by 2013, tht incresed to 20.8%. Tble 3.9 Trucks in Opertion by Age, 1970, 2000, nd Age (yers) Vehicles (thousnds) Percentge Cumultive percentge Vehicles (thousnds) Percentge Cumultive percentge Vehicles (thousnds) Percentge Cumultive percentge Under 1 b 1, % 7.1% 6, % 7.5% 8, % 6.5% 1 1, % 17.8% 7, % 16.6% 6, % 11.6% 2 1, % 26.5% 6, % 24.3% 6, % 16.8% 3 1, % 34.6% 6, % 31.7% 4, % 20.8% 4 1, % 43.0% 5, % 37.9% 3, % 24.0% 5 1, % 50.5% 5, % 44.7% 6, % 29.5% 6 1, % 57.1% 5, % 50.8% 7, % 35.6% % 62.6% 4, % 55.8% 7, % 41.7% % 67.3% 3, % 60.0% 7, % 47.8% % 70.8% 3, % 63.9% 7, % 54.2% % 74.5% 3, % 67.8% 7, % 60.0% % 77.8% 3, % 72.0% 6, % 65.5% % 80.0% 3, % 76.0% 6, % 70.4% % 82.3% 2, % 79.4% 5, % 75.0% % 84.7% 2, % 82.7% 5, % 79.2% 15 nd older 2, % 100.0% 14, % 100.0% 25, % 100.0% Subtotl 17, % 85, % 124, % Age note given Totl 17,685 85, ,545 Source: IHS Automotive, Detroit, MI. FURTHER REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED. Percentges my not sum to totls due to rounding. b Includes trucks which were sold prior to July 1, 1970, nd similrly, sold prior to July 1, For 2013, trucks sold prior to December 31, 2013 were included.

89 3 15 The verge ge of crs nd light trucks hs grown to record level in yers. Light trucks, which include pickups, vns, nd sport utility vehicles, previously hd lower verge ge thn crs. In 2014 nd 2015, however, there is no difference in their ges. Tble 3.10 U.S. Averge Vehicle Age, Pssenger crs Light trucks All light vehicles Source: IHS Automotive, Detroit, MI. FURTHER REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED. (Additionl resources: In 2013, IHS Automotive published dt series showing vehicle ge from These dt did not mtch the previous dt published by IHS Automotive. The dt prior to 2002 cme from erlier IHS Automotive news releses nd is not comprble to the revised dt.

90 3 16 Tble 3.11 New Retil Vehicle Sles, (thousnds) Totl Clendr Light Subtotl Hevy Vehicle Yer Crs Trucks Light Vehicles Trucks Sles ,399 1,457 9, , ,242 1,673 11, , ,941 2,097 13, , ,424 2,512 13, , ,853 2,163 11, , ,624 2,053 10, , ,110 2,719 12, , ,183 3,109 14, , ,314 3,474 14, , ,673 2,845 13, , ,949 1,960 10, , ,489 1,746 10, , ,956 2,063 10, , ,148 2,521 11, , ,324 3,255 13, , ,979 3,688 14, , ,404 4,594 15, , ,192 4,610 14, , ,547 4,800 15, , ,779 4,610 14, , ,303 4,548 13, , ,185 4,122 12, , ,213 4,629 12, , ,518 5,351 13, , ,991 6,033 15, , ,620 6,053 14, , ,479 6,519 14, , ,217 6,797 15, , ,085 7,299 15, , ,638 8,073 16, , ,778 8,386 17, , ,352 8,598 16, , ,042 8,633 16, , ,556 8,938 16, , ,483 9,254 16, , ,660 9,114 16, , ,762 8,574 16, , ,562 8,305 15, , ,769 6,246 13, , ,402 4,834 10, , ,636 5,758 11, , ,090 6,449 12, , ,244 6,975 14, , ,585 7,693 15, , ,689 8,484 16, , ,525 9,578 17, ,836 Averge nnul percentge chnge % 4.3% 1.2% 1.8% 1.3% % 0.5% 0.2% 1.0% 0.2% Source: : Wrd s Communictions, Includes light trucks of 10,000 lb. gross vehicle weight nd less.

91 3 17 The Environmentl Protection Agency estimted the survivl rtes for crs nd light trucks for the mid-term evlution of the Light Vehicle Greenhouse Gs Emissions Stndrds nd Corporte Averge Fuel Economy Stndrds. Tble 3.12 Survivl Rtes for Crs nd Light Trucks by Vehicle Age Vehicle ge (yers) Estimted survivl rte for crs Estimted survivl rte for light trucks Source: U.S. Environmentl Protection Agency, Drft Technicl Assessment Report: Midterm Evlution of Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gs Emission Stndrds nd Corporte Averge Fuel Economy Stndrds for Model Yers , EPA-420-D , July (Additionl resources:

92 3 18 The Environmentl Protection Agency estimted the nnul vehicle miles of trvel for crs nd light trucks up to 30 yers old for the mid-term evlution of the Light Vehicle Greenhouse Gs Emissions Stndrds nd Corporte Averge Fuel Economy Stndrds. The Totl row represents the number of miles cr or light truck would trvel if it is in opertion for 30 yers. Typicl lifetime miles from 2006 study by the Ntionl Highwy Trffic Sfety Administrtion (NHTSA) re shown below the totl. Tble 3.13 Annul Milege for Crs nd Light Trucks by Vehicle Age Vehicle ge (yers) Estimted nnul vehicle miles of trvel for crs Estimted nnul vehicle miles of trvel for light trucks 0 13,843 15, ,580 15, ,296 15, ,992 15, ,672 14, ,337 14, ,989 13, ,630 13, ,262 12, ,887 12, ,509 11, ,129 11, ,748 10, ,370 10, ,997 9, ,629 9, ,270 8, ,922 8, ,586 8, ,265 7, ,962 7, ,679 7, ,416 6, ,177 6, ,963 6, ,778 6, ,623 6, ,499 6, ,410 6, ,358 6, ,358 6,466 Totl 278, ,610 NHTSA 2006 study typicl lifetime miles 152, ,954 Sources: U.S. Environmentl Protection Agency, Drft Technicl Assessment Report: Midterm Evlution of Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gs Emission Stndrds nd Corporte Averge Fuel Economy Stndrds for Model Yers , EPA-420-D , July (Additionl resources: U.S. Deprtment of Trnsporttion, Ntionl Highwy Trffic Sfety Administrtion, Vehicle Survivbility nd Trvel Milege Schedules, Jnury 2006.

93 3 19 Using current registrtion dt nd scrppge model by Greenspn nd Cohen [1996 pper: ORNL clculted hevy truck (trucks over 26,000 lbs. gross vehicle weight) scrppge rtes. The expected medin lifetime for 1990 model yer hevy truck is 29 yers. These dt re fitted model vlues which ssume constnt economic conditions. Vehicle ge b (yers) Tble 3.14 Hevy Truck Scrppge nd Survivl Rtes 1970, 1980, nd 1990 Model Yers 1970 model yer 1980 model yer 1990 model yer Survivl rte c Scrppge rte d Survivl rte c Scrppge rte d Survivl rte c Medin lifetime 20.0 yers 18.5 yers 28.0 yers Scrppge rte d Source: Schmoyer, Richrd L., unpublished study on scrppge rtes, Ok Ridge Ntionl Lbortory, Ok Ridge, TN, Hevy trucks re trucks over 26,000 lbs. gross vehicle weight. b It ws ssumed tht scrppge for vehicles less thn 4 yers old is 0. c The percentge of hevy trucks which will be in use t the end of the yer. d The percentge of hevy trucks which will be retired from use during the yer.

94 3 20

95 4 1 Light Vehicles nd Chrcteristics Summry Sttistics from Tbles in this Chpter Source Tble 4.1 Crs, 2014 Registrtions (thousnds) 113,899 Vehicle miles (billion miles) 1,436.6 Fuel economy (miles per gllon) 25.4 Tble 4.2 Two-xle, four-tire trucks, 2014 Registrtions (thousnds) 124,681 Vehicle miles (billion miles) 1,274.0 Fuel economy (miles per gllon) 18.5 Tble 4.7 Light truck shre of totl light vehicle sles 1970 clendr yer 14.8% 2015 clendr yer 56.0% Tble 4.12 Cr production shre, 2015 model yer 59.6% Cr 49.0% Cr SUV 10.6% Tble 4.12 Light truck production shre, 2015 model yer 40.4% Pickup 13.4% Vn 3.5% Truck SUV 23.6% Tbles 4.21 Corporte verge fuel economy (mpg) nd 4.22 Domestic cr stndrd, MY Import cr stndrd, MY Light truck stndrd, MY 2016 (unreformed) 28.8 Light truck fuel economy, MY Tble 4.28 Averge fuel economy loss from 50 to 70 mph 24.5%

96 4 2 The dt in this tble from 1985 on DO NOT include minivns, pickups, or sport utility vehicles. Much of the dt for 2009-on were estimted; the FHWA no longer publishes trvel nd fuel dt for crs. A methodology chnge for the number of crs registered ffected the series in Tble 4.1 Summry Sttistics for Crs, Yer Registrtions (thousnds) Vehicle trvel (billion miles) Miles (per vehicle) Fuel use (million gllons) Fuel economy b (miles per gllon) , ,272 67, ,706 1, ,690 74, ,601 1, ,141 69, c 127,885 1, ,749 71, ,004 1, ,770 73, ,482 1, ,009 73, ,836 1, ,238 73, ,559 1, ,413 73, ,700 1, ,533 69, ,300 1, ,586 64, ,581 1, ,836 65, ,327 1, ,797 67, ,883 1, ,995 67, ,387 1, ,203 68, ,728 1, ,330 69, ,749 1, ,580 69, ,839 1, ,754 71, ,432 1, ,848 73, ,621 1, ,976 73, ,633 1, ,831 73, ,921 1, ,202 75, ,670 1, ,325 74, ,431 1, ,460 75, ,568 1, ,510 77, ,400 1, ,485 75, ,933 1, ,304 74, ,080 1, ,788 71, d ,880 1, ,616 66, ,892 1, ,432 62, ,657 1, ,601 59, ,290 1, ,928 57, ,676 1, ,720 57, ,899 1, ,613 56, Averge nnul percentge chnge % 1.0% 0.5% -0.4% 1.5% % -1.7% 0.1% -2.8% 1.2% Source: : U.S. Deprtment of Trnsporttion, Federl Highwy Administrtion, Highwy Sttistics 2009, Wshington, DC, 2011, Tble VM-1 nd nnul on: See Section 7.1 in Appendix A. (Additionl resources: This number differs from IHS Automotive s estimtes of number of crs in use. See Tble 3.4. b Fuel economy for cr popultion. c Beginning in this yer the dt were revised to exclude minivns, pickups nd sport utility vehicles which my hve been previously included. d Due to FHWA methodology chnges, dt from 2009-on re not comprble with previous dt.

97 4 3 Much of the dt for 2009-on were estimted; the FHWA no longer publishes trvel nd fuel use dt for twoxle, four-tire trucks. A methodology chnge for the number of registrtions ffected the dt series in Tble 4.2 Summry Sttistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, Yer Registrtions (thousnds) Vehicle trvel (billion miles) Miles (per vehicle) Fuel use (million gllons) Fuel economy (miles per gllon) , ,675 12, , ,830 19, , ,437 23, , ,244 23, , ,276 22, , ,497 23, , ,151 25, , ,506 27, , ,764 29, , ,114 30, , ,465 32, , ,676 33, , ,902 35, , ,245 38, , ,381 40, , ,430 42, , ,156 44, , ,018 45, , ,811 47, , ,115 49, , ,173 50, , ,957 52, , ,672 52, , ,204 53, , ,364 55, , ,287 60, ,845 1, ,184 63, ,337 1, ,920 58, ,125 1, ,920 60, ,470 1, ,962 61, ,235 1, ,951 61, b ,154 1, ,649 61, ,702 1, ,218 64, ,571 1, ,298 65, ,847 1, ,142 66, ,523 1, ,220 65, ,681 1, ,218 69, Averge nnul percentge chnge % 5.5% 0.4% 4.0% 1.4% % 2.2% -0.9% -0.7% 1.3% Source: : U.S. Deprtment of Trnsporttion, Federl Highwy Administrtion, Highwy Sttistics 2009, Wshington, DC, 2011, Tble MV-9. Previous yers Tble VM on: See Section 7.2 in Appendix A. (Additionl resources: Beginning in this yer the dt were revised to include ll vns (including mini-vns), pickups nd sport utility vehicles. b Due to FHWA methodology chnges, dt from 2009-on re not comprble with previous dt.

98 4 4 These dt re the combintion of the cr nd two-xle, four-tire truck dt from Tbles 4.1 nd 4.2. The methodology chnge fter 2008 ffects these dt s well. However, there is no chnge in registrtion methodology for totl light vehicles in 2012, s there is for the cr nd two-xle, four-tire truck ctegories. Tble 4.3 Summry Sttistics for Light Vehicles, Yer Registrtions (thousnds) Vehicle trvel (billion miles) Miles (per vehicle) Fuel use (million gllons) Fuel economy (miles per gllon) ,455 1,040 10,053 80, ,124 1,235 9,712 93, ,477 1,403 9,383 93, ,026 1,430 9,404 92, ,494 1,468 9,563 91, ,658 1,523 9,658 94, ,264 1,585 9,890 96, ,099 1,638 9,920 98, ,386 1,694 10, , ,589 1,773 10, , ,641 1,872 10, , ,504 1,938 10, , ,975 1,983 10, , ,333 2,008 11, , ,672 2,078 11, , ,321 2,120 11, , ,787 2,171 11, , ,125 2,228 11, , ,862 2,286 11, , ,973 2,353 11, , ,169 2,418 11, , ,788 2,470 11, , ,706 2,523 11, , ,821 2,572 11, , ,932 2,625 11, , ,857 2,656 11, , ,276 2,727 11, , ,905 2,749 11, , ,525 2,773 11, , ,403 2,785 11, , ,315 2,724 11, , b ,034 2,633 11, , ,594 2,649 11, , ,228 2,651 11, , ,137 2,664 11, , ,199 2,678 11, , ,580 2,711 11, , Averge nnul percentge chnge % 2.2% 0.3% 1.0% 1.2% % -0.1% -0.5% -1.0% 1.0% Source: U.S. Deprtment of Trnsporttion, Federl Highwy Administrtion, Highwy Sttistics 2014, Wshington, DC, 2015, Tble VM-1. (Additionl resources: Beginning in this yer the dt were revised to include ll vns (including mini-vns), pickups nd sport utility vehicles. b Due to FHWA methodology chnges, dt from 2009-on re not comprble with previous dt.

99 4 5 Becuse dt on Clss 2b trucks re scrce, the U.S. DOE funded study to investigte vilble sources of dt. In the finl report, four methodologies re described to estimte the sles of Clss 2b trucks. Until nother study is funded, the 1999 dt re the ltest vilble. Tble 4.4 Summry Sttistics on Clss 1, Clss 2, nd Clss 2b Light Trucks CY 1999 truck sles (millions) 2000 truck popultion (millions) Percent diesel trucks in popultion Averge ge (yers) Estimted nnul miles (billions) Estimted fuel use (billion gllons) Estimted fuel economy (miles per gllon) Clss % Clss % Clss 2b % Note: CY - clendr yer. Source: Dvis, S.C. nd L.F. Truett, Investigtion of Clss 2b Trucks (Vehicles of 8,500 to 10,000 lbs GVWR), ORNL/TM- 2002/49, Mrch 2002, Tble 16. Tble 4.5 Sles Estimtes of Clss 1, Clss 2, nd Clss 2b Light Trucks, Sles estimtes (thousnds) Clendr yer Clss 1 (6,000 lbs nd under) Clss 2 (6,001-8,500 lbs) Clss 2b (8,501-10,000 lbs) Totl , , , , , , , , , , ,527 1, , ,422 1, , ,829 1, , ,085 1, , ,263 1, , ,707 1, ,073 Percent chnge % 101.0% 37.5% 75.1% Note: These dt were clculted using Methodology 4 from the report. Source: Dvis, S.C. nd L.F. Truett, Investigtion of Clss 2b Trucks (Vehicles of 8,500 to 10,000 lbs GVWR), ORNL/TM- 2002/49, Mrch 2002, Tble 1. Estimtes derived using 2000 popultion dt nd 1997 usge dt. See source for detils.

100 4 6 Cr sles in 2009 nd 2010 were below 6 million but incresed to more thn 7.5 million by In 1980, the Big 3 (FCA, Ford nd Generl Motors) held 73.8% of the mrket; by 2015, tht hd dropped to 29.8%. Tble 4.6 New Retil Cr Sles in the United Sttes, Percentge Clendr Domestic Import b Totl c Percentge Big 3 Percentge yer (thousnds) imports sles d diesel ,119 1,280 8, % e 0.07% ,053 1,571 8, % e 0.31% ,580 2,369 8, % 73.8% 4.32% ,205 2,775 10, % 72.9% 0.83% ,919 2,384 9, % 65.7% 0.08% ,162 2,023 8, % 64.2% 0.10% ,286 1,927 8, % 65.8% 0.06% ,742 1,776 8, % 67.3% 0.04% ,255 1,735 8, % 65.9% 0.04% ,114 1,506 8, % 65.3% 0.03% ,206 1,272 8, % 64.1% 0.09% ,862 1,355 8, % 62.2% 0.09% ,705 1,380 8, % 59.7% 0.14% ,919 1,719 8, % 58.3% 0.16% ,762 2,016 8, % 55.0% 0.26% ,254 2,098 8, % 51.4% 0.18% ,817 2,226 8, % 48.4% 0.39% ,473 2,083 7, % 47.1% 0.52% ,333 2,149 7, % 44.9% 0.40% ,473 2,187 7, % 43.1% 0.63% ,417 2,345 7, % 40.5% 0.82% ,197 2,365 7, % 36.9% 0.10% ,491 2,278 6, % 34.2% 0.11% ,558 1,843 5, % 31.3% 2.93% ,791 1,844 5, % 31.7% 2.69% ,143 1,947 6, % 33.3% 1.47% ,119 2,125 7, % 31.6% 2.69% ,433 2,153 7, % 32.4% 2.45% ,591 2,098 7, % 31.1% 2.42% ,611 1,914 7, % 29.8% 2.02% Averge nnul percentge chnge % 0.9% -0.2% % -1.3% 0.2% Source: Domestic nd import dt : Americn Automobile Mnufcturers Assocition, Motor Vehicle Fcts nd Figures 1998, Detroit, MI, 1998, p. 15, nd nnul dt from Economic Indictors, 4th Qurter : Wrd s Communiction, Wrd s Automotive Yerbook, Detroit, MI, 2009, p : Wrd s Communictions, Diesel dt - Wrd's Communictions, Wrd's Automotive Yerbook, Detroit, MI, 2009, p. 31, nd Wrd s Communictions, Any vehicle built in North Americ regrdless of mnufcturer. b Any vehicle built outside of North Americ regrdless of mnufcturer. Does not include import tourist deliveries. c Sums my not dd to totls due to rounding. d Big 3 includes Ford, Generl Motors, nd Fit-Chrysler (nd predecessor entities). e Dt re not vilble.

101 4 7 Light trucks, which include pick-ups, minivns, sport-utility vehicles, nd other trucks less thn 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight (GVW), ccounted for more thn hlf of light vehicle sles from 2001 to 2007 nd gin from 2011 to Tble 4.7 New Retil Sles of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW nd Less in the United Sttes, Percentges Clendr yer Light truck sles (thousnds) Import b Big 3 sles c Diesel d Light trucks of light-duty vehicle sles e Light trucks of totl truck sles , % Not vilble f 14.8% 80.5% , % Not vilble f 20.9% 82.8% , % Not vilble 4.0% 17.5% 78.6% , % 78.2% 4.0% 25.1% 77.7% , % 76.9% 3.7% 28.7% 93.4% , % 78.3% 2.3% 31.1% 92.2% , % 81.6% 2.3% 31.3% 91.5% , % 81.9% 2.9% 32.0% 91.0% , % 80.9% 2.3% 32.8% 93.8% , % 79.4% 3.2% 33.5% 94.4% , % 83.1% 2.5% 36.0% 94.4% , % 83.4% 2.3% 38.6% 94.2% , % 82.9% 2.5% 40.2% 94.0% , % 83.4% 3.8% 41.3% 93.2% , % 83.8% 3.1% 43.5% 93.4% , % 81.9% 2.7% 45.3% 93.4% , % 80.5% 2.6% 47.4% 92.6% , % 78.0% 2.9% 48.3% 92.0% , % 76.1% 3.4% 48.9% 92.8% , % 75.3% 2.9% 50.7% 94.3% , % 74.7% 2.7% 51.8% 94.9% , % 72.4% 2.9% 54.2% 95.0% , % 70.1% 2.8% 55.3% 94.3% , % 68.2% 2.7% 54.3% 93.1% , % 63.9% 2.8% 52.5% 92.3% , % 61.9% 3.2% 52.3% 93.3% , % 61.2% 3.4% 48.0% 92.9% , % 57.8% 4.2% 47.2% 93.0% , % 57.6% 4.9% 50.5% 93.8% , % 59.4% 5.4% 51.4% 92.8% , % 57.7% 5.5% 49.1% 92.5% , % 57.3% 5.3% 50.4% 92.7% , % 57.6% 5.4% 52.5% 92.7% , % 56.9% 5.5% 56.0% 92.9% Averge nnul percentge chnge % % Source: Wrd s Communictions, Wrd s Automotive Yerbook, Detroit, MI, 2014, nd updtes t (Additionl resources: Includes ll trucks of 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight nd less sold in the United Sttes. b Excluding trnsplnts. c Big 3 includes Ford, Generl Motors, nd Fit-Chrysler (nd predecessor entities). d Bsed on model yer fctory instlltions. e Light-duty vehicles include crs nd light trucks. f Indictes less thn 1 percent.

102 4 8 The production-weighted fuel economy of crs incresed drmticlly from 1975 (13.5 mpg) to 1985 (23.0 mpg), but rose only 0.5 mpg from 1985 to Since 2005, fuel economy rose 5.8 mpg from 23.5 mpg in 2005 to 29.3 mpg in The fuel economy vlues hve been djusted to provide the best estimte of rel world performnce. Tble 4.8 Production, Production Shres, nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Cr Cr SUV Model yer Production (thousnds) Production shre (%) b Fuel economy (mpg) Production (thousnds) Production shre (%) b Fuel economy (mpg) , % % , % % , % % , % % , % % , % % , % % , % % , % % , % % , % % , % % , % % , % % , % % , % % , % % , % % , % % , % % , % % , % % , % % , % % , % % , % % , % % , % % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % c 82.2% 29.3 c 17.8% 24.9 Note: See Tble 4.11 for ll crs (cr + cr SUV). See Tble 4.9 for cr SUV listing. Source: U.S. Environmentl Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Crbon Dioxide Emissions, nd Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2015, December (Additionl resources: The fuel economy dt on this tble re djusted to provide the best estimte of rel world performnce. See section 10 of the source document for detils on djustment methodology. b Production shre is bsed on totl of crs plus cr SUVs. Percentges my not sum to totls due to rounding. c Dt re not vilble.

103 4 9 A vehicle clssifiction ws creted to mtch the Corporte Averge Fuel Economy (CAFE) methodology. Under CAFE, smll, two-wheel drive sport utility vehicles will be held to the sme stndrds s crs. The Environmentl Protection Agency hs defined these vehicles s cr SUVs. The vehicles below mke up this ctegory. Tble 4.9 Definition of Cr Sport Utility Vehicles in Model Yer 2015 Acur RDX 2WD Ki Sorento AWD BMW X3 sdrive 28i Ki Sorento FWD Buick Encore Ki Sportge FWD Cdillc SRX Ki Sportge SX FWD Cdillc SRX AWD Lexus NX 200t Cdillc XTS Herse Lexus NX 200t AWD F Sport Cdillc XTS Limo Lexus NX 300h Chevrolet Cptiv FWD Lexus RX 350 Chevrolet Equinox AWD Lexus RX 350 AWD Chevrolet Trx Lexus RX 450h Dodge Journey Lexus RX 450h AWD Ford Edge FWD Lincoln MKC FWD Ford Escpe FWD Lincoln MKX FWD Ford Trnsit Connect Wgon FWD Mzd CX-5 2WD GMC Terrin AWD Mercedes-Benz GLK 350 Hond Crosstour 2WD Mitsubishi Outlnder Sport 2WD Hond Crosstour 4WD Nissn NV200 NYC Txi Hond CR-V 2WD Nissn Rogue FWD Hyundi Snt Fe Sport AWD Nissn Rogue Select Hyundi Snt Fe Sport FWD Nissn XTERRA 2WD Hyundi Snt Fe Sport Ultimte FWD RAM Promster City Hyundi Tucson Fuel Cell Toyot RAV4 Hyundi Tucson FWD Toyot RAV4 LE/XLE Infiniti QX70 RWD Toyot Venz Jeep Cherokee FWD Volkswgen Tigun Jeep Ptriot FWD Volvo XC60 FWD Jeep Renegde 4x2 Volvo XC70 FWD Note: 2WD = Two-wheel drive. 4WD = Four-wheel drive. AWD = All-wheel drive. FWD = Front-wheel drive. Source: U.S. Environmentl Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Crbon Dioxide Emissions, nd Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2015, December (Additionl resources: Alterntive fuel vehicle.

104 4 10 Production of sport utility vehicles (SUVs) hs grown substntilly since The production-weighted fuel economy of SUVs ws more thn 21 mpg in Almost 60% of ll light trucks produced in 2015 were SUVs. Tble 4.10 Production, Production Shres, nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Light Trucks, Model Yers Pickup Vn Truck SUV Fuel Fuel Fuel Model Yer Production (Thousnds) Shre (%) b Economy (mpg) Production (Thousnds) Shre (%) b Economy ( mpg) Production (Thousnds) Shre (%) b Economy (mpg) , % % % , % % % , % % % , % % % , % % % , % % % , % % % , % , % % , % , % % , % , % % , % , % % , % , % % , % , % % , % , % % , % , % % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % % , % , % % , % % % , % , % % , % , % % , % , % % , % , % % , % , % % , % c 33.2% 18.9 c 8.7% 21.9 c 58.4% 21.7 Note: Includes light trucks of 8,500 lbs. or less. See Tble 4.11 for ll light trucks (pickup + vn + truck SUV). Source: U.S. Environmentl Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Crbon Dioxide Emissions, nd Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2015, December (Additionl resources: The fuel economy dt on this tble re djusted to provide the best estimte of rel world performnce. See section 10 of the source document for detils on djustment methodology. b Production shre is bsed on the totl of pickups, plus vns nd truck SUVs. Percentges my not sum to totls due to rounding. c Dt re not vilble.

105 4 11 The verge fuel economy of crs more thn doubled from 1975 to 2015 while the verge fuel economy of light trucks grew by 78% in tht sme time period. This ws not stedy nnul growth, but growth in the 1970 s nd erly 1980 s followed by long period with little improvement. Growth resumed round Tble 4.11 Production nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Light Trucks nd Light Vehicles, Model Yers All Crs All Light Trucks All Light Vehicles Model Production Fuel Production Fuel Production Fuel Yer (Thousnds) Economy (mpg) (Thousnds) Economy (mpg) (Thousnds) Economy (mpg) , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , b 28.4 b 20.7 b 24.7 Source: U.S. Environmentl Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Crbon Dioxide Emissions, nd Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2015, December (Additionl resources: The fuel economy dt on this tble re djusted to provide the best estimte of rel world performnce. See section 10 of the source document for detils on djustment methodology. b Dt re not vilble, but 59.6% of ll light vehicles were crs nd 40.4% were light trucks in 2015.

106 4 12 Bck in 1975 only 19.3% of new light vehicles produced were light trucks. Becuse of the boom in production of minivns, sport utility vehicles, nd pick-up trucks, tht number rose to over 40% in The cr SUV ctegory ws bout 10% of production in Tble 4.12 Light Vehicle Production Shres, Model Yers Totl Light Vehicles Production Shre Model Cr Truck Produced Light Yer Cr SUV Pickup Vn SUV (thousnds) Crs b Trucks % 0.1% 13.1% 4.5% 1.7% 10, % 19.3% % 0.0% 12.7% 2.1% 1.6% 11, % 16.5% % 0.0% 13.6% 2.3% 1.3% 10, % 17.3% % 0.1% 14.8% 3.2% 1.5% 9, % 19.5% % 0.3% 15.8% 3.7% 2.5% 10, % 22.0% % 0.4% 14.6% 4.8% 4.1% 14, % 23.5% % 0.6% 14.4% 5.9% 4.5% 14, % 24.8% % 0.4% 16.5% 6.8% 4.6% 15, % 27.9% % 0.6% 14.4% 7.5% 5.2% 14, % 27.2% % 0.7% 16.1% 7.4% 5.6% 15, % 29.1% % 0.7% 15.4% 8.8% 5.7% 14, % 29.9% % 0.5% 14.5% 10.0% 5.1% 12, % 29.6% % 1.8% 15.3% 8.2% 6.9% 12, % 30.4% % 2.0% 15.1% 10.0% 6.2% 12, % 31.4% % 3.6% 15.2% 10.9% 6.3% 13, % 32.4% % 2.3% 18.9% 10.0% 9.1% 14, % 38.1% % 1.5% 15.0% 11.0% 10.5% 15, % 36.5% % 2.2% 14.9% 10.7% 12.2% 13, % 37.8% % 2.5% 16.7% 8.8% 14.5% 14, % 39.9% % 3.1% 16.7% 10.3% 14.7% 14, % 41.7% % 3.2% 16.7% 9.6% 15.4% 15, % 41.7% % 3.7% 15.8% 10.2% 15.2% 16, % 41.2% % 4.8% 16.1% 7.9% 17.3% 15, % 41.4% % 3.7% 14.8% 7.7% 22.3% 16, % 44.7% % 3.6% 15.7% 7.8% 22.6% 15, % 46.1% % 4.1% 15.9% 6.1% 25.9% 15, % 48.0% % 5.1% 14.5% 9.3% 20.6% 15, % 44.4% % 5.0% 14.5% 7.7% 19.9% 15, % 42.1% % 6.0% 13.8% 5.5% 21.7% 15, % 41.1% % 6.6% 12.9% 5.7% 22.1% 13, % 40.7% % 6.5% 10.6% 4.0% 18.4% 9, % 33.0% % 8.2% 11.5% 5.0% 20.7% 11, % 37.3% % 10.0% 12.3% 4.3% 25.5% 12, % 42.2% % 9.4% 10.1% 4.9% 20.6% 13, % 35.6% % 10.0% 10.4% 3.8% 21.8% 15, % 35.9% % 10.1% 12.4% 4.3% 23.9% 15, % 40.7% % 10.6% 13.4% 3.5% 23.6% c 59.6% 40.4% Note: Includes light trucks of 8,500 lbs. or less. Source: U.S. Environmentl Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Crbon Dioxide Emissions, nd Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2015, December (Additionl resources: Percentges my not sum to totls due to rounding. b Crs include both cr nd cr SUV ctegories. c Dt re not vilble.

107 4 13 The effects of the Jpnese erthquke/tsunmi in 2011 re pprent in the lrge decline in cr production for tht yer. Light trucks were gining mrket shre from the erly 1980s until 2004, minly due to increses in the mrket shre of sport utility vehicles (SUVs) nd pickup trucks. A new ctegory of SUVs hs been dded to the vehicle clssifiction cr SUVs. The cr SUVs re two-wheel drive SUVs tht will be counted s crs in the Corporte Averge Fuel Economy Stndrds for model yers 2011-on. A listing of the mkes/models of cr SUVs is in Tble 4.9. Figure 4.1. Light Vehicle Production Shres, Model Yers Source: See Tble 4.12.

108 4 14 The production-weighted verge engine displcement of crs in 1975 ws 4.72 liters, but hd declined to 2.36 liters by Cr SUVs lso experienced decline in engine displcement. For list of cr SUVs, see Tble 4.9. Tble 4.13 Production-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic nd Import Crs Model Yers (liters ) Model Yer Cr Cr SUV Annul verge percentge chnge % -1.3% % -1.7% Source: U.S. Environmentl Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Crbon Dioxide Emissions, nd Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2015, December (Additionl resources: 1 liter = cubic inches.

109 4 15 The production-weighted engine size of truck sport utility vehicles (SUVs) declined n verge of 1.9% per yer from 2005 to 2015, while the engine size of pickups in 2015 is exctly the sme s Tble 4.14 Production-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic nd Import Light Trucks, Model Yers (liters ) Note: Includes light trucks of 8,500 lbs. or less. Model Yer Pickup Vn Truck SUV Annul verge percentge chnge % -1.1% -1.2% % -0.6% -1.9% Source: U.S. Environmentl Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Crbon Dioxide Emissions, nd Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2015, December (Additionl resources: 1 liter = cubic inches.

110 4 16 The production-weighted curb weight of crs declined lmost 550 lbs. from 1975 to 2015, while cr SUVs declined by 97 lbs. Tble 4.15 Production-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers (pounds) Model Yer Cr Cr SUV ,058 4, ,059 3, ,944 4, ,588 4, ,485 3, ,101 4, ,076 4, ,054 2, ,112 3, ,099 3, ,093 3, ,041 3, ,031 3, ,047 3, ,099 3, ,176 3, ,154 3, ,240 3, ,207 3, ,250 3, ,263 3, ,282 3, ,274 3, ,306 3, ,365 3, ,369 3, ,380 3, ,391 3, ,417 3, ,462 3, ,463 3, ,534 3, ,507 3, ,527 3, ,464 3, ,474 3, ,559 3, ,452 3, ,465 3, ,497 3, ,509 3,903 Annul verge percentge chnge % -0.1% % 0.1% Source: U.S. Environmentl Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Crbon Dioxide Emissions, nd Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2015, December (Additionl resources:

111 4 17 The verge light vehicle in 2014 contined more thn 2,000 pounds of steel, most of it conventionl steel. High nd medium strength steel, however, mde up more thn 16% of the vehicle. The use of luminum grew from 1995 to 2014, while the use of iron cstings declined. Tble 4.16 Averge Mteril Consumption for Domestic Light Vehicle, Model Yers 1995, 2000, nd Mteril Pounds Percentge Pounds Percentge Pounds Percentge Regulr steel 1, % 1, % 1, % High nd medium strength steel % % % Stinless steel % % % Other steels % % % Iron cstings % % % Aluminum % % % Mgnesium cstings 4 0.1% 8 0.2% % Copper nd brss % % % Led % % % Zinc cstings % % 8 0.2% Powder metl prts % % % Other metls 4 0.1% 4 0.1% 4 0.1% Plstics nd plstic composites % % % Rubber % % % Cotings % % % Textiles % % % Fluids nd lubricnts % % % Glss % % % Other mterils % % % Totl 3, % 3, % 3, % Source: Wrd s Communictions, Wrd s Motor Vehicle Fcts nd Figures, 2015, Detroit, MI, 2015, p. 52 nd updtes. Percentges my not sum to totls due to rounding.

112 4 18 The number of frnchised delerships which sell new light-duty vehicles (crs nd light trucks) hs declined 46% since This decline, long with incresing light vehicle sles, cused the verge number of vehicles sold per deler to be t n ll-time high of 1,034 vehicles per deler. Tble 4.17 New Light Vehicle Delerships nd Sles, Clendr yer Number of frnchised new light vehicle delerships New light vehicle sles (thousnds) Light vehicle sles per deler ,800 9, ,600 10, ,300 12, ,100 14, ,000 14, ,500 13, ,900 10, ,350 10, ,700 10, ,725 11, ,725 13, ,725 14, ,825 15, ,150 14, ,025 15, ,000 14, ,825 13, ,200 12, ,500 12, ,950 13, ,850 15, ,800 14, ,750 14, ,700 15, ,600 15, ,400 16, ,250 17, ,150 16, ,800 16, ,725 16, ,650 16, ,640 16, ,495 16, ,200 15, ,770 13, ,010 10, ,460 11, ,700 12, ,540 14, ,665 15, ,396 16, ,545 17,103 1,034 Averge nnul percentge chnge % 1.2% 2.6% % 0.2% 2.9% Source: Number of delers - Ntionl Automobile Delers Assocition website, (Additionl resources: Light-duty vehicle sles - See tbles 4.5 nd 4.6. As of the beginning of the yer.

113 4 19 In 2010 the number of conventionl refueling sttions fell below 160,000 for the first time in the series history nd continued to decline through The number of vehicles fueling t those sttions fell in 2009 for the first time in severl yers but begn rising slowly in In 2013, there were 0.61 fueling sttions per thousnd vehicles or 1.65 thousnd vehicles per sttion. Tble 4.18 Conventionl Refueling Sttions, Number of retil outlets Vehicles in opertion (thousnds) Sttions per thousnd vehicles Thousnd vehicles per sttion Yer Conventionl fuels , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Notes: The County Business Ptterns (CBP) dt published by the Bureu of the Census tells the number of estblishments by North Americn Industry Clssifiction System (NAICS). NAICS is n industry clssifiction system tht groups estblishments into industries bsed on the ctivities in which they re primrily engged. NAICS 447 represents gsoline sttions. However, the CBP gsoline sttion dt differ from the Ntionl Petroleum News Survey dt by s much s 30% (117,189 sttions in 2005); the CBP my not include every gsoline retil outlet due to the clssifiction of the primry ctivity of the business. Alterntive Fuel Refueling Sttions re listed in Chpter 6. Sources: Conventionl refueling sttions: Ntionl Petroleum News Survey, (Source discontinued fter 2013.) Conventionl vehicles: IHS Automotive, Detroit, MI, FURTHER REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED.

114 4 20 The Ntionl Highwy Trffic Sfety Administrtion nd the Environmentl Protection Agency issued joint rulemking to estblish new Ntionl Progrm to regulte fuel economy nd greenhouse gs emissions for model yer crs nd light trucks. Tble 4.19 Fuel Economy nd Crbon Dioxide Emissions Stndrds, MY Yer Crs Light trucks Combined crs nd light trucks Averge required fuel economy (miles per gllon) Averge projected emissions complince levels under the footprint-bsed crbon dioxide stndrds (grms per mile) Note: The required fuel economy, long with projections of CO 2 emissions, shown here use model yer 2008 bseline. The presented rtes of increse in stringency for NHTSA CAFE stndrds re lower thn the Environmentl Protection Agency (EPA) rtes of increse in stringency for greenhouse gs (GHG) stndrds. One mjor difference is tht NHTSA s stndrds, unlike EPA s, do not reflect the inclusion of ir conditioning system refrigernt nd lekge improvements, but EPA s stndrds would llow considertion of such improvements which reduce GHGs but generlly do not ffect fuel economy. The 2025 EPA GHG stndrd of 163 grms/mile would be equivlent to 54.5 mpg, if the vehicles were to meet this level ll through fuel economy improvements. The gencies expect, however, tht portion of these improvements will be mde through reductions in ir conditioning lekge, which would not contribute to fuel economy. Source: Federl Register, Vol. 77, No. 199, October 15, (Additionl resources:

115 4 21 The trget levels for the fuel economy nd crbon dioxide emission stndrds for vehicles mnufctured in model yers 2012-on re ssigned bsed on vehicle s footprint. Ech footprint hs different trget. The vehicle footprint is clculted s: footprint = trck width wheelbse, where trck width = lterl distnce between the centerlines of the bse tires t ground, nd wheelbse = longitudinl distnce between the front nd rer wheel centerlines. Vehicle type Tble 4.20 Fuel Economy nd Crbon Dioxide Trgets for Model Yer 2025 Exmple models Exmple model footprint (squre feet) Exmple Pssenger Crs CO 2 emissions trget (grms per mile) Fuel economy trget (miles per gllon) Compct cr Hond Fit Midsize cr Ford Fusion Fullsize cr Chrysler Exmple Light-Duty Trucks Smll SUV 4WD Ford Escpe Midsize crossover Nissn Murno Minivn Toyot Sienn Lrge pickup truck Chevy Silverdo Note: Exmples use model yer 2012 vehicle specifictions. The fuel economy from this tble will not mtch the fuel economy listed on the window sticker of new vehicle. Window sticker fuel economy is clculted by different methodology thn the Corporte Averge Fuel Economy. Source: Federl Register, Vol. 77, No. 199, October 15, (Additionl resources:

116 4 22 The Corporte Averge Fuel Economy stndrds were estblished by the U.S. Energy Policy nd Conservtion Act of 1975 (PL94-163). These stndrds must be met t the mnufcturer level. Some mnufcturers fll short of meeting the stndrds while others exceed them. Legisltion pssed in December 2007 chnged the CAFE stndrds beginning in the 2011 model yer (MY). Some two-wheel drive sport utility vehicles re clssified s crs under the finl stndrds for MY Tble 4.21 Cr Corporte Averge Fuel Economy (CAFE) Stndrds versus Sles-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimtes, (miles per gllon) Crs CAFE estimtes Model CAFE stndrds CAFE estimtes c Crs nd light yer b Domestic Import Domestic Import trucks combined d d d e 35.6 e 37.4 e 37.0 e 32.2 e e 37.3 e 37.0 e 37.8 e 32.5 e Source: U.S. Deprtment of Trnsporttion, NHTSA, "Summry of Fuel Economy Performnce," Wshington, DC, December 2014 nd updtes (Additionl resources: Only vehicles with t lest 75 percent domestic content cn be counted in the verge domestic fuel economy for mnufcturer. b Model yer s determined by the mnufcturer on vehicle by vehicle bsis. c All CAFE clcultions re sles-weighted. d Unreformed stndrds, which were n option from See Tble 4.19 for reformed stndrds. e Projected required verge fuel economy stndrds vlue bsed on pre-model yer reports.

117 4 23 The Corporte Averge Fuel Economy stndrds for light trucks re lower thn the cr stndrds. Light trucks include pickups, minivns, sport utility vehicles nd vns. New legisltion pssed in December 2007 chnged the CAFE stndrds beginning in the 2011 model yer (MY). Some two-wheel drive sport utility vehicles re clssified s crs under the finl stndrds for MY Tble 4.22 Light Truck Corporte Averge Fuel Economy (CAFE) Stndrds versus Sles-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimtes, (miles per gllon) Light trucks b CAFE estimtes Model CAFE CAFE estimtes d Crs nd light yer c stndrds Domestic Import Combined trucks combined 1978 e f f f e f f f f f f g f f g f f g f f f f f f f f f f h f f 27.0 h 32.2 h h f f 27.6 h 32.5 h Source: U.S. Deprtment of Trnsporttion, NHTSA, "Summry of Fuel Economy Performnce," Wshington, DC, December 2014 nd updtes (Additionl resources: Only vehicles with t lest 75% domestic content cn be counted in the verge domestic fuel economy for mnufcturer. b Represents two- nd four-wheel drive trucks combined. Gross vehicle weight of 0-6,000 pounds for model yer nd 0-8,500 pounds for subsequent yers. c Model yer s determined by the mnufcturer on vehicle by vehicle bsis. d All CAFE clcultions re sles-weighted. e Stndrds were set for two-wheel drive nd four-wheel drive light trucks, but no combined stndrd ws set in this yer. f Dt re not vilble. g Unreformed stndrds, which were n option from See Tble 4.19 for reformed stndrds. h Projected required verge fuel economy stndrds vlue bsed on pre-model yer reports.

118 4 24 Mnufcturers of crs nd light trucks whose vehicles do not meet the CAFE stndrds re fined. Dt from the Ntionl Highwy Trffic Sfety Administrtion show CAFE fine in the yer in which the money ws collected, which my not be the sme yer in which it ws ssessed. A mnufcturer cn lso use CAFE credits to offset fines. Fines for recent model yers re still being collected. Tble 4.23 Corporte Averge Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, Model yer Current dollrs 2013 constnt dollrs b 1983 $57,970 $135, $5,958,020 $13,358, $15,564,540 $33,697, $29,871,815 $63,493, $31,260,530 $64,105, $43,470,545 $85,602, $48,549,420 $91,209, $48,308,615 $86,104, $42,243,030 $72,252, $38,286,565 $63,571, $28,688,380 $46,250, $31,498,570 $49,512, $40,787,498 $62,347, $19,301,930 $28,658, $36,211,850 $52,559, $21,739,774 $31,070, $27,516,451 $38,476, $51,067,038 $69,084, $35,507,412 $46,706, $20,041,533 $25,952, $15,225,419 $19,276, $30,411,986 $37,504, $25,057,126 $29,888, $40,933,954 $47,300, $37,385,941 $42,004, $11,619,696 $12,572, $9,148,425 $9,933, $23,803,412 $25,430, $40,013,270 $41,439, $14,962,382 $15,181, $19,036,963 $19,036,963 Source: U.S. Deprtment of Trnsporttion, Ntionl Highwy Trffic Sfety Administrtion, Office of Vehicle Sfety Complince, Wshington, DC, December 2014 nd updtes, (Additionl resources: These re fines which re ctully collected. Fines which re ssessed in certin yer my not hve been collected in tht yer. b Adjusted using the Consumer Price Infltion Index.

119 4 25 Consumers must py the Gs Guzzler Tx when purchsing cr tht hs n Environmentl Protection Agency (EPA) fuel economy rting (combined city nd highwy) less thn tht stipulted in the tble below. The Gs Guzzler Tx doubled in 1991 fter remining constnt from 1986 to The tx hs not chnged since This tx does not pply to light trucks such s pickups, minivns, sport utility vehicles, nd vns. Tble 4.24 The Gs Guzzler Tx on New Crs (dollrs per vehicle) Vehicle fuel economy (mpg) on Over , , , , , , ,050 2, ,050 2, ,300 2, ,000 1,300 2, ,000 1,500 3, ,200 1,500 3, ,200 1,850 3, ,500 1,850 3, ,150 1,500 2,250 4, ,000 1,150 1,800 2,250 4, ,000 1,450 1,800 2,700 5, ,250 1,450 2,200 2,700 5, ,250 1,750 2,200 3,200 6, ,550 1,750 2,650 3,200 6,400 Under ,200 1,550 2,150 2,650 3,850 7,700 Source: Internl Revenue Service, Form 6197, (Rev ), "Gs Guzzler Tx." (Additionl resources:

120 4 26 Consumers who purchsed these 2015 model yer vehicles pid the Gs Guzzler tx. Tble 4.25 List of Model Yer 2015 Crs with Gs Guzzler Txes Undjusted combined city/highwy fuel economy Adjusted combined city/highwy fuel economy Mnufcturer Model(s) Size clss Aston Mrtin DB9 Minicompct Crs Aston Mrtin Rpide S Subcompct Crs Aston Mrtin V12 Vntge S Two Seters Aston Mrtin V8 Vntge Two Seters Aston Mrtin V8 Vntge Two Seters Aston Mrtin V8 Vntge S Two Seters Aston Mrtin V8 Vntge S Two Seters Aston Mrtin Vnquish Minicompct Crs Aston Mrtin Vntge GT Two Seters Aston Mrtin Vntge GT Two Seters Audi A8L Lrge Crs Audi R8 Two Seters Audi R8 Two Seters Audi R8 Two Seters Audi R8 Spyder Two Seters Audi R8 Spyder Two Seters Audi R8 Spyder Two Seters Bentley Continentl GT Compct Crs Bentley Continentl GT Convertible Subcompct Crs Bentley Continentl GT Convertible Subcompct Crs Bentley Continentl GT3-R Two Seters Bentley Flying Spur Midsize Crs Bentley Flying Spur Midsize Crs Bentley Mulsnne Midsize Crs BMW 760Li Lrge Crs BMW M5 Midsize Crs BMW M5 Midsize Crs BMW M6 Convertible Subcompct Crs BMW M6 Convertible Subcompct Crs BMW M6 Coupe Subcompct Crs BMW M6 Coupe Subcompct Crs BMW M6 Grn Coupe Compct Crs BMW M6 Grn Coupe Compct Crs Bugtti Veyron Two Seters FCA Chllenger Midsize Crs FCA Chllenger SRT8 Midsize Crs FCA Chllenger SRT8 Midsize Crs FCA Chrger SRT8 Lrge Crs FCA Viper SRT Two Seters Ferrri 458 Itli Two Seters Ferrri 458 Itli Two Seters Ferrri 458 Specile Two Seters Ferrri 458 Specile Two Seters Ferrri 458 Specile Spider Two Seters Ferrri 458 Specile Spider Two Seters Ferrri 458 Spider Two Seters 18 14

121 4 27 Tble 4.25 (Continued) List of Model Yer 2015 Crs with Gs Guzzler Txes Undjusted combined city/highwy fuel economy Adjusted combined city/highwy fuel economy Mke Model(s) Size clss Ferrri 458 Spider Two Seters Ferrri F12 Two Seters Ferrri FF Midsize Crs Ferrri FF Midsize Crs GM Cmro Compct Crs GM Cmro Compct Crs GM Cmro Compct Crs GM Corvette Two Seters GM CTS Midsize Crs GM CTS Midsize Crs GM SS Lrge Crs GM XTS Herse Specil Purpose Vehicle 2WD GM XTS Limo Specil Purpose Vehicle 2WD Lmborghini Aventdor Coupe Two Seters Lmborghini Aventdor Rodster Two Seters Lmborghini Hurcn Two Seters Lmborghini Veneno Rodster Two Seters Mserti Grnturismo Subcompct Crs Mserti Grnturismo Convertible Subcompct Crs Mserti Quttroporte GTS Lrge Crs Mercedes-Benz C 63 AMG Coupe Subcompct Crs Mercedes-Benz S 600 Lrge Crs Mercedes-Benz S 65 AMG Lrge Crs Mercedes-Benz S 65 AMG (coupe) Compct Crs Mercedes-Benz SL 65 AMG Two Seters Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG GT Coupe Two Seters Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG GT Rodster Two Seters Porsche 911 GT3 Two Seters Rolls-Royce Ghost Lrge Crs Rolls-Royce Ghost EWB Lrge Crs Rolls-Royce Phntom Lrge Crs Rolls-Royce Phntom Coupe Compct Crs Rolls-Royce Phntom Drophed Coupe Compct Crs Rolls-Royce Phntom EWB Lrge Crs Rolls-Royce Writh Midsize Crs Roush Roush Stge 3 Mustng Midsize Crs Source: U.S. Deprtment of Energy nd U.S. Environmentl Protection Agency, Fuel Economy Guide dtbse, Tx is bsed on undjusted combined fuel economy; djusted combined fuel economy is used on window stickers.

122 4 28 The IRS collected $48.2 million in 2014 from those buying crs with combined city/highwy fuel economy less thn 22.5 miles per gllon. This tx does not pply to light trucks such s pickups, minivns, sport utility vehicles, nd vns. It is worthy to note tht totl revenue from fines pid by consumers to purchse gs-guzzling vehicles gretly exceeds the overll fines pid by mnufcturers whose vehicles fil to meet CAFE stndrds (see Tble 4.21). Tble 4.26 Tx Receipts from the Sle of Gs Guzzlers, (thousnds) Model yer Current dollrs 2014 constnt dollrs , , ,720 4, ,020 9, ,820 20, ,790 87, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,600 79, ,200 71, ,700 69, ,300 97, ,800 97, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,226 92, ,905 72, ,500 75, ,300 62, ,200 48,200 Source: Wrd s Communictions, Detroit, MI, Originl dt source: Internl Revenue Service. (Additionl resources: Adjusted using the Consumer Price Infltion Index.

123 4 29 Autonomie is system simultion tool for vehicle energy consumption nd performnce nlysis. It is used to evlute the energy consumption nd cost of multiple dvnced powertrin technologies. Autonomie ws used to develop dt on the reltionship between stedy-stte vehicle speed nd fuel economy. Tble 4.27 Fuel Economy by Speed, Autonomie Model Results Gsoline conventionl Diesel conventionl Hybrid vehicle Midsize Smll Lrge Midsize Smll Lrge Midsize Speed (mph) cr SUV SUV cr SUV SUV Cr (miles per gllon) Fuel economy loss mph 15% 16% 7% 18% 19% 13% 18% mph 15% 16% 15% 18% 18% 17% 12% mph 28% 29% 21% 33% 34% 27% 28% Source: Argonne Ntionl Lbortory, Autonomie model, August 2016, (Additionl resources:

124 4 30 The ltest study of vehicle fuel economy by speed indicted higher fuel economy round 40 miles per hour, s did the 1973 nd 1984 studies. Engineers t Ok Ridge Ntionl Lbortory believe tht the lowest speed in the vehicle's highest ger is where the best fuel economy is typiclly obtined. Tht speed will be different for individul vehicles. Tble 4.28 Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984, 1997, nd 2012 Studies (miles per gllon) Speed b 1997 c 2012 d (miles per hour) (13 vehicles) (15 vehicles) (9 vehicles) (74 vehicles) 15 e e 20 e e 25 e e e e e e e e e e e e 20.5 Fuel economy loss mph 10.3% 13.5% 3.1% 12.5% mph 14.9% 18.5% 14.6% 13.6% mph 23.6% 29.5% 17.3% 24.5% Sources: U.S. Deprtment of Trnsporttion, Federl Highwy Administrtion, Office of Highwy Plnning, The Effect of Speed on Automobile Gsoline Consumption Rtes, Wshington, DC, October U.S. Deprtment of Trnsporttion, Federl Highwy Administrtion, Fuel Consumption nd Emission Vlues for Trffic Models, Wshington, DC, My West, B.H., R.N. McGill, J.W. Hodgson, S.S. Sluder, nd D.E. Smith, Development nd Verifiction of Light-Duty Modl Emissions nd Fuel Consumption Vlues for Trffic Models, FHWA-RD , U.S. Deprtment of Trnsporttion, Federl Highwy Administrtion, Wshington, DC, Mrch U.S. Deprtment of Energy nd U.S. Environmentl Protection Agency, Fuel Economy Guide website: The Green Cr Congress, "ORNL reserchers quntify the effect of incresing highwy speed on fuel economy." Februry 8, Model yers 1970 nd erlier crs. b Model yers crs nd light trucks. c Model yers crs nd light trucks s shown in Tble d Model yers crs nd light trucks. e Dt re not vilble.

125 4 31 Figure 4.2. Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984, 1997, nd 2012 Studies nd Autonomie Model Results Source: See Tbles 4.27 nd 4.28.

126 4 32 This tble shows the driving cycles for the new methodology tht the Environmentl Protection Agency (EPA) used to determine fuel economy rtings for new vehicles beginning in model yer In ddition to the Urbn Driving Cycle nd the Highwy Driving cycle, the EPA will lso use three dditionl tests to djust fuel economy rtings to ccount for higher speeds, ir conditioner use, nd colder tempertures. Though the EPA uses complex combintion of these five cycles to determine the fuel economy tht will be posted on new vehicle window sticker, the mnufcturer s Corporte Averge Fuel Economy is still clculted using only the city nd highwy driving cycles. To know more bout new vehicle fuel economy rtings, visit Tble 4.29 Driving Cycle Attributes Trip type Test schedule City Highwy High speed Low speeds in stop-nd-go urbn trffic Free-flow trffic t highwy speeds Higher speeds; hrder ccelertion & brking Air conditioner (AC) AC use under hot mbient conditions Cold temp City test w/colder outside temperture Top speed 56 mph 60 mph 80 mph 54.8 mph 56 mph Averge speed 20 mph 48 mph 48 mph 22 mph 20 mph Mx. ccelertion 3.3 mph/sec 3.2 mph/sec 8.46 mph/sec 5.1 mph/sec 3.3 mph/sec Simulted distnce 11 mi. 10 mi. 8 mi. 3.6 mi. 11 mi. Time 31 min min. 10 min. 9.9 min. 31 min. Stops 23 None Idling time 18% of time None 7% of time 19% of time 18% of time Engine strtup Cold Wrm Wrm Wrm Cold Lb temperture F F F 95 F 20 F Vehicle ir conditioning Off Off Off On Off Source: U.S. Deprtment of Energy nd U.S. Environmentl Protection Agency, Fuel Economy website, A vehicle s engine doesn t rech mximum fuel efficiency until it is wrm.

127 4 33 These driving cycles simulte the performnce of n engine while driving in the city nd on the highwy. Once the city cycle is completed, the engine is stopped, nd then strted gin for the 8.5-minute hot strt cycle. Three dditionl cycles lso influence new vehicle fuel economy rtings beginning with the 2008 model yer. Figure 4.3. City Driving Cycle Figure 4.4. Highwy Driving Cycle Source: Code of Federl Regultions, 40CFR, "Subprt B - Fuel Economy Regultions for 1978 nd Lter Model Yer Automobiles - Test Procedures," July 1, 1988 edition, p. 676.

128 4 34 Beginning with the 2008 model yer, these cycles influence the new vehicle fuel economy rtings. Figure 4.5. Air Conditioning (SC03) Driving Cycle Source: U.S. Deprtment of Energy nd Environmentl Protection Agency, Fuel Economy website, Figure 4.6. Cold Temperture (Cold FTP) Driving Cycle Source: U.S. Deprtment of Energy nd Environmentl Protection Agency, Fuel Economy website,

129 4 35 Beginning with the 2008 model yer, this cycle influences the new vehicle fuel economy rtings. The US06 driving cycle ws originlly developed s supplement to the Federl Test Procedure. It is short-durtion cycle (600 seconds) which represents hrd-ccelertion driving. Figure 4.7. High-Speed (US06) Driving Cycle Source: U.S. Deprtment of Energy nd Environmentl Protection Agency, Fuel Economy website,

130 4 36 The Environmentl Protection Agency lso uses other driving cycles to test new vehicles (lthough these do not ffect the fuel economy rtings). The New York Test Cycle ws developed in the 1970's in order to simulte driving in downtown congested res. The Representtive Number Five Test Cycle ws developed in the 1990's to better represent ctul on-rod driving by combining modern city nd freewy driving. Figure 4.8. New York City Driving Cycle Figure 4.9. Representtive Number Five Driving Cycle Source: Dt obtined from Michel Wng, Argonne Ntionl Lbortory, Argonne, IL, 1997.

131 4 37 Testing cycles to determine vehicle fuel economy nd emissions vry by country. The United Sttes currently uses five different drive cycles to determine vehicle fuel economy. In Europe, the NEDC cycle is being replced by the WLTC, but the NEDC continues to be used in Chin. The ARTEMIS cycles re not used in vehicle certifiction, but re used to represent rel world driving in Europe. Tble 4.30 Comprison of U.S., Europen, nd Jpnese Driving Cycles Attributes Averge Speed (mph) Mximum Speed (mph) Mximum Accelertion (mph/s) Cycle Time (seconds) Distnce (miles) United Sttes City 1, Highwy High-Speed Air Conditioner Use Cold Tempertures 1, World Light Vehicle Test Cycle (WLTC) Low Medium High Extr High Totl WLTC 1, Jpn JC08 1, New Europen Driving Cycle (NEDC) Urbn Driving Cycle (UDC) Extr Urbn Driving Cycle (EUDC) Totl NEDC 1, ARTEMIS Urbn Rurl Rod 1, Motorwy 1, Totl ARTEMIS 3, Source: United Sttes - U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Fuel Economy Guide website, All other - Compiled from public sources by Aymeric Rousseu, Argonne Ntionl Lbortory, September 2016.

132 4 38 Testing cycles to determine vehicle fuel economy nd emissions vry by country nd therefore it is difficult to mke direct comprison. Simultion results show up to 28% difference in the test cycles for ech vehicle type. Note tht the differences in these cycle results lso vry with ech individul vehicle tested. Tble 4.31 Exmple of Differing Results Using the U.S., Europen, nd Jpnese Driving Cycles Vehicle type U.S. Corporte Averge Fuel Economy (CAFE) cycle Miles per gllon New Europen Driving Cycle (NEDC) Jpn JC08 cycle Percentge difference from CAFE to NEDC CAFE to JC08 Smll cr % -21% Lrge cr % -19% Minivn % -28% Sport-utility vehicle % -28% Pickup % -28% Note: Simultion results for identicl gsoline vehicles (i.e., results for the sme smll cr on ech of the three cycles). Source: The Interntionl Council on Clen Trnsporttion, Pssenger Vehicle Greenhouse Gs nd Fuel Economy Stndrds: A Globl Updte, July 2009.

133 5 1 Hevy Vehicles nd Chrcteristics Summry Sttistics from Tbles in this Chpter Source Tble 5.1 Clss 3-8 single-unit trucks, 2014 Registrtion (thousnds) 8,329 Vehicle miles (millions) 109,301 Fuel economy (miles per gllon) 7.3 Tble 5.2 Clss 7-8 combintion trucks, 2014 Registrtion (thousnds) 2,577 Vehicle miles (millions) 169,830 Fuel economy (miles per gllon) 5.8 Tble 5.14 Freight Shipments, 2012 Commodity Flow Survey Tble 5.14 Vlue (billion dollrs) 13,852 Tble 5.15 Tons (millions) 11,299 Tble 5.16 Ton-miles (billions) 2,970

134 5 2 Clss 3-8 single-unit trucks include trucks over 10,000 lbs. gross vehicle weight with the cb/engine nd crgo spce together s one unit. Most of these trucks would be used for business or for individuls with hevy huling or towing needs. Very hevy single-units, such s concrete mixers nd dump trucks, re lso in this ctegory. The dt series ws chnged by the FHWA bck to Tble 5.1 Summry Sttistics for Clss 3-8 Single-Unit Trucks, Yer Registrtions (thousnds) Vehicle trvel (million miles) Averge nnul miles per vehicle Fuel use (million gllons) Fuel economy (miles per gllon) ,681 27,081 7,357 3, ,232 34,606 8,177 5, ,374 39,813 9,102 6, ,455 39,568 8,882 6, ,325 40,658 9,401 6, ,204 42,546 10,120 6, ,061 44,419 10,938 7, ,593 45,441 9,894 7, ,313 45,637 10,581 7, ,188 48,022 11,467 7, ,470 49,434 11,059 7, ,519 50,870 11,257 7, ,487 51,901 11,567 8, ,481 52,898 11,805 8, ,370 53,874 12,328 8, ,408 56,772 12,879 8, ,906 61,284 12,492 9, ,024 62,705 12,481 9, ,266 64,072 12,167 9, ,293 66,893 12,638 9, ,414 67,894 12,540 9, ,763 70,304 12,199 9, ,926 70,500 11,897 9, ,704 72,448 12,701 9, ,651 75,866 13,425 10, ,849 77,757 13,294 8, ,161 78,441 12,732 8, ,395 78,496 12,275 9, ,649 80,344 12,084 9, , ,979 14,781 16, , ,855 15,417 17, , ,207 14,386 16, , ,738 13,477 15, , ,803 13,276 14, , ,605 12,894 14, , ,582 13,116 14, , ,301 13,123 14, Averge nnul percentge chnge % 3.2% 1.3% 3.1% 0.2% % 3.4% 0.3% 5.2% -1.9% Source: U. S. Deprtment of Trnsporttion, Federl Highwy Administrtion, Highwy Sttistics 2014, Wshington, DC, 2015, Tble VM-1 nd nnul. (Additionl resources: Due to FHWA methodology chnges, dt from 2007-on re not comprble with previous dt.

135 5 3 Clss 7-8 combintion trucks include ll trucks designed to be used in combintion with one or more trilers with gross vehicle weight rting over 26,000 lbs. The verge vehicle trvel of these trucks (on per truck bsis) fr surpsses the trvel of other trucks due to long-hul freight movement. The dt series ws chnged by the FHWA bck to Tble 5.2 Summry Sttistics for Clss 7-8 Combintion Trucks, Yer Registrtions (thousnds) Vehicle trvel (million miles) Averge nnul miles per vehicle Fuel use (million gllons) Fuel economy (miles per gllon) ,134 38,822 7, ,131 46,724 41,312 9, ,417 68,678 48,467 13, ,261 69,134 54,825 13, ,265 70,765 55,941 13, ,304 73,586 56,431 13, ,340 77,377 57,744 14, ,403 78,063 55,640 14, ,408 81,038 57,555 14, ,530 85,495 55,879 14, ,667 88,551 53,120 15, ,707 91,879 53,825 15, ,709 94,341 55,202 16, ,691 96,645 57,153 16, ,675 99,510 59,409 17, , ,116 61,379 17, , ,932 64,802 18, , ,451 68,073 19, , ,899 68,059 20, , ,584 69,600 20, , ,159 69,994 21, , ,384 65,246 24, , ,020 64,387 25, , ,584 63,409 25, , ,737 60,930 26, , ,160 73,459 23, , ,370 70,831 24, , ,028 69,012 27, , ,169 65,516 28, b , ,199 69,905 30, , ,826 71,113 30, , ,100 64,234 28, , ,789 68,856 29, , ,791 66,809 28, , ,602 66,262 27, , ,436 68,155 28, , ,830 65,897 29, Averge nnul percentge chnge % 3.6% 1.2% 3.2% 0.4% % 1.8% -0.7% 1.9% -0.2% Source: U. S. Deprtment of Trnsporttion, Federl Highwy Administrtion, Highwy Sttistics 2014, Wshington, DC, 2015, Tble VM-1 nd nnul. (Additionl resources: The Federl Highwy Administrtion chnged the combintion truck trvel methodology in b Due to FHWA methodology chnges, dt from 2007-on re not comprble with previous dt.

136 5 4 Truck sles rose in 2010 for the first time since the sles pek in 2004 nd hve thus fr continued to rise. Trucks under 10,000 lbs. continue to dominte truck sles. Tble 5.3 New Retil Truck Sles by Gross Vehicle Weight, (thousnds) Clss 1 Clss 2 Clss 3 Clss 4 Clss 5 Clss 6 Clss 7 Clss 8 Clendr 6,000 lbs. 6,001 10,001 14,001 16,001 19,501 26,001 33,001 lbs. yer or less 10,000 lbs. 14,000 lbs. 16,000 lbs. 19,500 lbs. 26,000 lbs. 33,000 lbs. nd over Totl Domestic sles (import dt re not vilble) 1970 b 1, , , , c , c , , c , ,314 1,207 c c , ,031 1,224 6 c , ,408 1, c ,983 Domestic nd import sles ,380 1, c , ,435 1, , ,467 1, , ,313 1, , ,451 1, , , , ,608 1, , ,119 1, , ,527 1, , ,422 1, , ,829 1, , ,085 1, , ,263 2, , ,707 2, , ,965 2, , ,073 2, , ,068 2, , ,267 2, , ,458 2, , ,586 2, , ,136 2, , ,682 2, , ,358 1, , ,528 1, , ,245 1, , ,714 1, , ,164 1, , ,615 2, , ,209 2, , ,161 2, ,310 Averge nnul percentge chnge % 7.9% 4.1% c -15.1% -6.6% 6.8% 2.8% 5.5% % 2.4% 11.5% 7.2% d 8.9% 0.7% -1.8% 2.8% 2.6% % -0.4% 5.4% -11.8% 4.6% -0.9% -4.0% -0.2% -0.5% Source: Wrd s Communiction s, Motor Vehicle Fcts nd Figures 2014, Southfield, MI, 2014, p. 22, nd nnul; 2015: Wrd s Communictions, (Additionl resources: Sles include domestic-sponsored imports. b Dt for 1970 is bsed on new truck registrtions. c Dt re not vilble. d

137 5 5 The Vehicle Inventory nd Use Survey (VIUS) ws discontinued, thus the 2002 VIUS dt remin the ltest vilble. The United Sttes Deprtment of Trnsporttion, the United Sttes Deprtment of Energy, nd the United Sttes Deprtment of Agriculture re funding plnning study to design nd scope new VIUS, possibly utilizing new forms of survey technologies. There is n opportunity to provide input on how VIUS dt hve been used; which survey elements re essentil to your future dt nd policy needs; nd, elements which should be dded or deleted. To review the questions from the 2002 survey prior to providing input, go to To give input towrds new VIUS dt collection, emil VIUS@dot.gov. Vehicle Inventory nd Use Survey The Vehicle Inventory nd Use Survey (VIUS), which ws formerly the Truck Inventory nd Use Survey (TIUS), provides dt on the physicl nd opertionl chrcteristics of the Ntion's truck popultion. It is bsed on probbility smple of privte nd commercil trucks registered (or licensed) in ech stte. In 1997, the survey ws chnged to the Vehicle Inventory nd Use Survey due to future possibilities of including dditionl vehicle types. The 2002 VIUS, however, only includes trucks. Copies of the 2002 VIUS report or CD my be obtined by contcting the U.S. Bureu of the Census, Trnsporttion Chrcteristics Surveys Brnch (301) Internet site: Since 1987, the survey hs included minivns, vns, sttion wgons on truck chssis, nd sport utility vehicles in ddition to the bigger trucks. The 1977 nd 1982 surveys did not include those vehicle types. The estimted number of trucks tht were within the scope of the 2002 VIUS nd registered in the United Sttes s of July 1, 2002 ws 85.2 million. These trucks were estimted to hve been driven totl of 1,115 billion miles during 2002, n increse of 6.8% from The verge nnul miles trveled per truck ws estimted t 13,100 miles. In 2016, the Cliforni Deprtment of Trnsporttion is conducting survey to collect dt on the physicl nd opertionl chrcteristics of the Stte s commercil vehicle popultion clled the Cliforni Vehicle Inventory Use nd Survey. Internet site:

138 5 6 Tble 5.4 Truck Sttistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Clss, 2002 Averge nnul miles per truck Hrmonic men fuel economy Mnufcturer's gross vehicle weight clss Number of trucks Percentge of trucks Percentge of fuel use 1) 6,000 lbs nd less 51,941, % 11, % 2) 6,001 10,000 lbs 28,041, % 12, % 3) 10,001 14,000 lbs 691, % 14, % 4) 14,001 16,000 lbs 290, % 15, % 5) 16,001 19,500 lbs 166, % 11, % 6) 19,501 26,000 lbs 1,709, % 12, % Medium truck subtotl 2,858, % 13, % 7) 26,001 33,000 lbs 179, % 30, % 8) 33,001 lbs nd up 2,153, % 45, % Totl 85,174, % 13, % Light truck subtotl 79,982, % 12, % Medium truck subtotl 2,858, % 13, % Hevy truck subtotl 2,333, % 44, % Source: U.S. Deprtment of Commerce, Bureu of the Census, 2002 Vehicle Inventory nd Use Survey, Microdt File on CD, (Additionl resources: Tble 5.5 Truck Hrmonic Men Fuel Economy by Size Clss, 1992, 1997, nd 2002 (miles per gllon) Mnufcturer's gross vehicle weight clss 1992 TIUS 1997 VIUS 2002 VIUS 1) 6,000 lbs nd less ) 6,001 10,000 lbs ) 10,000 14,000 lbs ) 14,001 16,000 lbs ) 16,001 19,500 lbs ) 19,501 26,000 lbs ) 26,001 33,000 lbs ) 33,001 lbs nd over Light truck subtotl Medium truck subtotl Lrge truck subtotl Note: Bsed on verge fuel economy s reported by respondent. Sources: Estimtes re bsed on dt provided on the following public use files: U.S. Deprtment of Commerce, Bureu of the Census, Census of Trnsporttion, Wshington, DC, 1992 Truck Inventory nd Use Survey, 1995; 1997 Vehicle Inventory nd Use Survey, 2000, nd 2002 Vehicle Inventory nd Use Survey, (Additionl resources:

139 5 7 As expected, most light trucks trvel within 50 miles of their home bse nd refuel t public sttions. About sixty percent of hevy trucks trvel over 50 miles from their home bse nd 36% of them refuel t centrl compnyowned refueling sttions. Tble 5.6 Truck Sttistics by Size, 2002 Mnufcturer's gross vehicle weight clss Medium (10,001 26,000 lbs) Light (< 10,000 lbs) Hevy (> 26,000 lbs) Totl Typicl trip miles or rnge of opertion Under 50 miles 69.2% 61.5% 40.7% 68.2% miles 8.5% 11.7% 13.5% 8.7% miles 2.4% 3.2% 6.7% 2.5% miles 1.1% 1.8% 7.6% 1.3% 501 miles or more 1.4% 2.2% 10.4% 1.7% Off-rod 1.1% 3.5% 3.2% 1.2% Vehicle not in use 2.2% 4.4% 3.2% 2.3% Not reported 14.1% 11.7% 14.7% 14.1% Totl b 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Primry refueling fcility Gs sttion 96.9% 62.4% 28.4% 93.9% Truck stop 0.7% 7.7% 31.9% 1.8% Own fcility 2.0% 27.3% 36.2% 3.7% Other nonpublic fcility 0.3% 2.6% 3.5% 0.5% Other 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Totl b 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Source: U.S. Deprtment of Commerce, Bureu of the Census, 2002 Vehicle Inventory nd Use Survey, Microdt. File on CD, (Additionl resources: The respondent ws sked to choose the ctegory which best described the trips mde by the vehicle. b Percentges my not sum to totls due to rounding.

140 5 8 More medium truck owners listed construction s the truck s mjor use thn ny other mjor use ctegory. Construction ws the second highest mjor use for light trucks nd hevy trucks. Tble 5.7 Percentge of Trucks by Size Rnked by Mjor Use, 2002 Light (< 10,000 lbs verge weight) Medium (10,001 26,000 lbs verge weight) Hevy (> 26,000 lbs verge weight) Rnk 1 Personl Construction For hire 81.5% 18.4% 30.1% 2 Construction Agriculture Construction 4.6% 16.2% 15.9% 3 Other services For hire Agriculture 2.5% 9.6% 12.2% 4 Not in use Retil Retil 2.2% 7.1% 5.4% 5 Agriculture Not in use Not in use 1.9% 6.4% 5.1% 6 Retil Lesing Wste mngement 1.5% 6.2% 5.0% 7 Unknown Wholesle Mnufcturing 1.3% 5.5% 4.9% 8 Lesing Wste mngement Wholesle 0.7% 5.4% 4.8% 9 Mnufcturing Utilities Lesing 0.7% 5.0% 4.6% 10 Utilities Personl Unknown 0.6% 4.8% 3.2% 11 Wste mngement Unknown Personl 0.6% 4.4% 2.5% 12 Wholesle Mnufcturing Mining 0.6% 3.3% 2.4% 13 Informtion services Other services Other services 0.4% 3.2% 1.3% 14 For hire Food services Utilities 0.4% 1.6% 1.1% 15 Food services Informtion services Food services 0.3% 1.3% 1.1% 16 Arts Mining Arts 0.2% 1.1% 0.3% 17 Mining Arts Informtion services 0.1% 0.5% 0.1% Source: U.S. Deprtment of Commerce, Bureu of the Census, 2002 Vehicle Inventory nd Use Survey, Micro dt File on CD, (Additionl resources: Business nd personl services.

141 5 9 Nerly hlf of trucks in fleets of nd vehicles use compny-owned fcilities. Most trucks in smller fleets use public gs sttions for fueling. Tble 5.8 Percentge of Trucks by Fleet Size nd Primry Fueling Fcility, 2002 Primry refueling fcility Truck fleet size Gs sttion Truck stop Own fcility Other's fcility Totl % 6.1% 18.2% 1.9% 100.0% % 5.7% 35.5% 3.4% 100.0% % 5.1% 48.9% 4.9% 100.0% % 3.7% 49.8% 3.6% 100.0% 51 or more 48.3% 6.3% 44.4% 1.0% 100.0% Fleets of 6 or more vehicles 47.6% 5.2% 43.9% 3.4% 100.0% No fleet 96.4% 1.6% 1.7% 0.3% 100.0% Source: U.S. Deprtment of Commerce, Bureu of the Census, 2002 Vehicle Inventory nd Use Survey, Microdt File CD, (Additionl resources: on Percentges my not sum to totls due to rounding.

142 5 10 Most trucks re fueled t gs sttions but for-hire or wrehousing trucks re more often fueled t truck stops. Mining trucks nd vehicle lesing or rentl trucks fuel t the compnies own fcility more thn 30% of the time. Tble 5.9 Shre of Trucks by Mjor Use nd Primry Fueling Fcility, 2002 Mjor use Gs sttion Truck stop Own fcility Others fcility Other All Personl 98.6% 0.6% 0.7% 0.1% 0.1% 100.0% Other services 96.0% 1.4% 1.6% 0.9% 0.1% 100.0% All 93.9% 1.8% 3.7% 0.5% 0.0% 100.0% Informtion services 92.3% 0.4% 7.2% 0.1% 0.0% 100.0% Retil trde 86.6% 3.5% 8.6% 1.2% 0.0% 100.0% Construction 84.7% 3.3% 9.8% 2.2% 0.0% 100.0% Accommodtion or food services 82.4% 7.5% 8.8% 1.3% 0.0% 100.0% Mnufcturing 81.5% 5.1% 11.9% 1.5% 0.0% 100.0% Arts, entertinment, recretion services 81.1% 4.3% 14.2% 0.3% 0.0% 100.0% Wste mgmt, lndscping, dmin/support services 78.2% 3.0% 17.1% 1.6% 0.0% 100.0% Wholesle trde 76.2% 6.6% 12.0% 5.1% 0.0% 100.0% Utilities 72.6% 1.8% 24.3% 1.3% 0.0% 100.0% Agriculture, forestry, fishing, hunting 62.7% 6.7% 29.4% 1.0% 0.1% 100.0% Vehicle lesing or rentl 60.2% 1.3% 31.8% 6.8% 0.0% 100.0% Mining 48.7% 8.5% 34.3% 8.5% 0.0% 100.0% For-hire or wrehousing 33.3% 38.7% 25.8% 2.3% 0.0% 100.0% Overll 93.9% 1.8% 3.7% 0.5% 0.0% 100.0% Source: U.S. Deprtment of Commerce, Bureu of the Census, 2002 Vehicle Inventory nd Use Survey, Microdt File on CD, (Additionl resources: Percentges my not sum to totls due to rounding.

143 5 11 The figure below shows the distribution of nnul trvel the two types of Clss 7 nd 8 vehicles combintion units (seprte trctor nd triler) nd single units (trctor nd triler on single chssis). This informtion is for ll trucks nd trucks two yers old or less. Combintion trucks, dominted by box-type trilers, disply the gretest mount of nnul trvel of ll hevy vehicle types, s is evidenced both by the rnge of nnul use. Most of the single-unit trucks in the survey trvel 40,000 miles per yer or less. Figure 5.1. Distribution of Trucks over 26,000 lbs. by Vehicle-Miles Trveled Note: Hevy trucks (clss 7 & 8) re greter thn 26,000 pounds gross vehicle weight bsed on the mnufcturer s rting. Source: U.S. Deprtment of Commerce, Bureu of the Census, 2002 Vehicle Inventory nd Use Survey, Microdt File on CD, (Additionl resources:

144 5 12 The ltest Vehicle Inventory nd Use Survey sked truck owners if the truck hd certin fetures s permnent equipment on the truck. Some of the fetures sked bout were onbord computers, idle-reduction devices, nvigtionl systems, nd Internet ccess. Of the 2.3 million hevy trucks (clss 7 & 8) in the United Sttes, nerly 10% were equipped with onbord computers tht hd communiction cpbilities nd nother 5% hd onbord computers without communiction cpbilities. Six percent of hevy trucks were equipped with idlereducing technology. Nvigtionl systems nd Internet ccess were vilble in less thn one percent of hevy trucks. Figure 5.2. Shre of Hevy Trucks with Selected Electronic Fetures, 2002 Note: Hevy trucks (clss 7 & 8) re greter thn 26,000 pounds gross vehicle weight bsed on the mnufcturer s rting. Source: U.S. Deprtment of Commerce, Bureu of the Census, 2002 Vehicle Inventory nd User Survey, Microdt File on CD, 2005.

145 5 13 Fuel Economy Study for Clss 8 Trucks As prt of long-term study sponsored by the U.S. Deprtment of Energy (DOE) Office of Vehicle Technologies (OVT), the Ok Ridge Ntionl Lbortory (ORNL) in conjunction with severl industry prtners hs collected dt nd informtion relted to hevy-truck opertion in rel-world highwy environments. The primry objective of the project ws to collect relworld performnce nd sptil dt for long-hul opertions of Clss 8 trctor-trilers from fleet engged in norml freight opertions. Six model yer 2005 Clss 8 trucks from the selected fleet, which opertes within lrge re of the country extending from the est cost to Mountin Time Zone nd from Cnd to the US-Mexicn border, were instrumented nd 60 chnnels of dt were collected for over yer t rte of 5 Hz (or 5 redings per second). Those chnnels included informtion such s instntneous fuel rte, engine speed, ger rtio, vehicle speed, nd other informtion red from the vehicle s dtbus; wether informtion (wind speed, precipittion, ir temperture, etc.) gthered from n on-bord wether sttion; sptil informtion (ltitude, longitude, ltitude) cquired from GPS (Globl Positioning System) device; nd instntneous trctor nd triler weight obtined from devices mounted on the six prticipting trctors nd ten trilers. Three of the six instrumented trctors nd five of the ten instrumented trilers were mounted with New Genertion Single Wide-Bsed Tires nd the others with regulr dul tires. Over the durtion of this phse of the project (just over yer) the six trctors trveled nerly 700,000 miles. To find out more bout this project, contct Oscr Frnzese, frnzeseo@ornl.gov, The finl report on this project is vilble on-line t: ct.ornl.gov/ct/publictions/reports/ornl_tm_ pdf.

146 5 14 The type of terrin truck is trveling on cn cuse significnt differences in fuel efficiency. This study (see pge 5 13 for project description) shows fuel economy on severe upslopes is less thn hlf tht on flt terrin. On severe downslopes, the fuel economy ws two times higher thn on flt terrin. Tble 5.10 Effect of Terrin on Clss 8 Truck Fuel Economy Averge fuel efficiency (mpg) Trctors with dul tires Trctors with single (wide) tires Difference between dul nd single tires (percent) Type of terrin Shre of dt records All trucks Severe upslope (>4%) 0.7% % Mild upslope (1% to 4%) 13.2% % Flt terrin (1% to 1%) 72.4% % Mild downslope (-4% to -1%) 12.6% % Severe downslope (<-4%) 1.1% % Source: Cpps, Gry, Oscr Frnzese, Bill Knee, M.B. Lscurin, nd Pedro Otduy. Clss-8 Hevy Truck Duty Cycle Project Finl Report, ORNL/TM-2008/122, Ok Ridge Ntionl Lbortory, Ok Ridge, TN, December (Additionl resources: ct.ornl.gov/ct/publictions/reports/ornl_tm_ pdf)

147 5 15 This tble presents distribution of distnce trveled, fuel consumed, nd fuel economy by speed nd by type of tires for the vehicles prticipting in the project (see pge 5-13 for project description). The speed bins re divided into 5-mile intervls, going from 0+ mph (i.e., speed > 0.00 mph) to 85 mph, while the four min columns of the tble re orgnized by the type of tires tht were mounted on the trctor nd trilers. The first row of the tble contins informtion bout fuel consumed while the vehicle ws idling (i.e., the vehicle ws sttic with the engine on) with the following rows presenting informtion bout the distnce trveled, fuel consumed, nd fuel economy for ech one of the speed intervls. The next-to-the-lst row shows the totls for both trveled distnces nd fuel consumed s well s the overll fuel economy for ech tire-combintion ctegory. The ltter re then used to compute the percentge difference in terms of fuel economy from dul tire trctors nd trilers, which is the most common tire setup for lrge trucks t the present time. Tble 5.11 Fuel Economy for Clss 8 Trucks s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion Dul tire trctor dul tire triler Dul tire trctor single (wide) tire triler Single (wide) tire trctor dul tire triler Single (wide) tire trctor - single (wide) tire triler Distnce Fuel Fuel Distnce Fuel Fuel Distnce Fuel Fuel Distnce Fuel Fuel Speed trveled cons. econ. trveled cons. econ. trveled cons. econ. trveled cons. econ. (mph) (miles) (gl) (MPG) (miles) (gl) (MPG) (miles) (gl) (MPG) (miles) (gl) (MPG) Idling N/A 1,858.5 N/A N/A N/A N/A 1,676.4 N/A N/A N/A 0+ to to to to to , to 30 1, , to 35 1, , to 40 1, , , to 45 2, , , , to 50 4, , , , to 55 9,397 1, , , , , to 60 20,656 3, ,707 1, , , ,710 1, to 65 38,964 5, ,472 2, , , ,944 2, NOT ADJUSTED FOR TERRAIN: See note below. 65+ to 70 58,304 8, ,931 3, , , ,144 3, to 75 56,378 7, ,751 2, , , ,887 4, to 85 7, , , , Totl 207,374 30, ,714 13, , , ,790 13, Percent increse in fuel economy from dul tire trc/tril 0.00% 5.93% 6.53% 9.20% Note: These dt were not djusted to ccount for the effects of terrin. The increse in fuel economy for speeds bove 70 mph is likely due to the vehicle chieving high speeds while trveling down slope. Therefore, this increse in fuel economy is not expected to be chrcteristic of ll trvel t these higher speeds. Source: Cpps, Gry, Oscr Frnzese, Bill Knee, M.B. Lscurin, nd Pedro Otduy. Clss-8 Hevy Truck Duty Cycle Project Finl Report, ORNL/TM-2008/122, Ok Ridge Ntionl Lbortory, Ok Ridge, TN, December (Additionl resources: ct.ornl.gov/ct/publictions/reports/ornl_tm_ pdf) Totl fuel consumed does not include fuel consumed while idling.

148 5 16 The fuel economy informtion presented in Tble 5.11 is on the upper limits of tody s lrge-truck fleets nd is mostly result of driver trining nd the extensive vehicle mintennce (including constnt tire pressure) to which the fleet compny prticipting in this project dheres. Nevertheless, the results of this extensive test indicte tht there re substntil gins in terms of fuel economy for lrge trucks when single (wide) tires re used in combintion with dul tires or lone (best cse). Figure 5.3 shows the informtion from Tble 5.11 in grphicl form (brs) nd lso displys for ech speed bin the percentge of the totl distnce tht is trveled t tht speed (line). It is possible to observe tht bove 80% of the distnce trveled by long-hul Clss 8 trucks is done t speeds bove 55 mph. Therefore, ny gins in fuel economies t these speeds derived from given tire combintion would hve very lrge impct on the overll fuel economy of these types of trucks. Figure 5.3 shows tht, except for the D-S combintion within the 65+ to 70 mph, the combintions with ll single (wide) tires perform better nd, therefore, obtin the lrgest overll fuel economy. Figure 5.3. Clss 8 Truck Fuel Economy s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion nd Percentge of Totl Distnce Trveled s Function of Speed NOT ADJUSTED FOR TERRAIN: See note below. Note: D = Dul tire. S = Single (wide) tire. These dt were not djusted to ccount for the effects of terrin. The increse in fuel economy for speeds bove 70 mph is likely due to the vehicle chieving high speeds while trveling down slope. Therefore, this increse in fuel economy is not expected to be chrcteristic of ll trvel t these higher speeds. Source: Cpps, Gry, Oscr Frnzese, Bill Knee, M.B. Lscurin, nd Pedro Otduy. Clss-8 Hevy Truck Duty Cycle Project Finl Report, ORNL/TM-2008/122, Ok Ridge Ntionl Lbortory, Ok Ridge, TN, December (Additionl resources: ct.ornl.gov/ct/publictions/reports/ornl_tm_ pdf)

149 5 17 This grph presents for ech one of the four tire-combintion ctegories the percent of totl fuel tht is consumed when trveling t different speeds (brs) s well s the verge percent of fuel consumed for ech speed bin (line). As opposed to Tble 5.11, the totl fuel consumed on this grph includes the fuel consumed while idling. Figure 5.4. Clss 8 Truck Percent of Totl Fuel Consumed s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion NOT ADJUSTED FOR TERRAIN: See note below Note: D = Dul tire. S = Single (wide) tire. These dt were not djusted to ccount for the effects of terrin. The increse in fuel economy for speeds bove 70 mph is likely due to the vehicle chieving high speeds while trveling down slope. Therefore, this increse in fuel economy is not expected to be chrcteristic of ll trvel t these higher speeds. Source: Cpps, Gry, Oscr Frnzese, Bill Knee, M.B. Lscurin, nd Pedro Otduy. Clss-8 Hevy Truck Duty Cycle Project Finl Report, ORNL/TM-2008/122, Ok Ridge Ntionl Lbortory, Ok Ridge, TN, December (Additionl resources: ct.ornl.gov/ct/publictions/reports/ornl_tm_ pdf)

150 5 18 A typicl clss 8 truck trctor weighs bout 17,000 lbs. The powertrin is nerly qurter of the weight (24%) while the truck body structure is 19%. Tble 5.12 Clss 8 Truck Weight by Component Pounds Shre of totl Wheels nd tires 1,700 10% Chssis/frme 2,040 12% Drivetrin nd suspension 2,890 17% Misc. ccessories/systems 3,060 18% Truck body structure 3,230 19% Powertrin 4,080 24% Totl 17, % Notes: Powertrin includes engine nd cooling system, trnsmission nd ccessories. Truck body structure includes cb-in-white, sleeper unit, hood nd firings, interior nd glss. Miscellneous ccessories/systems include btteries, fuel system, nd exhust hrdwre. Drivetrin nd suspension includes drive xles, steer xle, nd suspension system. Chssis/frme includes frme rils nd crossmembers, fifth wheel nd brckets. Wheels nd tires include set of 10 luminum wheels, plus tires. Source: Ntionl Acdemy of Sciences, Technologies nd Approches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium nd Hevy-Duty Vehicles, prepubliction copy, Mrch 2010, p

151 5 19 The gross weight of vehicle (GVW) is the weight of the empty vehicle plus the weight of the mximum pylod tht the vehicle ws designed to crry. In crs nd smll light trucks, the difference between the empty weight of the vehicle nd the GVW is not significntly different (1,000 to 1,500 lbs). The lrgest trucks nd trctor-trilers, however, hve pylod cpcity shre of 200%, which mens they cn crry 200% of their empty weight. The medium-sized trucks (truck clsses 3-6) hve pylod cpcity shres between 50% nd 100%. Tble 5.13 Gross Vehicle Weight vs. Empty Vehicle Weight Mximum pylod cpcity Pylod cpcity shre (percent of empty weight) Vehicle description Truck clss Gross vehicle weight rnge (pounds) Empty vehicle weight rnge (pounds) (pounds) Crs 3,200-6,000 2,400-5,000 1,000 20% Minivns, smll SUVs, smll pick-ups 1 4,000-2,400 3,200-4,500 1,500 33% Lrge SUVs, stndrd pickups 2 6,001-8,500 4,500-6,000 2,500 40% Lrge SUVs, stndrd pickups 2b 8,501-10,000 5,000-6,300 3,700 60% Utility vn, multi- purpose, mini-bus, step vn 3 10,001-14,000 7,650-8,750 5,250 60% City delivery, prcel delivery, lrge wlk-in, bucket, lndscping City delivery, prcel delivery, lrge wlk-in, bucket City delivery, school bus, lrge wlk-in, bucket City bus, furniture, refrigerted, refuse, fuel tnker, dump, tow, concrete, fire engine, trctor-triler Refuse, concrete, furniture, city bus, tow, fire engine (stright trucks) Trctor-triler: vn, refrigerted, bulk tnker, flt bed (combintion trucks) 4 14,001-16,000 7,650-8,750 7,250 80% 5 16,001-19,500 9,500-10,000 8,700 80% 6 19,501-26,000 11,500-14,500 11,500 80% 7 26,001-33,000 11,500-14,500 18, % 8 33,001-80,000 20,000-26,000 54, % 8b 33,001-80,000 20,000-26,000 54, % Source: Ntionl Acdemy of Sciences, Technologies nd Approches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium nd Hevy-Duty Vehicles, prepubliction copy, Mrch 2010, pp. 2-2 nd 5-42.

152 5 20 According to weigh-in-motion dt collected by fifteen sttes, the mjority of 5-xle trctor-trilers on the rod weigh between 33,000 nd 73,000 lbs. Eleven percent of the trctor-trilers hd weight recorded round 72,800 lbs nd 10% round 68,300 lbs. Another 10% of trctor-trilers were on the lighter end of the scle round 37,500 lbs. These dt show tht only smll percent of trucks on the rod re ner the mximum rodwy gross vehicle weight of 80,000 lbs. Thus, most trucks re filling the triler spce to cpcity (cubing-out) before they rech the mximum weight limit (weighing-out). Figure 5.5. Distribution of Clss 8 Trucks by On-Rod Vehicle Weight, 2008 Note: Dt re from these 15 Sttes: Cliforni, Connecticut, Florid, Georgi, Hwii, Iow, Minnesot, Missouri, Montn, North Crolin, Oregon, Pennsylvni, South Dkot, Texs, nd Wshington. Source: Ntionl Acdemy of Sciences, Technologies nd Approches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium nd Hevy-Duty Vehicles, prepubliction copy, Mrch 2010, p Originl source: Federl Highwy Administrtion, Vehicle Trvel Informtion System, Study reported dt on 5-xle trctor-trilers which re clss 8 trucks. Single-unit clss 8 trucks were not considered in the study.

153 5 21 Commodity Flow Survey The Commodity Flow Survey (CFS) designed to provide dt on the flow of goods nd mterils by mode of trnsport. The survey ws first conducted in vrious yers from 1963 to 1977, nd ws gin conducted in 1993, 1997, 2002, 2007, nd 2012 with improvements in methodology, smple size, nd scope. Dt collection for the 2017 survey begins in lte It is shipper-bsed survey which covers business estblishments from these industries: Mining Mnufcturing Wholesle trde Select Retil nd Services Industries not covered by CFS include trnsporttion, construction, most retil nd services industries, frms, fisheries, foreign estblishments, nd most government-owned estblishments. Before 1993 dt were collected only on the principl mode of trvel, but fter tht time ll modes of shipment were cptured in the dt. The CFS is joint effort of the Bureu of Trnsporttion Sttistics nd the U.S. Census Bureu. Additionl informtion on the survey cn be found t: or

154 5 22 Industries covered by the 2012 Commodity Flow Survey (CFS) shipped goods worth over $13 trillion. Compred to the 1997 CFS, the vlue of shipments is up 2.2% per yer nd tons shipped re up 0.1% per yer. By vlue, intermodl shipments incresed 2.5% per yer from 1997 to Tble 5.14 Vlue of Goods Shipped in the United Sttes: Comprison of the 1997, 2002, 2007 nd 2012 Commodity Flow Surveys 1997 (billion 2012 dollrs) 2002 (billion 2012 dollrs) 2007 (billion 2012 dollrs) 2012 (billion dollrs) Averge nnul percent chnge ( ) All modes 9, , , , % Single modes 8, , , , % Truck b 7, , , , % For-hire truck 4, , , , % Privte truck 2, , , , % Ril % Wter % Inlnd wter % Gret Lkes c % Deep se % Multiple wterwys d d d 22.3 d Air (includes truck nd ir) % Pipeline e % Multiple modes 1, , , , % Prcel, U.S.P.S. or courier 1, , , , % Truck nd ril % Truck nd wter % Ril nd wter % Other multiple modes % Other nd unknown modes % Source: U.S. Deprtment of Trnsporttion, Bureu of Trnsporttion Sttistics nd U.S. Deprtment of Commerce, Bureu of the Census, 2012 Commodity Flow Survey, Tble 1. (Additionl resources: Detil my not dd to totl becuse of rounding. b "Truck" s single mode includes shipments which went by privte truck only, for-hire truck only, or combintion of privte truck nd for-hire truck. c Denotes dt do not meet publiction stndrds becuse of high smpling vribility or poor response qulity. d Dt re not vilble. e CFS dt for pipeline exclude most shipments of crude oil.

155 5 23 Industries covered by the 2012 Commodity Flow Survey (CFS) shipped over 11 billion tons of goods ntionwide. Nerly three-qurters of the freight tonnge ws shipped by truck. Tble 5.15 Tons of Freight in the United Sttes: Comprison of the 1997, 2002, 2007 nd 2012 Commodity Flow Surveys 1997 (millions) 2002 (millions) 2007 (millions) 2012 (millions) Averge nnul percent chnge ( ) All modes 11, , , , % Single modes 10, , , , % Truck b 7, , , , % For-hire truck 3, , , , % Privte truck 4, , , , % Ril 1, , , , % Wter % Inlnd wter % Gret Lkes % Deep se % Multiple wterwys c c c 47.1 c Air (includes truck nd ir) % Pipeline d % Multiple modes % Prcel, U.S.P.S. or courier % Truck nd ril % Truck nd wter % Ril nd wter % Other multiple modes % Other nd unknown modes % Source: U.S. Deprtment of Trnsporttion, Bureu of Trnsporttion Sttistics nd U.S. Deprtment of Commerce, Bureu of the Census, 2012 Commodity Flow Survey, Tble 1. (Additionl resources: Detil my not dd to totl becuse of rounding. b "Truck" s single mode includes shipments which went by privte truck only, for-hire truck only, or combintion of privte truck nd for-hire truck. c Dt re not vilble. d CFS dt for pipeline exclude most shipments of crude oil.

156 5 24 Industries covered by the 2012 Commodity Flow Survey (CFS) ccounted for 2.9 trillion ton-miles on the ntion s highwys, rilwys, wterwys, pipelines, nd vition system. Ton-miles incresed n verge of 0.7% per yer from 1997 to Tble 5.16 Growth of Ton-Miles in the United Sttes: Comprison of the 1997, 2002, 2007 nd 2012 Commodity Flow Surveys 1997 (billions) 2002 (billions) 2007 (billions) 2012 (billions) Averge nnul percent chnge ( ) All modes 2, , , , % Single modes 2, , , , % Truck b 1, , , , % For-hire truck , , % Privte truck % Ril 1, , , , % Wter % Inlnd wter % Gret Lkes % Deep se % Multiple wterwys c c c 41.0 c Air (includes truck nd ir) % Pipeline d e e e e c Multiple modes % Prcel, U.S.P.S. or courier % Truck nd ril % Truck nd wter % Ril nd wter % Other multiple modes % Other nd unknown modes % Source: U.S. Deprtment of Trnsporttion, Bureu of Trnsporttion Sttistics nd U.S. Deprtment of Commerce, Bureu of the Census, 2012 Commodity Flow Survey, Tble 1. (Additionl resources: Detil my not dd to totl becuse of rounding. b "Truck" s single mode includes shipments which went by privte truck only, for-hire truck only, or combintion of privte truck nd for-hire truck. c Dt re not vilble. d CFS dt for pipeline exclude most shipments of crude oil. e Denotes dt do not meet publiction stndrds becuse of high smpling vribility or poor response qulity.

157 5 25 Industries covered by the 2012 Commodity Flow Survey (CFS) hd n verge shipment length of 630 miles, 33% increse from the 1997 survey. For single mode shipments, ir hd the highest shipment length in 2012; for multiple modes, truck nd wter hd the highest length. Tble 5.17 Averge Miles per Shipment in the United Sttes: Comprison of the 1997, 2002, 2007 nd 2012 Commodity Flow Surveys 1997 (miles) 2002 (miles) 2007 (miles) 2012 (miles) Averge nnul percent chnge ( ) All modes % Single modes % Truck b % For-hire truck % Privte truck % Ril % Wter % Inlnd wter % Gret Lkes % Deep se 1, , % Multiple wterwys c c c 1,034 c Air (includes truck nd ir) 1,380 1,919 1,304 1, % Pipeline d e e e e c Multiple modes % Prcel, U.S.P.S. or courier % Truck nd ril 1,347 1,413 1, % Truck nd wter 1,265 1,950 1,429 1, % Ril nd wter 1, ,928 1, % Other multiple modes e e 1,182 e c Other nd unknown modes % Source: U.S. Deprtment of Trnsporttion, Bureu of Trnsporttion Sttistics nd U.S. Deprtment of Commerce, Bureu of the Census, 2012 Commodity Flow Survey, Tble 1. (Additionl resources: Detil my not dd to totl becuse of rounding. b "Truck" s single mode includes shipments which went by privte truck only, for-hire truck only, or combintion of privte truck nd for-hire truck. c Dt re not vilble. d CFS dt for pipeline exclude most shipments of crude oil. e Denotes dt do not meet publiction stndrds becuse of high smpling vribility or poor response qulity.

158 5 26

159 6 1 Chpter 6 Alterntive Fuel nd Advnced Technology Vehicles nd Chrcteristics Summry Sttistics from Tbles in this Chpter Source Tble 6.1 Alterntive fuel vehicles mde vilble, ,534,615 E85 2,433,113 LPG 1,708 CNG 6,662 Electric 92,594 LNG 535 Hydrogen 3 Tble 6.10 Number of lterntive fuel refuel sites, ,573 Electric outlets 40,197 LPG 3,690 CNG 1,697 Biodiesel 686 Hydrogen 54 Fuel type bbrevitions re used throughout this chpter. B20 = 20% biodiesel, 80% petroleum diesel CNG = compressed nturl gs E85 = 85% ethnol, 15% gsoline E95 = 95% ethnol, 5% gsoline H2 = hydrogen LNG = liquefied nturl gs LPG = liquefied petroleum gs

160 6 2 Alterntive Fuels The Energy Policy Act of 1992 defines lterntive fuels nd llows the U.S. Deprtment of Energy (DOE) to dd to the list of lterntive fuels if the fuel is substntilly nonpetroleum, yields substntil energy security benefits, nd offers substntil environmentl benefits. DOE currently recognizes the following s lterntive fuels: methnol, ethnol, nd other lcohols, blends of 85% or more of lcohol with gsoline, nturl gs nd liquid fuels domesticlly produced from nturl gs, liquefied petroleum gs (propne), col-derived liquid fuels, hydrogen, electricity, biodiesel (B100), fuels (other thn lcohol) derived from biologicl mterils, P-series. Alterntive Fuels Dt Center DOE estblished the Alterntive Fuels Dt Center (AFDC) in 1991 to support its work imed t fulfilling the Alterntive Motor Fuels Act directives. Since then, the AFDC hs expnded its focus to include ll dvnced trnsporttion fuels, vehicles, nd technologies. The AFDC is operted nd mnged by the Ntionl Renewble Energy Lbortory (NREL) in Golden, Colordo. The purposes of the AFDC re: to gther nd nlyze informtion on the fuel consumption, emissions, opertion, nd durbility of lterntive fuel vehicles, nd to provide unbised, ccurte informtion on lterntive fuels nd lterntive fuel vehicles to government gencies, privte industry, reserch institutions, nd other interested orgniztions. Much of the AFDC dt cn be obtined through their website: Severl tbles nd grphs in this chpter contin sttistics which were generted by the AFDC. Below re some links to specific res of the AFDC website. Alterntive & Advnced Fuels Alterntive Fueling Sttion Loctor Alterntive & Advnced Vehicles Stte & Federl Incentives & Lws Dt Anlysis & Trends Tools

161 6 3 The Energy Informtion Administrtion (EIA) is no longer publishing estimtes of the number of lterntive vehicles in use in the United Sttes. EIA does publish the number of lterntive fuel vehicles mde vilble ech yer, beginning in The lterntive fuel vehicles mde vilble re estimtes from vehicle mnufcturer production nd compnies performing vehicle conversions. The dt re more of proxy for lterntive fuel vehicle sles thn for vehicle popultion. Tble 6.1 Estimtes of Alterntive Fuel Highwy Vehicles Mde Avilble, Yer CNG Electricity E85 Hydrogen LNG LPG ,752 2, , , ,304 2, , ,128 2,715 1,011, ,487 3,152 1,115, ,440 2,802 1,175, ,770 2, , ,973 2,229 1,484, ,674 25,382 2,116, , ,672 46,624 2,446, , , ,323 2,665, , ,662 92,594 2,433, ,708 Note: Vehicles mde vilble re estimted from vehicle mnufcturer production nd compnies performing vehicle conversions. Source: U. S. Deprtment of Energy, Energy Informtion Administrtion website, Alterntive Fuel Vehicle Dt, July (Additionl resources:

162 6 4 The hybrid shre of ll light vehicles fell to 2.2% of ll light vehicle sles in Plug-in vehicles certified for highwy use begn selling in 2010 nd were 0.7% of the light vehicle mrket in Hybrid vehicle sles (thousnds) Tble 6.2 Hybrid nd Plug-In Vehicle Sles, Plug-in vehicle sles (thousnds) All light vehicle sles (thousnds) Hybrid shre of ll light vehicles Plug-in shre of ll light vehicles Clendr yer , % 0.0% , % 0.0% , % 0.0% , % 0.0% , % 0.0% , % 0.0% , % 0.0% , % 0.0% , % 0.0% , % 0.0% , % 0.0% , % 0.0% , % 0.1% , % 0.4% , % 0.6% , % 0.7% , % 0.7% Note: Plug-in vehicle sles include only those vehicles certified for highwy use. Smll electric crts nd neighborhood electric vehicles re excluded. Sources: Hybrid nd Electric Vehicle Sles Compiled by the Trnsporttion Reserch Center t Argonne Ntionl Lbortory, All Light Vehicle Sles Tble 3.11.

163 6 5 Trollybus, hevy ril, nd light ril use nerly ll lterntive fuels. However, the 46.9% of buses using lterntive fuels replce lot of trditionl fuel use. Ferry bots hve the highest verge ge. Tble 6.3 Alterntive Fuel Trnsit Vehicles, 2015 Mode Averge ge Percent powered by lterntive fuels Number of vehicles Bus % 71,066 Commuter ril locomotive b % 7,337 Commuter ril self-propelled cr % c Ferry Bot 28.0 c 202 Hevy Ril d % 10,551 Light Ril e % 2,057 Demnd Response % 71,359 Trolleybus % 537 Vnpool c 27.4% 15,056 Note: See Glossry for definition of modes, such s prtrnsit nd vnpool. The number of vehicles is 2014 number. Source: Americn Public Trnsporttion Assocition, 2016 Public Trnsporttion Fct Book, Wshington, DC, April 2016, Appendix A. (Additionl resources: Includes bus rpid trnsit nd commuter bus vehicles. b Electric cr or diesel-propelled rilwy for urbn pssenger trin service between centrl city nd djcent suburbs. c Dt re not vilble. d An electric rilwy with the cpcity for hevy volume of trffic. e Typiclly n electric rilwy with light volume trffic cpcity with power drwn from n overhed electric line.

164 6 6 Tble 6.4 E85 Flex-Fuel Vehicles Avilble by Mnufcturer, Model Yer 2016 Model Type Emission clss Audi A4 Quttro Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 5, LEV II ULEV Audi A5 Cbriolet Quttro Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 5, LEV II ULEV Audi A5 Quttro Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 5, LEV II ULEV Audi Allrod Quttro Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 5, LEV II ULEV Audi Q5 AWD SUV Tier 2 Bin 5, LEV II ULEV FCA Chrysler 200 Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 4 FCA Chrysler 200 FWD/AWD Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 4 FCA Chrysler 300 RWD/AWD Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 4 FCA Chrysler Drt Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 4 FCA Chrysler Town & Country Vn Tier 2 Bin 4 FCA Dodge Chrger Police Pursuit Sedn/Wgon TBD FCA Dodge Chrger RWD/AWD Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 4 FCA Dodge Durngo Police Specil Service Vehicle SUV TBD FCA Dodge Grnd Crvn Vn Tier 2 Bin 4 FCA Dodge Journey FWD SUV Tier 2 Bin 4 FCA Dodge Rm WD/4WD Truck Tier 2 Bin 4 FCA Dodge Rm CV Vn TBD FCA Jeep Cherokee 2WD/FWD SUV Tier 2 Bin 4 FCA Jeep Rengde 2WD/FWD SUV Tier 2 Bin 4 Ford Explorer 2WD/AWD SUV Tier 2 Bin 5 Ford F-150 Truck TBD Ford Focus Sedn/Wgon TBD Ford Police Interceptor Sedn/Wgon TBD Ford Police Interceptor Utility SUV TBD Ford Super Duty F-250 Truck TBD Ford Trnsit 150/250 Vn TBD Ford Trnsit 250 Voctionl/Cb Chssis TBD Ford Trnsit Connect Vn Tier 2 Bin 5 GMC Buick LCrosse FWD/AWD Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 4 GMC Buick Verno Sedn/Wgon TBD GMC Chevrolet Cprice Police Ptrol Vehicle Sedn/Wgon TBD GMC Chevrolet Equinox FWD/AWD SUV TBD GMC Chevrolet Equinox FWD/AWD SUV Tier 2 Bin 4 GMC Chevrolet Express 2500 Vn TBD GMC Chevrolet Express Crgo Prtrnsit Vn TBD GMC Chevrolet Express Prisoner Trnsport Vn TBD GMC Chevrolet Impl Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 4 GMC Chevrolet Impl Limited Police Sedn/Wgon TBD GMC Chevrolet Silverdo WD/4WD Truck TBD GMC Chevrolet Silverdo 1500 Specil Services 2WD/4WD Truck TBD GMC Chevrolet Silverdo 2500 HD 2WD/4WD Truck TBD GMC Chevrolet Suburbn 2WD/4WD SUV Tier 2 Bin 5, LEV III ULEV125 GMC Chevrolet Thoe 2WD/4WD SUV Tier 2 Bin 5, LEV III ULEV125 GMC Chevrolet Thoe Police 2WD/4WD SUV TBD GMC Svn 2500 Vn TBD GMC Svn Crgo Prtrnsit Vn TBD GMC Sierr WD/4WD Truck TBD GMC Sierr WD/4WD Truck TBD GMC Terrin Denli FWD/AWD SUV TBD GMC Terrin FWD/AWD SUV Tier 2 Bin 4 GMC Yukon WD/4WD SUV Tier 2 Bin 5, LEV III ULEV125 GMC Yukon XL WD/4WD SUV Tier 2 Bin 5, LEV III ULEV125

165 6 7 Tble 6.4 (continued) E85 Flex-Fuel Vehicles Avilble by Mnufcturer, Model Yer 2016 Model Type Emission clss Mercedes-Benz CLA 250 4Mtic Sedn/Wgon TBD Mercedes-Benz E350 Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 5, LEV II ULEV Mercedes-Benz E350 4mtic Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 5, LEV II ULEV Mercedes-Benz GLA 250 4Mtic SUV TBD Mercedes-Benz GLE350 4Mtic SUV Tier 2 Bin 5, Lev II ULEV Nissn Armd 2WD/4WD SUV TBD Nissn Titn 2WD/4WD Truck TBD Toyot Sequoi 4WD SUV Tier 2 Bin 5 Toyot Tundr 2WD/4WD Truck Tier 2 Bin 5 Note: LEV = low emission vehicle. ILEV = inherently low emission vehicle. ULEV = ultr low emission vehicle. ZEV = zero emission vehicle. TLEV = trnsitionl low emission vehicle. SULEV = super ultr low emission vehicle. See Chpter 12 for detils on emissions. TBD = to be determined. Source: U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Alterntive Fuels Dt Center website, Alterntive Fuel nd Advnced Vehicle Serch, July (Additionl resources:

166 6 8 Tble 6.5 B20, CNG, nd LPG Vehicles Avilble by Mnufcturer, Model Yer 2016 Model Fuel Vehicle Type FCA Rm WD/4WD B20 Truck FCA Rm 2500 HD B20 Truck FCA Rm Promster 1500/2500 B20 Vn FCA Jeep Grn Cherokee 2WD/FWD B20 SUV Ford Super Duty F-250 B20 Truck GMC Chevrolet Colordo 2WD/4WD B20 Truck GMC Chevrolet Express 2500 B20 Vn GMC Chevrolet Express Prisoner Trnsport B20 Vn GMC Chevrolet Silverdo 2500 HD 2WD/4WD B20 Truck GMC Svn 2500 B20 Vn GMC Sierr 2500 HD 2WD/4WD B20 Truck Nissn Titn 2WD/4WD B20 Truck FCA Rm 2500 CNG Truck Ford F-150 CNG Truck Ford Super Duty F-250 CNG Truck Ford Trnsit 150/250 CNG Vn Ford Trnsit 250 CNG Voctionl/Cb Chssis Ford Trnsit Connect CNG Vn GMC Chevrolet Express 2500 CNG Vn GMC Chevrolet Express Prisoner Trnsport CNG Vn GMC Chevrolet Impl CNG Sedn/Wgon GMC Chevrolet Silverdo 2500 HD CNG Truck GMC Svn 2500 CNG Vn GMC Sierr 2500 HD CNG Truck Ford F-150 LPG Sedn/Wgon Ford Super Duty F-250 LPG Truck Ford Trnsit 150/250 LPG Vn Ford Trnsit 250 LPG Voctionl/Cb Chssis Ford Trnsit Connect LPG Vn Note: Emission Clss is not included on this tble; dt were vilble for only two models. See source for dditionl informtion. Source: U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Alterntive Fuels Dt Center website, Alterntive Fuel nd Advnced Vehicle Serch, July (Additionl resources:

167 6 9 Tble 6.6 Hybrid-Electric Vehicles Avilble by Mnufcturer, Model Yer 2016 Model Vehicle Type Emission Clss Acur RLX Hybrid Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 3, LEV III SULEV30 Audi Q5 Hybrid AWD SUV Tier 2 Bin 5, LEV II ULEV BMW ActiveHybrid 5 Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 5, LEV II ULEV Ford C-MAX Hybrid Sedn/Wgon Ford Fusion Hybrid Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 3, PZEV GMC Chevrolet Mlibu Sedn/Wgon Hond CRZ Two-Seter Tier 2 Bin 2, PZEV Hyundi Sont Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 5, LEV III ULEV125 Infiniti Q50 Hybrid FWD/AWD Sedn/Wgon Infiniti Q50S Hybrid FWD/AWD Sedn/Wgon Infiniti Q70 Hybrid Sedn/Wgon Infiniti QX60 Hybrid SUV Ki Soul Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 1, ZEV Lexus CT 200h Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 3, LEV II SULEV Lexus ES 300h Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 3, LEV III SULEV30 Lexus GS 450h Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 3, LEV II SULEV Lexus GS 450h F Sport Sedn/Wgon Lexus LS 600h L Sedn/Wgon Lexus NX 300h FWD/AWD SUV Tier 2 Bin 3, LEV III SULEV30 Lexus RX 450h FWD/AWD SUV Lincoln MKZ Hybrid Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 3, PZEV Nissn Pthfinder Hybrid 2WD/AWD SUV Subru XV Crosstrek Hybrid SUV Tier 2 Bin 3, PZEV Toyot Avlon Sedn/Wgon Toyot Cmry Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 3, LEV III SULEV30 Toyot Highlnder SUV Toyot Prius Sedn/Wgon Toyot Prius c Sedn/Wgon Toyot Prius v Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 3, LEV III SULEV30 Toyot RAV 4 SUV Volkswgen Jett Hybrid Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 3, PZEV Note: LEV = low emission vehicle. ILEV = inherently low emission vehicle. ULEV = ultr-low emission vehicle. ZEV = zero emission vehicle. TLEV = trnsitionl low emission vehicle. Does not include plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. See Chpter 12 for detils on emissions. Source: U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Alterntive Fuels Dt Center website, Alterntive Fuel nd Advnced Vehicle Serch, July (Additionl resources:

168 6 10 Tble 6.7 Electric-Drive Vehicles Avilble by Mnufcturer, Model Yer 2016 Model Drive Type Vehicle Type Emission Clss BMW i3 EV Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 1, ZEV FCA Fit 500e EV Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 1, ZEV Ford Focus EV Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 1, ZEV GMC Chevrolet Sprk EV Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 1, ZEV Mercedes-Benz B250e EV Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 1, ZEV Mitsubishi i-miev EV Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 1, ZEV Nissn Lef EV Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 1, ZEV Smrt fortwo EV Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 1, ZEV Tesl Model S EV Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 1, ZEV Tesl Model S AWD EV Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 1, ZEV Tesl Model X AWD 90D EV SUV Tier 2 Bin 1, ZEV Tesl Model X AWD P90D EV SUV Tier 2 Bin 1, ZEV Volkswgen e-golf EV Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 1, ZEV Audi A3 Sportbck e-tron PHEV Sedn/Wgon BMW i3 REX PHEV Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 5, PZEV BMW i8 Plug-in Hybrid PHEV Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 5, LEV II ULEV BMW X5 xdrive40e Plug-in Hybrid PHEV SUV Ford C-MAX Energi PHEV Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 3, PZEV Ford Fusion Energi PHEV Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 3, PZEV GMC Cdillc ELR PHEV Sedn/Wgon GMC Chevrolet Volt PHEV Sedn/Wgon Hyundi Sont Plug-in Hybrid PHEV Sedn/Wgon McLren P1 PHEV Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 5, LEV II LEV Mercedes-Benz C350e Plug-in Hybrid PHEV Sedn/Wgon Mercedes-Benz S550e Plug-in Hybrid PHEV Sedn/Wgon Porsche Cyenne S E-Hybrid PHEV SUV Tier 2 Bin 5, LEV II ULEV Porsche Pnmer S E-Hybrid PHEV Sedn/Wgon Tier 2 Bin 5, LEV II ULEV Toyot Prius Plug-in PHEV Sedn/Wgon Volvo XC90 T8 Plug-in Hybrid PHEV Sedn/Wgon Note: EV = electric vehicle; PHEV = plug-in hybrid-electric vehicle; LEV = low emission vehicle; ILEV = inherently low emission vehicle; ULEV = ultr-low emission vehicle; ZEV = zero emission vehicle; TLEV = trnsitionl low emission vehicle; SULEV = super ultr-low emission vehicle; AT-PZEV = dvnced technology - prtil zero emissions vehicle. See Chpter 12 for detils on emissions. Source: U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Alterntive Fuels Dt Center website, Alterntive Fuel nd Advnced Vehicle Serch, July (Additionl resources:

169 6 11 In 1991 there were only two lterntive fuel vehicle (AFV) models on the mrket which were fueled by M85. In 2016 there were 146 different models of AFV on the mrket, with more thn hlf of those fueled by E85. A qurter of the models vilble in 2016 re electric vehicles, which include plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles. Tble 6.8. Number of Alterntive Fuel Vehicle Models Avilble, (number of models vilble) Yer Propne CNG Ethnol (E85) Methnol (M85) Electric vehicle b Hydrogen Totl Averge nnul percentge chnge c c c % c c 17.6% c 9.1% 11.6% c c c 15.6% Source: U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Alterntive Fuels Dt Center website, Light-Duty AFC, HEV, nd Diesel Model Offerings, By Fuel Type, September (Additionl resources: Dedicted nd bi-fuel vehicles. b Electric vehicles include plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles but do not include neighborhood electric vehicles, low-speed electric vehicles, or two-wheeled electric vehicles. c Averge nnul percentge chnge cnnot be clculted from zero.

170 6 12 Tble 6.9 Electric-Drive Medium/Hevy Trucks nd Buses Avilble by Mnufcturer, 2016 Mnufcturer - Model Drive type Truck type Autocr E3 Hybrid Hybrid electric Refuse Chmpion Bus Inc. Defender Hybrid electric Shuttle Bus Collins Bus Corp. NexBus Gsoline Hybrid Hybrid electric School Bus Dimler Buses North Americ Orion VII Hybrid Low-Floor Hybrid electric Trnsit Bus DesignLine Corp. EcoSver IV Hybrid electric Trnsit Bus Ebus EBUS22FC Hybrid electric Shuttle Bus ElDordo Ntionl Axess Hybrid electric Trnsit Bus ElDordo Ntionl E-Z Rider II BRT Hybrid electric Trnsit Bus Foton Americ FCB 30-foot; FCB 35-foot; FCB 40-foot Hybrid electric Trnsit Bus Freightliner M2 106 Hybrid electric Trctor Freightliner M2 106 Hybrid Hybrid electric TrctorVoctionl/Cb Chssis Gillig Corp. Diesel-Electric Hybrid Bus nd CNG Bus Hybrid electric Trnsit Bus Glvl Bus Universl Hybrid electric Shuttle Bus Hino 195h Hybrid electric Voctionl/Cb Chssis IC Bus HC Hybrid Series Hybrid electric Shuttle Bus Interntionl DurStr Hybrid Hybrid electric Voctionl/Cb Chssis Kenworth T270 hybrid Hybrid electric TrctorVoctionl/Cb Chssis Kenworth T370 diesel electric trctor Hybrid electric Trctor Kenworth T370 hybrid truck Hybrid electric Voctionl/Cb Chssis Motor Coch Industries D4500 CT Hybrid Commuter Coch Hybrid electric Trnsit Bus Nvistr HC300 Hybrid Hybrid electric School Bus New Flyer Xcelsior Hybrid electric Trnsit Bus North Americn Bus Industries 31LFW / 35LFW / 40LFW Hybrid electric Trnsit Bus North Americn Bus Industries 42BRT Hybrid electric Trnsit Bus North Americn Bus Industries 60BRT Hybrid electric Trnsit Bus North Americn Bus Industries CompoBus Hybrid electric Trnsit Bus Nov Bus LFS Artic HEV Hybrid electric Trnsit Bus Nov Bus LFS HEV Hybrid electric Trnsit Bus Nov Bus LFX Hybrid electric Trnsit Bus Peterbilt Motors 330 Hybrid Hybrid electric Voctionl/Cb Chssis Peterbilt Motors 337/338 Hybrid electric TrctorVoctionl/Cb Chssis Peterbilt Motors 386HE Hybrid electric Trctor Thoms Built Buses Sf-T-Liner C2e Hybrid Hybrid electric School Bus Turtle Top Odyssey XLT Hybrid electric Shuttle Bus Blqon Mule M150 Electric Voctionl/Cb Chssis Blqon XE-20 Electric Trctor Blqon XE-30 Electric Trctor Boulder Electric Vehicle DV-500 Delivery Truck Electric Step Vn BYD (Build Your Drem) 40 Ft. Trnsit Bus Electric Trnsit Bus BYD (Build Your Drem) 60 ft. Trnsit Bus Electric Trnsit Bus Cpcity Trucks HETT Electric Trctor DesignLine Corp. Eco-Smrt 1 Electric Trnsit Bus Electric Vehicles Interntionl EVI-MD Electric Voctionl/Cb Chssis Electric Vehicles Interntionl WI EVI Electric Step Vn Enov Systems Enov Ze step vn Electric Step Vn GGT Electric Electric Electric Voctionl/Cb Chssis Nvistr-Modec EV Allince estr Electric Step Vn New Flyer Xcelsior Electric Trnsit Bus Proterr EcoRide BE35 Electric Trnsit Bus Smith Electric Vehicles Newton Electric Voctionl/Cb Chssis Smith Electric Vehicles Newton Step Vn Electric Step Vn Trns Tech ETrns Electric School Bus ZeroTruck ZeroTruck Electric Voctionl/Cb Chssis Cpcity Trucks ZETT Hydrogen fuel cell Trctor Ebus EBUS22FC Hydrogen fuel cell Shuttle Bus ElDordo Ntionl Axess Hydrogen fuel cell Trnsit Bus New Flyer Xcelsior Hydrogen fuel cell Trnsit Bus Vn Hool A300L Fuel Cel Hydrogen fuel cell Trnsit Bus Vision Motor Corp. Tyrno Hydrogen fuel cell Trctor Vision Motor Corp. ZETT Zero Emission Terminl Trctor Hydrogen fuel cell Trctor DesignLine Corp. EcoSver IV Hybrid CNG Trnsit Bus Source: U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Alterntive Fuels Dt Center website, July (Additionl resources:

171 6 13 This list includes public nd privte refuel sites; therefore, not ll of these sites re vilble to the public. Tble 6.10 Number of Alterntive Refuel Sites by Stte nd Fuel Type, 2016 Stte B20 sites CNG sites E85 sites Electric sttions Electric chrging outlets Hydrogen sites LNG sites LPG sites Totls by Stte Albm Alsk Arizon ,204 Arknss Cliforni ,963 12, ,112 Colordo ,077 Connecticut Delwre Dist. of Columbi Florid , ,181 Georgi , ,587 Hwii Idho Illinois , ,527 Indin Iow Knss Kentucky Louisin Mine Mrylnd , ,123 Msschusetts , ,249 Michign , ,418 Minnesot Mississippi Missouri ,057 Montn Nebrsk Nevd New Hmpshire New Jersey New Mexico New York , ,852 North Crolin ,281 North Dkot Ohio Oklhom Oregon , ,297 Pennsylvni Rhode Islnd South Crolin South Dkot Tennessee ,183 Texs , ,961 Uth Vermont Virgini Wshington , ,878 West Virgini Wisconsin Wyoming Totls by Fuel 686 1,697 3,108 16,458 40, ,690 49,573 Source: U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Alterntive Fuels Dt Center website, counts.html, August (Additionl resources: Totls by Stte is the totl number of fuel types vilble t sttions. Sttions re counted once for ech type of fuel vilble.

172 6 14 There were just over 3,000 propne sttions in the United Sttes in 1992 mking up 89% of ll lterntive refueling sttions. Electric vehicle sttions, which fter 2011 re counted by the number of plugs rther thn by the geogrphic loction, hve the lrgest number of sttions in Tble 6.11 Number of Alterntive Refuel Sttions, (number of sttions) Yer Propne CNG LNG Biodiesel Ethnol (E85) Methnol (M85) Electric vehicle b Hydrogen Totl , c c c 3, , c c c 3, ,299 1,042 c c c 4, ,299 1,065 c c 4, ,252 1, c 6, ,255 1, c 6, ,318 1, c 7, ,153 1, c 6, ,268 1, c 5, ,403 1, c 5, ,431 1, , ,966 1, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,654 1, , , , ,956 1, , , , ,931 1, , , , ,594 1, , , ,963 Averge nnul percentge chnge % 6.7% c c 37.4% % c c 17.6% % 7.1% 10.7% 9.0% 21.2% c d 10.8% 15.6% Source: U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Alterntive Fuels Dt Center website, U.S. Alterntive Fueling Sttions by Fuel Type, September (Additionl resources: Sttions selling biodiesel blends less thn B20 re included in the sttion count for yers only. b Strting in 2011, electric sttions re counted by the plug rther thn by the geogrphicl loction. This is different from the other fuels, which count only the geogrphicl loction regrdless of how mny dispensers or nozzles re on site. c Dt re not vilble. d Becuse dt re not comprble from 2005 to 2015, n verge nnul percentge chnge is not provided.

173 6 15 Clen Cities is loclly-bsed government/industry prtnership, coordinted by the U.S. Deprtment of Energy to expnd the use of lterntives to gsoline nd diesel fuel. By combining the decision-mking with voluntry ction by prtners, the "grss-roots" pproch of Clen Cities deprts from trditionl "top-down" Federl progrms. Figure 6.1. Clen Cities Colitions Source: U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Clen Cities website, Clen Cities Colition Loctions, clencities.energy.gov/colitions/loctions, August (Additionl resources: clencities.energy.gov)

174 6 16 Tble 6.12 Properties of Conventionl nd Alterntive Liquid Fuels Liquid Fuels Property Gsoline Low-sulfur diesel Methnol Ethnol (E100) Stndrd chemicl formul C4 to C12 C8 to C25 CH3OH CH3CH2OH Physicl stte Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Moleculr weight ~ Composition (weight %) Crbon Hydrogen Oxygen Min fuel source(s) Crude oil Crude oil Gsoline gllon equivlent (GGE) (Fuel unit mesured/gge) 1.0 (E0 gsoline) (Diesel gl/gge) Nturl gs, col, or woody biomss 2.04 Methnol gl/gge) Corn, grins, or griculturl wste (E85 b gl/gge) 1.03 (E10 gl/gge) Specific grvity (60 F/ 60 F) Density 60 F) Boiling temperture (F ) Freezing point (F ) Autoignition temperture (F ) 495 ~ Reid vpor pressure (psi) 8 15 < Source: U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Alterntive Fuels Dt Center website, Fuel Properties Comprison," July 2015, nd communiction with George Mitchell, Ntionl Renewble Energy Lbortory, July Stndrd Chemicl Formuls represent idelized fuels. Some tble vlues re expressed in rnges to represent typicl fuel vritions tht re encountered in the field. b 1 gllon of E85 hs 73% to 83% of the energy of one gllon of gsoline (vrition due to ethnol content in E85).

175 6 17 Tble 6.13 Properties of Conventionl nd Alterntive Gseous Fuels Gseous Fuels Property Propne (LPG) CNG Hydrogen Stndrd chemicl formul C3H8 CH4 H2 Physicl stte Pressurized liquid Compressed gs Compressed gs or liquid Moleculr weight Composition (weight %) Crbon Hydrogen Oxygen n/ n/ 0 Min fuel source(s) Underground reserves Underground reserves nd renewble Bio-gs Nturl gs, methnol, electrolysis, nd other energy sources Gsoline gllon equivlent (GGE) (lb (LPG gl/gge) (Fuel unit mesured/gge) mss/gge) b (kg mss/gge) Diesel gllon equivlent (DGE) (Fuel unit mesured/dge) 1.54 (LPG gl/dge) 6.38 (lb. mss/dge) n/ Specific Grvity (60 F/60 F) Density (lb./cu 60 F) Freezing point (F ) Boiling Point ( F) Autoignition temperture (F ) ,004 1,050-1,080 Reid vpor pressure (psi) 208 n/ n/ Note: n/ = not pplicble. Source: U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Alterntive Fuels Dt Center website, Fuel Properties Comprison," July 2015, nd communiction with George Mitchell, Ntionl Renewble Energy Lbortory, July Stndrd Chemicl Formuls represent idelized fuels. b CNG: 1 Gsoline Gllon Equivlent = 5.66 lb. (s referenced by NIST Specil Publiction 854; Report of the 78th NCWM (1993); p. 326; NG dt derived from field smpling of pipeline nturl gs by IGT/GRI).

176 6 18

177 7 1 Chpter 7 Fleet Vehicles nd Chrcteristics Summry Sttistics from Tbles in this Chpter Source Figure 7.1 Fleet crs, ,620,040 Figure 7.1 Fleet trucks 19,500 lbs. GVW, ,571,600 Tble 7.3 Averge nnul miles per business fleet vehicle Figure 7.2 SUVs 26,196 Intermedite crs 24,324 Pickup trucks 26,124 Averge nnul miles per Federl Government fleet vehicle, 2014 Sedns 9,598 SUVs 9,249 Buses 7,969 Hevy trucks 6,495 Medium trucks 6,243 Light trucks 6,204 Ambulnces 5,492 Tble 7.4 Federl government vehicles, FY ,851 Light trucks (<8,500 lbs. GVW) 277,743 Crs nd other pssenger vehicles 234,338 Medium trucks (8,500 26,000 lbs. GVW) 78,343 Hevy trucks (>26,000 lbs. GVW) 33,996 Buses nd mbulnces 9,431

178 7 2 Vehicles in fleets of 15 or more re counted s fleet vehicles, s well s vehicles in fleets where five or more vehicles re purchsed nnully. There re nerly s mny trucks in fleets s crs in Figure 7.1. Fleet Vehicles in Service s of Jnury 1, 2015 Source: Bobit Publishing Compny, Automotive Fleet Reserch Deprtment, Automotive Fleet Fctbook 2015, Redondo Bech, CA, Txi ctegory includes txis tht re vns in ddition to crs. b Rentl ctegory includes vns nd sports utility vehicles under crs, not trucks. c Fleets of 15 or more in opertion or 5 or more fleet vehicles purchsed nnully.

179 7 3 Dt for fleet vehicles (crs nd trucks less thn 19,501 pounds) show tht rentl fleets re the lrgest shre of crs nd commercil fleets re the lrgest shre of trucks. Government fleets re the second lrgest shre for both crs nd trucks. Tble 7.1 Fleet Vehicles in Service, (thousnds of vehicles) Yer Commercil Rentl Government Police & Txi b Totl Crs c , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,620.0 Trucks c <19,501 lbs , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,571.6 Source: Bobit Publishing Compny, Automotive Fleet Reserch Deprtment, Automotive Fleet Fctbook 2015, nd nnul, Redondo Bech, CA. (Additionl resources: Rentl ctegory includes vns nd sports utility vehicles under crs, not trucks. b Txi Ctegory includes vns. c Fleets of 15 or more in opertion or 5 or more fleet vehicles purchsed nnully.

180 7 4 In commercil fleets, pickup trucks sty in service the longest n verge of 52 months. Most commercil fleet vehicles drive bout 26,000 miles in yer. Tble 7.2 Averge Length of Time Commercil Fleet Vehicles Are in Service, 2014 Averge months Vehicle type in service Compct crs 36 Intermedite crs 32 Pickup trucks 52 Minivns 37 Sport utility vehicles 32 Full-size vns 55 Note: Bsed on dt collected from four leding Fleet Mngement compnies. Source: Bobit Publishing Compny, Automotive Fleet Fctbook 2015, (Additionl resources: Tble 7.3 Averge Annul Vehicle-Miles of Trvel for Commercil Fleet Vehicles, 2014 Averge nnul miles of Business fleet vehicles trvel Compct crs 24,264 Intermedite crs 24,324 Pickup trucks 26,124 Minivns 26,772 Sport utility vehicles 26,196 Full-size vns 26,892 Source: Bobit Publishing Compny, Automotive Fleet Fctbook 2015, (Additionl resources:

181 7 5 These dt, which pply to domestic Federl fleet vehicles, indicte tht sedns now hve the highest verge nnul miles per vehicle, followed closely by sport utility vehicles (SUVs) nd buses. Figure 7.2. Averge Miles per Domestic Federl Vehicle by Vehicle Type, 2014 Note: Light trucks = less thn 8,500 pounds gross vehicle weight rtio (GVWR). Medium trucks = 8,501-23,999 pounds GVWR. Hevy trucks = 24,000 pounds GVWR or more. LSEVs = low-speed electric vehicles. Source: U.S. Generl Services Administrtions, Federl Vehicle Policy Division, FY 2014 Federl Fleet Report, Wshington, DC, 2015, Tble 4-2. (Additionl resources:

182 7 6 The Federl Government vehicle inventory includes more light trucks thn pssenger vehicles. Tble 7.4 Federl Government Vehicles, Vehicle Type Pssenger vehicles Low-speed electric vehicle ,029 3,869 3,893 3,729 3,830 Subcompct 5,462 2,401 3,058 6,797 10,658 13,867 20,368 25,076 Compct 60,938 58,284 41,482 46,489 49,657 47,999 41,564 39,079 Midsize 36,921 36,656 55,157 48,242 38,057 33,321 30,659 28,271 Lrge 11,107 15,966 10,679 10,063 9,146 8,571 6,753 5,760 Limousines Light duty pssenger vns 56,563 42,109 43,131 41,676 40,964 39,518 38,409 37,439 Medium duty pssenger vns ,252 15,696 15,218 16,633 15,740 14,115 14,527 Light duty SUVs 40,842 50,445 56,329 66,316 68,807 73,356 70,371 70,235 Medium duty SUVs 0 6,096 10,837 11,117 11,448 9,405 9,533 9,995 Totl pssenger vehicles 212, , , , , , , ,338 Trucks nd other vehicles Light trucks 4x2 227, , , , , , , ,215 Light trucks 4x4 29,975 35,417 34,962 40,105 47,035 48,690 46,830 46,528 Medium trucks 88,993 83,747 88,509 89,253 81,791 78,630 77,325 78,343 Hevy trucks 27,988 35,230 32,752 32,760 33,951 33,642 34,624 33,996 Ambulnces 1,819 1,580 1,474 1,480 1,445 1,401 1,363 1,231 Buses 6,726 7,837 8,044 8,186 7,978 8,269 8,186 8,200 Totl trucks nd other vehicles 383, , , , , , , ,513 GRAND TOTAL ALL VEHICLES 596, , , , , , , ,851 Note: Light trucks = less thn 8,500 pounds gross vehicle weight rting (GVWR). Medium trucks = 8,501-23,999 pounds GVWR. Hevy trucks = 24,000 pounds GVWR or more. Source: U.S. Generl Services Administrtion, Federl Supply Service, FY 2014 Federl Fleet Report, Wshington, DC, 2015, Tbles 2-5 nd 2-6. (Additionl resources:

183 7 7 Tble 7.5 Federl Fleet Vehicle Acquisitions by Fuel Type, FY Acquisitions by yer Fuel type Gsoline 44,850 41,247 32,089 26,547 20,785 15,660 15,994 18,412 Gsoline hybrid ,853 3,787 1,254 1,364 4,124 Gsoline LGHG b Gsoline plug-in hybrid Diesel 8,107 6,049 5,809 4,136 4,422 4,383 4,625 5,974 Diesel hybrid c Diesel LGHG b CNG 1, E-85 8,054 16,892 26,581 26,789 24,785 24,214 21,644 26,267 Electric , LNG LPG M Hydrogen Grnd totl 62,372 64,613 65,081 63,794 54,999 46,825 44,737 56,079 Source: U.S. Generl Services Administrtions, Federl Vehicle Policy Division, FY 2014 Federl Fleet Report, Wshington, DC, 2015, Tble 5-4. (Additionl resources: Tble 7.6 Fuel Consumed by Federl Government Fleets, FY (thousnd gsoline equivlent gllons) FY00 FY05 FY07 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 Gsoline 284, , , , , , , , ,083 Diesel 70,181 53,363 74,806 76,456 75,329 78,252 73,228 67,332 65,168 CNG 865 1, Electricity Biodiesel (B20) 569 8,052 9,515 7,393 8,258 7,696 6,353 5,619 5,329 Biodiesel (B100) d Methnol/M LPG Ethnol/E ,060 3,854 7,923 8,201 9,521 12,261 14,158 12,911 LNG Hydrogen Totl 356, , , , , , , , ,217 Source: U.S. Generl Services Administrtions, Federl Vehicle Policy Division, FY 2014 Federl Fleet Report, Wshington, DC, 2015, Tble 5-1. (Additionl resources: Combined with gsoline. b Low greenhouse gs emissions. c Combined with diesel. d B100 cnnot be seprted from B20 from

184 7 8 In FY2000, the Generl Services Administrtion owned 143,948 vehicles which they lesed to other gencies. In FY2014, they owned 1,005 vehicles. Tble 7.7 Federl Government Vehicles by Agency, FY 2014 Light trucks Medium trucks Hevy trucks Other* Totl Deprtment or gency Crs CIVILIAN Americn Bttle Monuments Commission Brodcsting Bord of Governors Consumer Product Sfety Commission Court Services nd Offender Supervision Agency Deprtment of Agriculture 13,790 16,312 7,667 2, ,151 Deprtment of Commerce 1, ,998 Deprtment of Eduction Deprtment of Energy 4,626 3,463 3,609 2, ,002 Deprtment of Helth nd Humn Services 3, ,670 Deprtment of Homelnd Security 38,116 9,539 3,782 1, ,005 Deprtment of Housing nd Urbn Development Deprtment of Justice 35,866 3,934 1,307 1, ,393 Deprtment of Lbor 3, ,996 Deprtment of Stte 9,850 1,489 1, ,602 Deprtment of the Interior 11,374 9,093 9,101 3, ,495 Deprtment of Trnsporttion 4, , ,130 Deprtment of the Tresury 3, ,534 Deprtment of Veterns Affirs 14,393 1, ,028 19,035 Environmentl Protection Agency ,007 Equl Employment Opportunity Commission Federl Communictions Commission Federl Housing Finnce Agency Federl Mritime Commission Generl Services Administrtion ,005 Government Printing Office Librry of Congress Ntionl Aeronutics nd Spce Administrtion 1, ,347 Ntionl Archives & Records Administrtion Ntionl Gllery of Art Ntionl Lbor Reltions Bord Ntionl Science Foundtion Ntionl Trnsporttion Sfety Bord Nucler Regultory Commission Office of Personnel Mngement 1, ,452 Pece Corps Pretril Services Agency for the Dist of Columbi Smll Business Administrtion Smithsonin Institution Socil Security Administrtion Tennessee Vlley Authority 1, ,597 U.S. Agency for Interntionl Development Interntionl Trde Commission TOTAL CIVILIAN AGENCIES 151,922 49,662 31,717 12,233 3, ,942 MILITARY Corps of Engineers, Civil Works 2,332 2,664 1, ,460 Defense Agencies 4, ,419 Deprtment of Air Force 11,250 13,447 15,130 6,186 1,846 47,859 Deprtment of Army 31,581 11,869 12,123 5,319 2,471 63,363 Deprtment of Nvy 17,116 9,990 7,811 3, ,896 United Sttes Mrine Corps 6,926 2,051 1,953 1, ,730 TOTAL MILITARY AGENCIES 73,479 40,682 39,447 17,100 6, ,727 U. S. POSTAL SERVICE 8, ,399 7,179 4, ,182 TOTAL ALL FLEETS 234, ,743 78,343 33,996 9, ,851 * Other = Buses nd mbulnces. Note: Light trucks Less thn 8,500 pounds gross vehicle weight rtio (GVWR) (Includes mbulnces). Medium trucks 8,501 23,999 pounds GVWR. Hevy trucks 24,000 pounds GVWR or more. Does not include low-speed vehicles. Source: U.S. Generl Services Administrtion, Federl Supply Service, FY 2014 Federl Fleet Report, Wshington, DC, 2015, Tble 2-1. (Additionl resources:

185 7 9 Demnd response vehicles (lso clled prtrnsit or dil--ride) re widely used by trnsit gencies. The vehicles do not operte over fixed route or on fixed schedule. The vehicle my be disptched to pick up severl pssengers t different pick-up points before tking them to their respective destintions nd my even be interrupted en route to these destintions to pick up other pssengers. Demnd response service is provided primrily by vns. In 2007, the dt chnged substntilly due to improved estimtion methodologies. Unfortuntely, those dt re no longer comprble to the rest of the historicl series. Tble 7.8 Summry Sttistics on Demnd Response Vehicles, Yer Number of gencies Number of ctive vehicles Vehicle-miles (millions) Averge miles per vehicle Pssengermiles (millions) ,214 28, Averge lod fctor Energy use (trillion Btu) ,214 29, ,214 30, ,214 32, ,214 29, ,252 31, ,252 33, ,251 34, ,251 34, ,346 35, ,960 37, ,960 41, , ,960 43,509 1, , ,300 64,865 1, , ,200 65,799 1, , ,700 68,957 1, , ,741 68,621 1, , ,600 65,336 1, , ,511 68,632 1, , ,270 68,559 1, , ,370 71,359 1, , b Note: See Glossry for detiled definition of demnd response. Source: Americn Public Trnsporttion Assocition, 2016 Public Trnsporttion Fct Book, Wshington, DC, April (Additionl resources: Dt re not vilble. b Dt re not continuous between 2006 nd 2007 due to chnges in estimtion methodology. See source document for detils.

186 7 10 In 2007, the dt chnged substntilly due to improved estimtion methodologies. Unfortuntely, those dt re no longer comprble to the rest of the historicl series. Tble 7.9 Summry Sttistics on Trnsit Buses nd Trolleybuses, Yer Number of ctive buses Vehicle-miles (millions) Pssengermiles (millions) Btu/pssengermile Energy use (trillion Btu) ,766 2,176 19,019 4, ,802 2,198 19,005 4, ,353 2,234 19,280 4, ,425 2,259 19,793 4, ,788 2,188 20,542 4, ,885 2,290 21,391 4, ,665 2,329 21,433 4, ,675 2,389 22,209 4, ,806 2,425 22,029 4, ,000 2,435 21,438 4, ,630 2,484 21,550 4, ,642 2,498 21,998 4, ,689 2,507 22,985 4, ,808 2,314 21,132 4, ,096 2,388 21,918 4, ,363 2,345 21,645 4, ,810 2,425 21,172 4, ,654 2,425 21,574 4, ,757 2,417 21,251 4, ,699 2,425 22,306 4, ,603 2,445 22,614 3, Source: Americn Public Trnsporttion Assocition, 2016 Public Trnsporttion Fct Book, Wshington, DC, April 2016, Appendix A. (Additionl resources: Dt re not continuous between 2006 nd 2007 due to chnges in estimtion methodology. See source document for detils.

187 8 1 Household Vehicles nd Chrcteristics Summry Sttistics from Tbles/Figures in this Chpter Source Tble 8.2 Vehicles per cpit, Vehicles per licensed driver, Vehicles per household, Tble 8.3 Averge household trnsporttion expense, % Tble 8.5 Shre of households owning 3 or more vehicles % % % % % % % Figure 8.1 Averge occupncy rtes by vehicle type, 2009 Vn 2.35 Sports Utility 1.90 Cr 1.55 Pickup Truck 1.49 Tble 8.10 Averge nnul miles per household vehicle, ,300 Tble 8.16 Shre of workers who cr pooled, % Tble 8.21 Long-distnce trips in the United Sttes, 2001 Person-trips 2,554 million Person-miles 1,138 billion

188 8 2 The number of vehicles in the United Sttes is growing fster thn the popultion. The growth in vehicle-miles hs slowed in recent yers. See Tble 8.2 for vehicles per cpit nd vehicle-miles per cpit. Resident popultion (thousnds) Tble 8.1 Popultion nd Vehicle Profile, Totl households (thousnds) Number of vehicles in opertion (thousnds) Totl vehiclemiles (millions) Number of licensed drivers (thousnds) Number of civilin employed persons (thousnds) Yer ,868 43,554 43, ,246 62,194 58, ,069 47,874 56, ,646 74,686 62, ,979 52,799 67, ,762 87,253 65, ,526 57,436 82, ,812 98,502 71, ,052 63,401 98,136 1,109, ,543 78, ,973 71, ,054 1,327, ,791 85, ,226 80, ,831 1,527, ,295 99, ,466 86, ,048 1,774, , , ,132 93, ,299 2,144, , , ,493 94, ,438 2,172, , , ,894 95, ,519 2,247, , , ,255 96, ,315 2,296, , , ,436 97, ,714 2,357, , , ,557 98, ,441 2,422, , , ,667 99, ,294 2,485, , , , , ,071 2,561, , , , , ,043 2,631, , , , , ,509 2,691, , , , , ,300 2,746, , , , , ,683 2,797, , , , , ,027 2,855, , , , , ,882 2,890, , , , , ,167 2,964, , , , , ,384 2,989, , , , , ,643 3,014, , , , , ,701 3,031, , , , , ,813 2,976, , , , , ,972 2,956, , , , , ,231 2,967, , , , , ,932 2,950, , , , , ,497 2,969, , , , , ,715 2,988, , , , , ,027 3,025, , ,305 Averge nnul percentge chnge % 1.6% 2.8% 3.0% 2.0% 1.4% % 0.9% 1.1% 0.2% 0.7% 0.5% Sources: Resident popultion nd civilin employed persons U.S. Deprtment of Commerce, Bureu of the Census, Online Dt Retrievl, Wshington, DC, (Additionl resources: Vehicles in opertion IHS Automotive. FURTHER REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED. (Additionl resources: Licensed drivers nd vehicle-miles U.S. Deprtment of Trnsporttion, Federl Highwy Administrtion, Highwy Sttistics 2014, Tbles DL-20 nd VM-1, nd nnul. (Additionl resources: Estimtes s of July 1. Includes Armed Forces in the United Sttes.

189 8 3 Vehicle-miles per cpit were over 10,000 miles from 2004 to 2007 but were 9,488 miles in There were 1.76 vehicles for every employed civilin in the United Sttes in Tble 8.2 Vehicles nd Vehicle-Miles per Cpit, Licensed drivers per household Vehicles per licensed driver Vehicles per civilin employed persons Yer Vehicles per cpit Vehicle-miles per cpit Vehicles per household , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Averge nnul percentge chnge % 1.8% 0.3% 1.2% 0.9% 1.4% % -0.6% -0.2% 0.1% 0.3% 0.5% Sources: Resident popultion nd civilin employed persons U.S. Deprtment of Commerce, Bureu of the Census, Online Dt Retrievl, Wshington, DC, (Additionl resources: Vehicles in opertion IHS Automotive. FURTHER REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED. (Additionl resources: Vehicle-miles U.S. Deprtment of Trnsporttion, Federl Highwy Administrtion, Highwy Sttistics 2014, Tble VM-1 nd nnul. (Additionl resources: Includes ll vehicles (light nd hevy).

190 8 4 Tble 8.3 Averge Annul Expenditures of Households by Income, 2014 Income before txes All households Less thn $5,000 $5,000 $9,999 $10,000 $14,999 $15,000 $19,999 Totl expenditures $53,495 $23,570 $20,818 $22,862 $27,324 Percentge of totl expenditures b Food c 12.6% 15.3% 15.9% 15.2% 14.4% Housing 33.3% 40.5% 43.0% 41.2% 39.6% Apprel nd services 3.3% 3.9% 3.2% 3.2% 2.9% Trnsporttion 17.0% 13.9% 14.8% 15.5% 15.4% Vehicle purchses (net outly) 6.2% 4.2% 5.7% 5.5% 4.4% Gsoline nd motor oil 4.6% 4.7% 5.0% 4.9% 5.1% Other vehicle expenditures 5.1% 4.2% 3.3% 4.3% 4.9% Public trnsporttion 1.1% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 1.0% Helth cre 8.0% 6.7% 6.2% 8.0% 10.3% Entertinment 5.1% 4.6% 4.8% 4.6% 4.7% Personl Insurnce & pensions 10.7% 1.0% 1.6% 2.6% 2.8% Others d 9.1% 13.1% 9.8% 9.1% 9.2% Households e (thousnds) 127,006 6,115 4,980 8,243 8,243 Percentge of households 100.0% 4.8% 3.9% 6.5% 6.5% Averge number of vehicles in HH Income before txes $20,000 $29,999 $30,000 $39,999 $40,000 $49,999 $50,000 $69,999 $70,000 nd over Totl expenditures $32,048 $37,846 $43,775 $51,242 $87,962 Percentge of totl expenditures b Food c 13.8% 13.7% 13.6% 12.7% 11.5% Housing 37.8% 35.8% 34.6% 33.2% 31.0% Apprel nd services 3.0% 3.5% 3.5% 3.1% 3.3% Trnsporttion 17.9% 17.0% 18.9% 18.5% 16.6% Vehicle purchses (net outly) 5.9% 5.2% 7.2% 6.7% 6.3% Gsoline nd motor oil 5.4% 5.7% 5.5% 5.3% 4.0% Other vehicle expenditures 5.8% 5.2% 5.3% 5.5% 4.9% Public trnsporttion 0.8% 0.8% 0.9% 0.9% 1.3% Helth cre 9.7% 9.4% 8.5% 9.2% 7.3% Entertinment 4.4% 5.2% 4.9% 5.0% 5.3% Personl Insurnce & pensions 4.3% 6.3% 7.5% 9.3% 14.5% Others d 8.3% 8.5% 8.0% 8.3% 9.5% Households e (thousnds) 14,916 13,122 11,086 18,036 42,265 Percentge of households 11.7% 10.3% 8.7% 14.2% 33.3% Averge number of vehicles in HH Source: U.S. Deprtment of Lbor, Bureu of Lbor Sttistics, website: August (Additionl resources: Public ssistnce monies re included in reported income. Dt for those reporting income. b Percentges my not sum to totls due to rounding. c Includes lcoholic beverges. d Includes personl cre, reding, eduction, tobcco nd smoking supplies, csh contributions, nd miscellneous items. e The term household refers to consumer unit, which is defined differently thn households on Tble 8.1.

191 8 5 The verge mount of money tht household spends in yer hs chnged very little between 1985 nd 2014 in constnt dollr terms. Expenditures on trnsporttion were 19.4% of the totl in 1985, but were 17.0% in Vehicle purchses mde up more thn one-third of trnsporttion expenditures in 2014, while gs nd oil were 27%. Tble 8.4 Annul Household Expenditures for Trnsporttion, (constnt 2014 dollrs) Trnsporttion expenditures Averge Trnsporttion Other nnul shre of Yer Vehicle purchses Gs & Oil vehicle expenses Public trnsporttion Totl trnsporttion household expenditures nnul expenditures ,539 2,301 2, ,228 52, % ,050 1,994 2, ,552 52, % ,201 1,836 2, ,561 51, % ,779 1,869 3, ,286 52, % ,483 1,884 3, ,075 54, % ,932 1,909 3, ,411 52, % ,744 1,735 3, ,099 52, % ,656 1,642 3, ,828 51, % ,791 1,601 3, ,004 51, % ,318 1,581 3, ,706 52, % ,157 1,575 3, ,508 52, % ,409 1,669 3, ,961 53, % ,213 1,637 3, ,837 53, % ,420 1,496 3, ,854 54, % ,841 1,522 3, ,262 55, % ,765 1,809 3, ,404 55, % ,050 1,724 3, ,586 55, % ,972 1,648 3, ,506 56, % ,980 1,741 3, ,346 54, % ,257 2,003 2, ,776 54, % ,296 2,440 2, ,114 56, % ,017 2,615 2, ,991 56, % ,704 2,722 2, ,000 56, % ,029 2,985 2, ,461 55, % ,932 2,191 2, ,450 54, % ,810 2,315 2, ,335 52, % ,809 2,794 2, ,728 52, % ,310 2,842 2, ,278 53, % ,324 2,653 2, ,150 51, % ,301 2,468 2, ,073 53, % Source: U.S. Deprtment of Lbor, Bureu of Lbor Sttistics, Consumer Expenditure Survey, August (Additionl resources: Other vehicle expenses include vehicle finnce chrges, mintennce nd repirs, insurnce, licenses, nd other vehicle chrges.

192 8 6 Household vehicle ownership shows drmtic increse from 1960 to In 1960, nerly 79% of households owned less thn two vehicles; by 1990, it declined to 45%. Census dt prior to 1990 indicted tht the mjority of households owned one vehicle; in 1990 tht chnged to two vehicles. Since 2000, less thn 10% of households hd no vehicles. The Americn Community Survey now collects these dt on n nnul bsis, thus nnul dt re vilble fter Tble 8.5 Household Vehicle Ownership, Census (percentge) No vehicles One vehicle Two vehicles Three or more vehicles % 56.9% 19.0% 2.5% % 47.7% 29.3% 5.5% % 35.5% 34.0% 17.5% % 33.7% 37.4% 17.3% % 33.8% 38.6% 18.3% % 33.8% 37.6% 19.5% % 34.1% 37.5% 19.1% % 34.1% 37.3% 19.3% % 33.9% 37.3% 19.7% % 33.7% 37.3% 19.9% Source: U. S. Deprtment of Trnsporttion, Volpe Ntionl Trnsporttion Systems Center, Journey-to-Work Trends in the United Sttes nd its Mjor Metropolitn Are, , Cmbridge, MA, 1994, p dt U.S. Bureu of the Census, Americn Fct Finder, fctfinder.census.gov, Tble QT-04, August (Additionl resources: dt U.S. Bureu of the Census, Americn Community Survey, Tble CP04, 2016.

193 Ntionl Household Trvel Survey Dily Trip Dt The Deprtment of Trnsporttion (DOT) collected dt on dily trips in 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990 nd 1995 vi the Ntionwide Personl Trnsporttion Survey (NPTS). For 2001, the DOT combined the collection of long trip nd dily trip dt into one survey the 2001 Ntionl Household Trvel Survey (NHTS). The long trip dt were not included in the 2009 NHTS. The NHTS is the ntion s inventory of dily trvel. The survey includes demogrphic chrcteristics of households, people, vehicles, nd detiled informtion on dily trvel for ll purposes by ll modes. NHTS survey dt re collected from smple of U.S. households nd expnded to provide ntionl estimtes of trips nd miles by trvel mode, trip purpose, nd host of household ttributes. The NHTS ws designed to continue the NPTS series, but s with ll dt surveys, cution should be used when compring sttistics from one survey to nother due to chnges in terminology, survey procedures, nd trget popultion. The 2001 nd 2009 surveys collected dt on trips of children under 5 yers of ge, while the previous NPTS did not. Improved methodologies first used in the collection of trip informtion in the 1995 NPTS mke it difficult to compre these dt with pst NPTS survey dt. Thus, the 1990 NPTS trip dt hve been djusted to mke it comprble with the lter surveys. The next NHTS is being conducted in 2016 nd dt will be vilble in Tble 8.6 Demogrphic Sttistics from the 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS nd 2001, 2009 NHTS Percent chnge Persons per household % Vehicles per household % Workers per household % Licensed drivers per household % Vehicles per worker % Vehicles per licensed driver % Averge vehicle trip length (miles) % Note: Averge vehicle trip length for 1990 nd 1995 is clculted using only those records with trip milege informtion present. The 1969 survey does not include pickups nd other light trucks s household vehicles. Dt on vehicles per household nd licensed drivers per household will not mtch Tble 8.2 becuse they come from different source. Sources: U.S. Deprtment of Trnsporttion, Federl Highwy Administrtion, 1990 Ntionwide Personl Trnsporttion Survey: Summry of Trvel Trends, FHWA-PL , Wshington, DC, Mrch 1992, Tble 2. Dt for 1995, 2001 nd 2009 were generted from the 2009 Ntionl Household Trvel Survey website nhts.ornl.gov. (Additionl resources:

194 8 8 Due to methodology improvements in collecting trip informtion, the 2001 nd 1995 dt should be compred only to the 1990 djusted dt. The originl 1990 dt re comprble to ll previous surveys; however, comprisons should lwys be mde with cution becuse of differing survey methodologies. Tble 8.7 Averge Annul Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips nd Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS nd 2001, 2009 NHTS Journey-to-work All trips Averge nnul vehicle-miles per household ,183 12, ,815 12, ,538 11, originl 4,853 15, djusted 4,853 18, ,492 20, ,724 21, ,513 19,850 Averge nnul vehicle trips per household , , , originl 448 1, djusted 448 2, , , ,068 Averge vehicle trip length (miles) originl djusted Sources: U.S. Deprtment of Trnsporttion, Federl Highwy Administrtion, 1990 Ntionwide Personl Trnsporttion Survey: Summry of Trvel Trends, FHWA-PL , Wshington, DC, Mrch 1992, Tble djusted dt Ok Ridge Ntionl Lbortory, Ok Ridge, TN, August NPTS, 2001, 2009 NHTS dt were generted from the 2009 Ntionl Household Trvel Survey website nhts.ornl.gov. (Additionl resources: nhts.ornl.gov) It is believed tht the methodology chnges in the 1995 NPTS did not ffect journey-to-work trips; therefore, no djustment is necessry.

195 8 9 In 2001 nd 2009 nnul vehicle-miles trveled (vmt) for three-person household is round 28,000 miles. The number of drivers in household mkes big difference in vmt, s does the presence of children in the household. Households with children hve more thn double the vmt of households without children. Tble 8.8 Averge Number of Vehicles nd Vehicle Trvel per Household, 1990 NPTS nd 2001 nd 2009 NHTS Averge number of vehicles per household Averge vehicle-miles trveled per household Number of licensed drivers ,200 9,700 8, ,900 25,800 23, ,400 37,900 37,700 4 or more ,500 47,200 55,200 Household size 1 person ,400 7,500 7,100 2 persons ,300 21,200 17,500 3 persons ,700 28,400 27,900 4 persons ,300 28,600 33,200 5 persons ,900 33,200 33,700 6 or more persons ,200 33,800 33,600 Household urbn sttus Urbn ,000 19,300 17,600 Rurl ,200 28,400 27,700 Household composition With children ,100 28,300 30,400 Without children ,600 16,700 14,400 All households ,300 21,200 19,900 Source: Generted from the Deprtment of Trnsporttion, Federl Highwy Administrtion, Ntionwide Personl Trnsporttion Survey Public Use Files, Wshington, DC, 2000 nd the 2009 Ntionl Household Trvel Survey website nhts.ornl.gov. (Additionl resources: nhts.ornl.gov)

196 8 10 In 2009, 22% of vehicle trips were trveling to nd from work. Another 22% of trips were for shopping. Shopping is done close to home, s the verge trip length for shopping ws only 6.5 miles. Tble 8.9 Trip Sttistics by Trip Purpose, 2001 nd 2009 NHTS Shre of vehicle- Trip length Trip length Shre of trips miles trveled (miles) (minutes) Trip purpose To/from work 22.1% 22.3% 27.0% 28.7% Work-relted business 4.1% 3.9% 8.4% 7.2% Shopping 21.1% 22.8% 14.5% 15.5% Other fmily/personl business 24.7% 21.9% 18.7% 15.7% School/church 4.9% 5.0% 3.7% 4.6% Medicl/dentl 2.2% 2.6% 2.2% 2.6% Vction 0.4% 0.7% 1.8% 2.3% Visit friends/reltives 6.3% 5.7% 9.4% 9.4% Other socil/recretionl 13.7% 14.9% 13.2% 13.5% Other 0.5% 0.3% 1.0% 0.6% All 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Note: The "All" ctegory for verge trip length nd durtion includes records for which trip purpose ws not identified. Source: Generted from the 2009 Ntionl Household Trvel Survey website nhts.ornl.gov. Percentges my not sum to totls due to rounding.

197 8 11 While cr occupncy styed nerly constnt from 1995 to 2009, most other vehicle types showed incresed occupncy. Vns nd sport utility vehicles hve higher vehicle occupncies thn crs. Figure 8.1. Averge Vehicle Occupncy by Vehicle Type, 1995 NPTS nd 2009 NHTS Sources: U.S. Deprtment of Trnsporttion, Federl Highwy Administrtion, 1995 Ntionwide Personl Trnsporttion Survey, Wshington, DC, 1997, nd 2009 Ntionl Household Trvel Survey, Wshington, DC. (Additionl resources: nhts.ornl.gov)

198 8 12 The verge vehicle occupncy, clculted s person-miles per vehicle-mile, is highest for socil nd recretionl purposes. The highest vehicle occupncy levels for ll purposes were in The increse in number of vehicles per household nd the decrese in verge household size could hve contributed to the decline since then. Figure 8.2. Averge Vehicle Occupncy by Trip Purpose 1977 NPTS nd 2009 NHTS Sources: U.S. Deprtment of Trnsporttion, Federl Highwy Administrtion, 1990 Ntionwide Personl Trnsporttion Survey: Summry of Trvel Trends, FHWA-PL-92027, Wshington, DC, Mrch 1992, Figure 6. Dt from 2009 NHTS were generted from the 2009 Ntionl Household Trvel Survey website nhts.ornl.gov, Mrch (Additionl resources: nhts.ornl.gov)

199 8 13 The 1990 household survey reports the highest verge nnul miles per vehicle nd the 1983 survey reports the lowest. These dt show tht younger vehicles re typiclly driven more miles thn older vehicles. Tble 8.10 Averge Annul Miles per Household Vehicle by Vehicle Age Vehicle ge (yers) 1983 self-reported 1990 self-reported 1995 self-reported 2001 self-reported 2009 self-reported Under 1 8,200 19,600 15,900 15,500 13, ,200 16,800 16,800 14,300 14, ,800 16,600 15,500 14,000 13, ,500 14,700 14,400 13,100 12, ,000 13,600 14,100 12,500 12, ,100 12,900 13,500 12,000 12, ,300 13,200 13,200 11,800 12, ,000 12,400 12,800 11,600 11, ,800 12,600 12,200 10,900 11, ,000 11,500 12,200 10,800 11, nd older 7,300 9,200 8,900 7,400 9,300 All household vehicles 10,400 12,500 12,200 11,100 11,300 Note: Dt include ll household vehicles, nd hve been rounded to the nerest hundred. Sources: Ntionwide Personl Trnsporttion Study 1983: D. Klinger nd J. Richrd Kuzmyk, COMSIS Corportion, Personl Trvel in the United Sttes, Volume 1: Ntionwide Personl Trvel Study, prepred for the U.S. Deprtment of Trnsporttion, Wshington, DC, August 1986, Tble 4-22, p : Generted from the 1990 Ntionwide Personl Trnsporttion Study Public Use Tpe, Mrch , 2001 nd 2009: Generted from the 2009 NHTS dtsets, version 2, Februry (Additionl resources: nhts.ornl.gov)

200 8 14 Historiclly, the dt from the Ntionwide Personl Trnsporttion Survey (NPTS) re bsed on estimtes reported by survey respondents. For the 1995 NPTS nd the 2001 Ntionl Household Trvel Survey (NHTS), odometer dt were lso collected. The 1995 dt indicte tht respondents overestimte the number of miles they drive in yer, but the 2001 dt do not show tht sme trend. Tble 8.11 Self-Reported vs. Odometer Averge Annul Miles, 1995 NPTS nd 2001 NHTS Vehicle ge (yers) self-reported odometer self-reported odometer Under 1 15,900 15,600 15,500 14, ,800 14,500 14,300 14, ,500 14,800 14,000 13, ,400 13,800 13,100 14, ,100 12,900 12,500 13, ,500 12,700 12,000 12, ,200 12,400 11,800 12, ,800 11,600 11,600 12, ,200 11,300 10,900 11, ,200 11,200 10,800 10, nd older 8,900 9,000 7,400 8,100 All household vehicles 12,200 11,800 11,000 11,800 Note: The 2009 NHTS did not collect similr dt. Survey methodology on odometer reding dt differs from 1995 to 2001 dt. Source: Generted from the 2009 Ntionl Household Trvel Survey website nhts.ornl.gov nd 2001 NHTS public use file.

201 8 15 Figure 8.3. Shre of Vehicle Trips by Trip Distnce, 2009 NHTS Source: Generted from the 2009 Ntionl Household Trvel Survey website nhts.ornl.gov. Figure 8.4. Shre of Vehicle Trips to Work by Trip Distnce, 2009 NHTS Source: Generted from the 2009 Ntionl Household Trvel Survey website nhts.ornl.gov.

202 8 16 Nineteen percent of new vehicles (1 yer old nd under) trvel over 20,000 miles per yer. Almost hlf of the vehicles over 20 yers old trvel less thn 4,000 miles in yer. Tble 8.12 Shre of Vehicles by Annul Miles of Trvel nd Vehicle Age, 2009 NHTS Vehicle ge (yers) Annul vehicle miles of trvel 1 nd under < 1,000 miles 2% 3% 3% 3% 3% 4% 3% 1-2,000 miles 2% 3% 2% 3% 3% 3% 3% 2-4,000 miles 5% 6% 7% 7% 6% 7% 9% 4-6,000 miles 7% 10% 9% 8% 8% 10% 10% 6-8,000 miles 10% 10% 11% 11% 10% 12% 12% 8-10,000 miles 11% 11% 11% 11% 11% 12% 12% 10-12,000 miles 9% 11% 11% 11% 12% 11% 11% 12-15,000 miles 16% 15% 14% 15% 15% 14% 13% 15-20,000 miles 18% 15% 17% 17% 16% 14% 14% 20-30,000 miles 13% 11% 12% 11% 11% 10% 9% >30,000 miles 6% 5% 4% 3% 4% 4% 3% All 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Vehicle ge (yers) Over 20 < 1,000 miles 4% 4% 4% 6% 9% 19% 1-2,000 miles 4% 4% 4% 5% 7% 8% 2-4,000 miles 9% 9% 10% 11% 16% 19% 4-6,000 miles 11% 12% 12% 14% 14% 14% 6-8,000 miles 12% 12% 11% 14% 13% 12% 8-10,000 miles 13% 11% 12% 12% 10% 7% 10-12,000 miles 11% 11% 11% 10% 8% 6% 12-15,000 miles 13% 13% 12% 10% 8% 5% 15-20,000 miles 12% 13% 14% 9% 7% 5% 20-30,000 miles 9% 8% 7% 7% 4% 3% >30,000 miles 3% 3% 3% 3% 2% 2% All 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Source: Generted from the 2009 Ntionl Household Trvel Survey website nhts.ornl.gov. (Additionl resources: nhts.ornl.gov)

203 8 17 The verge driver mkes three trips per dy with n verge of 9.7 miles for ech trip. Tble 8.13 Household Vehicle Trips, 2009 NHTS Number of dily vehicle trips (per driver) Averge vehicle trip length (miles) Dily vehicle miles of trvel (per driver) Source: Generted from the 2009 Ntionl Household Trvel Survey website nhts.ornl.gov. Figure 8.5. Averge Dily Miles Driven (per Driver), 2009 NHTS Source: Generted from the 2009 Ntionl Household Trvel Survey website nhts.ornl.gov.

204 8 18 Tble 8.14 Dily Vehicle Miles of Trvel (per Vehicle) by Number of Vehicles in the Household, 2009 NHTS Dily miles per vehicle Number of household vehicles More thn All Source: Generted from the 2009 Ntionl Household Trvel Survey website nhts.ornl.gov. Tble 8.15 Dily nd Annul Vehicle Miles of Trvel nd Averge Age for Ech Vehicle in Household, 2009 NHTS Averge dily miles Averge nnul miles Averge ge (yers) Vehicle number One-vehicle household , Two-vehicle household , , Three-vehicle household , , , Four-vehicle household , , , , Five-vehicle household , , , , , Six-vehicle household , , , , , , Source: Generted from the 2009 Ntionl Household Trvel Survey website nhts.ornl.gov.

205 8 19 Figure 8.6. Dily Vehicle Miles of Trvel for Ech Vehicle in Household, 2009 NHTS Source: Generted from the 2009 Ntionl Household Trvel Survey website nhts.ornl.gov. Figure 8.7. Annul Vehicle Miles of Trvel for Ech Vehicle in Household, 2009 NHTS Source: Generted from the 2009 Ntionl Household Trvel Survey website nhts.ornl.gov.

206 8 20 According to the U.S. Census dt, the percentge of workers who cr pooled hs dropped from 19.7% in 1980 to 9.6% in The percent of workers using public trnsit declined from 6.4% to 5.3% in the ten-yer period between 1980 nd 1990, but styed reltively the sme from 1990 to 2014 (~5.0%). The verge trvel time incresed by 4.0 minutes from 1980 to The Americn Community Survey (ACS) now collects journey-towork dt on n nnul bsis. It shows the verge commute time s 25.7 minutes in Tble 8.16 Mens of Trnsporttion to Work, 1980, 1990, 2000, nd Census 1990 Census 2000 Census 2014 ACS Number of workers Number of workers Number of workers Number of workers Mens of trnsporttion (thousnds) Shre (thousnds) Shre (thousnds) Shre (thousnds) Shre Privte vehicle 81, % 99, % 112, % 121, % Drove lone 62, % 84, % 97, % 107, % Cr pooled 19, % 15, % 15, % 13, % Public trnsporttion 6, % 6, % 6, % 7, % Bus or trolley bus 3, % 3, % 3, % 3, % Streetcr or trolley cr b b % % % Subwy or elevted 1, % 1, % 1, % 2, % Rilrod % % % % Ferrybot b b % % % Txicb % % % % Motorcycle % % % % Bicycle % % % % Wlked only 5, % 4, % 3, % 3, % Other mens % % % 1, % Worked t home 2, % 3, % 4, % 6, % Totl workers 96, % 115, % 128, % 141, % Averge trvel time (minutes) Sources: dt Provided by the Journey-to-Work nd Migrtion Sttistics Brnch, Popultion Division, U.S. Bureu of the Census dt U.S. Bureu of the Census, Journey to Work: 2000, Tbles 1 nd 2, , Mrch 2004 ( dt U.S. Bureu of the Census, Americn Community Survey Five-Yer Estimtes, Tbles B08301 nd GCT0801. (Additionl resources: This ctegory ws "Bus or streetcr" in b Dt re not vilble.

207 8 21 Tble 8.17 Chrcteristics of U.S. Dily per Vehicle Driving vs. Dwelling Unit Type nd Density Shre of vehicles in density type Hours per vehicle per dy Averge vehicle speed (miles/hour) Miles per vehicle per dy All clsses detched single house 77.0% All clsses other 23.0% <1,000/sq. mile detched single house 81.6% <1,000/sq. mile ll other 18.4% ,000-4,000/sq. mile detched single house 75.5% ,000-4,000/sq. mile ll other 24.5% ,000-10,000/sq. mile detched single house 42.5% ,000-10,000/sq. mile ll other 57.5% ,000-25,000/sq. mile detched single house 17.8% ,000-25,000/sq. mile ll other 82.2% >25,000/sq. mile detched single house 9.8% >25,000/sq. mile ll other 90.2% Source: Generted from the 2009 Ntionl Household Trvel Survey website nhts.ornl.gov. Tble 8.18 Housing Unit Chrcteristics, 2013 Shre of occupied housing units % with grge or crport Type of housing unit New construction (< = 4 yers) 2.0% 78.2% Mnufctured/mobile homes 6.0% 40.6% Geogrphic loction (Census Region) Northest 18.2% 51.5% Midwest 22.4% 74.5% South 37.1% 60.1% West 22.3% 80.1% Tenure Owner 65.3% 80.4% Renter 34.7% 39.7% All occupied units 115,852 units 66.3% Note: The Americn Housing Survey is updted every two yers. The 2013 dt re the ltest vilble. Source: U.S. Bureu of the Census, 2013 Americn Housing Survey, Tble C-02-AO. (Additionl informtion:

208 8 22 The verge one-wy commute time ws 25.7 minutes in Almost 64% of workers trveled less thn 30 minutes to work in In 1990, 32.5% of workers commuted less thn 15 minutes; in 2013 tht number dropped to 27.8%. Tble 8.19 Workers by Commute Time, 1990, 2000 nd 2014 Commute time (one-wy) Less thn 15 minutes 32.5% 29.4% 27.4% minutes 37.0% 36.1% 36.4% minutes 15.2% 15.8% 16.5% minutes 9.2% 10.7% 11.4% 60 minutes or more 6.1% 8.0% 8.3% Averge trvel time (minutes) Sources: U.S. Bureu of the Census, Journey to Work: 2000, Tbles 1 nd 2, , Mrch U.S. Bureu of the Census, Americn Community Survey, 5-Yer Estimtes, Tbles S0802 nd B (Additionl resources:

209 8 23 Sles of bicycles with wheel sizes of 20 inches nd over hve grown t n verge nnul rte of 1.0% from 1981 to Bicycle sles experienced lrge decline in 2009, which brought totl sles to 14.9 million new low in the 18-yer series. Sles in 2015 were 17.4 million. Tble 8.20 Bicycle Sles, (millions) Wheel sizes under 20 inches Wheel sizes of 20 inches nd over All wheel sizes Averge nnul percentge chnge % % -1.1% -1.3% Source: : Bicycle Mnufcturers Assocition on: Ntionl Bicycle Delers Assocition. (Additionl resources: Dt re not vilble.

210 8 24 In 2009, 4.5% of wlk trips nd 10.9% of bike trips were to/from work. Forty-seven percent of ll bike trips were for socil/recretionl purposes. Nerly 15% of wlk trips were shopping trips. Figure 8.8. Wlk nd Bike Trips by Trip Purpose, 2009 NHTS Note: Percentges my not sum to totls due to rounding. Source: Generted from the 2009 Ntionl Household Trvel Survey website nhts.ornl.gov.

211 8 25 After 2001 only dt on dily trips were collected in the NHTS. The 2001 dt re still the ltest vilble on long-distnce trips. Long Distnce Trips 2001 Ntionl Household Trvel Survey The 2001 Ntionl Household Trvel Survey (NHTS) collected dt on long-distnce trips s well s everydy trvel. The everydy trvel dt is continution of the Ntionwide Personl Trnsporttion Survey (NPTS), while the long-distnce trvel dt is continution of the Americn Trvel Survey (ATS) which ws collected in 1977 nd The survey collected trip-relted dt such s mode of trnsporttion, durtion, distnce nd purpose of trip. It lso gthered demogrphic, geogrphic, nd economic dt for nlysis purposes. A long-distnce trip is defined s trip of 50 miles or more, one-wy. Long-trip dt from the 2001 NHTS were relesed in the summer of For dditionl informtion bout the 2001 NHTS dt, contct the Bureu of Trnsporttion Sttistics t or visit the following website:

212 8 26 Tble 8.21 Long-Distnce Trip Chrcteristics, 2001 NHTS Person trips Person miles Trip chrcteristic (thousnds) (percent) (thousnds) (percent) Totl 2,554, ,138,322, Principl mens of trnsporttion: Personl use vehicles 2,310, ,882, Airplne 165, ,888, Commercil irplne 158, ,717, Bus b 52, ,747, Intercity bus 3, ,765, Chrter, tour, or school bus 45, ,019, Trin 20, ,266, Round trip distnce: 100 to 300 miles 1,688, ,586, to 499 miles 373, ,571, to 999 miles 261, ,669, ,000 to 1,999 miles 125, ,629, ,000 miles or more 104, ,865, Men (miles) 446 c c c Medin (miles) 206 c c c Clendr qurter: 1st qurter 566, ,556, nd qurter 653, ,154, rd qurter 734, ,021, th qurter 599, ,590, Min purpose of trip: Commuting 329, ,877, Other business 405, ,353, Personl/leisure 1,406, ,471, Personl business 322, ,020, Other 88, ,031, Nights wy from home: None 1,454, ,469, to 3 nights 808, ,219, to 7 nights 214, ,265, or more nights 76, ,368, Destintion: Within Census division 2,077, ,651, Across Census division, within Census 196, ,930, Across Census region 279, ,741, Note: Long-distnce trips were not included in the 2009 NHTS. Source: U.S. Bureu of Trnsporttion Sttistics nd the U.S. Federl Highwy Administrtion, 2001 Ntionl Household Trnsporttion Survey. (Additionl resources: A long-distnce trip is defined s trip of 50 miles or more, one-wy. b Includes other types of buses. c Not pplicble.

213 9 1 Nonhighwy Modes Summry Sttistics from Tbles in this Chpter Source Pssenger-miles (millions) Tble 9.2 Domestic nd interntionl ir crrier, ,794 Tble 9.10 Amtrk, ,675 Tble 9.11 Commuter ril, ,718 Tble 9.12 Trnsit ril, ,829 Freight ton-miles (millions) Tble 9.5 Domestic wterborne commerce, ,000 Tble 9.8 Clss I rilrod, ,851,229 Pssenger energy use (trillion Btu) Tble 9.2 Domestic nd interntionl ir crrier, ,342.1 Tble 9.3 Generl vition, Tble 9.6 Recretionl bots, Tble 9.10 Amtrk, Tble 9.11 Commuter ril, Tble 9.12 Trnsit ril, Freight energy use (trillion Btus) Tble 9.8 Clss I rilrod,

214 9 2 Nonhighwy trnsporttion modes ccounted for 17.9% of totl trnsporttion energy use in Tble 9.1 Nonhighwy Energy Use Shres, Shre of trnsporttion energy use Nonhighwy Trnsporttion Yer Air Wter Pipeline Ril totl totl (trillion Btu) % 5.4% 6.4% 3.6% 24.0% 15, % 4.8% 6.3% 3.5% 22.8% 16, % 4.6% 6.1% 3.4% 21.9% 17, % 5.0% 5.6% 3.4% 21.7% 17, % 5.1% 5.4% 3.6% 21.5% 17, % 5.3% 4.8% 3.2% 20.7% 17, % 5.9% 4.3% 3.1% 20.6% 18, % 6.2% 4.1% 3.1% 20.4% 19, % 6.9% 3.9% 2.9% 20.8% 20, % 5.8% 4.4% 3.1% 20.9% 19, % 7.4% 4.7% 3.1% 22.8% 18, % 6.8% 4.8% 3.0% 22.4% 18, % 5.8% 4.7% 2.6% 21.1% 18, % 5.3% 4.0% 2.6% 19.8% 18, % 5.1% 4.1% 2.8% 20.5% 18, % 4.5% 3.9% 2.6% 19.8% 19, % 6.5% 3.6% 2.4% 21.5% 20, % 6.6% 3.7% 2.4% 21.9% 20, % 6.6% 4.1% 2.4% 22.4% 21, % 7.0% 4.1% 2.4% 22.6% 21, % 6.7% 4.3% 2.3% 22.8% 21, % 7.2% 4.1% 2.3% 22.6% 21, % 7.3% 3.9% 2.2% 22.3% 21, % 6.4% 4.0% 2.3% 21.6% 22, % 6.1% 4.1% 2.3% 21.6% 22, % 6.3% 4.1% 2.4% 21.9% 23, % 5.9% 4.1% 2.4% 21.6% 23, % 5.1% 4.2% 2.4% 21.2% 24, % 5.0% 3.6% 2.3% 20.2% 24, % 5.3% 3.5% 2.3% 20.6% 25, % 5.5% 3.4% 2.3% 21.0% 26, % 4.6% 3.4% 2.3% 19.6% 25, % 4.7% 3.5% 2.3% 18.9% 26, % 4.0% 3.2% 2.3% 18.0% 26, % 4.8% 3.0% 2.4% 19.2% 27, % 5.0% 3.1% 2.4% 19.6% 27, % 5.2% 3.0% 2.4% 19.7% 27, % 5.3% 3.0% 2.2% 19.2% 29, % 5.1% 3.2% 2.2% 18.9% 28, % 4.9% 3.4% 2.0% 18.2% 27, % 5.5% 3.5% 2.1% 19.0% 27, % 5.2% 3.6% 2.3% 19.2% 26, % 4.5% 3.8% 2.3% 18.5% 26, % 4.0% 4.2% 2.3% 18.4% 26, % 3.5% 4.2% 2.4% 17.9% 26,473 Source: See Appendix A, Section 2.3. Nonhighwy Energy Use.

215 9 3 These dt include ALL interntionl nd domestic certificted route ir crrier sttistics; therefore, the dt re different thn those in Chpter 2. Revenue ircrft-miles, pssenger-miles, nd set-miles begn to rise in Pssenger lod fctor ws 83.4% in Tble 9.2 Summry Sttistics for U.S. Domestic nd Interntionl Certificted Route Air Crriers (Combined Totls), Revenue ircrftmiles (millions) Revenue pssenger-miles (millions) Avilble set-miles (millions) Avilble sets per ircrft b Pssenger lod fctor (percentge) c Revenue crgo ton-miles (millions) Energy use (trillion Btu) d Yer , , , % 3,755 1, , , , % 5,062 1, , , , % 7,885 1, , , , % 9,048 1, , , , % 16,403 2, , , , % 16,149 2, , , , % 17,306 2, , , , % 19,083 2, , , , % 21,773 2, , , , % 23,375 2, , , , % 24,892 2, , , , % 27,610 2, , , , % 28,015 2, , , , % 25,147 2, , , , % 30,221 2, , , , % 27,882 2, , , , % 30,507 2, , , , % 32,446 2, , ,341 1,000, % 37,958 2, , ,117 1,029, % 39,286 2, , ,086 1,027, % 38,251 2, , ,007 1,060, % 38,433 2, , ,783 1,040, % 35,227 2, , , , % 30,317 2, , , , % 35,209 2, , ,916 1,012, % 35,713 2, , ,733 1,012, % 34,937 2, , ,000 1,025, % 33,561 2, , ,688 1,048, % 34,471 2, , ,794 1,090, % 34,510 2,342.1 Averge nnul percentge chnge % 4.1% 3.2% 0.6% 5.1% 1.2% % 1.3% 0.6% 0.4% -1.3% -1.4% Sources: U.S. Deprtment of Trnsporttion, Bureu of Trnsporttion Sttistics, (Additionl resources: Energy Use Deprtment of Trnsporttion, Civil Aeronutics Bord, Fuel Cost nd Consumption, Wshington, DC, 1981, nd nnul. Dt re for ll U.S. ir crriers reporting on Form 41. b Avilble sets per ircrft is clculted s the rtio of vilble set-miles to revenue ircrft-miles. c Pssenger lod fctor is clculted s the rtio of revenue pssenger-miles to vilble set-miles for scheduled nd nonscheduled services. d Energy use includes fuel purchsed brod for interntionl flights.

216 9 4 Generl vition includes: (1) ircrft operting under generl operting nd flight rules; (2) not-for-hire irplnes with seting cpcity of 20 or more or mximum pylod cpcity of 6,000 lbs. or more; (3) rotorcrft externl lod opertions; (4) on-demnd nd commuter opertions not covered under Federl Avition Regultions Prt 121; nd (5) griculturl ircrft opertions. Tble 9.3 Summry Sttistics for Generl Avition, Clendr yer Totl number of ircrft Aircrft hours flown (thousnds) Energy use (trillion Btu) ,700 26,030 b ,475 30, ,045 41, ,226 40, ,779 36, ,293 35, ,943 36, ,500 31, ,300 31, ,700 30, ,200 31, ,000 32, ,000 32, ,874 29, ,650 26, ,120 24, ,935 24, ,089 26, ,129 26, ,414 27, ,710 28, ,464 31, ,533 29, ,446 27, ,244 27, ,708 27, ,426 28, ,352 26, ,943 27, ,607 27, ,663 26, ,877 23, ,370 24, ,770 24, ,034 24, ,927 22, ,408 23, Averge nnul percentge chnge % -0.3% 2.0% % -1.9% 2.3% Sources: U.S. Deprtment of Trnsporttion, Federl Avition Administrtion, Generl Avition nd Prt 135 Activity Surveys, CY 2014, Tbles 1.1, 1.4, 5.1, nd nnul Dt: Avition Forecsts, Tbles 28 nd 29, My (Additionl resources: Active fixed-wing generl vition ircrft only. b Includes rotorcrft.

217 9 5 In the erly seventies, domestic wterborne commerce ccounted for over 60% of totl tonnge, but by 1994 foreign tonnge grew to more thn hlf of ll wterborne tonnge. Totl foreign nd domestic tons shipped were bout 2.35 billion tons in 2014, down from pek of 2.59 billion tons in Tble 9.4 Tonnge Sttistics for Domestic nd Interntionl Wterborne Commerce, (million tons shipped) Yer Foreign nd domestic totl Foreign totl Domestic totl b Percent domestic of totl , % , % , , % , , % , , % , , % , , % ,140 1,038 1, % ,164 1,042 1, % ,092 1,014 1, % ,132 1,037 1, % ,128 1,060 1, % ,215 1,116 1, % ,240 1,147 1, % ,284 1,183 1, % ,333 1,221 1, % ,340 1,245 1, % ,323 1,261 1, % ,425 1,355 1, % ,393 1,351 1, % ,340 1,319 1, % ,394 1,378 1, % ,552 1,505 1, % ,527 1,499 1, % ,588 1,565 1, % ,564 1,543 1, % ,477 1, % ,211 1, % ,335 1, % ,368 1, % ,307 1, % ,274 1, % ,346 1, % Averge nnul percentge chnge % 2.0% 0.0% % -0.7% -1.1% Source: U.S. Deprtment of the Army, Corps of Engineers, The U.S. Wterwy System, Trnsporttion Fcts nd Informtion, December (Additionl resources: All movements between the United Sttes nd foreign countries nd between Puerto Rico nd the Virgin Islnds nd foreign countries re clssified s foreign trde. b All movements between U.S. ports, continentl nd noncontiguous, nd on the inlnd rivers, cnls, nd connecting chnnels of the United Sttes, Puerto Rico, nd the Virgin Islnds, excluding the Pnm Cnl. Beginning in 1996, fish ws excluded for internl nd intr-port domestic trffic.

218 9 6 The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Nvigtion Dt Center collects welth of wterborne commerce dt. Energy use dt, however, hve never been collected s prt of this effort. The energy use dt collected by the Energy Informtion Administrtion (EIA) on vessel bunkering ws formerly displyed on this tble. The EIA dt include different uses of fuel, not just fuel for domestic wterborne commerce; therefore it ws misleding to disply those dt together. Tble 9.5 Summry Sttistics for Domestic Wterborne Commerce, Yer Number of vessels Ton-miles (billions) Tons shipped b (millions) Averge length of hul (miles) , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Averge nnul percentge chnge % -0.4% 0.0% -0.3% % -2.0% -1.1% -1.0% Sources: Number of vessels , U.S. Deprtment of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Wterborne Trnsporttion Lines of the United Sttes, 2011, New Orlens, LA, 2012, Tble 2, p. 6, nd nnul U.S. Deprtment of the Army, Corps of Engineers, The U.S. Wterwy System-Fcts, Nvigtion Dt Center, New Orlens, Louisin, Jnury Ton-miles, tons shipped, verge length of hul U.S. Deprtment of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Wterborne Commerce of the United Sttes, Clendr Yer 2011, Prt 5: Ntionl Summries, New Orlens, LA, 2012, Tble 1-4, pp. 1-6, 1-7, nd nnul. (Additionl resources: Number of vessels, ton-miles, tons shipped nd verge length of hul, U.S. Deprtment of the Army, Corps of Engineers, The U.S. Wterwy System, Trnsporttion Fcts nd Informtion Fct Crd. Grnd totl for self-propelled nd non-self-propelled. b These figures re not consistent with the figures on Tble 9.4 becuse intr-territory tons re not included in this tble. Intr-territory trffic is trffic between ports in Puerto Rico nd the Virgin Islnds.

219 9 7 The dt displyed in this tble come from the Environmentl Protection Agency s NONROAD2008 model. Tble 9.6 Recretionl Bot Energy Use, Number of bots Diesel fuel Gsoline Totl energy use Yer (thousnds) (trillion Btu) , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Averge nnul percentge chnge % 5.3% 0.5% 1.0% % 2.4% -0.6% 0.0% Source: U.S. Environmentl Protection Agency, MOVES2014 model, www3.ep.gov/otq/models/moves.

220 9 8 The Interstte Commerce Commission designtes Clss I rilrods on the bsis of nnul gross revenues. In 2014, seven rilrods were given this designtion. The number of rilrods designted s Clss I hs chnged considerbly in the lst 30 yers; in 1976 there were 52 rilrods given Clss I designtion. Tble 9.7 Clss I Rilrod Freight Systems in the United Sttes Rnked by Revenue Ton-Miles, 2014 Rilrod Revenue ton-miles (billions) Percent Burlington Northern nd Snt Fe Rilwy Compny % Union Pcific Rilrod Compny % CSX Trnsporttion % Norfolk Southern Rilwy % Cndin Ntionl, Grnd Trunk Corportion % Cndin Pcific Soo Rilwy % Knss City Southern Rilwy Compny % Totl 1, % Source: Assocition of Americn Rilrods, Rilrod Fcts, 2015 Edition, Wshington, DC, November 2015, p. 68. (Additionl resources:

221 9 9 Revenue ton-miles for Clss I freight rilrods ws over 1.8 trillion in Though there re mny regionl nd locl freight rilrods, the Clss I freight rilrods ccounted for 94% of the rilrod industry s freight revenue in 2014 nd 69% of the industry s milege operted. The energy intensity of Clss I rilrods hit n ll-time low of 289 Btu/ton-mile in 2010 nd continued to be below 300 Btu/ton-mile in Number of locomotives in service Tble 9.8 Summry Sttistics for Clss I Freight Rilrods, Number of freight crs (thousnds) b Trinmiles (millions) Tons originted c (millions) Averge length of hul (miles) Revenue ton-miles (millions) Energy intensity (Btu/tonmile) Energy use (trillion Btu) Cr-miles Yer (millions) ,077 d 1, ,890 1, , ,846 1, ,656 1, , ,094 1, ,277 1, , ,421 1, ,968 1, , ,795 1, ,952 1, , ,448 1, ,358 1, , , ,409 1, , , ,920 1, , , ,414 1, , , ,627 1, , , ,339 1, , , ,196 1, ,013, , ,159 1, ,033, , ,628 1, ,038, , ,128 1, ,066, , ,883 1, ,109, , ,485 1, ,200, , ,383 1, ,305, , ,715 1, ,355, , ,660 1, ,348, , ,657 1, ,376, , ,851 1, ,433, , ,590 1, ,465, , ,243 1, ,495, , ,680 1, ,507, , ,555 1, ,551, , ,071 1, ,662, , ,712 1, ,696, , ,995 1, ,771, , ,186 1, ,770, , ,226 1, ,777, , ,115 1, ,532, , ,541 1, ,691, , ,649 1, ,729, , ,525 1, ,712, , ,253 1, ,740, , ,193 1,840 1,006 1,851, Averge nnul percentge chnge % -2.9% 0.4% 0.5% 0.5% 1.5% 2.0% -1.9% 0.1% % -2.4% -0.3% 0.0% 0.0% 1.1% 1.1% -1.5% -0.5% Source: Assocition of Americn Rilrods, Rilrod Fcts, 2015 Edition, Wshington, DC, November 2015, pp. 30, 31, 36, 37, 39, 51, nd 69. (Additionl resources: Does not include self-powered units. b Does not include privte or shipper-owned crs. Beginning in 2001, Cndin-owned U.S. rilrods re excluded. c Tons originted is more ccurte representtion of totl tonnge thn revenue tons. Revenue tons often produces double-counting of lods switched between ril compnies. d Dt represent totl locomotives used in freight nd pssenger service. Seprte estimtes re not vilble.

222 9 10 According to the 2012 Commodity Flow Survey, 7% of ll freight ton-miles re ril intermodl shipments (truck/ril or ril/wter). See Tble 5.16 for detils. The number of trilers nd continers moved by rilrods hs incresed more thn eight-fold from 1965 to Contineriztion hs incresed in the lst two decdes, evidenced by the 420% increse in the number of continers from 1988 to The number of trilers moved by ril fell to n ll-time low in 2013 but incresed in Tble 9.9 Intermodl Ril Trffic, Yer Trilers & continers Trilers Continers ,664,929 b b ,363,200 b b ,238,117 b b ,059,402 b b ,590,952 b b ,997,229 b b ,503,819 b b ,779,547 3,481,020 2,298, ,987,355 3,496,262 2,491, ,206,782 3,451,953 2,754, ,246,134 3,201,560 3,044, ,627,841 3,264,597 3,363, ,156,628 3,464,126 3,692, ,128,228 3,752,502 4,375, ,936,172 3,492,463 4,443, ,143,258 3,302,128 4,841, ,698,308 3,453,907 5,244, ,772,663 3,353,032 5,419, ,907,626 3,207,407 5,700, ,176,890 2,888,630 6,288, ,935,444 2,603,423 6,332, ,312,360 2,531,338 6,781, ,955,605 2,625,837 7,329, ,993,662 2,928,123 8,065, ,693,512 2,979,906 8,713, ,282,221 2,882,699 9,399, ,026,631 2,600,635 9,425, ,499,978 2,478,890 9,021, ,875,967 1,639,603 8,236, ,283,151 1,684,684 9,598, ,892,418 1,698,615 10,193, ,267,416 1,518,323 10,749, ,831,311 1,483,938 11,347, ,496,822 1,550,124 11,946,698 Averge nnul percentge chnge % b b % -5.4% 4.4% Source: Assocition of Americn Rilrods, Rilrod Fcts, 2015 Edition, Wshington, DC, November 2015, p. 29. (Additionl resources: Beginning in 1995, the Grnd Trunk Western Rilrod nd the Soo Line Rilrod Compny re excluded. Beginning in 1999, the Illinois Centrl dt re excluded. Beginning in 2002, the Wisconsin Centrl dt re excluded. b Dt re not vilble.

223 9 11 The Ntionl Rilrod Pssenger Corportion, known s Amtrk, begn opertion in Amtrk revenue pssenger-miles hve grown t n verge nnul rte of 2.8% from 1971 to Tble 9.10 Summry Sttistics for the Ntionl Rilrod Pssenger Corportion (Amtrk), Number of locomotives in service Number of pssenger crs Revenue pssengermiles (millions) Averge trip length (miles) Energy intensity (Btu per revenue pssenger-mile) Energy use (trillion Btu) Trin-miles Cr-miles Yer (thousnds) (thousnds) ,165 16, ,147 1, ,913 30, ,898 3, , ,128 29, ,235 4, , ,818 30, ,642 4, , ,793 28, ,665 5, , ,850 29, ,054 5, , ,845 30, ,774 5, , ,742 31, ,255 5, , ,863 33, ,996 6, , ,786 34, ,484 6, , ,796 34, ,282 6, , ,853 34, ,739 6, , b ,874 34, ,600 5, , ,907 31, ,579 5, , ,501 30, ,750 5, , ,572 32, ,760 5, , ,347 32, ,823 5, , ,285 34, ,337 5, , ,891 35, ,215 5, , ,084 36, ,705 5, , ,896 37, ,542 5, , ,623 37, ,864 5, , ,211 37, ,437 5, , ,186 36, ,796 5, , ,191 36, ,908 5, , ,164 37, ,545 5, , ,177 37, ,762 6, , ,214 38, ,764 5, , ,274 37, ,820 6, , ,301 37, ,315 6, , ,090 37, ,088 6, , ,447 38, ,949 6, , ,419 38, ,683 6, , Averge nnul percentge chnge % 1.9% 1.9% 2.8% 0.3% % 1.6% 0.2% 0.5% 1.9% 0.1% -2.3% -0.4% Sources: Assocition of Americn Rilrods, Economics nd Finnce Deprtment, Sttistics of Clss I Rilrods, Wshington, DC, nd nnul Assocition of Americn Rilrods, Rilrod Fcts, 1988 Edition, Wshington, DC, December 1989, p. 61, nd nnul Personl communiction with the Corporte Accounting Office of Amtrk, Wshington, DC Number of locomotives in service, number of pssenger crs, trin-miles, cr-miles, revenue pssenger-miles, nd verge trip length - Assocition of Americn Rilrods, Rilrod Fcts, 2015 Edition, Wshington, DC, 2015, p. 77. Energy use Personl communiction with the Amtrk, Wshington, DC. (Additionl resources: Dt re not vilble. b Energy use for 1994 on is not directly comprble to erlier yers. Some commuter ril energy use my hve been indvertently included in erlier yers.

224 9 12 Commuter ril, which is lso known s regionl ril or suburbn ril, is long-hul ril pssenger service operting between metropolitn nd suburbn res, whether within or cross stte lines. Commuter ril lines usully hve reduced fres for multiple rides nd commuttion tickets for regulr, recurring riders. Tble 9.11 Summry Sttistics for Commuter Ril Opertions, Number of pssenger vehicles Pssenger trips (millions) Vehiclemiles (millions) Pssengermiles (millions) Averge trip length (miles) Energy intensity (Btu/pssengermile) Energy use (trillion Btu) Yer , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Averge nnul percentge chnge % 2.7% 2.0% 2.1% 0.1% -0.1% 2.0% % 2.3% 1.7% 1.9% 0.2% 0.5% 2.4% Source: Americn Public Trnsporttion Assocition, 2016 Public Trnsporttion Fct Book, Wshington, DC, April 2016, Appendix A. (Additionl resources:

225 9 13 This tble on trnsit ril opertions includes dt on light ril nd hevy ril systems. Light ril vehicles re usully single vehicles driven electriclly with power drwn from overhed wires. Hevy ril is chrcterized by high speed nd rpid ccelertion of ril crs operting on seprte right-of-wy. Number of pssenger vehicles Tble 9.12 Summry Sttistics for Ril Trnsit Opertions, Pssenger trips (millions) b Vehiclemiles (millions) Pssengermiles (millions) c Averge trip length (miles) d Energy intensity (Btu/pssengermile) e Energy use (trillion Btu) Yer , ,116 12,273 f 2, , ,797 10,423 f 2, , ,241 10, , , ,422 10, , , ,467 11, , , ,535 11, , , ,462 11, , , ,704 12, , , ,521 12, , , ,356 11, , , ,395 11, , , ,234 10, , , ,453 11, , , ,284 11, , , ,418 12, , , ,692 13, , , ,669 13, , , ,813 14, , , ,952 15, , , ,064 15, , , ,025 15, , , ,005 15, , , ,098 15, , , ,189 16, , , ,334 16, , , ,879 18, , , ,001 18, , , ,955 19, , , ,007 18, , , ,083 19, , , ,192 19, , , ,275 20, , , ,411 20, , Averge nnul percentge chnge % 1.3% 1.7% 1.2% -0.1% g 0.2% 1.4% % 1.0% 3.6% 2.7% -0.8% -1.4% 1.3% Sources: Americn Public Trnsporttion Assocition, 2016 Public Trnsporttion Fct Book, Wshington, DC, April 2016, Appendix A. (Additionl resources: Energy use See Appendix A for Ril Trnsit Energy Use. Hevy ril nd light ril. Series not continuous between 1983 nd 1984 becuse of chnge in dt source by the Americn Public Trnsit Assocition (APTA). Beginning in 1984, dt provided by APTA re tken from mndtory reports filed with the Urbn Mss Trnsit Administrtion (UMTA). Dt for prior yers were provided on voluntry bsis by APTA members nd expnded sttisticlly. b dt represents totl pssenger rides; fter 1979, dt represents unlinked pssenger trips. c Estimted for yers bsed on n verge trip length of 5.8 miles. d Clculted s the rtio of pssenger-miles to pssenger trips. e Lrge system-to-system vritions exist within this ctegory. f Dt re not vilble. g Averge nnul percentge chnge is clculted for yers

226 9 14

227 10 1 Trnsporttion nd the Economy Summry Sttistics from Tbles/Figures in this Chpter Source Figure 10.2 Shre of gsoline cost ttributed to txes, 2015 Cnd 36% Frnce 63% Germny 63% Jpn 48% United Kingdom 69% United Sttes 19% Tble Averge price of new cr, 2015 (current dollrs) 24,355 Domestic 23,981 Import 29,284 Tble Cr operting costs, 2015 Vrible costs (constnt 2015 dollrs per 10,000 miles) 1,730 Fixed costs (constnt 2015 dollrs per 10,000 miles) 5,851 Tble Trnsporttion sector shre of totl employment % %

228 10 2 Adjusting Dollr Amounts for Infltion A dollr spent in 1970 does not hve the purchsing power of dollr spent in 2015 due to the infltion of prices for ll goods nd services. Thus, prices in historicl series must be djusted in order to provide proper comprison. The term current dollrs is used in this report for dollr mounts tht were current s of the yer listed this cn lso be referred to s nominl dollrs. The term constnt 2015 dollrs is used in this report for dollr mounts tht hve been djusted to constnt purchsing power (2015, in this exmple) nd thus the dt re comprble historiclly this cn lso be referred to s rel dollrs. Appendix B, Tble B.17 contins the Consumer Price Infltion Index nd Tble B.18 contins the Gross Ntionl Product Implicit Price Defltor for yers 1970 to Tbles in the report with constnt dollrs hve footnote indicting which of these infltion djustment indices were used.

229 10 3 The Trnsporttion Services Index (TSI) ws creted by the U.S. Deprtment of Trnsporttion Bureu of Trnsporttion Sttistics (BTS). It is n index tht mesures the movement of freight nd pssengers. The Freight TSI consists of: for-hire trucking (prcel services re not included); freight rilrod services (including ril-bsed intermodl shipments such s continers on flt crs); inlnd wterwy trffic; pipeline movements (including principlly petroleum nd petroleum products nd nturl gs); nd ir freight. The index does not include interntionl or costl stemship movements, privte trucking, courier services, or the United Sttes Postl Services. The Pssenger TSI consists of: locl mss trnsit; intercity pssenger ril; nd pssenger ir trnsporttion. The index does not include intercity bus, sightseeing services, txi service, privte cr usge, or bicycling nd other nonmotorized mens of trnsporttion. Figure Trnsporttion Services Index, Jnury 1990 Jnury 2016 Source: U.S. Deprtment of Trnsporttion, Bureu of Trnsporttion Sttistics, Trnsporttion Services Index website, (Additionl resources:

230 10 4 The United Sttes prices re the lowest of these listed countries. Those in Frnce, Kore, the United Kingdom, nd Germny pid, on verge, over $5 per gllon in Dt for Chin nd Indi hve been discontinued by the Interntionl Energy Agency. Tble 10.1 Gsoline Prices for Selected Countries, Averge nnul Current dollrs per gllon percentge chnge Chin b 1.03 b b b Jpn % Indi b b b b b Kore b b b b Frnce c % United Kingdom c % Germny c % Cnd % United Sttes d % Averge nnul Constnt 2015 dollrs e per gllon percentge chnge Chin b 1.03 b b b Jpn % Indi b b b b b Kore b b b b Frnce c % United Kingdom c % Germny c % Cnd % United Sttes d % Note: Comprisons between prices nd price trends in different countries require cre. They re of limited vlidity becuse of fluctutions in exchnge rtes; differences in product qulity, mrketing prctices, nd mrket structures; nd the extent to which the stndrd ctegories of sles re representtive of totl ntionl sles for given period. Source: Interntionl Energy Agency, Energy Prices nd Txes, First Qurter, 2016, Pris, Frnce, (Additionl resources: Prices represent the retil prices (including txes) for regulr unleded gsoline, except for Frnce, Germny nd the United Kingdom which re premium unleded gsoline. b Dt re not vilble. c Premium gsoline. d These estimtes re interntionl comprisons only nd do not necessrily correspond to gsoline price estimtes in other sections of the book. e Adjusted by the U.S. Consumer Price Infltion Index.

231 10 5 Of these selected countries, the United Kingdom hd the highest diesel fuel price verge in 2015, while the United Sttes hd the lowest. All of the countries listed except Jpn nd the United Sttes hd diesel prices over $4 per gllon in Tble 10.2 Diesel Fuel Prices for Selected Countries, Averge nnul percentge Current dollrs per gllon chnge Chin b b b b b Jpn % Kore b b Frnce % United Kingdom % Germny % United Sttes c % Averge nnul percentge Constnt 2015 dollrs d per gllon chnge Chin b b b b b Jpn % Kore b b Frnce % United Kingdom % Germny % United Sttes c % Note: Comprisons between prices nd price trends in different countries require cre. They re of limited vlidity becuse of fluctutions in exchnge rtes; differences in product qulity, mrketing prctices, nd mrket structures; nd the extent to which the stndrd ctegories of sles re representtive of totl ntionl sles for given period. Source: Interntionl Energy Agency, Energy Prices nd Txes, First Qurter, 2016, Pris, Frnce, (Additionl resources: Prices represent the retil prices (including txes) for cr diesel fuel for non-commercil (household) use. b Dt re not vilble. c These estimtes re for interntionl comprisons only nd do not necessrily correspond to gsoline price estimtes in other sections of the book. d Adjusted by the U.S. Consumer Price Infltion Index.

232 10 6 In 2015 over sixty percent of the cost of gsoline in Frnce, Germny, nd the United Kingdom went for txes. Of the listed countries, the United Sttes hs the lowest percentge of txes. Figure Gsoline Prices for Selected Countries, 1990 nd 2015 Source: Tble 10.1 nd Interntionl Energy Agency, Energy Prices & Txes, First Qurter, 2016, Pris, Frnce, (Additionl resources:

233 10 7 Diesel fuel is txed hevily in the Europen countries shown here. The U.S. diesel fuel tx shre is the lowest of the listed countries. Figure Diesel Prices for Selected Countries, 1990 nd 2015 Note: Dt for Cnd re not vilble. Source: Tble 10.2 nd Interntionl Energy Agency, Energy Prices & Txes, First Qurter, 2016, Pris, Frnce, (Additionl resources:

234 10 8 Though the cost of crude oil certinly influences the price of gsoline, it is not the only fctor which determines the price t the pump. Processing cost, trnsporttion cost, nd txes lso ply mjor prt of the cost of gllon of gsoline. The verge price of brrel of crude oil (in constnt 2015 dollrs) incresed by 24% from 2000 to 2015, while the verge price of gllon of gsoline incresed 59% in this sme time period. Tble 10.3 Prices for Brrel of Crude Oil nd Gllon of Gsoline, Crude oil (dollrs per brrel) Gsoline b (cents per gllon) Rtio of gsoline price to Yer Current Constnt 2015 c Current Constnt 2015 c crude oil price Averge nnul percentge chnge % 0.2% 3.7% 0.2% % -2.3% 0.7% -1.2% Sources: Crude oil U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Energy Informtion Administrtion, Monthly Energy Review, April 2016, Wshington, DC, Tble 9.1. Gsoline U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Energy Informtion Administrtion, Monthly Energy Review, April 2016, Wshington, DC, Tble 9.4. (Additionl resources: Refiner cquisition cost of composite (domestic nd imported) crude oil. b Averge for ll types. These prices were collected from smple of service sttions in 85 urbn res selected to represent ll urbn consumers. Urbn consumers mke up bout 80% of the totl U.S. popultion. c Adjusted by the Consumer Price Infltion Index.

235 10 9 The price of diesel fuel ws lower thn gsoline in constnt dollrs prior to 2005 but since tht time the price of diesel fuel hs incresed to become higher thn gsoline. Prices for both fuels declined substntilly in 2015 Tble 10.4 Retil Prices for Motor Fuel, (cents per gllon, including tx) Diesel fuel Averge for ll gsoline types b Yer Current Constnt 2015 c Current Constnt 2015 c 1978 d d Averge nnul percentge chnge % e -0.2% c 3.7% 0.2% % -0.7% 0.7% -1.2% Sources: Gsoline U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Energy Informtion Administrtion, Monthly Energy Review, April 2016, Wshington, DC, Tble 9.4. Diesel U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Energy Informtion Administrtion, Interntionl Energy Annul 2004, Wshington, DC, June 2004, Tble dt from EIA website. (Additionl resources: : Collected from survey of prices on Jnury 1 of the current yer on: Annul verge. b These prices were collected from smple of service sttions in 85 urbn res selected to represent ll urbn consumers. Urbn consumers mke up bout 80 percent of the totl U.S. popultion. c Adjusted by the Consumer Price Infltion Index. d Dt re not vilble. e Averge nnul percentge chnge is from the erliest yer possible to 2015.

236 10 10 Mjor oil price shocks hve disrupted world energy mrkets five times in the pst 30 yers ( , , , , 2008). Most of the oil price shocks were followed by n economic recession in the United Sttes. Figure Oil Price nd Economic Growth, Source: Greene, D.L. nd N. I. Tishchishyn, Costs of Oil Dependence: A 2000 Updte, Ok Ridge Ntionl Lbortory, ORNL/TM-2000/152, Ok Ridge, TN, 2000, nd dt updtes, (Additionl resources: ct.ornl.gov/ct/publictions.shtml)

237 10 11 The United Sttes hs long recognized the problem of oil dependence nd the economic problems tht rise from it. According to Ok Ridge Ntionl Lbortory (ORNL) reserchers, oil dependence is combintion of four fctors: (1) noncompetitive world oil mrket strongly influenced by the OPEC crtel, (2) high levels of U.S. imports, (3) the importnce of oil to the U.S. economy, nd (4) the lck of economicl nd redily vilble substitutes for oil. ORNL developed model to estimte the historicl cost of oil dependence nd nlyze the potentil effectiveness of policies on likely future costs. The most recent study using this model shows tht the U.S. economy suffered the gretest losses in 2008 when welth trnsfer nd GDP losses (combined) mounted to just under hlf trillion dollrs. However, when compring oil dependence to the size of the economy, the yer 1981 is the highest. Oil dependence costs were over 5% of GDP in 1981, but were 3% in In 2009, the verge oil price fell to bout $60 per brrel nd oil dependence costs fell to bout $200 billion for 2009 nd even lower for However, the cost rose gin in 2011 nd 2012, only to fll gin in 2013 nd Figure Costs of Oil Dependence to the U.S. Economy, Notes: Welth Trnsfer is the product of totl U.S. oil imports nd the difference between the ctul mrket price of oil (influenced by mrket power) nd wht the price would hve been in competitive mrket. Disloction Losses re temporry reductions in GDP s result of oil price shocks. Loss of Potentil Gross Domestic Product (GDP) results becuse bsic resource used by the economy to produce output hs become more expensive. As consequence, with the sme endowment of lbor, cpitl, nd other resources, our economy cnnot produce quite s much s it could hve t lower oil price. Source: Greene, Dvid L., Roderick Lee, nd Jnet L. Hopson, OPEC nd the Costs to the U.S. Economy of Oil Dependence: , Ok Ridge Ntionl Lbortory Memorndum, 2011, nd updtes from Chngzheng Liu.

238 10 12 The fuel prices shown here re refiner sles prices of trnsporttion fuels to end users, excluding tx. Sles to end users re those mde directly to the ultimte consumer, including bulk consumers. Bulk sles to utility, industril, nd commercil ccounts previously included in the wholesle ctegory re now counted s sles to end users. Prices fell drsticlly in Tble 10.5 Refiner Sles Prices for Propne nd No. 2 Diesel, (cents per gllon, excluding tx) Propne No 2. diesel fuel Constnt Constnt Yer Current 2015 b Current 2015 b Averge nnul percentge chnge % -2.5% 4.3% 0.8% % -9.6% 0.2% -1.7% Source: U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Energy Informtion Administrtion, Petroleum Dt Anlysis Tools, Refiner Petroleum Product Prices by Sles Type, August 2016, Wshington, DC. (Additionl resources: Consumer grde. b Adjusted by the Consumer Price Infltion Index.

239 10 13 Prices of finished vition gsoline (current dollrs) dropped in 2009 but then begn to climb. In 2012 both finished vition gsoline nd kerosene-type jet fuel reched their ll-time high. Tble 10.6 Refiner Sles Prices for Avition Gsoline nd Jet Fuel, (cents per gllon, excluding tx) Finished vition gsoline Kerosene-type jet fuel Yer Current Constnt 2015 Current Constnt b b Averge nnul percentge chnge % c 2.1% c 4.0% 0.4% % c 4.0% c -0.6% -2.5% Source: U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Energy Informtion Administrtion, Petroleum Dt Anlysis Tools, Refiner Petroleum Product Prices by Sles Type, August 2016, Wshington, DC. (Additionl resources: Adjusted by the Consumer Price Infltion Index. b EIA withheld vlue to void disclosure of individul compny dt. c Dt through 2014.

240 10 14 The federl government txes highwy motor fuel nd uses the money to py for rodwy upkeep nd improvement, s well s other relted expenditures. Compressed nturl gs (CNG) nd liquefied petroleum gs (LPG) hve the lowest txes, while diesel fuel nd liquefied nturl gs (LNG) hve the highest. Tble 10.7 Federl Excise Txes on Motor Fuels, 2014 Fuel Cents per gllon Effective Dte Gsoline 18.4 October 1, 1997 Diesel nd kerosene 24.4 October 1, 1997 Gsohol 18.4 Jnury 1, 2005 CNG 18.3 c October 1, 2006 LNG 24.3 October 1, 2006 LPG 18.3 October 1, 2006 Other lterntive fuels b 18.4 October 1, 1997 Source: U.S. Deprtment of Trnsporttion, Federl Highwy Administrtion, Highwy Sttistics 2014, Wshington, DC, 2015, Tble FE-21B. (Additionl resources: All gsohol blends re txed t the sme rte. b Includes benzol, benzene, nphth, nd other liquids used s motor fuel. c Compressed nturl gs is 18.3 cents per energy equivlent of gllon of gsoline.

241 10 15 Federl, stte, nd locl jurisdictions hve lws nd incentives for lterntive fuels production use. Stte (including jurisdictions in the Stte) Biodiesel Ethnol Tble 10.8 Federl, Stte, nd Locl Alterntive Fuel Incentives, 2016 (number of incentives) Liquefied petroleum gs (LPG) Electric vehicles (EVs) Neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs) Nturl Gs Hydrogen fuel cells Federl Albm Alsk Arizon Arknss Cliforni Colordo Connecticut Delwre Dist. of Columbi Florid Georgi Hwii Idho Illinois Indin Iow Knss Kentucky Louisin Mine Mrylnd Msschusetts Michign Minnesot Mississippi Missouri Montn Nebrsk Nevd New Hmpshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Crolin North Dkot Ohio Oklhom Oregon Pennsylvni Rhode Islnd South Crolin South Dkot Tennessee Texs Uth Vermont Virgini Wshington West Virgini Wisconsin Wyoming Totls Aftermrket conversions Source: U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Energy Efficiency nd Renewble Energy, Alterntive Fuels Dt Center. Dt downloded September (Additionl resources:

242 10 16 Tble 10.9 Federl, Stte, nd Locl Advnced Technology Incentives, 2016 (number of incentives) Stte (including jurisdictions in the Stte) Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) or plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs) Fuel economy or efficiency Idle reduction Other Federl Albm Alsk Arizon Arknss Cliforni Colordo Connecticut Delwre Dist. of Columbi Florid Georgi Hwii Idho Illinois Indin Iow Knss Kentucky Louisin Mine Mrylnd Msschusetts Michign Minnesot Mississippi Missouri Montn Nebrsk Nevd New Hmpshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Crolin North Dkot Ohio Oklhom Oregon Pennsylvni Rhode Islnd South Crolin South Dkot Tennessee Texs Uth Vermont Virgini Wshington West Virgini Wisconsin Wyoming Totls Source: U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Energy Efficiency nd Renewble Energy, Alterntive Fuels Dt Center. Dt downloded September (Additionl resources: Includes Clen Fuel Inititives nd Pollution Prevention.

243 10 17 The verge price of new cr in 2015 ($24,355) ws close to the verge price in 1916 ($23,501) when djusted for infltion. Averge new cr prices were t their lowest in 1940 ($13,145). Since 1914 the highest verge price ws in the yer 1998 ($31,702) Constnt dollrs Tble Averge Price of New Cr, Constnt dollrs 2015 Constnt dollrs 2015 Constnt dollrs Yer Yer Yer Yer 1913 $34, $14, $20, $26, $35, $13, $20, $28, $29, $13, $22, $27, $23, $13, $21, $28, $21, $13, $22, $27, $19, $13, $21, $28, $19, $13, $21, $31, $19, $14, $21, $31, $20, $14, $21, $30, $21, $15, $21, $29, $19, $17, $21, $28, $17, $17, $22, $27, $17, $18, $22, $27, $17, $19, $23, $26, $17, $19, $22, $27, $17, $19, $21, $27, $16, $19, $23, $26, $16, $19, $24, $25, $18, $22, $25, $24, $20, $23, $25, $26, $19, $23, $26, $25, $18, $22, $27, $25, $16, $21, $27, $24, $14, $21, $27, $24, $14, $21, $27, $24, $15, $21, $27,278 Note: These dt re bsed on n verge cr nd do not include prices for pickups, vns, or sport utility vehicles. Estimtions were used for yers Sources: Compiled by Jcob Wrd, Vehicle Technologies Progrm, U.S. Deprtment of Energy, from the following sources. Rff, D.M.G. & Trjtenberg, M. (1995), "Qulity-Adjusted Prices for the Americn Automobile Industry: ," Ntionl Bureu of Economic Reserch, Inc.; Gordon, R.J. (1990), The Mesurement of Durble Goods Prices, Ntionl Bureu of Economic Reserch, Inc.; nd U.S. Deprtment of Commerce, Bureu of Economic Anlysis (2016), Ntionl Income nd Product Accounts.

244 10 18 In current dollrs, import crs, on verge, were less expensive thn domestic crs until Since then, import prices hve lmost tripled, while domestic prices hve more thn doubled (current dollrs). Tble Averge Price of New Cr (Domestic nd Import), Domestic Import Totl Yer Current dollrs Constnt 2015 dollrs b Current dollrs Constnt 2015 dollrs b Current dollrs Constnt 2015 dollrs b ,708 22,651 2,648 16,176 3,542 21, ,084 22,398 4,384 19,314 4,950 21, ,609 21,887 7,482 21,521 7,574 21, ,589 25,528 12,853 28,312 11,838 26, ,319 26,641 13,670 29,562 12,652 27, ,922 26,961 14,470 30,190 13,386 27, ,418 26,883 15,221 30,496 13,932 27, ,936 26,638 15,510 29,646 14,371 27, ,489 26,275 16,640 30,176 15,042 27, ,192 26,437 16,327 28,412 15,475 26, ,644 26,428 18,593 31,410 16,636 28, ,976 26,205 20,261 33,233 16,871 27, ,930 27,076 21,989 35,167 17,903 28, ,864 26,227 23,202 36,084 17,959 27, ,468 26,388 26,205 39,586 18,777 28, ,532 25,890 27,718 40,932 21,026 31, ,501 26,902 28,695 41,725 21,802 31, ,006 27,039 27,472 39,084 21,725 30, ,561 26,924 26,008 35,798 21,424 29, ,004 26,772 25,809 34,541 21,310 28, ,431 26,918 25,612 33,744 21,206 27, ,961 25,712 26,136 33,667 21,019 27, ,509 25,733 25,942 32,550 21,469 26, ,565 26,171 26,622 32,309 22,454 27, ,139 26,028 27,061 31,815 23,087 27, ,264 25,450 27,463 31,394 23,313 26, ,192 24,430 25,902 28,514 22,804 25, ,080 24,394 25,223 27,866 22,252 24, ,768 25,835 27,232 29,600 24,063 26, ,167 25,465 28,284 29,803 24,514 25, ,131 24,911 28,973 29,910 24,540 25, ,921 24,338 29,769 30,288 24,454 24, ,787 23,815 29,935 29,971 24,366 24, ,981 23,981 29,284 29,284 24,355 24,355 Averge nnul percentge chnge % 0.1% 5.5% 1.3% 4.4% 0.3% % -0.9% 1.0% -1.0% 0.8% -1.1% Note: These dt re bsed on n verge cr nd do not include prices for pickups, vns, or sport utility vehicles. Estimtions were used for yers Source: U.S. Deprtment of Commerce, Bureu of Economic Anlysis, Averge Trnsction Price per New Cr, Wshington, DC, (Additionl resources: Includes ll vehicles produced in the United Sttes regrdless of mnufcturer. b Adjusted by the Consumer Price Infltion Index.

245 10 19 The totl cost of operting cr is the sum of the fixed cost (deprecition, insurnce, finnce chrge, nd license fee) nd the vrible cost (gs nd oil, tires, nd mintennce), which is relted to the mount of trvel. The gs nd oil shre of totl cost ws 14.8% in 2015 which is down from 18.4% in Tble Cr Operting Cost per Mile, Constnt 2015 dollrs per 10,000 miles Totl cost per mile b (constnt Percentge gs nd oil of totl Model yer Vrible cost Fixed cost Totl cost 2015 cents ) cost ,635 4,540 6, % ,410 4,990 6, % ,398 4,856 6, % ,583 6,072 7, % ,529 5,580 7, % ,523 5,903 7, % ,688 6,205 7, % ,520 6,391 7, % ,509 6,104 7, % ,455 6,134 7, % ,493 6,228 7, % ,451 6,336 7, % ,595 6,422 8, % ,556 6,584 8, % ,508 6,631 8, % ,679 6,500 8, % ,820 6,183 8, % ,554 6,419 7, % ,687 6,291 7, % ,581 7,069 8, % ,712 6,570 8, % ,776 5,511 7, % ,657 5,446 7, % ,867 5,944 7, % ,704 6,106 7, % ,819 6,217 8, % ,870 6,173 8, % ,027 5,930 7, % ,077 5,890 7, % ,905 5,781 7, % ,730 5,851 7, % Averge nnul percentge chnge % 0.8% 0.7% 0.7% % -1.2% -0.9% -0.9% Source: Wrd s Communictions, Motor Vehicle Fcts nd Figures 2015, Southfield, Michign, 2015, p. 55, nd nnul. Originl dt from AAA Your Driving Costs. (Additionl resources: newsroom..com) Adjusted by the Consumer Price Infltion Index. b Bsed on 10,000 miles per yer.

246 10 20 While the previous tble shows costs per mile, this tble presents costs per yer for fixed costs ssocited with cr opertion. For 2015 model yer crs, the fixed cost is over $16 per dy. Tble Fixed Cr Operting Costs per Yer, (constnt 2015 dollrs) License, Averge registrtion Finnce fixed cost Model yer Insurnce b & txes Deprecition chrge Totl per dy , ,405 c 5, , ,313 c 5, , ,497 c 5, , ,424 c 6, , ,389 c 6, , ,702 c 6, , ,536 c 6, , ,188 c 5, , ,872 c 5, , ,879 1,218 5, , ,908 1,403 5, , ,231 1,138 5, , ,722 1,179 6, , ,043 1,178 6, , ,505 1,300 7, , , , , ,728 1,385 7, , ,781 1,132 7, , ,822 1,063 7, , ,915 1,097 7, , ,930 1,117 7, , ,943 1,160 7, , ,968 1,201 7, , ,996 1,204 7, , ,968 1,208 7, , ,883 1,192 7, , ,980 1,108 7, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Averge nnul percentge chnge % 4.1% 0.2% c 0.4% 0.4% % 3.2% -2.8% -3.2% -2.5% -2.5% Source: Wrd s Communictions, Motor Vehicle Fcts nd Figures 2015, Southfield, Michign, 2015, p. 55 nd nnul. Originl dt from AAA Your Driving Costs. (Additionl resources: newsroom..com) Adjusted by the Consumer Price Infltion Index. b Fire & Theft: $50 deductible 1975 through 1977; $100 deductible 1978 through 1992; $250 deductible for ; $100 deductible Collision: $100 deductible through 1979; $250 deductible ; $500 deductible for 1993 on. Property Dmge & Libility: coverge = $100,000/$300,000. c Dt re not vilble.

247 10 21 Tble Personl Consumption Expenditures, (billion dollrs) Trnsporttion personl Personl consumption expenditures consumption expenditures Constnt Constnt Trnsporttion PCE Yer Current 2015 Current 2015 s percent of PCE , % , , % , , % , , , % , , , % , , , % , , , , % , , , , % , , , , % , , , , % , , , , % Note: Trnsporttion PCE includes the following ctegories: trnsporttion, motor vehicles nd prts, nd gsoline nd oil. Source: U.S. Deprtment of Commerce, Bureu of Economic Anlysis, Ntionl Income nd Product Accounts, Tble 2.3.5, Tble Consumer Price Indices, (1970 = 1.000) New cr consumer price index Used cr consumer price index Yer Consumer price index Trnsporttion consumer price index b Gross ntionl product index Sources: Bureu of Lbor Sttistics, Consumer Price Index Tble 1A for 2015, nd nnul. (Additionl resources: GNP U.S. Deprtment of Commerce, Bureu of Economic Anlysis, Ntionl Income nd Product Accounts, Tble (Additionl resources: Adjusted by the GNP price defltor. b Trnsporttion Consumer Price Index includes new nd used crs, gsoline, cr insurnce rtes, intrcity mss trnsit, intrcity bus fre, nd irline fres.

248 10 22 The dt below were summrized from the Bureu of Lbor Sttistics (BLS) Current Employment Sttistics Survey dt using the North Americn Industry Clssifiction System (NAICS). Trnsporttion-relted employment ws 7.5% of totl employment in Tble Trnsporttion-Relted Employment, 2000 nd 2015 (thousnds) Percent chnge Truck trnsporttion (includes drivers) 1, , % Trnsit nd ground trnsporttion % Air trnsporttion % Ril trnsporttion % Wter trnsporttion % Pipeline trnsporttion % Motor vehicle nd prts - retil 1, , % Motor vehicles nd prts - wholesle % Gsoline sttions - retil % Automotive repir nd mintennce % Automotive equipment rentl nd lesing % Mnufcturing 2, , % Crs nd light trucks % Hevy-duty trucks % Motor vehicle bodies nd trilers % Motor vehicle prts % Aerospce products nd prts % Rilrod rolling stock & other trnsporttion equipment % Ship & bot building % Tires % Oil nd gs pipeline construction % Highwy street nd bridge construction % Scenic & sightseeing % Support ctivities for trnsporttion % Couriers nd messengers % Trvel rrngement nd reservtion services % Totl trnsporttion-relted employment 10, , % Totl nonfrm employment 132, , % Trnsporttion-relted to totl employment 8.3% 7.5% Source: Bureu of Lbor Sttistics website query system: (Additionl resources: Not sesonlly djusted.

249 10 23 The totl number of employees involved in the mnufcture of motor vehicles decresed by over 74% from 1990 to 2015 nd by lmost 86% for those involved in the mnufcture of motor vehicle prts. Beginning in 2008, the shre of production workers fell below 80% for mnufcturers of both vehicles nd prts. Tble U.S. Employment for Motor Vehicles nd Motor Vehicle Prts Mnufcturing, Yer All employees (thousnds) Production workers (thousnds) Shre of production workers to totl employees Motor vehicles % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % Motor vehicle prts % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % Source: Tbulted from the U.S. Deprtment of Lbor, Bureu of Lbor Sttistics, September Not sesonlly djusted.

250 10 24

251 11 1 Chpter 11 Greenhouse Gs Emissions Summry Sttistics from Tbles/Figures in this Chpter Source Tble 11.1 Crbon dioxide emissions (million metric tons) Tble 11.5 Tble 11.7 Tble United Sttes 4,989 5,488 OECD Europe 4,149 4,028 Chin 2,293 9,025 Russi 2,393 1,819 Jpn 1,054 1,220 Non-OECD Europe nd Eursi 4,246 2,935 Indi 573 1,874 Trnsporttion shre of U.S. crbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel consumption % % % Motor gsoline shre of trnsporttion crbon dioxide emissions, % Averge nnul crbon footprint, 2015 (metric tons of CO2) New Crs 6.0 New Light trucks 8.2

252 11 2 The U.S. ccounted for 23% of the World s crbon dioxide emissions in 1990, 21% in 2005, nd only 16% in About 41% of the U.S. crbon emissions re from oil use. Tble 11.1 World Crbon Dioxide Emissions, 1990, 2005, nd 2015 Million metric tons Percent of Million Percent of Million emissions metric emissions metric from oil use tons from oil use tons Percent of emissions from oil use Country/Region OECD Americs United Sttes 4,989 44% 5,985 44% 5,488 41% Cnd % % % Mexico/Chile % % % Totl 5,762 46% 7,066 46% 6,537 44% OECD Europe 4,149 45% 4,488 49% 4,028 45% OECD Asi Jpn 1,054 65% 1,241 52% 1,220 43% Austrli/New Zelnd % % % Other % % % Totl 1,595 59% 2,173 47% 2,313 41% Non-OECD Europe & Eursi Russi 2,393 33% 1,548 25% 1,819 26% Other 1,853 32% 1,120 26% 1,116 27% Totl 4,246 32% 2,668 25% 2,935 26% Non-OECD Asi Chin 2,293 15% 5,490 16% 9,025 16% Indi % 1,182 27% 1,874 25% Other % 1,665 53% 2,097 52% Totl 3,677 26% 8,337 25% 12,996 23% Other Non-OECD Middle Est % 1,333 59% 2,031 56% Afric % % 1,225 43% Centrl & South Americ % 1,011 72% 1,291 71% Totl 2,058 64% 3,322 58% 4,546 57% Totl World 21,487 42% 28,054 40% 33,355 36% Source: U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Energy Informtion Administrtion, Interntionl Energy Sttistics Dtbses, nd Interntionl Energy Outlook, Wshington, DC, My (Additionl resources: OECD is the Orgniztion for Economic Coopertion nd Development. See Glossry for included countries.

253 11 3 Since 1990, Chin shows the gretest increse of crbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions. The Americs hve bout the sme CO 2 emissions in 2014 s in Europe nd Eursi hve fewer CO 2 emissions in 2014 thn Figure World Crbon Dioxide Emissions, Source: : U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Energy Informtion Administrtion, Interntionl Energy Sttistics, Totl Crbon Dioxide Emissions from the Consumption of Energy, September : U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Energy Informtion Administrtion, Interntionl Energy Outlook 2016, September (Additionl resources:

254 11 4 Globl Wrming Potentils (GWP) were developed to llow comprison of the bility of ech greenhouse gs to trp het in the tmosphere reltive to crbon dioxide. Extensive reserch hs been performed nd it hs been discovered tht the effects of vrious gses on globl wrming re too complex to be precisely summrized by single number. Further understnding of the subject lso cuses frequent chnges to estimtes. Despite tht, the scientific community hs developed pproximtions, the ltest of which re shown below. Most nlysts use the 100-yer time horizon. Tble 11.2 Numericl Estimtes of Globl Wrming Potentils Compred with Crbon Dioxide (kilogrm of gs per kilogrm of crbon dioxide) Globl wrming potentil Lifetime direct effect for time horizons of Gs (yers) 20 yers 100 yers Crbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Methne (CH 4 ) b Tetrfluoroethne (HFC-134) ,790 1,550 Trichlorofluoromethne (CFC-11) 45 7,020 5,350 Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O) Perfluoromethne (CF 4 ) 50,000 4,950 7,350 Note: Includes climte-crbon feedbcks. Source: Myhre, G., D. Shindell, F.-M. Breon, W. Collins, J. Fuglestvedt, J. Hung, D. Koch, J.-F. Lmrque, D. Lee, B. Mendoz, T. Nkjim, A. Robock, G. Stephens, T. Tkemur nd H. Zhng, 2013: Anthropogenic nd Nturl Rditive Forcing. In: Climte Chnge 2013: The Physicl Science Bsis. Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmentl Pnel on Climte Chnge [Stocker, R.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plttner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nuels, Y. Zi, V. Bex nd P.M. Midgley (eds)]. Cmbridge University Press, Cmbridge, United Kingdom nd New York, NY, USA. No single lifetime cn be defined for crbon dioxide due to different rtes of uptke by different removl processes. b These vlues do not include crbon dioxide from methne oxidtion. Perturbtion lifetime is used in the clcultion of metrics.

255 11 5 Crbon dioxide emissions in 2014 were 8% higher thn in 1990, but down from the highest nnul emissions of this dt series in Crbon dioxide ccounts for the mjority (81%) of greenhouse gses. Tble 11.3 U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gses, Bsed on Globl Wrming Potentil, (million metric tons of crbon dioxide equivlent ) Yer Crbon dioxide Methne Nitrous oxide High GWP gses b Totl , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,825.7 Note: This greenhouse gs emissions inventory includes fossil fuel combustion, use of fluorinted gses nd other trnsporttion ctegories. Source: U.S. Environmentl Protection Agency, Inventory of U. S. Greenhouse Gs Emissions nd Sinks: , April 15, 2016, EPA 430-R (Additionl resources: Crbon dioxide equivlents re computed by multiplying the weight of the gs being mesured by its estimted Globl Wrming Potentil (See Tble 11.2). b GWP = Globl wrming potentil. Includes HFC-hydrofluorocrbons; PFC-perfluorocrbons; nd SF 6 - sulfur hexflouride.

256 11 6 The trnsporttion sector ccounts for the lrgest shre of totl greenhouse gs emissions, due to the high shre of crbon dioxide emissions. The industril sector is the only sector tht ccounts for more greenhouse gs emissions thn the trnsporttion sector. Tble 11.4 Totl U.S. Greenhouse Gs Emissions by End-Use Sector, 2014 (million metric tons of crbon dioxide equivlent ) Hydroflurocrbons, perflurocrbons, sulfur hexfluoride Totl greenhouse gs emissions Crbon dioxide Methne Nitrous oxide Residentil 1, ,143.9 Commercil ,174.7 Agriculturl Industril 1, ,005.7 Trnsporttion 1, ,814.3 Trnsporttion shre of totl 31.8% 0.2% 3.6% 26.2% 26.6% Totl greenhouse gs emissions 5, ,825.7 Note: Totls my not sum due to rounding. Source: U.S. Environmentl Protection Agency, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gs Emissions nd Sinks, , April (Additionl resources: Crbon dioxide equivlents re computed by multiplying the weight of the gs being mesured by its estimted Globl Wrming Potentil (See Tble 11.2).

257 11 7 Gses which contin crbon cn be mesured in terms of the full moleculr weight of the gs or just in terms of their crbon content. This tble presents crbon dioxide gs. The rtio of the weight of crbon to crbon dioxide is The trnsporttion sector ccounts for pproximtely one-third of crbon emissions. Tble 11.5 U.S. Crbon Emissions from Fossil Fuel Consumption by End-Use Sector, (million metric tons of crbon dioxide) End use sector Trnsporttion CO 2 from Residentil Commercil Industril Trnsporttion percentge ll sectors , , % 4, , , % 4, , , % 4, , , % 4, , , % 4, , , % 5, , , , % 5, , , , % 5, , , , % 5, , , , % 5, , , , % 5, , , , % 5, , , , % 5, , , , % 5, , , , , % 5, , , , , % 5, , , , , % 5, , , , , % 5, , , , , % 5, , , , % 5, , , , % 5, , , , % 5, , , , % 4, , , , % 5, , , , % 5,167.2 Averge nnul percentge chnge % 0.9% -0.3% 0.6% 0.4% % -0.7% -1.3% -0.7% -0.9% Note: The CO 2 from ll sectors does not mtch Tble 11.3 since it is only from fossil fuel consumption nd does not include the use of fluorinted gses nd other trnsporttion ctegories. Source: U.S. Environmentl Protection Agency, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gs Emissions nd Sinks, , April 15, (Additionl resources: ) Includes energy from petroleum, col, nd nturl gs. Electric utility emissions re distributed cross consumption sectors.

258 11 8 This report hs typiclly displyed crbon nd crbon dioxide dt from the Environmentl Protection Agency (EPA). However, the Energy Informtion Administrtion s (EIA s) Monthly Energy Review lso includes crbon dioxide emission dt. The differences in the two dt series hve been bout 3-4%, but s high s 6.8% in Resons for the differences include the tretment of interntionl bunker fuel, nonfuel use of fossil fuels, nd the gencies use of different fuel consumption control totls. Tble 11.6 Trnsporttion Sector Crbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Consumption, (million metric tons of crbon dioxide) Energy Informtion Administrtion s Monthly Energy Review Environmentl Protection Agency s Greenhouse Gs Inventory Report Percentge difference Yer , , , , , , , , , , % , , % , , % , , % , , % , , % , , % , , % , , % , , % , , % , , % , , % , , % , , % , , % , , % , , % , , % , , % , , % , , % , , % , , % , , % ,868.2 Sources: U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Energy Informtion Administrtion, Monthly Energy Review, April 2016, Wshington, DC, Tble U.S. Environmentl Protection Agency, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gs Emissions nd Sinks: , April 2016, Wshington, DC, Tble Dt re not vilble.

259 11 9 Most U.S. trnsporttion sector crbon dioxide emissions come from petroleum fuels. Motor gsoline hs been responsible for bout two-thirds of U.S. crbon dioxide emissions over the lst twenty yers. Tble 11.7 U.S. Crbon Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion in the Trnsporttion End-Use Sector, (million metric tons of crbon dioxide equivlent) Yer Motor gsoline LPG Jet fuel Distillte fuel Residul fuel Avition gs Nturl gs Electricity b Totl , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,741.7 Averge nnul percentge chnge % 2.8% -0.9% 2.2% -5.5% -3.0% 1.2% 1.3% 0.6% % 8.4% -2.3% 0.2% 0.2% -3.8% 4.1% -4.0% -0.7% Note: Emissions from U.S. Territories re not included. Emissions from Interntionl Bunker Fuels re not included. Source: U.S. Environmentl Protection Agency, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gs Emissions nd Sinks, , April 15, (Additionl resources: ) Liquefied petroleum gs. b Shre of totl electric utility crbon dioxide emissions weighted by sles to the trnsporttion sector.

260 11 10 Highwy vehicles re responsible for the mjority of greenhouse gs emissions in the trnsporttion sector. Tble 11.8 Trnsporttion Crbon Dioxide Emissions by Mode, (Million metric tons of crbon dioxide equivlent) Yer Pssenger Vehicles Hevy Trucks Highwy Totl Wter Air Ril Pipeline Totl , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,741.8 Averge nnul percentge chnge % 2.4% 0.9% -1.9% -0.9% 0.7% 1.1% 0.6% % 1.1% -0.6% 3.3% -2.3% -0.8% 4.1% -0.7% Note: Emissions from U.S. Territories re not included. Emissions from Interntionl Bunker Fuels re not included. Pssenger vehicles include crs, light trucks nd motorcycles. Hevy trucks include medium nd hevy trucks nd buses. Source: U.S. Environmentl Protection Agency, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gs Emissions nd Sinks: , April 2016, Tble (Additionl resources: )

261 11 11 The Greenhouse Gses, Regulted Emissions, nd Energy Use in Trnsporttion (GREET) Model greet.es.nl.gov Sponsored by the U.S. Deprtment of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency nd Renewble Energy (EERE), Argonne hs developed full life-cycle model clled GREET (Greenhouse gses, Regulted Emissions, nd Energy use in Trnsporttion). It llows reserchers nd nlysts to evlute energy nd environmentl impcts of vrious vehicle nd fuel combintions on life-cycle bsis. The first version of GREET ws relesed in Since then, Argonne hs continued to updte nd expnd the model. The most recent GREET versions re GREET version for fuel-cycle nlysis nd GREET version for vehicle-cycle nlysis. Figure GREET Model For given vehicle nd fuel system, GREET seprtely clcultes the following: Consumption of totl energy (energy in non-renewble nd renewble sources), fossil fuels (petroleum, nturl gs, nd col together), petroleum, col nd nturl gs. Emissions of CO 2 -equivlent greenhouse gses - primrily crbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methne (CH 4 ), nd nitrous oxide (N 2 O). Emissions of six criteri pollutnts: voltile orgnic compounds (VOCs), crbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx), prticulte mtter with size smller thn 10 micron (PM 10 ), prticulte mtter with size smller thn 2.5 micron (PM 2.5 ),nd sulfur oxides (SOx).

262 11 12 GREET includes more thn 100 fuel production pthwys nd more thn 80 vehicle/fuel systems. These vehicle/fuel systems cover current nd dvnced vehicle technologies such s conventionl sprkignition engine vehicles, compression-ignition engine vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, bttery-powered electric vehicles nd fuel-cell electric vehicles. GREET lso evlutes trnsporttion modes other thn light-duty vehicles, such s hevy-duty vehicles, vition, ril nd mrine. Figure GREET Model Feedstocks nd Fuels To ddress technology improvements over time, GREET 2015 simultes current nd future vehicle/fuel systems up to yer For dditionl informtion bout the GREET model nd ssocited documenttion, plese visit the GREET website or contct greet@nl.gov.

263 11 13 Results from the GREET 2015 model on emissions of crbon dioxide per mile re shown below for vrious fuels nd vehicle technologies. A full description of the model is on the preceding pges. Figure Well-to-Wheel Emissions for Vrious Fuels nd Vehicle Technologies Note: PHEV40 = Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle with 40-mile electric rnge. Source: Argonne Ntionl Lbortory, GREET Model.

264 11 14 Crbon Footprint The crbon footprint mesures vehicle s impct on climte chnge in tons of crbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emitted nnully. The following three tbles show the crbon footprint for vrious vehicle clsses. The sles-weighted verge fuel economy rting for ech vehicle clss, bsed on 45% highwy nd 55% city driving, is used to determine the verge nnul crbon footprint for vehicles in the clss. An estimte of 15,000 nnul miles is used for ech vehicle clss nd for ech yer in the series. CrbonFootprint AnnulMiles CO2 LHV CH 4 N 2O AnnulMiles CombinedMPG where: CO 2 = (Tilpipe CO 2 + Upstrem Greenhouse Gses) in grms per million Btu LHV = Lower (or net) Heting Vlue in million Btu per gllon CH 4 = Tilpipe CO 2 equivlent methne in grms per mile N 2 O = Tilpipe CO 2 equivlent nitrous oxide in grms per mile Note: The Environmentl Protection Agency publishes tilpipe emissions in terms of grms of CO 2 per mile in the Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Crbon Dioxide Emissions, nd Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 through 2015,

265 11 15 The production-weighted verge nnul crbon footprint for crs nd cr SUVs declined by n verge of 1.9% nnully between 1975 nd Tble 11.9 Production-Weighted Annul Crbon Footprint of New Domestic nd Import Crs Model Yers (metric tons of CO 2 ) Model Yer Cr Cr SUV b Averge nnul percentge chnge % -2.0% % -2.2% Source: Clculted using fuel economy from the U.S. Environmentl Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Crbon Dioxide Emissions, nd Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2015, December See pge for detils. (Additionl resources: Annul crbon footprint is bsed on 15,000 miles of nnul driving. Includes tilpipe plus upstrem emissions. b Cr SUV ctegory is defined in Tble 4.9.

266 11 16 The production-weighted verge nnul footprint of pickups, vns, nd truck SUVs decresed from 1975 to Truck SUVs nd vns experienced the gretest decline from 2005 to Tble Production-Weighted Annul Crbon Footprint of New Domestic nd Import Trucks Model Yers (metric tons of CO 2 ) Note: Includes light trucks of 8,500 lbs. or less. Model Yer Pickup Vn Truck SUV b Averge nnul percentge chnge % -1.7% -1.7% % -1.3% -2.7% Source: Clculted using fuel economy from the U.S. Environmentl Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Crbon Dioxide Emissions, nd Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2015, December See pge for detils. (Additionl resources: Annul crbon footprint is bsed on 15,000 miles of nnul driving. Includes tilpipe plus upstrem emissions. b Truck SUV ctegory includes ll SUV not in the Cr SUV ctegory. Cr SUV ctegory is defined in Tble 4.9.

267 11 17 Between 1975 nd 2015, the production-weighted verge nnul crbon footprint for new light vehicles dropped drmticlly. Totl new crs experienced decrese of 52.3% while the crbon footprint for light trucks decresed by 43.6%. Tble Averge Annul Crbon Footprint of New Vehicles by Vehicle Clssifiction, Model Yers 1975 nd 2015 (metric tons of CO 2 ) Production shre Crbon footprint Vehicle clss Model yer 1975 Model yer 2015 Model yer 1975 Model yer 2015 Percent chnge Crs Cr 80.6% 49.0% % Cr SUV b 0.1% 10.6% % Totl crs 80.7% 59.6% % Light trucks Vn 4.5% 3.5% % Truck SUV b 1.7% 23.6% % Pickup 13.1% 13.4% % Totl light trucks 19.3% 40.5% % Source: Clculted using fuel economy from the U.S. Environmentl Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Crbon Dioxide Emissions, nd Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2015, December See pge for detils. (Additionl resources: Annul crbon footprint is bsed on 15,000 miles of nnul driving. Includes tilpipe nd upstrem emissions. b Cr SUV ctegory is defined in Tble 4.9. Truck SUV ctegory includes ll SUVs not in the Cr SUV ctegory.

268 11 18 The mount of crbon dioxide relesed into the tmosphere by vehicle is primrily determined by the crbon content of the fuel. However, there is smll portion of the fuel tht is not oxidized into crbon dioxide when the fuel is burned. The Environmentl Protection Agency (EPA) hs published informtion on crbon dioxide emissions from gsoline nd diesel which tkes the oxidtion fctor into ccount nd is bsed on the crbon content used in EPA s fuel economy nlyses. The other fuels listed come from the Energy Informtion Administrtion. Tble Direct Crbon Dioxide Emissions from Gllon of Fuel Grms Kilogrms Pounds per gllon per gllon per gllon Gsoline 8, Diesel 10, E85 1, B20 8, LPG 5, Propne 5, Avition gsoline 8, Jet fuel 9, Kerosene 9, Residul fuel 11, Sources: Gsoline nd Diesel: U.S. Environmentl Protection Agency, Greenhouse Gs Emissions from Typicl Pssenger Vehicle, My (Additionl resources: All others: Energy Informtion Administrtion, Voluntry Reporting of Greenhouse Gses Progrm, Fuel nd Energy Source Codes nd Emission Coefficients. Direct emissions re from the tnk-to-wheels process. No upstrem emissions re included.

269 11 19 The verge crbon content of 11 different trnsporttion fuels comes from the GREET Model. Residul oil (used in ships) hs the highest crbon content of those listed. Ethnol hs the lowest crbon content per gllon. Tble Crbon Content of Trnsporttion Fuels Crbon rtio (grms of crbon per grms of fuel) Fuel Type Density (grms/gllon) Crbon content (grms/gllon) Gsoline blendstock 2, , Ethnol 2, , Gsoline (E10) 2, , U.S. conventionl diesel 3, , Low-sulfur diesel 3, , Conventionl jet fuel 3, , Ultr low-sulfur jet fuel 2, , Residul oil 3, , Liquefied petroleum gs (LPG) 1, , Methyl ester (biodiesel, BD) 3, , Source: Argonne Ntionl Lbortory, GREET Model. Crbon content (grms per Btu) Bsed on higher heting vlues.

270 11 20

271 12 1 Chpter 12 Criteri Air Pollutnts Summry Sttistics from Tbles in this Chpter Source Tble 12.1 Trnsporttion s shre of U.S. emissions, 2014 CO 53.6% NOX 57.7% VOC 23.4% PM % PM % SO2 2.1%

272 12 2 Trnsporttion ccounts for the mjority of crbon monoxide nd nitrogen oxide emissions. Highwy vehicles re responsible for the lrgest shre of trnsporttion emission. The 2014 dt re the ltest vilble. Tble 12.1 Totl Ntionl Emissions of the Criteri Air Pollutnts by Sector, 2014 (millions of short tons/percentge) Sector CO NOx VOC PM-10 PM-2.5 SO 2 Highwy vehicles % 36.2% 12.6% 1.5% 2.8% 0.6% Other off-highwy % 21.5% 10.8% 0.9% 2.9% 1.5% Trnsporttion totl % 57.7% 23.4% 2.4% 5.7% 2.1% Sttionry source fuel combustion % 28.9% 3.7% 4.7% 14.0% 82.1% Industril processes % 9.5% 41.3% 4.6% 6.6% 11.3% Wste disposl nd recycling totl % 0.7% 0.8% 0.9% 2.7% 0.3% Miscellneous % 3.2% 30.8% 87.4% 71.0% 4.2% Totl of ll sources % 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Note: CO = Crbon monoxide. NO x = Nitrogen oxides. VOC = Voltile orgnic compounds. PM-10 = Prticulte mtter less thn 10 microns. PM-2.5 = Prticulte mtter less thn 2.5 microns. SO 2 = Sulfur dioxide. Source: U. S. Environmentl Protection Agency, Ntionl Emission Inventory Air Pollutnt Emission Trends website (Additionl resources:

273 12 3 The trnsporttion sector ccounted for lmost 54% of the ntion s crbon monoxide (CO) emissions in Highwy vehicles re by fr the source of the gretest mount of CO. For detils on the highwy emissions of CO, see Tble The 2014 dt re the ltest vilble. Tble 12.2 Totl Ntionl Emissions of Crbon Monoxide, (million short tons) Source ctegory Percent of totl, 2014 Highwy vehicles % Other off-highwy % Trnsporttion totl % Sttionry fuel combustion totl % Industril processes totl % Wste disposl nd recycling totl % Miscellneous totl % Totl of ll sources % Source: U. S. Environmentl Protection Agency, Ntionl Emission Inventory Air Pollutnt Emission Trends website (Additionl resources: The sums of subctegories my not equl totl due to rounding.

274 12 4 Though gsoline-powered light vehicles continue to be responsible for the mjority of crbon monoxide emissions from highwy vehicles, the totl pollution from light vehicles in 2005 is less thn fifth of wht it ws in This is despite the fct tht there were mny more light vehicles on the rod in Between 2005 nd 2011 the Environmentl Protection Agency updted their source from the MOBILE 6.2 emissions model to the MOVES emission model. MOVES results typiclly show higher emissions, especilly for hevy trucks. Tble 12.3 Emissions of Crbon Monoxide from Highwy Vehicles, (million short tons) Source ctegory b 2014 b Percent of totl, 2014 Gsoline powered Light vehicles & motorcycles c c c Light trucks d c c c Subtotl light vehicles % Hevy vehicles % Subtotl gsoline vehicles % Diesel powered Light vehicles c c c c c c Light trucks d Subtotl light vehicles % Hevy vehicles % Subtotl diesel vehicles % Highwy vehicle totl % Totl Percent diesel 0.3% 1.0% 1.7% 1.8% 1.8% 4.2% 4.2% Source: U. S. Environmentl Protection Agency, Ntionl Emission Inventory Air Pollutnt Emission Trends website (Additionl resources: The sums of subctegories my not equl totl due to rounding. b These dt re not directly comprble to the older dt due to the chnge in source from the MOBILE emissions model to the MOVES emissions model. c Dt re not vilble. d Less thn 8,500 pounds.

275 12 5 The trnsporttion sector ccounted for lmost 60% of the ntion s nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions in 2014, with the mjority coming from highwy vehicles. For detils on the highwy emissions of NOx, see Tble The 2014 dt re the ltest vilble. Tble 12.4 Totl Ntionl Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, (million short tons) Source ctegory Percent of totl, 2014 Highwy vehicles % Other off-highwy % Trnsporttion totl % Sttionry fuel combustion totl % Industril processes totl % Wste disposl nd recycling totl % Miscellneous totl % Totl of ll sources % Source: U. S. Environmentl Protection Agency, Ntionl Emission Inventory Air Pollutnt Emission Trends website (Additionl resources: The sums of subctegories my not equl totl due to rounding.

276 12 6 Diesel-powered vehicles were responsible for nerly one-hlf (49%) of highwy vehicle nitrogen oxide emissions in 2014, while light gsoline vehicles were responsible for the rest. Between 2005 nd 2011 the Environmentl Protection Agency updted their source from the MOBILE 6.2 emissions model to the MOVES emission model. MOVES results typiclly show higher emissions, especilly for hevy trucks. Tble 12.5 Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Highwy Vehicles, (million short tons) Source ctegory b 2014 b Percent of totl, 2014 Gsoline powered Light vehicles & motorcycles c c c Light trucks d c c c Subtotl light vehicles % Hevy vehicles % Subtotl gsoline vehicles % Diesel powered Light vehicles c c c Light trucks d c c c Subtotl light vehicles % Hevy vehicles % Subtotl diesel vehicles % Totl Highwy vehicle totl % Percent diesel 14.5% 23.1% 34.0% 49.9% 44.1% 45.8% 49.0% Source: U. S. Environmentl Protection Agency, Ntionl Emission Inventory Air Pollutnt Emission Trends website (Additionl resources: The sums of subctegories my not equl totl due to rounding. b These dt re not directly comprble to the older dt due to the chnge in source from the MOBILE emissions model to the MOVES emissions model. c Dt re not vilble. d Less thn 8,500 pounds.

277 12 7 The trnsporttion sector ccounted for over 23% of the ntion s voltile orgnic compound (VOC) emissions in 2014, with the mjority coming from highwy vehicles. For detils on the highwy emissions of VOC, see Tble The 2014 dt re the ltest vilble. Tble 12.6 Totl Ntionl Emissions of Voltile Orgnic Compounds, (million short tons) Source ctegory Percent of totl, 2014 Highwy vehicles % Off-highwy % Trnsporttion totl % Sttionry fuel combustion totl % Industril processes totl % Wste disposl nd recycling totl % Miscellneous totl % Totl of ll sources % Source: U. S. Environmentl Protection Agency, Ntionl Emission Inventory Air Pollutnt Emission Trends website (Additionl resources: The sum of subctegories my not equl totl due to rounding. The EPA's definition of voltile orgnic compounds excludes methne, ethne, nd certin other nonphotochemiclly rective orgnic compounds.

278 12 8 Gsoline-powered vehicles re responsible for over 90% of highwy vehicle emissions of voltile orgnic compounds. VOC emissions from highwy vehicles in 2014 were less thn one-qurter of the 1990 level. Between 2005 nd 2011 the Environmentl Protection Agency updted their source from the MOBILE 6.2 emissions model to the MOVES emission model. MOVES results typiclly show higher emissions, especilly for hevy trucks. Tble 12.7 Emissions of Voltile Orgnic Compounds from Highwy Vehicles, (thousnd short tons) Source ctegory b 2014 b Gsoline powered Light vehicles & motorcycles 11,996 9,304 5,690 2,903 2,111 c c c Percent of totl, 2014 Light trucks d 2,776 2,864 2,617 1,929 1,629 c c c Subtotl light vehicles 14,772 12,168 8,307 4,832 3,740 2,345 1, % Hevy vehicles 1,679 1, % Subtotl gsoline vehicles 16,451 13,366 8,940 5,088 3,911 2,386 1, % Diesel powered Light vehicles c c c Light trucks d c c c Subtotl light vehicles % Hevy vehicles % Subtotl diesel vehicles % Highwy vehicle totl 16,911 13,869 9,388 5,326 4,078 2,642 2, % Totl Percent diesel 2.7% 3.6% 4.8% 4.5% 4.1% 9.7% 9.7% Source: U. S. Environmentl Protection Agency, Ntionl Emission Inventory Air Pollutnt Emission Trends website (Additionl resources: The sums of subctegories my not equl totl due to rounding. b These dt re not directly comprble to the older dt due to the chnge in source from the MOBILE emissions model to the MOVES emissions model. c Dt re not vilble. d Less thn 8,500 pounds.

279 12 9 The trnsporttion sector ccounted for more thn 2% of the ntion s prticulte mtter (PM-10) emissions in For detils on the highwy emissions of PM-10, see Tble The 2014 dt re the ltest vilble. Tble 12.8 Totl Ntionl Emissions of Prticulte Mtter (PM-10), (million short tons) Source ctegory Percent of totl, 2014 Highwy vehicles % Off-highwy % Trnsporttion totl % Sttionry fuel combustion totl % Industril processes totl % Wste disposl nd recycling totl % Miscellneous totl % Totl of ll sources % Note: Becuse PM-10 is fine prticle mtter less thn 10 microns, it lso includes PM-2.5. Specific dt for PM-2.5 re shown on Tbles nd Source: U. S. Environmentl Protection Agency, Ntionl Emission Inventory Air Pollutnt Emission Trends website (Additionl resources: Fine prticle mtter less thn 10 microns. The sums of subctegories my not equl totl due to rounding.

280 12 10 In 2014, diesel-powered vehicles were responsible for 45% of highwy vehicle emissions of prticulte mtter (PM-10); in 1990 diesels were responsible for 73.4%. Between 2005 nd 2011 the Environmentl Protection Agency updted their source from the MOBILE 6.2 emissions model to the MOVES emission model. MOVES results typiclly show higher emissions, especilly for hevy trucks. Tble 12.9 Emissions of Prticulte Mtter (PM-10) from Highwy Vehicles, (thousnd short tons) Source ctegory b 2014 b Light vehicles & motorcycles Gsoline powered Percent of totl, c c c Light trucks d c c c Subtotl light vehicles % Hevy vehicles % Subtotl gsoline vehicles % Diesel powered Light vehicles c c c Light trucks d c c c Subtotl light vehicles % Hevy vehicles % Subtotl diesel vehicles % Totl Highwy vehicle totl % Percent diesel 23.5% 49.1% 73.4% 59.6% 51.4% 45.3% 45.0% Note: Becuse PM-10 is fine prticle mtter less thn 10 microns, it lso includes PM-2.5. Specific dt for PM-2.5 re shown on Tbles nd Source: U. S. Environmentl Protection Agency, Ntionl Emission Inventory Air Pollutnt Emission Trends website (Additionl resources: The sums of subctegories my not equl totl due to rounding. b These dt re not directly comprble to the older dt due to the chnge in source from the MOBILE emissions model to the MOVES emissions model. c Dt re not vilble. d Less thn 8,500 pounds.

281 12 11 The trnsporttion sector ccounted for lmost 6% of the ntion s prticulte mtter (PM-2.5) emissions in For detils on the highwy emissions of PM-2.5, see Tble The 2014 dt re the ltest vilble. Tble Totl Ntionl Emissions of Prticulte Mtter (PM-2.5), (million short tons) Source ctegory Percent of totl, 2014 Highwy vehicles % Off-highwy % Trnsporttion totl % Sttionry fuel combustion totl % Industril processes totl % Wste disposl nd recycling totl % Miscellneous totl % Totl of ll sources % Source: U. S. Environmentl Protection Agency, Ntionl Emission Inventory Air Pollutnt Emission Trends website (Additionl resources:

282 12 12 Diesel vehicles re responsible for the mjority of highwy vehicle PM-2.5 emissions. Nerly two-thirds of the highwy vehicles PM-2.5 emissions re from hevy diesel trucks. Between 2005 nd 2011 the Environmentl Protection Agency updted their source from the MOBILE 6.2 emissions model to the MOVES emission model. MOVES results typiclly show higher emissions, especilly for hevy trucks. Tble Emissions of Prticulte Mtter (PM-2.5) from Highwy Vehicles, (thousnd short tons) Source ctegory b 2014 b Percent of totl, 2014 Gsoline powered Light vehicles & motorcycles c c c Light trucks d c c c Subtotl light vehicles % Hevy vehicles % Subtotl gsoline vehicles % Diesel powered Light vehicles c c c Light trucks d c c c Subtotl light vehicles % Hevy vehicles % Subtotl diesel vehicles % Totl Highwy vehicle totl % Percent diesel 79.3% 75.8% 69.9% 63.3% 64.6% 61.7% Source: U. S. Environmentl Protection Agency, Ntionl Emission Inventory Air Pollutnt Emission Trends website (Additionl resources: The sums of subctegories my not equl totl due to rounding. b These dt re not directly comprble to the older dt due to the chnge in source from the MOBILE emissions model to the MOVES emissions model. The 2011 dt include condensble plus filterble PM-2.5. c Dt re not vilble. d Less thn 8,500 pounds.

283 12 13 The trnsporttion sector ccounted for only 2% of the ntion s sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) emissions in 2014, with offhighwy vehicles responsible for most of the emissions. Sttionry fuel combustion (e.g., fctories) ws responsible for nerly 82% of ll SO 2 emissions in Tble Totl Ntionl Emissions of Sulfur Dioxide, (million short tons) Source ctegory Percent of totl, 2014 Highwy vehicles % Other off-highwy % Trnsporttion totl % Sttionry fuel combustion totl % Industril processes totl % Wste disposl nd recycling totl % Miscellneous totl % Totl of ll sources % Source: U. S. Environmentl Protection Agency, Ntionl Emission Inventory Air Pollutnt Emission Trends website (Additionl resources: The sums of subctegories my not equl totl due to rounding.

284 12 14 EMISSION STANDARDS The U.S. Environmentl Protection Agency (EPA) regultes emissions from mobile sources including vehicles, engines, nd motorized equipment tht produce exhust nd evportive emissions. Mobile sources contribute to four min ir pollutnts: crbon monoxide, hydrocrbons, nitrogen oxides, nd prticulte mtter. The EPA not only sets stndrds for the vehicles, engines, nd equipment, but lso the fuels tht they use. Tbles through Tble contin summries of the current stndrds. Acronyms Used on Tbles through Tble ABT Averging, bnking, nd credit trding progrm LLDT Light light-duty truck ATV All-terrin vehicle LPG Liquefied petroleum gs bhp Brke horsepower-hour LVW Loded vehicle weight CFR Code of Federl Regultions MDPV Medium-duty pssenger vehicle CI Compression-ignition (8,500-10,000 lbs. GVWR) CO Crbon Monoxide MDV Medium-duty vehicle DE Diesel engine MY Model yer EPA Environmentl Protection Agency NMHC Non-methne hydrocrbon FEL Fmily emission limit NMOG Non-methne orgnic gses FTP Federl test procedure NR Nonrod g Grm NRLM Nonrod, locomotive nd mrine g/kn Grms per kilonewton NOx Nitrogen oxides g/kw-hr Grms per kilowtt-hour NTE Not-to-exceed g/mi Grms per mile OEM Originl equipment mnufcturer GPA Geogrphic Phse-in Are PM Prticulte mtter GVW Gross vehicle weight ppm Prts per million HC Hydrocrbons PWC Personl wtercrft HCHO Formldehyde ro Rted output HLDT Hevy light-duty truck rpr Rted pressure rtio Hp-hr Horsepower-hour SI Sprk-ignition ICAO Interntionl Civil Avition Orgniztion SULEV Super-ultr-low-emission vehicle kn Kilonewton THC Totl hydrocrbons kw Kilowtt THCE Totl hydrocrbon equivlent kw-hr Kilowtt-hour ULEV Ultr-low-emission vehicle LDT Light-duty truck ULSD Ultr-low sulfur diesel LDV Light-duty vehicle ZEV Zero-emission vehicle LEV Low-emission vehicle

285 12 15 The Environmentl Protection Agency issued finl Tier 3 emission stndrds in The combined emissions of non-methne orgnic gses (NMOG) nd nitrogen oxides (NOx) tht new gsoline engines re llowed to produce from model yers 2017 to 2025 re regulted in these new stndrds. These stndrds pply to corporte verge, mening tht some vehicles produced in those model yers will emit more thn the stndrd, while others will emit less, so long s the verge for ech Originl Equipment Mnufcturer (OEM) product offerings meets the stndrd. Tble Tier 3 Non-Methne Orgnic Gses nd Nitrogen Oxide Stndrds (milligrms per mile) Light-duty vehicles nd LDT1 LDT2, 3, 4, nd medium-duty pssenger vehicles Clss 2b trucks Clss 3 trucks 333 b 548 b Model Yer b 508 b nd lter Notes: Stndrds re for the Federl Test Procedure. Different stndrds pply for the Supplementl Federl Test Procedure. For vehicles over 6,000 lbs. gross vehicle weight rting (GVWR), the stndrds pply beginning in MY LDT1 = Light trucks less thn 6,000 lbs. GVWR nd less thn 3,750 lbs. loded vehicle weight (LVW). LDT2, 3, 4 = Light trucks less thn 8,500 lbs. GVWR nd more thn 3,750 lbs. LVW. Clss 2b trucks = trucks 8,501-10,000 lbs. GVWR. Clss 3 trucks = trucks 10,001-14,000 lbs. GVWR. Source: Federl Register Vol. 79, No. 81, Mondy, April 28, Not pplicble. b Voluntry stndrd.

286 12 16 Tble Tier 3 Prticulte Mtter Emission Stndrds for Light Gsoline Vehicles, MY 2017 nd Beyond (milligrms per mile) Model Yer Certifiction stndrd (milligrms per mile) In-use stndrd (milligrms per mile) Phse-in (percent of U.S. sles) on Note: Stndrds re for the Federl Test Procedure. The stndrds pply to ll light-duty vehicles, light-duty trucks, nd medium-duty pssenger vehicles. For vehicles over 6,000 lbs. gross vehicle weight rting, the stndrds pply beginning in MY Source: Federl Register Vol. 79, No. 81, Mondy, April 28, Tble Tier 3 Evportive Emission Stndrds (grms per test) Highest hot sok + diurnl level Vehicle clss (over both 2-dy nd 3-dy diurnl tests) Light-duty vehicles nd LDT1 0.3 LDT2 0.4 LDT3, LT4, nd medium-duty pssenger vehicles 0.5 Hevy-duty gsoline vehicles 0.6 Note: LDT1 = Light trucks less thn 6,000 lbs. gross vehicle weight rting (GVWR) nd less thn 3,750 lbs. loded vehicle weight (LVW). LDT2 = Light trucks less thn 6,000 lbs. GVWR nd less thn 3,750 lbs. LVW. LDT3, 4 = Light trucks less thn 8,500 lbs. GVWR nd more thn 3,750 lbs. LVW. Hevy-duty gsoline vehicles = trucks over 10,000 lbs. GVWR. Source: Federl Register Vol. 79, No. 81, Mondy, April 28, Mnufcturers comply with 20% of their light-duty truck fleet under 6,000 lbs. gross vehicle weight, lterntively with 10% of their totl light-duty vehicle, light-duty trucks nd medium-duty pssenger vehicle fleet.

287 12 17 These exhust emission stndrds were phsed-in from 2004 to Tble Light-Duty Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, nd Medium-Duty Pssenger Vehicle Tier 2 Exhust Emission Stndrds Federl Stndrd NOx (g/mi) Emission limits t 50,000 miles NMOG CO PM (g/mi) (g/mi) (g/mi) HCHO (g/mi) NOx (g/mi) Emission limits t full useful life (120,000 miles) NMOG CO PM (g/mi) (g/mi) (g/mi) Bin HCHO (g/mi) Bin Bin Bin Bin Bin Bin Bin Bin 9 b 0.2 Bin 10 b / c / / / / / / / / / Bin 11 b Note: Tests Covered: Federl Test Procedure (FTP), cold crbon monoxide, highwy, nd idle. Definitions of cronyms re on pge Source: 40 CR 86 Subprt S. (Additionl resources: In lieu of intermedite useful life stndrds (50,000 miles) or to gin dditionl nitrogen oxides credit, mnufcturers my optionlly certify to the Tier 2 exhust emission stndrds with useful life of 150,000 miles. b Bins 9-11 expired in 2006 for light-duty vehicles nd light light-duty trucks nd 2008 for hevy light-duty trucks nd medium-duty pssenger vehicles. c Pollutnts with two numbers hve seprte certifiction stndrd (1st number) nd in-use stndrd (2nd number).

288 12 18 Tble Light-Duty Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, nd Medium-Duty Pssenger Vehicle Tier 2 Evportive Emission Stndrds Federl 3 Dy diurnl + hot sok (g/test) Supplementl 2 dy diurnl + hot sok (g/test) Running loss (g/mi) Model Vehicle type yer LDV/LLDTs HLDTs b MDPVs, b LDV LLDT HLDT b MDPV, b Note: Multi-fuel vehicle phse-in pplies. Definitions of cronyms re on pge Source: 40 CR 86 Subprt S. (Additionl resources: For liquefied petroleum gs-fueled light-duty vehicles (LDV), light-duty trucks (LDT), nd medium-duty pssenger vehicles (MDPV): 0.15 grms hydrocrbon per gllon (0.04 grms per liter) of fuel dispensed. b Refueling stndrds for hevy light-duty trucks (HLDT) re subject to phse-in requirements. MDPVs must lso comply with the phse-in requirement nd must be grouped with HLDTs to determine phse-in complince.

289 12 19 Tble Hevy-Duty Highwy Compression-Ignition Engines nd Urbn Buses Exhust Emission Stndrds Yer HC (g/bhphr) NMHC (g/bhphr) NMHC + NOx (g/bhphr) NOx (g/bhphr) PM (g/bhphr) CO (g/bhphr) Idle CO (percent Exhust gs flow) Smoke (percentge) Useful life (hours/yers/miles) / 15 / / 15 / / 15 / 50 LHDDE: - / 8 / 110,000 MHDDE: - / 8 / 185,000 HHDDE: - / 8 / 290,000 Federl b d c 20 / 15 / nd for d c 20 / 15 / 50 HC, CO, nd PM: [ABT] 0.25 [ABT] c 20 / 15 / 50 LHDDE: - / 8 / 110,000 MHDDE: - / 8 / 185, [ABT] 0.10 e 0.1 [ABT] 0.07 f,0.05 g c 20 / 15 / 50 HHDDE: - / 8 / 290, urbn buses for PM only: LHDDE: - / 10 / 110, for NOx: LHDDE: - / 10 / 110, [ABT] 0.1 [ABT] c 20 / 15 / 50 MHDDE: - / 10 / 185, g HHDDE: - / 10 / 290, h h,k,l,m,n o 2.4 (or 2.5 with limit of 0.5 on NMHC) o [ABT i,j ] 2.4 (or 2.5 with limit of 0.5 on NMHC) [ABT] / 15 / 50 For ll pollutnts: p 0.05 g LHDDE: - / 10 / 110, o / 15 / 50 MHDDE: - / 10 / 185,000 HHDDE: 22,000 / 10 / 435,000 Note: The test procedures re the EPA Trnsient Test Procedure nd the EPA Smoke Test Procedure. Definitions of cronyms re on pge Sources: 40 CFR Emission stndrds for 1999 nd lter model yer diesel hevy-duty engines nd vehicles. 40 CFR Emission stndrds for 2004 nd lter model yer diesel hevy-duty engines nd vehicles. 40 CFR Emission stndrds nd supplementl requirements for 2007 nd lter model yer diesel hevyduty engines nd vehicles. (Additionl resources: Percentges pply to smoke opcity t ccelertion/lug/pek modes. b Stndrds for 1990 pply only to diesel-fueled hevy-duty engines (HDE). Stndrds for pply to both diesel- nd methnol-fueled HDEs. Stndrds tht pply to urbn buses specificlly re footnoted. c This stndrd pplies to the following fueled engines for the following model yers: methnol , nturl gs nd liquefied petroleum gs (LPG) d For petroleum-fueled engines, the stndrd is for hydrocrbons (HC). For methnol-fueled engines, the stndrd is for totl hydrocrbon equivlent (THCE). e Certifiction stndrd for urbn buses for f Certifiction stndrd for urbn buses from g Certifiction stndrd for urbn buses from 1996 nd lter. The in-use stndrd is h Lod Response Test certifiction dt submittl requirements tke effect for hevy-duty diesel engines beginning in model yer The following requirements tke effect with the 2007 model yer: stedy-stte test requirement nd Not-to-Exceed (NTE) test procedures for testing of in-use engines. On-bord dignostic requirements pplicble to hevy-duty diesel vehicles nd engines up to 14,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rting (GVWR) phse in from the 2005 through 2007 model yers.

290 12 20 Tble (continued) Hevy-Duty Highwy Compression-Ignition Engines nd Urbn Buses Exhust Emission Stndrds i The modified verging, bnking, nd trding progrm for 1998 nd lter model yer engines pplies only to diesel cycle engines. Credits generted under the modified progrm my be used only in 2004 nd lter model yers. j For hevy-duty diesel engines, there re three options to the mesurement procedures currently in plce for lterntive fueled engines: (1) use THC mesurement in plce of n non-methne hydrocrbon (NMHC) mesurement; (2) use mesurement procedure specified by the mnufcturer with prior pprovl of the Administrtor; or (3) subtrct two percent from the mesured THC vlue to obtin n NMHC vlue. The methodology must be specified t time of certifiction nd will remin the sme for the engine fmily throughout the engines' useful life. For nturl gs vehicles, EPA llows the option of mesuring NMHC through direct quntifiction of individul species by gs chromtogrphy. k Strting in 2006, refiners must begin producing highwy diesel fuel tht meets mximum sulfur stndrd of 15 prts per million (ppm). l Subject to Supplementl Emission Test (1.0 x Federl Test Procedure [FTP] stndrd (or Fmily Emission Limit [FEL]) for nitrogen oxides [NOx], NMHC, nd prticulte mtter [PM]) nd NTE test (1.5 x FTP stndrd [or FEL] for NOx, NMHC, nd PM). m EPA dopted the lb-testing nd field-testing specifictions in 40 CFR Prt 1065 for hevy-duty highwy engines, including both diesel nd Otto-cycle engines. These procedures replce those previously published in 40 Code of Federl Regultions (CFR) Prt 86, Subprt N. Any new testing for 2010 nd lter model yers must be done using the 40 CFR Prt 1065 procedures. n Two-phse in-use NTE testing progrm for hevy-duty diesel vehicles. The progrm begins with the 2007 model yer for gseous pollutnts nd 2008 for PM. The requirements pply to diesel engines certified for use in hevy-duty vehicles (including buses) with GVWRs greter thn 8,500 pounds. However, the requirements do not pply to ny hevy-duty diesel vehicle tht ws certified using chssis dynmometer, including medium-duty pssenger vehicles with GVWRs of between 8,500 nd 10,000 pounds. o NOx nd NMHC stndrds will be phsed in together between 2007 nd The phse-in will be on percent-of-sles bsis: 50 percent from 2007 to 2009 nd 100 percent in p Note tht for n individul engine, if the useful life hours intervl is reched before the engine reches 10 yers or 100,000 miles, the useful life shll become 10 yers or 100,000 miles, whichever occurs first, s required under Clen Air Act section 202(d).

291 12 21 Tble Hevy-Duty Highwy Sprk-Ignition Engines Exhust Emission Stndrds Engine or vehicle Yer Gross vehicle weight (lbs) HC (g/bhp-hr) NMHC b (g/bhphr) NOx (g/bhp-hr) NOx + NMHC c (g/bhp-hr) PM (g/bhphr) CO (g/bhp-hr) Idle CO (% exhust gs flow) Formldehyde (g/mile) Useful life (yers / miles) Prior to Control ppm % / 50,000 Hevy duty engines d e 14, > 14, , > 14, , > 14, Federl f 14, g > 14, h / 110,000 k f 14, g i > 14, h f 14, g l > 14, h j - 10 / 110, All Complete hevy-duty vehicles n, q p 8,500-10,000 10,000-14,000 8,500-10,000 10,000-14,000 Note: Definitions of cronyms re on pge m m o o / 110,000 Sources: 40 CFR , Emission stndrds for complete hevy-duty vehicles 40 CFR , , Onbord dignostics requirements 40 CFR , Complete hevy-duty vehicle verging, bnking, nd trding progrm 40 CFR Hevy-duty engine verging, bnking, nd trding progrm for 1991 nd lter - Not vilble in the e-cfr 40 CFR Prt 86 Subprt B Vehicle test procedures (Additionl resources: For methnol-fueled engines, the stndrd is for totl hydrocrbon equivlent (THCE). b For methnol nd lcohol fueled vehicles the stndrd is for non-methne hydrocrbon equivlent (NMHCE). c For methnol fueled engines the stndrd is for nitrogen oxides (NOx) plus NMHCE. d Stndrds for hevy-duty engines re expressed in grms per brke horsepower-hour (g/bhp-hr). Strting with the 1998 model yer, crnkcse emissions re not llowed. e Stndrds for 1990 pply to gsoline nd methnol-fueled engines. f Stndrds for 1991 nd lter pply to gsoline nd methnol engines nd re optionl for nturl gs nd Liquefied Petroleum Gs-fueled engines through the 1996 model yer. g For nturl gs fueled engines the stndrd is 0.9 g/bhp-hr non-methne hydrocrbon (NMHC).

292 12 22 Tble (continued) Hevy-Duty Highwy Sprk-Ignition Engines Exhust Emission Stndrds h For nturl gs fueled engines the stndrd is 1.7 g/bhp-hr NMHC. i The NOx stndrd is 5.0 for ll nturl gs-fueled engines. j This stndrd pplies to the following engines utilizing ftertretment technology (except for methnol) for the following model yers: gsoline/1990+; nturl gs nd LPG/1991+; methnol/ Strting in 2005, engines certified to on-bord dignostics requirements re not required to meet the idle crbon monoxide (CO) stndrd. k Useful life is expressed in yers or miles, whichever comes first. Useful life for the 1998 nd lter NOx stndrd nd for ll 2004 stndrds is 10 yers or 110,000 miles, whichever comes first. l Mnufcturers cn choose this stndrd or one of the following options: (1) stndrd of 1.5 g/bhp-hr NMHC+NOX tht pplies to the 2004 through 2007 model yers, with complete hevy-duty vehicle stndrds tking effect in 2005; or (2) stndrd of 1.5 g/bhp-hr NMHC + NOX tht would pply to the 2003 through 2007 hevy-duty engines nd optionlly to 2003 through 2006 complete hevy-duty vehicles. m Stndrd is expressed s non-methne orgnic gs, but complince cn optionlly be shown using mesurement of NMHC or totl hydrocrbon (THC). n Complete hevy-duty vehicles hve the primry lod-crrying continer or device ttched. Incomplete hevy-duty vehicles re certified to hevy-duty engine stndrds. Stndrds for complete hevy-duty vehicles re expressed in grms per mile (g/mi). Strting in 2005 (or 2003 or 2004 depending on the selected phse in option; see footnote l), complete hevy-duty vehicles under 14,000 lbs gross vehicle weight re tested on chssis-bsed rther thn engine-bsed procedures nd must meet these complete hevy-duty vehicle stndrds. o Although expressed s NMHC, complince cn optionlly be shown using mesurement of NMOG or THC. p At lest 50 percent of mnufcturer's sles must meet these stndrds in 2008, with 100 percent required in q Gross vehicle weight rnges re more ccurtely specified s follows: 8,500 GVW 10,000 nd 10,000 < GVW < 14,000.

293 12 23 Tble Hevy-Duty Highwy Compression-Ignition nd Sprk-Ignition Engines Evportive Emission Stndrds Engine type Yer Gross vehicle weight (lbs) Conventionl diurnl + hot sok (g/test) Three-diurnl test sequence (g/test) b Supplementl two-diurnl test sequence (g/test) c Running loss (g/mi) c Spitbck (g/test) c 14, > 14,000 e Useful life d 8 / 110,000 Federl SI (Enhnced) f (Enhnced) 14, > 14,000 e , > 14,000 e / 120, / 110,000 CI (Enhnced) g 14, > 14,000 e , > 14,000 e MHDDE: 8 / 185,000 HHDDE: 8 / 290,000 MHDDE: 8 / 185,000 HHDDE: 8 / 290,000 Note: Definitions of cronyms re on pge Sources: 40 CFR Emission stndrds for 1999 nd lter model yer diesel hevy-duty engines nd vehicles. 40 CFR Emission stndrds for 2004 nd lter model yer diesel hevy-duty engines nd vehicles. CFR Emission stndrds nd supplementl requirements for 2007 nd lter model yer diesel hevy-duty engines nd vehicles. (Additionl resources: Applies to gsoline nd methnol engines. Stndrd is hydrocrbon (HC) for gsoline engines, totl hydrocrbon equivlent (THCE) for methnol engines. b For sprk-ignition (SI) engines, stndrd pplies to gsoline, methnol, nturl gs, nd liquefied petroleum gs engines. For compression-ignition (CI) engines, stndrd pplies to methnol, nturl gs, nd liquefied petroleum gs engines. Stndrd is THCE for methnol engines, HC for others. c For SI engines, stndrd pplies to gsoline nd methnol engines. For CI engines, stndrd pplies to methnol engines. Stndrd is THCE for methnol engines, HC for others. d Useful life is expressed in yers or miles, whichever comes first. e Vehicles over 26,000 pounds gross vehicle weight my demonstrte complince with n engineering design evlution in lieu of testing. f A new enhnced evportive test procedure pplies, which is considerbly more stringent thn the previous test procedure despite the fct tht the stndrd vlues do not chnge from prior yers. Gsoline nd methnol engines re phsed in t the following rtes of mnufcturer's sles for the specified model yer: 1996: 20 percent; 1997: 40 percent; 1998: 90 percent; 1999: 100 percent. g A new enhnced evportive test procedure pplies, which is considerbly more stringent thn the previous test procedure despite the fct tht the stndrd vlues do not chnge from prior yers. Methnol-fueled vehicles re phsed in t rte of 90 percent of mnufcturer's production in 1998 nd 100 percent in 1999.

294 12 24 The LEV III exhust stndrds pply to new crs, light trucks, nd medium vehicles, including fuel-flexible, bifuel, nd dul-fuel vehicles from model yer 2015-on. Tble Cliforni New Cr, Light Truck nd Medium Truck Emission Certifiction Stndrds, Model Yer 2015-On Vehicle type All pssenger crs; LDTs 8,500 lbs. GVW or less All MDPVs Vehicles in this ctegory re tested t their loded vehicle weight MDVs 8,501-10,000 lbs. GVW Vehicles in this ctegory re tested t their djusted loded vehicle weight Vehicle emission ctegory Non-methne orgnic gses + nitrogen oxides (g/mi) Crbon monoxide (g/mi) Formldehyde (mg/mi) Prticultes (g/mi) LEV ULEV ULEV ULEV SULEV SULEV LEV ULEV ULEV ULEV SULEV SULEV MDVs 10,000-14,000 lbs. GVW Vehicles in this ctegory re tested t their djusted loded vehicle weight LEV ULEV ULEV ULEV SULEV SULEV Note: Definitions of cronyms re on pge Source: Cliforni LEV III Regultions with mendments effective Jnury 1, 2016, (Additionl resources:

295 12 25 These exhust emission stndrds pply to commercil ircrft engines. Tble Aircrft Exhust Emission Stndrds Federl b Pressure Yer Applicbility rtio (PR) CO HC (g/kn) NOx Smoke (g/kn) T TF with ro c 129 kn (rO) T3 d TF with ro < 26.7 kn T3, T8, TF with ro 26.7 kn TSS 140(.92) rpr (rO) NTE mx of SN= (rO) NTE mx of SN= (rO) NTE mx of SN=50 - TSS with ro 26.7 kn 140(.92) rpr (rO) NTE mx of SN=50 - TP with ro 1,000 kw (rO) PR < PR < 62.5 T3, T8, TF with ro > 26.7 kn T3, T8, TF newly certified with ro > 26.7 kn T3, T8, TF newly mnufctured with ro > 26.7 kn T3, T8, TF newly certified with ro > 89 kn T3, T8, TF newly certified with 26.7 kn < ro 89 kn T3, T8, TF newly certified with ro>89 kn T3, T8, TF newly certified with 26.7kN < r0 89kN (rPR) (rPR) (rPR) (rO) NTE mx of SN= (rO) NTE mx of SN= (rO) NTE mx of SN= (rPR) (rPR) (rO) (rPR) (rPR) (rO) (rP R)(rO) - - PR 62.5 T3, T8, TF (rPR) - - Note: The test procedures re the Interntionl Civil Avition Orgniztion (ICAO) Smoke Emission Test Procedure nd the ICAO Gseous Emissions Test Procedure. There is no useful life or wrrnty period for purposes of complince with ircrft emissions stndrds. Definitions of cronyms re on pge Source: 40 CFR Prt 87, Aircrft emission stndrds, test procedures, certifiction requirements (Additionl resources: T8=ll ircrft gs turbine engines of the JT8D model fmily TF=ll turbofn nd turbojet ircrft engines except engines of Clss T3, T8, nd TSS T3=ll ircrft gs turbine engines of the JT3D model fmily TSS=ll ircrft gs turbine engines for ircrft opertions t supersonic flight speeds TP=ll ircrft turboprop engines b Federl stndrds pply to plnes operting in the United Sttes, regrdless of where they were mnufctured. c Rted output (ro) is the mximum power/thrust vilble for tkeoff. d T3 engines re no longer mnufctured but re in the existing fleet.

296 12 26 These stndrds pply to construction nd griculturl equipment, such s excvtors, pving equipment, trctors, combines, bulldozers, nd skidders. Tble Nonrod Compression-Ignition Engines Exhust Emission Stndrds Rted power (kw) Tier Model yer NMHC (g/kw -hr) NMHC + NOx (g/kw -hr) NOx (g/kw -hr) PM (g/kw -hr) CO (g/kw -hr) Smoke percentge Useful life (hours/yers) b kw < ,000 / c kw < ,000 / kw < ,000 / 7 d kw < 56 3 e (Option 1) f (Option 2) f kw < g h Federl / 15 / kw < g i kw < g h ,000 / i kw < g h i kw < g h i kw < h j 0.04 k 3.5

297 12 27 Tble (continued) Nonrod Compression-Ignition Engines Exhust Emission Stndrds Rted power (kw) Federl kw > 900 Tier Model yer NMHC (g/kw -hr) NMHC + NOx (g/kw -hr) NOx (g/kw -hr) PM (g/kw -hr) CO (g/kw -hr) i j h j 0.04 k 3.5 Smoke percentge Useful life (hours/yers) b 20 / 15 / 50 8,000 / 10 Note: Definitions of cronyms re on pge Sources: 40 CFR = Exhust emission stndrds 40 CFR = Exhust emission stndrds for fter 2014 model yer 40 CFR = Exhust emission stndrds for model yer 2014 nd erlier 40 CFR 1039 Subprt F = Exhust emissions trnsient nd stedy stte test procedures 40 CFR 86 Subprt I = Smoke emission test procedures 40 CFR 1065 = Test equipment nd emissions mesurement procedures (Additionl resources: Smoke emissions my not exceed 20 percent during the ccelertion mode, 15 percent during the lugging mode, nd 50 percent during the peks in either mode. Smoke emission stndrds do not pply to single-cylinder engines, constnt-speed engines, or engines certified to PM emission stndrd of 0.07 grms per kilowtt-hour (g/kw-hr) or lower. Smoke emissions re mesured using procedures in 40 CFR Prt 86 Subprt I. b Useful life nd wrrnty period re expressed hours nd yers, whichever comes first. c Hnd-strtble ir-cooled direct injection engines my optionlly meet PM stndrd of 0.60 g/kwhr. These engines my optionlly meet Tier 2 stndrds through the 2009 model yers. In 2010 these engines re required to meet PM stndrd of 0.60 g/kw-hr. d Useful life for constnt speed engines with rted speed 3,000 revolutions per minute (rpm) or higher is 5 yers or 3,000 hours, whichever comes first. e These Tier 3 stndrds pply only to mnufcturers selecting Tier 4 Option 2. Mnufcturers selecting Tier 4 Option 1 will be meeting those stndrds in lieu of Tier 3 stndrds. f A mnufcturer my certify ll their engines to either Option 1 or Option 2 sets of stndrds strting in the indicted model yer. Mnufcturers selecting Option 2 must meet Tier 3 stndrds in the model yers. g These stndrds re phse-out stndrds. Not more thn 50 percent of mnufcturer's engine production is llowed to meet these stndrds in ech model yer of the phse out period. Engines not meeting these stndrds must meet the finl Tier 4 stndrds. h These stndrds re phsed in during the indicted yers. At lest 50 percent of mnufcturer's engine production must meet these stndrds during ech yer of the phse in. Engines not meeting these stndrds must meet the pplicble phse-out stndrds. i For Tier 1 engines the stndrd is for totl hydrocrbons. j The NOx stndrd for genertor sets is 0.67 g/kw-hr. k The PM stndrd for genertor sets is 0.03 g/kw-hr.

298 12 28 These stndrds pply to gsoline nd propne industril equipment such s forklifts, genertors, irport service equipment, compressors nd ice-grooming mchines. Tble Nonrod Lrge Sprk-Ignition Engines Exhust nd Evportive Emission Stndrds Federl b Tier Yer Generl duty-cycle stndrds HC+NOx (g/kw-hr) CO (g/kw-hr) Alterntive stndrds for severe-duty engines HC+NOx (g/kw-hr) CO (g/kw-hr) Field testing stndrds HC+NOx (g/kw-hr) CO (g/kw-hr) Useful life (yers/hours) 1 c d d / 5,000 e 2 f f 4.4 f f 6.5 f 7 / 5,000 e Fuel line permetion Diurnl emissions Running loss Evportive emission stndrds (for engines fueled by voltile liquid fuel) Nonmetllic fuel lines must meet the permetion specifictions of SAE J2260 (November 1996) Evportive HC emissions my not exceed 0.2 grms per gllon of fuel tnk cpcity Liquid fuel in the fuel tnk my not rech boiling during continuous engine opertion in the finl instlltion t n mbient temperture of 30 C 5 / - Sources: 40 CFR = Exhust emission stndrds 40 CFR = Evportive emission stndrds 40 CFR = Engine dignostic requirements (Additionl resources: The numericl emission stndrds for hydrocrbons (HC) must be met bsed on the following types of hydrocrbon emissions for engines powered by the following fuels: (1) non-methne hydrocrbons (NMHC) for nturl gs; (2) totl hydrocrbon equivlent (THCE) for lcohol; nd (3) totl hydrocrbons (THC) for other fuels. b Voluntry Blue Sky stndrds for lrge sprk-ignition (SI) engines re vilble. Engines with displcement t or below 1,000 cubic centimeters (cc) nd mximum power t or below 30 kilowtts (kw) my be certified under the progrm for smll SI engines. c Emission stndrds re bsed on testing over stedy-stte duty-cycle. d The Tier 1 HC plus nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission stndrd for in-use testing is 5.4 grms per kw-hour (g/kw-hr). e Useful life is expressed in yers nd hours, whichever comes first. These re the minimum useful life requirements. For severe-duty engines, the minimum useful life is seven yers or 1,500 hours of opertion, whichever comes first. A longer useful life in hours is required if: () the engine is designed to operte longer thn the minimum useful life bsed on the recommended rebuild intervl; or (b) the bsic mechnicl wrrnty is longer thn the minimum useful life. f Optionl engine certifiction is llowed ccording to the following formul: (HC+NOx) CO The HC+NOx nd crbon monoxide (CO) emission levels selected to stisfy this formul, rounded to the nerest 0.1 g/kw-hr, become the emission stndrds tht pply for those engines. One my not select n HC+NOx emission stndrd higher thn 2.7 g/kw-hr or CO emission stndrd higher thn 20.6 g/kw-hr.

299 12 29 Tble Locomotives Exhust Emission Stndrds Federl Dutycycle b Tier Yer c Switch Tier 0 Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 Linehul d,e d,e d f HC i (g/hp-hr) NOx (g/bhp-hr) PM (g/bhp-hr) CO (g/bhp-hr) Smoke (percentge) m [ABT] 0.22 [ABT] / 40 / [ABT] 0.22 [ABT] / 40 / 50 Minimum useful life (hours / yers / miles) n (7.5 x hp) / 10 / 750,000 o (7.5 x hp) / 10 / 750,000 o (7.5 x hp) / 10 / [ABT] 0.10 k [ABT] / 40 / 50 (7.5 x hp) / 10 / [ABT] 0.10 [ABT] / 40 / 50 (7.5 x hp) / 10 / - Tier g [ABT] 0.03 [ABT] (7.5 x hp) / 10 / - Tier 0 Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier h h [ABT] 0.26 [ABT] / 40 / 50 (7.5 x hp) / 10 / 750,000 o [ABT] 0.26 [ABT] / 40 / 50 (7.5 x hp) / 10 / [ABT] 0.13 l [ABT] / 40 / 50 (7.5 x hp) / 10 / [ABT] 0.10 [ABT] / 40 / 50 (7.5 x hp) / 10 / - Tier j 1.3 j [ABT] 0.03 [ABT] (7.5 x hp) / 10 / - Source: 40 CFR = Emission Stndrds nd Useful Life. (Additionl resources: These stndrds pply to locomotives tht re propelled by engines with totl rted horsepower (hp) of 750 kilowtts (kw) (1006 hp) or more, unless the owner chooses to hve the equipment certified to meet the requirements of locomotives. This does not include vehicles propelled by engines with totl rted horsepower of less thn 750 kw (1006 hp); see the requirements in 40 Code of Federl Regultions (CFR) Prts 86, 89 nd The test procedures specify chssis-bsed testing of locomotives. These test procedures include certifiction testing, production line testing, nd in-use testing using the Federl Test Procedure (FTP) when the locomotive hs reched between percent of its useful life. b Line-hul locomotives re powered by n engine with mximum rted power (or combintion of engines hving totl rted power) greter thn 2300 hp. Switch locomotives re powered by n engine with mximum rted power (or combintion of engines hving totl rted power) of 2300 hp or less. c The Tier 0 stndrds pply to locomotives mnufctured fter 1972 when they re mnufctured or remnufctured. Note tht interim stndrds my pply for Tier 0 or Tier 1 locomotives remnufctured in 2008 or 2009, or for Tier 2 locomotives mnufctured or remnufctured in d Line-hul locomotives subject to the Tier 0 through Tier 2 emission stndrds must lso meet switch stndrds of the sme tier. e The Tier 0 stndrds pply for locomotives not originlly mnufctured with seprte loop intke ir cooling system. f Tier 3 line-hul locomotives must lso meet Tier 2 switch stndrds. g Mnufcturers using credits my elect to meet combined nitrogen oxides (NOx) plus hydrocrbon (HC) stndrd of 1.4 grms per brkehorsepower-hour (g/bhp-hr) insted of the otherwise pplicble Tier 4 NOx nd HC stndrds. h Tier 1 nd Tier 2 switch locomotives must lso meet line-hul stndrds of the sme tier. i The numericl emission stndrds for HC must be met bsed on the following types of hydrocrbon emissions for locomotives powered by the following fuels: (1) lcohol: totl hydrocrbon equivlent (THCE) emissions for Tier 3 nd erlier locomotives, nd non-methne hydrocrbon equivlent (NMHCE) for Tier 4; (2) nturl gs nd liquefied petroleum gs: non-methne hydrocrbon (NMHC) emissions; nd (3) diesel: totl hydrocrbon (THC) emissions for Tier 3 nd erlier locomotives, nd NMHC for Tier 4.

300 12 30 Tble (continued) Locomotives Exhust Emission Stndrds j Mnufcturers my elect to meet combined NOx+HC stndrd of 1.4 g/bhp-hr insted of the otherwise pplicble Tier 4 NOx nd HC stndrds. k The line-hul prticulte mtter (PM) stndrd for newly remnufctured Tier 2 locomotives is 0.20 g/bhphr until Jnury 1, 2013, except s specified in 40 CFR Prt (). l The switch PM stndrd for new Tier 2 locomotives is 0.24 g/bhp-hr until Jnury 1, 2013, except s specified in 40 CFR Prt (). m The smoke opcity stndrds pply only for locomotives certified to one or more PM stndrds or Fmily Emission Limits (FEL) greter thn 0.05 g/bhp-hr. Percentges pply to smoke opcity t stedy stte/30-second pek/3-second pek, s mesured continuously during testing. n Useful life nd wrrnty period re expressed in megwtt-hours (MW-hr), yers, or miles, whichever comes first. Mnufcturers re required to certify to longer useful lives if their locomotives re designed to lst longer between overhuls thn the minimum useful life vlue. o For locomotives originlly mnufctured before Jnury 1, 2000, nd not equipped with MW-hr meters.

301 12 31 These stndrds pply to uxiliry nd propulsion engines used by ll types of recretionl nd commercil vessels, from smll fishing bots to ocen-going ships. Tble Mrine Compression-Ignition (CI) Engines Exhust Emission Stndrds Ctegory, b Tier Displcem ent (L/cylinder) Pow er c (kw) Speed (rpm) Model Yer NOx (g/kwhr) HC (g/kwhr) HC+NOx d (g/kw-hr) PM (g/kwhr) CO (g/kwhr) Useful Life e (yers/hours) C1 Commercil rpm < rpm < x N i rpm h disp. < h (ABT) 0.40 (ABT) / 10, disp < h (ABT) 0.30 (ABT) / 10, disp < 2.5 ll h (ABT) 0.20 (ABT) disp < h (ABT) 0.20 (ABT) 5.0 C1 Commercil & Recretionl rpm < rpm < x N i / 1,000 rpm disp < (ABT) 0.40 (ABT) disp < (ABT) 0.30 (ABT) / 1, disp < 2.5 ll (ABT) 0.20 (ABT) disp < (ABT) 0.20 (ABT) 5.0 < (ABT) 0.40 (ABT) 8.0 Federl g C1 Commercil & Recretionl < 75 kw C1 Commercil Engines w ith 35 kw/l pow er density k 8 kw < (ABT) 0.40 (ABT) < kw < j (ABT) 0.30 j (ABT) j (ABT) 0.20 (ABT) kw < j (ABT) j (ABT) 0.30 j (ABT) 5.0 < (ABT) 0.14 (ABT) 8.0 for < 8 kw 0.9 disp < 1.2 All (ABT) 0.12 (ABT) 6.6 for 8 kw < for (ABT) kw < 37 < (ABT) 1.2 disp < for (ABT) kw 3 l (ABT) 0.11 (ABT) (ABT) < (ABT) 2.5 disp < (ABT) 5 / 3,000 7 / 5, / 10, / 1,000 for CI Recretionl 5 / 3,000 for commercil engines < 19 kw 7 / 5,000 for commercil engines 19 kw < / 10,000 for C1 Commercil 37 kw (ABT) 0.11 (ABT) 3.5 disp < (ABT) < (ABT) (ABT) (ABT) 0.11 (ABT) C1 Commercil engines w ith > 35 kw/l pow er density & All Recretionl Engines k 3 l < (ABT) 0.15 (ABT) 0.9 disp < (ABT) 0.14 (ABT) 1.2 disp < (ABT) 0.14 (ABT) All 2.5 disp < (ABT) 0.12 (ABT) 3.5 disp < (ABT) 0.11 (ABT) 8.0 for < 8 kw 6.6 for 8 kw < for 19 kw < for 37 kw 5 / 3,000 for commercil engines < 19 kw 7 / 5,000 for commercil engines 19 kw < / 10,000 for C1 Commercil 37 kw 10 / 1,000 for CI Recretionl (Continued on next pge)

302 12 32 Tble (continued) Mrine Compression-Ignition (CI) Engines Exhust Emission Stndrds Ctegory, b Tier Displcem ent (L/cylinder) Pow er c (kw) Speed (rpm) Model Yer NOx (g/kwhr) HC (g/kwhr) HC+NOx d (g/kw-hr) PM (g/kwhr) CO (g/kwhr) Useful Life e (yers/hours) Federl g C1 Commercil > 600 kw C2 C3 All 600 kw < 1, (ABT) HC n 0.04 (ABT) All 1,400 kw < 2, (ABT) HC n 0.04 (ABT) 4 m 2,000 kw / 10,000 All (ABT) HC < 3, (ABT) (ABT) HC n 0.12 (ABT) < 7.0 3, (ABT) HC n 0.06 (ABT) rpm < rpm < 2, x N i / 20,000 rpm 2, disp < 15.0 ll (ABT) 0.27 (ABT) disp < 20.0 < 3, (ABT) 0.50 (ABT) disp < , (ABT) 0.50 (ABT) / 20, disp < 25.0 ll (ABT) 0.50 (ABT) disp < 30.0 ll (ABT) 0.50 (ABT) o,p 4 m,p 7.0 disp < disp < disp < disp < 30.0 All < 2, (ABT) 0.14 (ABT) 5.0 2,000 kw (ABT) 0.14 (ABT) 5.0 < 3,700 < 2, (ABT) 0.34 (ABT) 5.0 < 2, (ABT) 0.27 (ABT) 5.0 < 2, (ABT) 0.27 (ABT) kw < 1, (ABT) HC n 0.04 (ABT) 1400 kw All < 2, (ABT) HC n 0.04 (ABT) All 2,000 kw (ABT) HC n 0.04 (ABT) < 3,700 q < (ABT) HC n 0.12 (ABT) 10 / 20, / 20, disp < , (ABT) HC n 0.25 (ABT) All (ABT) HC n 0.06 (ABT) 5.0 rpm < All 130 rpm < 2, N i / 10,000 rpm 2, rpm < All 130 rpm < 2, N i / 10,000 rpm 2, rpm < All 130 rpm < 2, N i / 10,000 rpm 2, Sources: 40 CFR = Tiers 1 nd 2 useful life & wrrnty period for mrine CI engines less thn 37 kw 40 CFR = Tiers 1 nd 2 emission stndrds for mrine CI engines less thn 37 kw 40 CFR 89 Subprt E = Tiers 1 nd 2 test procedures for mrine CI engines less thn 37 kw 40 CFR 94.8 = Tiers 1 nd 2 emission stndrds for C1 (both commercil & recretionl), C2 nd C3 engines 40 CFR 94.9 = Tiers 1 nd 2 useful life for C1 (both commercil & recretionl), C2 nd C3 engines 40 CFR 94 Subprt B = Tiers 1 nd 2 test procedures for C1 (both commercil & recretionl), C2 nd C3 engines 40 CFR = Tiers 3 nd 4 exhust emission stndrds nd useful life

303 12 33 Tble (continued) Mrine Compression-Ignition (CI) Engines Exhust Emission Stndrds Sources (continued): 40 CFR = Tiers 3 nd 4 evportive emission stndrds engines using voltile liquid fuel (e.g., methnol) 40 CFR = Tiers 3 nd 4 wrrnty period 40 CFR 1042 Subprt F = Tiers 3 nd 4 test procedures (Additionl resources: For Tiers 1 nd 2, Ctegory 1 mrine engines re greter thn or equl to 37 kilowtts (kw) nd hve displcement less thn 5.0 liters per cylinder (L/cylinder); Ctegory 2 mrine engines hve displcement greter thn or equl to 5.0 L/cylinder nd less thn 30 L/cylinder; nd Ctegory 3 mrine engines hve displcement greter thn or equl to 30.0 L/cylinder. For Tiers 3 nd 4, Ctegory 1 represents engines up to 7 L/cylinder displcement; nd Ctegory 2 includes engines from 7 to 30 L/cylinder. The definition of Ctegory 3 mrine engines remins the sme. b Tiers 1 nd 2 for mrine engines less thn 37 kw re subject to the sme emission stndrds s for lndbsed engines. See Tble 1 in 40 Code of Federl Regultions (CFR) Prt nd 40 CFR Prt c For Tiers 1 nd 2, this refers to the rted power; for Tiers 3 nd 4, this refers to the mximum engine power. d Totl hydrocrbon (THC) plus nitrogen oxides (NOx) for Tier 2 stndrds. e Useful life is expressed in hours or yers, whichever comes first. For Tiers 3 nd 4, longer useful life in hours for n engine fmily must be specified if either:1) the engine is designed, dvertised, or mrketed to operte longer thn the minimum useful life; or 2) the bsic mechnicl wrrnty is longer thn the minimum useful life. f Wrrnty period is expressed in yers nd hours, whichever comes first. g For Tiers 3 nd 4, there re no evportive emission stndrds for diesel-fueled engines, or engines using other nonvoltile or nonliquid fuels (e.g., nturl gs). If n engine uses voltile liquid fuel, such s methnol, the engine's fuel system nd the vessel in which the engine is instlled must meet the evportive emission requirements of 40 Code of Federl Regultions (CFR) Prt 1045 tht pply with respect to sprk-ignition engines. Mnufcturers subject to evportive emission stndrds must meet the requirements of 40 CFR s described in 40 CFR ()(2). h Indictes the model yers for which the specified stndrds strt. i N is the mximum test speed of the engine in revolutions per minute (rpm). j Mnufcturers of Tier 3 engines greter thn or equl to 19 kw nd less thn 75 kw with displcement below 0.9 L/cylinder my lterntively certify some or ll of their engine fmilies to prticulte mtter (PM) emission stndrd of 0.20 grms per kilowtt-hour (g/kw-hr) nd NOx+HC emission stndrd fo 5.8 g/kw-hr for 2014 nd lter model yers. k The pplicble Tier 2 NOx+HC stndrds continue to pply insted of the Tier 3 vlues for engines t or bove 2000 kw. l These Tier 3 stndrds pply to Ctegory 1 engines below 3700 kw except for recretionl mrine engines t or bove 3700 kw (with ny displcement), which must meet the Tier 3 stndrds specified for recretionl mrine engines with displcement of 3.5 to 7.0 L/cylinder. m The following provisions re optionl: 1) Mnufcturers my use NOx credits to certify Tier 4 engines to NOX+HC emission stndrd of 1.9 g/kw-hr insted of the NOX nd HC stndrds. See 40 CFR ()(8)(i) for more detils. 2) For engines below 1000 kw, mnufcturers my dely complying with the Tier 4 stndrds until October 1, ) For engines t or bove 3700 kw, mnufcturers my dely complying with the Tier 4 stndrds until December 31, n The Tier 4 stndrd is for HC (not HC+NOx) in g/kw-hr. o These Tier 3 stndrds pply to Ctegory 2 engines below 3700 kw; no Tier 3 stndrds pply for Ctegory 2 engines t or bove 3700 kw, lthough there re Tier 4 stndrds tht pply.

304 12 34 Tble (continued) Mrine Compression-Ignition (CI) Engines Exhust Emission Stndrds p An lterntive set of Tier 3 nd Tier 4 stndrds for PM, NOx, nd HC re vilble for Ctegory 2 engines t or bove 1400 kw, but must be pplied to ll of mnufcturer's engines in given displcement ctegory in model yers 2012 through Tier Mximum engine power Model yer PM (g/kw-hr) NOx (g/kw-hr) 3 kw NOx+HC 4 HC (g/kw-hr) 1400 kw < kw q Interim Tier 4 PM stndrds pply for 2014 nd 2015 model yer Ctegory 2 engines with per-cylinder displcement t or bove 15.0 liters: 0.34 g/kw-hr for engines 2000 = kw < 3000, nd 0.27 g/kw-hr for engines 3300 = kw < 3700.

305 12 35 These stndrds pply to gsoline bots nd personl wtercrft, such s plesure bots, jet-skis, outbord engines nd sterndrive/inbord engines. Tble Mrine Sprk-Ignition Engines nd Vessels Exhust Emission Stndrds Federl e Engine type Personl wtercrft & outbord mrine engines Sterndrive/ inbord engines Conventionl engines g Highperformnce engines Model yer g P 4.3 kw b 278 ABT 253 ABT 228 ABT 204 ABT 179 ABT 155 ABT 130 ABT 105 ABT 81 ABT 30 ABT P kw b HC + NOx (g/kw-hr) CO c (g/kw-hr) P > 4.3 kw b P 4.3 kw b P > 4.3 kw b (0.917 x ( /P ) [ABT] (0.833 x ( /P ) [ABT] (0.750 x ( /P 0.9 ) [ABT] (0.667 x ( /P 0.9 ) [ABT] (0.583 x ( /P 0.9 ) [ABT] (0.500 x ( /P 0.9 ) [ABT] (0.417 x ( /P 0.9 ) [ABT] (0.333 x ( /P 0.9 ) [ABT] (0.250 x ( /P 0.9 ) [ABT] x ( /P 0.9 ) [ABT] x P [ABT] [ABT] P > 485 kw b Useful life (hours/yers) d 350 / 5 Personl Wtercrft: 350 / 5 h Outbord: 350 / 10 h 480 / 10 i P 485 kw: 150 / 3 P > 485 kw: 50 / 1 Sources: 40 CFR = Outbord nd personl wtercrft (PWC) exhust emission stndrds ( ) 40 CFR = Outbord nd PWC useful life ( ) 40 CFR = Outbord nd PWC exhust emission stndrds (2010+) 40 CFR = Sterndrive/Inbord exhust emission stndrds 40 CFR = Not-to-exceed exhust emission stndrds (Additionl resources: The numericl emission stndrds for hydrocrbons (HC) must be met bsed on the following types of HC emissions for engines powered by the following fuels: (1) totl hydrocrbon equivlent for lcohol; (2) non-methne hydrocrbon for nturl gs; nd (3) totl hydrocrbons for other fuels.

306 12 36 Tble (continued) Mrine Sprk-Ignition Engines nd Vessels Exhust Emission Stndrds b P stnds for the mximum engine power in kilowtts. c Mnufcturers my generte or use emission credits for verging, but not for bnking or trding. d Useful life nd wrrnty period re expressed hours or yers of opertion (unless otherwise indicted), whichever comes first. e The test procedure for federl stndrds uses the Interntionl Orgniztion for Stndrdiztion (ISO) 8178 E4 5-Mode Stedy-Stte Test Cycle. f Also pplies to model yer (MY) 1997 engine fmilies certified pursunt to 40 Code of Federl Regultions (CFR) g Not-to-exceed emission stndrds specified in 40 CFR lso pply. h A longer useful life in terms of hours must be specified for the engine fmily if the verge service life is longer thn the minimum vlue s described in 40 CFR (e)(3). i The useful life my not be shorter thn: (1) 150 hours of opertion; (2) the recommended overhul intervl; or (3) the engine's mechnicl wrrnty. A longer useful life must be specified in terms of hours if the verge service life is longer thn the minimum vlue s described in 40 CFR (e)(3).

307 12 37 These stndrds pply to lnd-bsed recretionl vehicles, such s snowmobiles, dirt bikes, ll-terrin vehicles nd go-krts. Tble Nonrod Recretionl Engines nd Vehicles Exhust Emission Stndrds Federl Vehicle Phse Yer Snowmobiles c Off-highwy motorcycles g 1 d e HC g/kw-hr 100 [ABT] HC + NOx g/km 75 [ABT] f [ABT] 1 d ATVs g 1 d h, i [ABT] 1.5 j, k [ABT] CO g/kw-hr 275 [ABT] 275 [ABT] 400 f [ABT] - - g/km h, i [ABT] 35 k [ABT] Minimum useful life (hours/yers/km) b 400 / 5 / 8,000 > 70 cc Displcement: - / 5 / 10, cc Displcement: - / 5 / 5, cc Displcement: 1000 / 5 / 10,000 < 100 cc Displcement: 500 / 5 / 5,000 Source: 40 CFR = Emission stndrds (Additionl resources: The numericl emission stndrds for hydrocrbons (HC) must be met bsed on the following types of hydrocrbon emissions for recretionl engines nd vehicles powered by the following fuels: (1) non-methne hydrocrbons for nturl gs; (2) totl hydrocrbon equivlent for lcohol; nd (3) totl hydrocrbons for other fuels. b Useful life is expressed in hours, yers, or kilometers, whichever comes first; wrrnty period is expressed in hours, months, or kilometers (km), whichever comes first. Nonrod recretionl engines nd vehicles must meet emission stndrds over their full useful life. A longer useful life in terms of km nd hours must be specified for the engine fmily if the verge service life is longer thn the minimum vlue s described in 40 Code of Federl Regultions (CFR) 1051 Subprt B. c Test procedures for snowmobiles use the equipment nd procedures for sprk-ignition engines in 40 CFR Prt d Phse 1 stndrds will be phsed in: 50 percent by 2006, 100 percent by e Litigtion on the November 2002 finl rule resulted in court decision tht requires EPA to clrify the evidence nd nlysis upon which the Phse 3 crbon monoxide (CO) nd HC stndrds were bsed. EPA will ddress this in future rulemking. f These re the mximum llowble fmily emission limits (FEL). The HC nd CO stndrds re defined by functionl reltionship s described in 40 CFR ()(2). g For off-highwy motorcycles nd ATVs, chssis dynmometer emissions test procedures re specified in 40 CFR Prt 86, Subprt F nd engine dynmometer emissions test procedures re specified in 40 CFR Prt h Mximum llowble FEL: 20.0 grms per kilometer (g/km) for HC plus nitrogen oxides (NOx) nd 50 g/km for CO.

308 12 38 Tble (continued) Nonrod Recretionl Engines nd Vehicles Exhust Emission Stndrds i Mnufcturers my certify off-highwy motorcycles with engines tht hve totl displcement of 70 cubic centimeters (cc) or less to n HC+NOx stndrd of 16.1 grms per kilowtt-hour (g/kw-hr) (with n FEL cp of 32.2 g/kw-hr) nd CO stndrd of 519 g/kw-hr. j Mximum llowble FEL for HC+NOx is 20.0 g/km. k Mnufcturers my certify ll-terrin vehicles with engines tht hve totl displcement of less thn 100 cc to n HC+NOx stndrd of 25.0 g/kw-hr (with n FEL cp of 40.0 g/kw-hr) nd CO stndrd of 500 g/kw-hr.

309 12 39 The ltest stndrds were estblished by the Environmentl Protection Agency in conjunction with the Tier 3 emission stndrds. Tble Gsoline Sulfur Stndrds Federl Regulted entity Lrge refiners / importers GPA refiners d, e Smll refiners f, g, h Downstrem stndrds i, j Refinery verge nd per-gllon cp by yer (ppm) b / 300 c 30 / 90 b / / / / / / / 300 c 150 / / / / / / 80 k k k k 30 / / / Source: 40 CFR 80 Subprt H (Additionl resources: Stndrds effective Jnury 1 t the refinery gte. b No Refinery Averge Stndrd pplies in 2004; Corporte Averge Stndrd pplies in 2004 (120 ppm) nd 2005 (90 ppm). c Cp exceednces up to 50 ppm in 2004 must be mde up in d Geogrphic Phse-in Are (GPA) refiners must lso comply with the corporte verge stndrds in 2004 nd 2005 if less thn 50% of the refiner's gsoline is designted s GPA gsoline in given complince period. e GPA refiners my receive n dditionl two yers (i.e., through 2008) to comply with the 30 / 80 ppm gsoline sulfur stndrds in exchnge for producing 95% of their highwy diesel fuel t the 15 ppm sulfur stndrd by June 1, f Smll refiners my receive n dditionl two yers (i.e., through 2009) to comply with the 30 / 80 ppm gsoline sulfur stndrds vi hrdship demonstrtion. g Smll refiners my receive n dditionl three yers (i.e., through 2010) to comply with the 30 / 80 ppm gsoline sulfur stndrds in exchnge for producing 95% of their highwy diesel fuel t the 15 ppm sulfur stndrd by June 1, h Smll refiners my receive 20% increse in their nnul verge nd per-gllon cp stndrds in exchnge for producing 95% of their highwy, nonrod, locomotive, nd mrine diesel fuel t the 15 ppm sulfur stndrd by June 1, i Downstrem stndrds re effective Februry 1 t ny downstrem loction other thn t retil outlet or wholesle purchser-consumer (e.g., pipelines nd terminls) nd Mrch 1 t ny downstrem loction. j Downstrem stndrds for gsoline tht is not blended with smll refiner gsoline re shown. Refer to the Code of Federl Regultions (CFR) for the downstrem stndrds tht pply when gsoline blend includes smll refiner gsoline. k Refinery bseline sulfur level Smll refiner interim gsoline sulfur stndrds (ppm) (ppm) Averge Cp 0 to to 200 bseline level to to % of bseline 1.5 x vg. stndrd 601 nd bove

310 12 40 Ultr-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel is necessry for new dvnced emission control technologies. It lso reduces prticulte mtter in the existing fleet of nonrod engines nd equipment. Tble Highwy, Nonrod, Locomotive, nd Mrine (NRLM) Diesel Fuel Sulfur Stndrds Federl Regulted entity Lrge refiners & importers Covered fuel Highwy 20% 500 Smll refiners Highwy 500 Per-gllon mximum sulfur level by yer (ppm) b c,d % 15 NR LM Lrge refiners & importers NRLM with - HS HS HS credits e Smll refiners NRLM f - HS HS HS Trnsmix processor & in-use NR e - HS HS HS LM e - HS HS HS Source: 40 CFR 80 Subprt I (Additionl resources: For highwy diesel fuel, stndrds re effective June 1 for refiners/importers, September 1 for pipelines nd terminls, nd October 15 for retilers nd wholesle purchser-consumers. Anti-downgrding provisions effective October 16, b For Nonrod, Locomotive, nd Mrine (NRLM) diesel fuel, stndrds re effective June 1 for refiners; downstrem requirements pply for Northest/Mid-Atlntic re only (August 1 for terminls, October 1 for retilers nd wholesle purchser-consumers, nd December 1 for in-use). c For highwy diesel fuel, stndrds re effective June 1 for refiners/importers, October 1 for pipelines nd terminls, nd December 1 for retilers nd wholesle purchser-consumers. d For NRLM diesel fuel, stndrds re effective June 1 for refiners, August 1 for terminls, October 1 for retilers nd wholesle purchser-consumers, nd December 1 for in-use. e Excluding the Northest nd Alsk. f Excluding the Northest, with pprovl in Alsk.

311 A 1 SOURCES & METHODOLOGIES

312 A 2

313 A 3 SOURCES & METHODOLOGIES This ppendix contins documenttion of the estimtion procedures used by ORNL. The reder cn exmine the methodology behind the estimtes nd form n opinion s to their utility. The ppendix is rrnged by subject heding. Only tbles which contin ORNL estimtions re documented in Appendix A; ll other tbles hve sources listed t the bottom of the tble. Since bbrevitions re used throughout the ppendix, list of bbrevitions is lso included. Contents of Appendix A 1. List of Abbrevitions Used in Appendix A... A 4 2. Energy Use Sources... A Highwy energy use... A Off-highwy energy use... A Nonhighwy energy use... A Clcultion of Million Brrels per Dy Crude Oil Equivlent... A Pssenger Trvel nd Energy Use... A Highwy Pssenger Mode Energy Intensities... A Nonhighwy Mode Energy Intensities... A Freight Mode Energy Intensities... A Cr/Light Truck Shres... A 33

314 A 4 1. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN APPENDIX A AAR APTA Amtrk BTS Btu CD CNG CO 2 CPI CY DOE DOT EIA EPA FAA FHWA IRS gl kwhr L lb lng lpg mpg NHTS NPTS NVPP ORNL RTECS SCF TIUS VIUS vmt Assocition of Americn Rilrods Americn Public Trnsporttion Assocition Ntionl Rilrod Pssenger Corportion Bureu of Trnsporttion Sttistics British therml unit Compct Disc Compressed Nturl Gs Crbon Dioxide Consumer Price Index Clendr Yer Deprtment of Energy Deprtment of Trnsporttion Energy Informtion Administrtion Environmentl Protection Agency Federl Avition Administrtion Federl Highwy Administrtion Internl Revenue Service Gllons Kilowtt hour Liter Pound Liquefied Nturl Gs Liquefied Petroleum Gs Miles per Gllon Ntionl Household Trvel Survey Ntionwide Personl Trnsporttion Survey Ntionl Vehicle Popultion Profile Ok Ridge Ntionl Lbortory Residentil Trnsporttion Energy Consumption Survey Stndrd Cubic Feet Truck Inventory nd Use Survey Vehicle Inventory nd Use Survey vehicle-miles trveled

315 A 5 2. ENERGY USE SOURCES 2.1 HIGHWAY ENERGY USE Crs Fuel use in gllons ( ) DOT, FHWA, Highwy Sttistics 2008, Tble VM-1 nd nnul editions bck to 1996; DOT, FHWA, Highwy Sttistics Summry to Fuel use in gllons ( ) See Section 7. Appendix A Cr nd Light Truck Shres. Fuel type distribution for gllons Fuel use ws distributed mong fuel types using the percentges shown in Tble A.1. The FHWA discontinued gsohol dt in Therefore, dt from EIA, Alterntives to Trditionl Trnsporttion Fuels, , Tble C1 were used. Electricity use (2014) U.S. Deprtment of Energy, Energy Informtion Administrtion, Annul Energy Outlook 2016, July 2016, Tble 37. All light-duty vehicle electricity use in 2014 ws ssigned to crs becuse no electric light truck models were sold in 2014 or before.

316 A 6 Tble A.1 Cr Fuel Use nd Fuel Type Shres for Clcultion of Energy Use Fuel use Source for Source for Shres by fuel type b Yer (million gllons) gsohol shres gsoline/diesel shres Gsoline Gsohol Diesel , NVPP 99.8% 0.0% 0.2% ,346 interpolted 99.2% 0.0% 0.8% ,937 interpolted 98.7% 0.0% 1.3% ,233 interpolted 98.1% 0.0% 1.9% ,229 interpolted 97.5% 0.0% 2.5% ,140 interpolted 97.0% 0.0% 3.0% ,297 interpolted 96.4% 0.0% 3.6% ,060 interpolted 95.8% 0.0% 4.2% ,652 interpolted 95.3% 0.0% 4.7% , RTECS 94.7% 0.0% 5.3% ,981 FHWA, MF-33e interpolted 93.9% 0.5% 5.6% ,112 FHWA, MF-33e 1981 RTECS 93.4% 0.7% 5.9% ,116 FHWA, MF-33e interpolted 93.5% 2.3% 4.2% ,322 FHWA, MF-33e 1983 RTECS 93.2% 4.3% 2.5% ,663 FHWA, MF-33e interpolted 92.7% 5.3% 2.0% ,518 FHWA, MF-33e 1985 RTECS 90.8% 7.7% 1.5% ,174 FHWA, MF-33e interpolted 91.0% 7.6% 1.4% ,308 FHWA, MF-33e interpolted 92.4% 6.3% 1.3% ,345 FHWA, MF-33e 1988 RTECS 91.4% 7.4% 1.2% ,913 FHWA, MF-33e interpolted 92.6% 6.2% 1.2% ,568 FHWA, MF-33e interpolted 92.0% 6.8% 1.2% ,318 FHWA, MF-33e 1991 RTECS 90.8% 8.0% 1.2% ,436 FHWA, MF-33e interpolted 90.8% 7.9% 1.2% ,047 FHWA, MF-33e interpolted 89.7% 9.1% 1.3% ,874 FHWA, MF-33e 1994 RTECS 89.1% 9.6% 1.3% ,072 FHWA, MF-33e interpolted 87.6% 11.2% 1.2% ,221 FHWA, MF-33e interpolted 88.8% 10.1% 1.0% ,892 FHWA, MF-33e interpolted 86.9% 12.2% 0.9% ,695 FHWA, MF-33e interpolted 88.0% 11.2% 0.8% ,283 FHWA, MF-33e interpolted 88.3% 11.0% 0.6% ,065 FHWA, MF-33e 2000 NVPP 86.9% 12.6% 0.5% ,559 FHWA, MF-33e 2001 NVPP 86.5% 13.0% 0.5% ,471 FHWA, MF-33e 2001 NVPP 83.9% 15.6% 0.5% ,590 FHWA, MF-33e 2001 NVPP 75.3% 24.2% 0.5% ,402 FHWA, MF-33e 2001 NVPP 67.2% 32.3% 0.5% ,418 FHWA, MF-33e 2001 NVPP 66.9% 32.6% 0.5% ,009 EIA, C NVPP 78.2% 21.3% 0.5% ,377 EIA, C NVPP 72.9% 26.6% 0.5% ,497 EIA, C NVPP 61.8% 37.7% 0.5% ,587 EIA, C NVPP 55.8% 43.7% 0.5% ,245 EIA, C NVPP 49.5% 50.0% 0.5% ,646 EIA, C NVPP 48.7% 50.8% 0.5% ,899 EIA, C NVPP 48.7% 50.8% 0.5% ,290 EIA, C NVPP 49.0% 50.5% 0.5% ,420 EIA, C NVPP 50.1% 49.4% 0.5% Het content used for conversion to btu: 125, , ,700 btu/gllon btu/gllon btu/gllon Dt re not continuous between 2008 nd 2009 due to chnges in source. b Percentges my not sum due to rounding.

317 A Motorcycles DOT, FHWA, Highwy Sttistics 2014, Tble VM-1, nd nnul editions. The FHWA mde methodology chnges for Highwy Sttistics At tht time, they published historicl dt bck to 2007 which do not mtch the previous dt. Tble A.2 Motorcycle Fuel Use Fuel use Fuel use Yer (thousnd gllons) Yer (thousnd gllons) , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,140 Het content used for conversion to btu: 125,000 btu/gllon Dt re not continuous between 2006 nd 2007 due to chnges in estimtion methodology. See source document for detils.

318 A Buses Trnsit APTA, 2016 Public Trnsporttion Fct Book, Wshington, DC, Includes motorbus nd trolley bus dt. Tble A.3 Trnsit Bus Fuel Use LNG LPG CNG Gsoline Diesel fuel Electricity (thousnd Biodiesel Methnol (million (million (million (million (million kilowtt (million (million Yer gllons) gllons) gllons) gllons) gllons) hours) gllons) gllons) Het content used for conversion 84,800 91, , , ,700 10, ,200 64,600 to btu: btu/gllon btu/gllon btu/gllon btu/gllon btu/gllon btu/kwhr btu/gllon btu/gllon Note: CNG is reported in diesel-gllon equivlents. Dt re not vilble.

319 A 9 Intercity nd School Eno Trnsporttion Foundtion, Trnsporttion in Americ, 2001, Nineteenth Edition, 2003, Wshington, DC, pp School bus fuel ws ssumed to be 90% diesel fuel nd 10% gsoline bsed on estimtes from the Ntionl Assocition of Stte Directors of Pupil Trnsporttion Services. Intercity bus fuel ws ssumed to be 100% diesel. Tble A.4 Intercity nd School Bus Fuel Use Intercity School Yer (million gllons) (million gllons) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Fuel type shres 100% diesel 90% diesel 10% gsoline Het content used for 138, ,700 btu/gllon conversion to btu: btu/gllon 125,000 btu/gllon *Estimted using the rte of chnge of bus vehicle-miles trveled from FHWA Highwy Sttistics, Tble VM-1 (recently revised).

320 A Trucks Light Trucks Fuel use in gllons ( ) DOT, FHWA, Highwy Sttistics 2008, Tble VM-1 nd nnul editions bck to 1996 nd DOT, FHWA, Highwy Sttistics Summry to Fuel use in gllons ( ) See Section 7. Appendix A Cr nd Light Truck Shres. Fuel type distribution Fuel use ws distributed mong fuel types using the percentges shown in Tble A.1. The FHWA discontinued gsohol dt in Therefore, dt from EIA, Alterntives to Trditionl Trnsporttion Fuels, , Tble C.1 were used.

321 A 11 Tble A.5 Light Truck Fuel Use nd Fuel Type Shres for Clcultion of Energy Use Fuel use Source for (million Source for gsoline/diesel Shres by fuel type Yer gllons) gsohol shres /lpg shres Gsoline Gsohol Diesel Lpg , TIUS 97.6% 0.0% 1.6% 0.8% , TIUS 97.6% 0.0% 1.6% 0.8% , TIUS 97.6% 0.0% 1.6% 0.8% , TIUS 97.6% 0.0% 1.6% 0.8% , TIUS 97.6% 0.0% 1.6% 0.8% , TIUS 97.6% 0.0% 1.6% 0.8% , TIUS 97.6% 0.0% 1.6% 0.8% , TIUS 97.6% 0.0% 1.6% 0.8% ,162 Interpolted 97.1% 0.0% 2.0% 0.9% ,445 Interpolted 96.7% 0.0% 2.4% 1.0% ,796 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolted 95.7% 0.5% 2.7% 1.0% ,697 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolted 95.1% 0.7% 3.1% 1.1% ,702 FHWA, MF-33e 1982 TIUS 93.0% 2.3% 3.5% 1.2% ,945 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolted 91.0% 4.3% 3.5% 1.2% ,604 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolted 90.0% 5.3% 3.5% 1.2% ,363 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolted 87.6% 7.7% 3.5% 1.2% ,074 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolted 87.7% 7.6% 3.5% 1.2% ,598 FHWA, MF-33e 1987 TIUS 89.0% 6.3% 3.5% 1.2% ,653 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolted 88.2% 7.4% 3.5% 1.0% ,271 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolted 89.5% 6.2% 3.4% 0.8% ,611 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolted 89.2% 6.8% 3.4% 0.7% ,217 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolted 88.1% 8.0% 3.3% 0.5% ,929 FHWA, MF-33e 1992 TIUS 88.5% 7.9% 3.3% 0.3% ,851 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolted 87.3% 9.1% 3.3% 0.3% ,112 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolted 86.8% 9.6% 3.3% 0.3% ,605 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolted 85.1% 11.2% 3.4% 0.3% ,354 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolted 86.2% 10.1% 3.4% 0.3% ,388 FHWA, MF-33e 1997 VIUS 84.2% 12.2% 3.4% 0.2% ,462 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolted 85.0% 11.2% 3.5% 0.3% ,859 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolted 84.9% 11.0% 3.6% 0.4% ,939 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolted 83.1% 12.6% 3.8% 0.6% ,522 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolted 82.4% 13.0% 3.9% 0.7% ,220 FHWA, MF-33e 2002 VIUS 79.6% 15.6% 4.0% 0.8% ,758 FHWA, MF-33e 2002 VIUS 71.0% 24.2% 4.0% 0.8% ,417 FHWA, MF-33e 2002 VIUS 62.9% 32.3% 4.0% 0.8% ,869 FHWA, MF-33e 2002 VIUS 62.6% 32.6% 4.0% 0.8% ,685 EIA, C VIUS 73.9% 21.3% 4.0% 0.8% ,836 EIA, C VIUS 68.6% 26.6% 4.0% 0.8% ,199 EIA, C VIUS 57.5% 37.7% 4.0% 0.8% ,824 EIA, C VIUS 51.5% 43.7% 4.0% 0.8% ,687 EIA, C VIUS 45.2% 50.0% 4.0% 0.8% ,786 EIA, C VIUS 44.4% 50.8% 4.0% 0.8% ,395 EIA, C VIUS 44.4% 50.8% 4.0% 0.8% ,555 EIA, C VIUS 44.7% 50.5% 4.0% 0.8% ,012 EIA, C VIUS 45.8% 49.4% 4.0% 0.8% Het content used for conversion to btu: 125, , ,700 90,800 btu/gllon btu/gllon btu/gllon btu/gllon Dt re not continuous between 2008 nd 2009 due to chnges in source.

322 A 12 Medium/Hevy Trucks DOT, FHWA, Highwy Sttistics 2014, Tble VM-1 nd nnul editions bck to 1996 nd DOT, FHWA, Highwy Sttistics Summry to The FHWA mde methodology chnges for Highwy Sttistics At tht time, they published historicl dt bck to 2007 which do not mtch the previous dt. Totl gllons for medium/hevy trucks re the sum of single-unit trucks nd combintion trucks. Tble A.6 Medium/Hevy Truck Fuel Use nd Fuel Type Shres for Clcultion of Energy Use Fuel use Source for Shres by fuel type Yer (million gllons) fuel type shres Gsoline Diesel Lpg , TIUS 10.4% 89.5% 0.1% , TIUS 10.4% 89.5% 0.1% , TIUS 10.4% 89.5% 0.1% , TIUS 10.4% 89.5% 0.1% ,121 Interpolted 16.2% 83.5% 0.3% ,913 Interpolted 22.1% 77.5% 0.5% ,960 Interpolted 27.9% 71.4% 0.6% ,376 Interpolted 33.8% 65.4% 0.8% , TIUS 39.6% 59.4% 1.0% ,761 Interpolted 35.6% 63.6% 0.8% ,428 Interpolted 31.5% 67.8% 0.7% ,405 Interpolted 27.5% 72.0% 0.5% ,861 Interpolted 23.4% 76.2% 0.4% , TIUS 19.4% 80.4% 0.2% ,925 Interpolted 18.8% 81.0% 0.3% ,512 Interpolted 18.1% 81.6% 0.3% ,490 Interpolted 17.5% 82.1% 0.4% ,981 Interpolted 16.8% 82.7% 0.4% , TIUS 16.2% 83.3% 0.5% ,236 Interpolted 15.4% 84.1% 0.5% ,685 Interpolted 14.7% 84.8% 0.5% ,828 Interpolted 13.9% 85.6% 0.5% ,601 Interpolted 13.2% 86.3% 0.5% , VIUS 12.4% 87.1% 0.5% ,841 Interpolted 12.1% 87.4% 0.5% ,909 Interpolted 11.8% 87.6% 0.5% ,229 Interpolted 11.6% 87.9% 0.5% ,179 Interpolted 11.3% 88.1% 0.5% , VIUS 11.0% 88.4% 0.5% , VIUS 11.0% 88.4% 0.5% , VIUS 11.0% 88.4% 0.5% , VIUS 11.0% 88.4% 0.5% , VIUS 11.0% 88.4% 0.5% , VIUS 11.0% 88.4% 0.5% , VIUS 11.0% 88.4% 0.5% , VIUS 11.0% 88.4% 0.5% , VIUS 11.0% 88.4% 0.5% , VIUS 11.0% 88.4% 0.5% , VIUS 11.0% 88.4% 0.5% , VIUS 11.0% 88.4% 0.5% , VIUS 11.0% 88.4% 0.5% Het content used for conversion to btu: 125, ,700 90,800 btu/gllon btu/gllon btu/gllon Dt re not continuous between 2006 nd 2007 due to chnges in methodology. See source for detils.

323 A 13 Shres of Clss 3-6 nd 7-8 energy use by fuel type were clculted from the 2002 Vehicle Inventory nd Use Survey (VIUS) nd pplied to ll yers Tble A.7 Shre of Medium nd Hevy Truck Energy Use Shre of energy use Fuel type Clss 3-6 Clss 7-8 Totl Gsoline 92% 8% 100% Diesel 14% 86% 100% LPG 99% 1% 100%

324 A OFF-HIGHWAY ENERGY USE U.S. Environmentl Protection Agency, MOVES2014 model, results generted August Gllons of fuel by fuel type were produced for griculturl equipment, irport equipment, construction nd mining equipment, industril equipment, lwn nd grden equipment, logging equipment, rilrod mintennce equipment, nd recretionl equipment. Some nontrnsporttion-relted equipment, such s genertors, chin sws, compressors, nd pumps, were excluded from the dt. 2.3 NONHIGHWAY ENERGY USE Air Generl Avition DOT, FAA, On-line Generl Avition Activity nd Air Txi Activity Surveys: Annul Summry Report Clendr Yer 2014, Tble 5.1, nd nnul Dt: Avition Forecsts, Tbles 28 nd 29, My (Additionl resources: Tble A.8 Generl Avition Fuel Use Jet fuel (million gllons) Avition gsoline Jet fuel Yer (million gllons) Yer (million gllons) , , , , , , , , , , , Het content used for conversion to btu: 135,000 btu/gllon 120,200 btu/gllon 135,000 btu/gllon Avition gsoline (million gllons) 120,200 btu/gllon

325 A 15 Domestic nd Interntionl Air Crrier DOT, Bureu of Trnsporttion Sttistics, "Fuel Cost nd Consumption Tbles," The tble below shows ll interntionl fuel use. Becuse the dt for interntionl include fuel purchsed brod, for the tbles in Chpter 2, the interntionl totl ws divided in hlf to estimte domestic fuel use for interntionl flights. Tble A.9 Air Crrier Fuel Use Yer Domestic (thousnd gllons) Interntionl (thousnd gllons) Totl (thousnd gllons) 1970 Seprte estimtes for domestic 10,085, nd interntionl re not vilble 10,412, from ,400, ,202,051 1,708,376 9,910, ,446,117 1,741,918 10,188, ,865,885 1,828,435 10,694, ,519,233 1,747,306 10,266, ,555,249 2,032,520 10,587, ,432,465 1,967,733 10,400, ,672,574 1,998,289 10,670, ,625,958 2,286,407 11,912, ,115,007 2,487,929 12,602, ,137,331 2,544,996 13,682, ,586,838 2,893,617 14,480, ,917,904 3,262,824 15,180, ,905,144 3,557,294 15,462, ,429,305 3,963,081 16,392, ,506,477 3,939,666 15,446, ,762,852 4,120,132 15,882, ,958,663 4,113,321 16,071, ,475,549 4,310,879 16,786, ,811,717 4,511,418 17,323, ,187,305 4,658,093 17,845, ,659,581 4,964,181 18,623, ,876,971 5,185,562 19,062, ,402,127 5,250,492 19,652, ,844,592 5,474,685 20,319, ,017,461 5,237,487 19,254, ,848,329 4,990,798 17,839, ,958,581 4,836,356 17,794, ,622,603 4,931,546 18,554, ,778,869 5,520,889 19,309, ,694,437 6,017,638 19,712, ,681,664 6,204,502 19,886, ,666,911 6,186,747 18,853, ,339,220 5,721,298 17,060, ,256,900 6,041,500 17,288, ,035,400 6,522,600 17,558, ,439,700 6,506,300 16,946, ,337,000 6,487,300 16,824, ,485,600 6,321,400 16,807,000 Het content used for conversion to btu: 135,000 btu/gllon 135,000 btu/gllon 135,000 btu/gllon

326 A Wter Freight Totl DOE, EIA, Petroleum nd Other Liquids Dtbse, June Adjusted sles of distillte nd residul fuel oil for vessel bunkering. (This my include some mounts of bunker fuels used for recretionl purposes.) Tble A.10 Diesel nd Residul Fuel Oil for Vessel Bunkering Yer Distillte fuel oil (thousnd gllons) Residul fuel oil (thousnd gllons) ,000 3,774, ,097,880 4,060, ,376 7,454, ,723,143 7,922, ,423,216 6,408, ,418,890 5,724, ,692,045 5,688, ,894,265 5,269, ,034,215 5,690, ,223,258 5,869, ,310,367 6,025, ,356,444 6,621, ,197,004 6,248, ,167,640 6,786, ,240,170 7,199, ,043,745 6,269, ,026,899 5,944, ,978,105 6,431, ,177,608 5,804, ,107,561 4,789, ,125,568 4,640, ,064,590 5,598, ,041,433 6,192, ,099,011 4,345, ,056,465 4,783, ,863,150 3,801, ,313,448 4,886, ,115,381 5,533, ,206,690 6,000, ,158,930 6,773, ,980,729 6,274, ,138,690 5,331, ,427,051 6,032, ,651,859 5,207, ,842,107 4,560, ,655,258 3,876, ,624,428 2,987,913 Het content used for conversion to btu: Domestic shre of totl fuel use 138,700 btu/gllon 149,700 btu/gllon 77.5% 9.3%

327 A 17 Recretionl Boting Fuel use by recretionl boting comes from the EPA s MOVES2014 model. Tble A.11 Recretionl Boting Fuel Use Diesel use Gsoline use Yer (gllons) (gllons) ,589,953 1,213,397, ,130,906 1,220,995, ,671,856 1,228,593, ,212,803 1,236,191, ,753,735 1,243,789, ,294,680 1,251,387, ,835,632 1,258,986, ,376,573 1,266,584, ,917,523 1,274,182, ,458,470 1,281,780, ,999,421 1,289,378, ,540,357 1,296,976, ,081,302 1,304,574, ,622,248 1,312,172, ,163,202 1,319,771, ,704,140 1,327,369, ,245,074 1,334,967, ,786,030 1,342,565, ,326,970 1,362,856, ,867,916 1,383,146, ,408,869 1,403,437, ,949,808 1,429,688, ,490,749 1,455,939, ,031,707 1,482,190, ,572,649 1,539,794, ,113,596 1,597,269, ,654,521 1,654,446, ,195,481 1,657,737, ,736,414 1,659,056, ,159,525 1,657,198, ,582,657 1,652,906, ,547,835 1,655,303, ,512,965 1,653,583, ,478,093 1,648,070, ,443,197 1,639,713, ,408,463 1,629,873, ,420,594 1,619,603, ,432,801 1,609,567, ,445,068 1,599,830, ,457,287 1,590,749, ,469,668 1,578,405, ,434,754 1,566,937, ,399,927 1,557,381, ,365,038 1,550,075, ,330,139 1,544,411,821 Het content used for 138, ,000 conversion to btu: btu/gllon btu/gllon

328 A Pipeline The sum of nturl gs, crude petroleum nd petroleum product, nd col slurry nd wter. Nturl Gs The mount of nturl gs used to trnsport nturl gs ws defined s "pipeline fuel" s reported in DOE, EIA, Nturl Gs Annul 2013, Tble 1. Cubic feet were converted to Btu using 1,031 Btu/ft3. Electricity use ws estimted using the following procedure s reported on p of J. N. Hooker et l., End Use Energy Consumption DtBse: Trnsporttion Sector. The energy consumption of nturl gs pipeline ws tken to be the energy content of the fuel used to drive the pumps. Some 94% of the instlled pumping horsepower ws supplied by nturl gs. The remining 6% of the horsepower ws generted more efficiently, mostly by electric motors. The energy consumed by nturl gs pipeline pumps tht were electriclly powered ws not known. In order to estimte the electricity consumed, the Btu of nturl gs pipeline fuel consumed ws multiplied by fctor of From this computed vlue, electricity efficiency nd genertion loss must be tken into ccount. The electricity energy use in Btu must be converted to kwhr, using the conversion fctor x 10-5 kwhr/btu. Electricity genertion nd distribution efficiency ws 29%. When genertion nd distribution efficiency re tken into ccount, 1 kwhr equls 10,339 Btu. Crude Petroleum nd Petroleum Product J. N. Hooker, Oil Pipeline Energy Consumption nd Efficiency, ORNL-5697, ORNL, Ok Ridge, TN, (Dt held constnt; Ltest vilble dt.) Col Slurry nd Wter W. F. Bnks, Systems, Science nd Softwre, Energy Consumption in the Pipeline Industry, LJoll, CA, October (Dt held constnt; Ltest vilble dt.)

329 A 19 Tble A.12 Pipeline Fuel Use Nturl gs (million cubic feet) Estimted nturl gs pipeline electricity use (million kwhr) Electricity constnt (trillion btu) Yer ,166 3, ,592 3, ,156 3, ,177 3, ,792 3, ,963 2, ,323 2, ,669 2, ,451 2, ,964 2, ,622 2, ,325 2, ,411 2, ,042 2, ,754 2, ,766 2, ,041 2, ,170 2, ,912 2, ,308 2, ,816 2, ,305 2, ,710 2, ,308 2, ,362 3, ,335 3, ,446 3, ,470 3, ,477 2, ,319 2, ,210 2, ,964 2, ,920 3, ,492 2, ,187 2, ,026 2, ,213 2, ,364 2, ,956 2, ,174 3, ,124 3, ,784 3, ,790 3, ,061 3, ,757 3, Het content used for conversion to btu: 1,031 btu/cubic foot 10,339 Btu/kWhr Note: Formul for estimting electricity use for nturl gs pipelines is: Nturl gs use (in million cubic ft) 1,031 btu/cubic ft kwhr/btu.

330 A Ril Freight AAR, Rilrod Fcts, 2015 Edition, Wshington, DC, Tble A.13 Clss I Freight Rilrod Fuel Use Diesel fuel Yer (thousnd gllons) ,807, ,822, ,996, ,160, ,175, ,736, ,895, ,985, ,968, ,072, ,955, ,756, ,178, ,137, ,388, ,144, ,039, ,102, ,182, ,190, ,134, ,925, ,022, ,111, ,355, ,503, ,600, ,602, ,619, ,749, ,720, ,729, ,751, ,849, ,082, ,119, ,214, ,087, ,911, ,220, ,519, ,710, ,634, ,712, ,897, ,700 Btu/gllon Het content used for conversion to btu:

331 A 21 Pssenger Commuter - APTA, 2016 Public Trnsporttion Fct Book, Wshington, DC, Tble A.14 Commuter Ril Fuel Use Diesel Electricity Yer (thousnd gllons) (million kwhr) , ,372 1, ,608 1, ,594 1, ,054 1, ,516 1, ,681 1, ,315 1, ,951 1, ,766 1, ,900 1, ,064 1, ,888 1, ,195 1, ,200 1, ,005 1, ,818 1, ,204 1, ,847 1, ,264 1, ,999 1, ,714 1, ,600 1, ,700 1, ,500 1, ,000 1, ,200 1, ,900 1, ,800 1, ,700 1, ,900 1,809 Het content used for 138,700 10,339 conversion to btu: Btu/gllon Btu/kWhr

332 A 22 Trnsit APTA, 2016 Public Trnsporttion Fct Book, Wshington, DC, Includes light ril nd hevy ril. Tble A.15 Trnsit Ril Fuel Use Electricity (million kwhr) Yer Light ril Hevy ril Totl , , , , , , Light ril nd hevy ril dt re 2, not vilble seprtely from 2, to , , , , , , , , ,066 3, ,219 3, ,256 3, ,286 3, ,284 3, ,248 3, ,193 3, ,287 3, ,431 3, ,401 3, ,322 3, ,253 3, ,280 3, ,385 3, ,549 4, ,646 4, ,683 4, ,632 4, ,684 4, ,769 4, ,709 4, ,817 4, ,898 4, ,866 4, ,780 4, ,854 4, ,795 4, ,856 4, ,812 4,797 Het content used for 10,339 10,339 10,339 conversion to btu: Btu/kWhr Btu/kWhr Btu/kWhr

333 A 23 Intercity Personl communiction with Amtrk, Wshington, DC, Tble A.16 Intercity Ril Fuel Use Diesel fuel (thousnd gllons) Electricity (thousnd kwhr) Yer , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,332 Het content used for conversion to Btu 138,700 Btu/gllon 10,339 Btu/kWhr 2.4 CALCULATION OF MILLION BARRELS PER DAY CRUDE OIL EQUIVALENT One gllon of gsoline, diesel fuel, or lpg is estimted to be the equivlent of one gllon of crude oil. Petroleum used for electricity ws clculted using the following formul: ({[(BTU*S)/G ]/P }/365)/1000 BTU = Btus of electricity S = Shre of petroleum used in mking primry electricity (Clculted from Tble 2.6 from the EIA, Monthly Energy Review) G = Electricity genertion nd distribution (ssumed 29%) P = Btus per brrel of petroleum product (Tble A3 from the EIA, Monthly Energy Review).

334 A PASSENGER TRAVEL AND ENERGY USE 3.1 CARS Number of vehicles DOT, FHWA, Highwy Sttistics 2014, Tble MV-1 nd nnul editions bck to Vehicle-miles See Appendix A, Section 7. Cr nd Light Truck Shres. Pssenger-miles Vehicle-miles multiplied by n verge lod fctor. Lod fctor 2009 NHTS shows cr lod fctor s 1.55 persons per vehicle. Energy intensities Btu per vehicle-mile Cr energy use divided by vehicle-miles. Btu per pssenger-mile Cr energy use divided by pssenger-miles. Energy use See Section 2. Energy Use Sources. Dt series shown in Tble LIGHT TRUCKS Number of vehicles DOT, FHWA, Highwy Sttistics 2014, Tble MV-9 nd nnul editions bck to Columns for pickups, vns, sport utility vehicles, nd other light trucks. Vehicle-miles See Appendix A, Section 7. Cr nd Light Truck Shres. Pssenger-miles Vehicle-miles multiplied by n verge lod fctor. Lod fctor 2009 NHTS shows personl light truck lod fctor s 1.84 persons per vehicle. Energy intensities - Btu per vehicle-mile Personl light truck energy use divided by personl light truck vehicle-miles. Btu per pssenger-mile Personl light truck energy use divided by personl light truck pssenger-miles. Energy use See Section 2. Energy Use Sources (light trucks, medium/hevy trucks). Dt by truck type were multiplied by the shres of truck fuel use which re for personl use (Tble A.17) which were derived by ORNL from the 2002 VIUS Micro Dt File on CD.

335 A 25 Tble A.17 Shre of Trucks, Truck Trvel, nd Fuel Use for Personl Trvel Personl trucks 85.6% 2-xle, 4-tire trucks 26.9% Other single-unit nd combintion trucks Personl truck trvel 80.9% 2-xle, 4-tire trucks 13.1% Other single-unit nd combintion trucks Personl truck fuel use 78.0% 2-xle, 4-tire trucks 6.0% Other single-unit nd combintion trucks Note: Since these shres come from the 2002 VIUS, they my underestimte the mount of personl trucks, truck trvel, nd energy use for MOTORCYCLES Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles DOT, FHWA, Highwy Sttistics 2014, Tble VM-1. Pssenger-miles Vehicle-miles multiplied by n verge lod fctor. Lod fctor NHTS shows motorcycle lod fctor s 1.16 persons per vehicle. Energy intensities Btu per vehicle-mile Motorcycle energy use divided by vehicle-miles. Btu per pssenger-mile Motorcycle energy use divided by pssenger-miles. Energy use See Section 2. Energy Use Sources. Dt series shown in Tble DEMAND RESPONSE Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles, pssenger-miles APTA, 2016 Public Trnsporttion Fct Book, Wshington, DC, Lod fctor Pssenger-miles divided by vehicle-miles. Energy intensities Btu per vehicle-mile Energy use divided by vehicle-miles. Btu per pssenger-mile Energy use divided by pssenger-miles. Energy use APTA, 2016 Public Trnsporttion Fct Book, Wshington, DC, 2016.

336 A BUSES Trnsit Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles, pssenger-miles APTA, 2016 Public Trnsporttion Fct Book, Wshington, DC, Dt series shown on Tble Lod fctor Pssenger-miles divided by vehicle-miles. Energy intensities Btu per vehicle-mile Trnsit bus energy use divided by trnsit bus vehicle-miles. Btu per pssenger-mile Trnsit bus energy use divided by trnsit bus pssenger-miles. Energy use See Section 2. Energy Use Sources. Dt series shown in Tble Intercity Energy use See Section 2. Energy Use Sources. Becuse the dt pst 2000 re not vilble, the rte of chnge in bus VMT from FHWA, Highwy Sttistics 2014, ws used to estimte the chnge in energy use School Number of vehicles DOT, FHWA, Highwy Sttistics 2014, Tble MV-10. Energy use See Section 2. Energy Use Sources. Becuse the dt pst 2000 re not vilble, the rte of chnge in bus VMT from FHWA, Highwy Sttistics 2014, ws used to estimte the chnge in energy use. 3.6 AIR Certificted Air Crriers Aircrft-miles, pssenger-miles DOT, BTS, U.S. Air Trffic Sttistics Through December 2015, Wshington, DC. Lod fctor Pssenger-miles divided by ircrft-miles. Energy intensities Btu per pssenger-mile Certificted ir crrier energy use divided by pssenger-miles. Energy use See Section 2. Energy Use Sources. All of domestic fuel use nd hlf of interntionl fuel use ws considered to be domestic use. Note: These dt differ from the dt in Tble 9.2 becuse tht tble contins dt on ALL domestic AND interntionl ir crrier energy use nd pssenger-miles Generl Avition Number of vehicles DOT, FAA, Generl Avition nd Air Txi Activity Surveys - CY Dt: Avition Forecsts, Tbles 28 nd 29, My Dt series shown in Tble 9.3. Energy intensities Btu per pssenger-mile Generl vition energy use divided by pssenger-miles. Energy use See Section 2. Energy Use Sources. Dt series shown in Tble 9.3.

337 A RECREATIONAL BOATING Number of vehicles nd energy use U.S. EPA s MOVES2014 model. 3.8 RAIL Intercity Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles, pssenger-miles AAR, Rilrod Fcts, 2015 Edition, Wshington, DC, Lod fctor Pssenger-miles divided by vehicle-miles. Energy Intensities Btu per vehicle-mile Intercity ril energy use divided by vehicle-miles. Btu per pssenger-mile Intercity ril energy use divided by pssenger-miles. Energy use See Section 2. Energy Use Sources. Dt series shown in Tble Trnsit Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles, pssenger-miles APTA, 2016 Public Trnsporttion Fct Book, Wshington, DC, Sum of light nd hevy ril trnsit. Dt series shown on Tble Lod fctor Pssenger-miles divided by vehicle-miles. Energy intensities Btu per vehicle-mile Light nd hevy trnsit ril energy use divided by vehicle-miles. Btu per pssenger-mile Light nd hevy trnsit ril energy use divided by pssengermiles. Energy use See Section 2. Energy Use Sources. Dt series shown in Tble Commuter Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles, pssenger-miles APTA, 2016 Public Trnsporttion Fct Book, Wshington, DC, Dt series shown on Tble Lod fctor Pssenger-miles divided by vehicle-miles. Energy intensities Btu per vehicle-mile Commuter ril energy use divided by vehicle-miles. Btu per pssenger-mile Commuter ril energy use divided by pssenger-miles. Energy use See Section 2. Energy Use Sources. Dt series shown in Tble 9.11.

338 A HIGHWAY PASSENGER MODE ENERGY INTENSITIES 4.1 CARS Btu per vehicle-mile Cr energy use divided by cr vehicle miles of trvel. Energy use See Section 2. Energy Use Sources. Dt series shown in Tble 2.9. Vehicle-miles : DOT, FHWA, Highwy Sttistics 2009, Tble VM-1 nd nnul editions bck to 1996 nd DOT, FHWA, Highwy Sttistics Summry to Dt series shown in Tble : See Appendix A, Section 7. Cr nd Light Truck Shres. Btu per pssenger-mile Cr energy use divided by cr pssenger-miles. Energy use See Section 2. Energy Use Sources. Dt series shown in Tble 2.9. Pssenger miles Vehicle miles multiplied by n verge lod fctor. Vehicle-miles : DOT, FHWA, Highwy Sttistics 2009, Tble VM-1 nd nnul editions bck to 1996 nd DOT, FHWA, Highwy Sttistics Summry to Dt series shown in Tble 4.1. Lod fctor NPTS 1969, 1977, 1983/84, 1990, nd 1995; NHTS 2001 nd Dt series shown in Tble A.18.

339 A 29 Tble A.18 Cr Lod Fctor used to Clculte Pssenger-Miles Yer Source Lod Fctor NPTS Interpolted Interpolted Interpolted Interpolted Interpolted Interpolted NPTS Interpolted Interpolted Interpolted Interpolted Interpolted /84 NPTS Interpolted Interpolted Interpolted Interpolted Interpolted Interpolted NPTS Interpolted Interpolted Interpolted Interpolted NPTS Interpolted Interpolted Interpolted Interpolted Interpolted NHTS NHTS NHTS NHTS NHTS NHTS NHTS NHTS NHTS NHTS NHTS NHTS NHTS NHTS 1.55

340 A LIGHT TRUCKS Btu per vehicle-mile Light truck energy use divided by light truck vehicle miles of trvel. Energy use See Section 2. Energy Use Sources. Dt series shown in Tble 2.9. Vehicle-miles : DOT, FHWA, Highwy Sttistics 2008, Tble VM-1 nd nnul editions bck to 1996 nd DOT, FHWA, Highwy Sttistics Summry to Dt series shown in Tble : See Appendix A, Section 7. Cr nd Light Truck Shres. 4.3 Buses Trnsit Btu per vehicle-mile Trnsit bus energy use divided by trnsit bus vehicle-miles. Energy use See Section 2. Energy Use Sources. Dt series shown in Tble 7.9. Vehicle-miles APTA, 2016 Public Trnsporttion Fct Book, Wshington, DC, Dt series shown on Tble 7.9. Btu per pssenger-mile Trnsit bus energy use divided by trnsit bus pssenger-miles. Energy use See Section 2. Energy Use Sources. Dt series shown in Tble 7.9. Pssenger-miles APTA, 2016 Public Trnsporttion Fct Book, Wshington, DC, Dt series shown on Tble Intercity Btu per pssenger-mile Dt re not vilble. Energy use See Section 2. Energy Use Sources. Becuse the dt pst 2000 re not vilble, the rte of chnge in bus VMT from FHWA, Highwy Sttistics 2014, ws used to estimte the chnge in energy use. Pssenger-miles Dt re not vilble.

341 A NONHIGHWAY MODE ENERGY INTENSITIES 5.1 AIR Certificted Air Crriers Btu per pssenger-mile Certificted ir crrier energy use divided by pssenger-miles. Energy use See Section 2. Energy Use Sources. All of domestic fuel use nd hlf of interntionl fuel use ws considered to be domestic use. Pssenger-miles DOT, BTS, Air Crrier Trffic Sttistics, Wshington, DC, Pre-1994 dt re from vrious editions of the FAA Sttisticl Hndbook of Avition (no longer published). Scheduled service pssenger-miles of domestic ir crriers nd hlf of interntionl ir crriers were used to coincide with fuel use. Note: These dt differ from the dt in Tble 9.2 becuse tht tble contins dt on ALL domestic AND interntionl ir crrier energy use nd pssenger-miles Generl Avition Btu per pssenger-mile Dt re not vilble. Energy use See Section 2. Energy Use Sources. Dt series shown in Tble 9.3. Pssenger-miles Dt re not vilble. 5.2 RAIL Intercity Btu per pssenger-mile Intercity ril energy use divided by pssenger-miles. Energy use See Section 2. Energy Use Sources. Dt series shown in Tble Pssenger-miles AAR, Rilrod Fcts, 2015 Edition, nd previous nnul editions Trnsit Btu per pssenger-mile Trnsit ril energy use divided by pssenger-miles. Energy use See Section 2. Energy Use Sources. Dt series shown in Tble Pssenger-miles APTA, 2016 Public Trnsporttion Fct Book, Wshington, DC, Dt series shown on Tble Commuter Btu per pssenger-mile Commuter ril energy use divided by pssenger-miles. Energy use See Section 2. Energy Use Sources. Dt series shown in Tble Pssenger-miles APTA, 2016 Public Trnsporttion Fct Book, Wshington, DC, Dt series shown on Tble 9.11.

342 A FREIGHT MODE ENERGY INTENSITIES 6.1 TRUCK Btu per vehicle-mile Hevy single-unit nd combintion truck energy use divided by vehicle miles Energy use See Section 2. Energy Use Sources (medium/hevy trucks). Vehicle-miles DOT, FHWA, Highwy Sttistics 2014, Tble VM-1 nd nnul editions bck to 1996 nd DOT, FHWA, Highwy Sttistics Summry to Dt series is the totl of vehicle trvel dt on Tbles 5.1 nd RAIL Btu per freight cr-mile Clss I ril energy use divided by freight cr-miles. Energy use See Section 2. Energy Use Sources. Dt series shown in Tble 9.8. Freight cr miles AAR, Rilrod Fcts, 2015 Edition, Wshington, DC, Dt series shown in Tble 9.8. Btu per ton-mile Clss I ril energy use divided by ton-miles. Energy use See Section 2. Energy Use Sources. Dt series shown in Tble 9.8. Ton-miles AAR, Rilrod Fcts, 2015 Edition, Wshington, DC, Dt series shown in Tble WATER Btu per ton-mile Domestic wterborne commerce energy use on txble wterwys divided by ton-miles on txble wterwys. Energy use Modeled by Chrismn A. Dger, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, using Wterborne Commerce Sttistics Center detil records nd nnul IRS reports on the Inlnd Wterwy Trust Fund tx on diesel fuel used on the inlnd wterwy. Note: These dt re not vilble for 2013 nd Ton-miles Bsed on detiled records from the U.S. Deprtment of the Army, Army Corps of Engineers, Wterborne Commerce Sttistics Center. Includes only ton-miles on txble wterwys.

343 A CAR AND LIGHT TRUCK SHARES In 2011, the Federl Highwy Administrtion (FHWA) chnged the methodology for producing the dt on the VM-1 Tble in the nnul Highwy Sttistics publiction. Historiclly, VM-1 included individul ctegories for pssenger crs nd 2-xle, 4-tire trucks. VM-1 included the vehicle miles of trvel (VMT), registrtions, fuel use, nd fuel economy of pssenger crs nd 2- xle, 4-tire trucks. After the methodology chnge, the ctegories of light vehicles on VM-1 chnged to Light-Duty Vehicles with Short wheelbse (less thn or equl to 121 inches) nd Light-Duty Vehicles with Long Wheelbse (over 121 inches). As some pssenger crs hve long wheelbses nd some 2-xle, 4-tire trucks hve short wheelbses, the ctegories of crs nd 2- xle, 4-tire trucks re no longer vilble. Despite these chnges, there re mny trnsporttion nlysts who require informtion on crs nd 2-xle, 4-tire trucks. Thus, new methodology to estimte the dt in these ctegories ws developed for yers 2009 through CARS Registrtions DOT, FHWA, Highwy Sttistics 2014, Tble MV-1 nd nnul editions bck to Vehicle trvel Totl for ll light vehicles DOT, FHWA, Highwy Sttistics 2014, Tble VM-1 nd nnul editions bck to 2009; sum of light-duty short wheelbse nd light-duty long wheelbse VMT. Crs Using historicl shres of pssenger crs/2-xle, 4-tire trucks from the Highwy Sttistics, the percent of light vehicle trvel ttributble to crs ws estimted for , keeping in mind the economic conditions present in those yers nd the generl trend in totl light vehicle VMT. The estimted shre ws pplied to totl VMT s shown in Tble A.19. Tble A.19 Estimted Cr VMT Yer Totl Light Vehicle VMT (billions) Shre Attributble to Crs Totl Cr VMT (billions) , % 1, , % 1, , % 1, , % 1, , % 1, , % 1,436.6 Miles per Vehicle Vehicle trvel divided by registrtions. Fuel Use Vehicle trvel divided by fuel economy. Fuel Economy DOE, EIA, Annul Energy Outlook 2016, June 2016 nd nnul editions bck to 2012.

344 A AXLE, 4-TIRE TRUCKS Registrtions DOT, FHWA, Highwy Sttistics 2014, Tble MV-1 nd nnul editions bck to Vehicle trvel Totl for ll light vehicles DOT, FHWA, Highwy Sttistics 2014, Tble VM-1 nd nnul editions bck to 2009; sum of light-duty short wheelbse nd light-duty long wheelbse VMT. 2-xle, 4-tire truck VMT Using historicl shres of pssenger crs/2-xle, 4-tire trucks from the Highwy Sttistics, the percent of light vehicle trvel ttributble to crs ws estimted for , keeping in mind the economic conditions present in those yers nd the generl trend in totl light vehicle VMT. The estimted shre ws pplied to totl VMT s shown in Tble A.20. Tble A.20 Estimted 2-xle, 4-tire Truck VMT Yer Totl Light Vehicle VMT (billions) Shre Attributble to 2-xle, 4-tire Trucks Totl 2-xle, 4-tire Truck VMT (billions) , % 1, , % 1, , % 1, , % 1, , % 1, , % 1,274.0 Miles per Vehicle Vehicle trvel divided by registrtions. Fuel Use Vehicle trvel divided by fuel economy. Fuel Economy DOE, EIA, Annul Energy Outlook 2016, June 2016 nd nnul editions bck to 2012.

345 B 1 CONVERSIONS

346 B 2

347 B 3 CONVERSIONS A Note bout Heting Vlues The het content of fuel is the quntity of energy relesed by burning unit mount of tht fuel. However, this vlue is not bsolute nd cn vry ccording to severl fctors. For exmple, empiricl formule for determining the heting vlue of liquid fuels depend on the fuels' Americn Petroleum Institute (API) grvity. The API grvity vries depending on the percent by weight of the chemicl constituents nd impurities in the fuel, both of which re ffected by the combintion of rw mterils used to produce the fuel nd by the type of mnufcturing process. Temperture nd climtic conditions re lso fctors. Becuse of these vritions, the heting vlues in Tble B.4 my differ from vlues in other publictions. The figures in this report re representtive or verge vlues, not bsolute ones. The gross (higher) heting vlues used here gree with those used by the Energy Informtion Administrtion (EIA). Heting vlues fll into two ctegories, usully referred to s higher (or gross) nd lower (or net). If the products of fuel combustion re cooled bck to the initil fuel-ir or fueloxidizer mixture temperture nd the wter formed during combustion is condensed, the energy relesed by the process is the higher (gross) heting vlue. If the products of combustion re cooled to the initil fuel-ir temperture, but the wter is considered to remin s vpor, the energy relesed by the process is the lower (net) heting vlue. Usully the difference between the gross nd net heting vlues for fuels used in trnsporttion is round 5 to 8 percent; however, it is importnt to be consistent in their use. The Trnsporttion Energy Dt Book hs lwys used gross heting vlues for fuel conversion.

348 B 4 Tble B.1 Hydrogen Het Content 1 kilogrm hydrogen = Higher heting vlue Lower heting vlue 134,200 Btu 113,400 Btu 39.3 kwhr 33.2 kwhr 141,600 kj 119,600 kj 33,800 kcl 28,560 kcl Tble B.2 Hydrogen Conversions Weight Gs Liquid Stndrd cubic feet (SCF) Norml cubic meter (Nm 3 ) Pounds (lb) Kilogrms (kg) Gllons (gl) Liters (L) 1 lb kg SCF gs Nm 3 gs gl liquid L liquid Tble B.3 Pressure Conversions Br Atmosphere lb/in 2 (or psi) Br Atmosphere lb/in 2 (or psi)

349 B 5 Tble B.4 Het Content for Vrious Fuels Conventionl gsoline E10 E15 Hydrogen Low-sulfur diesel Biodiesel Methnol Ethnol E85 Avition gsoline Liquefied petroleum gs (LPG) Butne Jet fuel (nphth) Jet fuel (kerosene) Lubricnts Wxes Asphlt nd rod oil Liquefied nturl gs (LNG) Compressed nturl gs (CNG) Crude petroleum Fuel Oils Residul Distillte Col Production verge Consumption verge 125,000 Btu/gl (gross) = 115,400 Btu/gl (net) 120,900 Btu/gl (gross) = 112,400 Btu/gl (net) 119,000 Btu/gl (gross) = 109,400 Btu/gl (net) 134,200 Btu/kg (gross) = 113,400 Btu/kg (net) 138,700 Btu/gl (gross) = 128,700 Btu/gl (net) 126,200 Btu/gl (gross) = 117,100 Btu/gl (net) 64,600 Btu/gl (gross) = 56,600 Btu/gl (net) 84,600 Btu/gl (gross) = 75,700 Btu/gl (net) 90,700 Btu/gl (gross) = 81,600 Btu/gl (net) 120,200 Btu/gl (gross) = 112,000 Btu/gl (net) 91,300 Btu/gl (gross) = 83,500 Btu/gl (net) 103,000 Btu/gl (gross) = 93,000 Btu/gl (net) 127,500 Btu/gl (gross) = 118,700 Btu/gl (net) 135,000 Btu/gl (gross) = 128,100 Btu/gl (net) 144,400 Btu/gl (gross) = 130,900 Btu/gl (net) 131,800 Btu/gl (gross) = 120,200 Btu/gl (net) 158,000 Btu/gl (gross) = 157,700 Btu/gl (net) 23,700 Btu/lb (gross) = 20,900 Btu/lb (net) 22,500 Btu/lb (gross) = 20,200 Btu/lb (net) 138,100 Btu/gl (gross) = 131,800 Btu/gl (net) 149,700 Btu/gl (gross) = 138,400 Btu/gl (net) 138,700 Btu/gl (gross) = 131,800 Btu/gl (net) x 10 6 Btu/short ton x 10 6 Btu/short ton Note: Het content vlues re pproximte. Dt re rounded to the nerest hundred.

350 B 6 Tble B.5 Fuel Equivlents 1 million bbl crude oil/dy = billion bbl crude oil/yer = qudrillion Btu/yer = million short tons col/yer = million metric tons col/yer = trillion ft 3 nturl gs/yer = 2,206 petjoules/yer 1 billion bbl crude oil/yer = million bbl crude oil/dy = qudrillion Btu/yer = million short tons col/yer = million metric tons col/yer = trillion ft 3 nturl gs/yer = 6,044 petjoules/yer 1 qudrillion Btu/yer = million gsoline gllon equivlents = million bbl crude oil/dy = million bbl crude oil/yer = million short tons col/yer = million metric tons col/yer = billion ft 3 nturl gs/yer = 1,055 petjoules/yer 1 billion short tons col/yer = billion metric tons col/yer = million bbl crude oil/dy = billion bbl crude oil/yer = qudrillion Btu/yer = trillion ft 3 nturl gs/yer = 20,550 petjoules/yer 1 billion metric tons col/yer = billion short tons col/yer = million bbl crude oil/dy = billion bbl crude oil/yer = qudrillion btu/yer = trillion ft 3 nturl gs/yer = 18,643 petjoules/yer 1 trillion ft 3 nturl gs/yer = million bbl crude oil/dy = billion bbl crude oil/yer = qudrillion Btu/yer = million short tons col/yer = million metric tons col/yer = 1,090 petjoules/yer 1 petjoule/yer = bbl crude oil/dy = thousnd bbl crude oil/yer = trillion Btu/yer = thousnd short tons col/yer = thousnd metric tons col/yer = billion ft 3 nturl gs/yer

351 B 7 Tble B.6 Energy Unit Conversions 1 Btu = ft-lb = kg-m = 1055 J = x 10-5 hp-h = x 10-5 metric hp-h = x 10-5 kwhr 1 kg-m = x 10-4 Btu = ft-lb = J = x 10-7 hp-h = x 10-7 metric hp-h = x 10-7 kwhr 1 hp-h = 2544 Btu = 1.98 x 10 6 ft-lb = x 10 6 kgm = x 10 6 J = metric hp-h = kwhr 1 kwhr = 3412 Btu = x 10 6 ft-lb = x 10 5 kg-m = x 10 6 J = hp-h = metric hp-h 1 Joule = x 10-5 Btu = ft-lb = kg-m = x 10-8 hp-h = x 10-8 metric hp-h = x 10-8 kwhr 1 metric hp-h = 2510 Btu = x 10 6 ft-lb = x 10 4 kg-m = x 10 6 J = hp-h = kwhr This figure does not tke into ccount the fct tht electricity genertion nd distribution efficiency is pproximtely 33%. If genertion nd distribution efficiency re tken into ccount, 1 kwhr = 10,339 Btu. Tble B.7 Interntionl Energy Conversions To: Petjoules Million metric tons of oil equivlent Million Btu Gigclories Gigwtthours From: multiply by: Petjoules x x x Gigclories x x 10-3 Million metric tons of oil equivlent x ,630 Million Btu x X x 10-4 Gigwtthours 3.6 x x

352 B 8 Tble B.8 Distnce nd Velocity Conversions 1 in = x 10-3 ft = x 10-3 yd = x 10-6 mile = x 10-3 m = x 10-6 km 1 mile = in = 5280 ft = 1760 yd = 1609 m = km 1 ft = 12.0 in = 0.33 yd = x 10-3 mile = m = x 10-3 km 1 km = in = 3281 ft = yd = mile = 1000 m 1 ft/sec = m/s = mph = km/h 1 m/sec = ft/s = mph = km/h 1 km/h = ft/s = m/s = mph 1 mph = ft/s = m/s = km/h Tble B.9 Alterntive Mesures of Greenhouse Gses 1 pound methne, mesured in crbon units (CH 4 ) = 1 pound crbon dioxide, mesured in crbon units (CO 2 -C) = 1 pound crbon monoxide, mesured in crbon units (CO-C) = 1 pound nitrous oxide, mesured in nitrogen units (N 2 O-N) = pounds methne, mesured t full moleculr weight (CH 4 ) pounds crbon dioxide, mesured t full moleculr weight (CO 2 ) pounds crbon monoxide, mesured t full moleculr weight (CO) pounds nitrous oxide, mesured t full moleculr weight (N 2 O)

353 B 9 Tble B.10 Volume nd Flow Rte Conversions 1 U.S. gl = 231 in 3 = ft 3 = liters = imperil gl = bbl = m 3 1 liter = in 3 = x 10-2 ft 3 = U.S. gl = imperil gl = 6.29 x 10-3 bbl = m 3 A U.S. gllon of gsoline weighs 6.2 pounds 1 imperil gl = in 3 = ft 3 = liters = U.S. gl = bbl = m 3 1 bbl = 9702 in 3 = ft 3 = liters = 42 U.S. gl = imperil gl = m 3 1 U.S. gl/hr = ft 3 /dy = liter/dy = imperil gl/dy = bbl/dy = 1171 ft 3 /yer = liter/yer = 7289 imperil gl/yer = bbl/yer For Imperil gllons, multiply bove vlues by liter/hr = ft 3 /dy = U.S. gl/dy = 5.28 imperil gl/dy = bbl/dy = ft 3 /yer = 2299 U.S. gl/yer = 1927 imperil gl/yer = bbl/yer 1 bbl/hr = ft 3 /yer = 1008 U.S. gl/dy = imperil gl/dy = 3815 liter/dy = ft 3 yer = x 10 5 U.S. gl/yer = x 10 5 imperil gl/yer = x 10 6 liter/dy The conversions for flow rtes re identicl to those for volume mesures, if the time units re identicl.

354 B 10 Tble B.11 Power Conversions TO FROM Horsepower Kilowtts Metric horsepower Ft-lb per sec Kiloclories per sec Btu per sec Horsepower Kilowtts Metric horsepower Ft-lb per sec 1.36 x x x x x 10-3 Kiloclories per sec Btu per sec Tble B.12 Mss Conversions TO FROM Pound Kilogrm Short ton Long ton Metric ton Pound x x x 10-4 Kilogrm x x x 10-3 Short ton 2, Long ton 2,240 1, Metric ton 2,205 1,

355 B 11 Tble B.13 Fuel Efficiency Conversions Grms of MPG Miles/liter Kilometers/L L/100 kilometers CO 2 per mile Pounds of CO 2 per mile Formul MPG/3.785 MPG/[3.785/1.609] /MPG 8,778/MPG 19.4/MPG For gsoline-fueled vehicles.

356 B 12 Tble B.14 SI Prefixes nd Their Vlues Vlue Prefix Symbol One million million millionth tto One thousnd million millionth femto f One million millionth pico p One thousnd millionth 10-9 nno n One millionth 10-6 micro μ One thousndth 10-3 milli m One hundredth 10-2 centi c One tenth 10-1 deci One 10 0 Ten 10 1 dec One hundred 10 2 hecto One thousnd 10 3 kilo k One million 10 6 meg M One billion 10 9 gig G One trillion ter T One qudrillion pet P One quintillion ex E Cre should be exercised in the use of this nomenclture, especilly in foreign correspondence, s it is either unknown or crries different vlue in other countries. A "billion," for exmple, signifies vlue of in most other countries. Tble B.15 Metric Units nd Abbrevitions Quntity Unit nme Symbol Energy Joule J Specific energy Joule/kilogrm J/kg Specific energy consumption Joule/kilogrm kilometer J/(kg km) Energy consumption Joule/kilometer J/km Energy economy kilometer/kilojoule km/kj Power kilowtt kw Specific power Wtt/kilogrm W/kg Power density Wtt/meter 3 W/m 3 Speed kilometer/hour km/h Accelertion meter/second 2 m/s 2 Rnge (distnce) kilometer km Weight kilogrm kg Torque Newton meter N m Volume meter 3 m 3 Mss; pylod kilogrm kg Length; width meter m Brke specific fuel consumption kilogrm/joule kg/j Fuel economy (het engine) Liters/100 km L/100 km

357 B 13 Tble B.16 Crbon Coefficients (Million metric tons crbon per qudrillion Btu) Energy Source Fuel Type Crbon Coefficients Col Anthrctie Bituminous Subbituminous Lignite Coke Col (All types) Nturl gs Nturl Gs Flred nturl gs Propne Butne Butne/Propne Mix Petroleum Gsoline Diesel fuel Jet Fuel Avition Gs Kerosene Residul Heting Fuel Petroleum coke Asphlt nd Rod Oil Lubricnts Petrochemicl Feedstocks Specil Nphths (solvents) Wxes Other petroleum & miscellneous Note: Additionl informtion:

358 B 14 Conversion of Constnt Dollr Vlues Mny types of informtion in this dt book re expressed in dollrs. Generlly, constnt dollrs re used tht is, dollrs of fixed vlue for specific yer, such s 2010 dollrs. Converting current dollrs to constnt dollrs, or converting constnt dollrs for one yer to constnt dollrs for nother yer, requires conversion fctors (Tble B.17 nd Tble B.18). Tble B.17 shows conversion fctors for the Consumer Price Index infltion fctors. Tble B.18 shows conversion fctors using the Gross Ntionl Product Implicit Price Defltor.

359 B 15 Tble B.17 Consumer Price Infltion (CPI) Index From:

360 B 16 Tble B.17 Consumer Price Infltion (CPI) Index (Continued) From:

361 B 17 Tble B.17 Consumer Price Infltion (CPI) Index (Continued) From:

362 B 18 Tble B.17 Consumer Price Infltion (CPI) Index (Continued) From:

363 B 19 Source: U.S. Bureu of Lbor Sttistics. Tble B.17 Consumer Price Infltion (CPI) Index (Continued) From:

364 B 20 Tble B.18 Gross Ntionl Product Implicit Price Defltor From:

365 B 21 Tble B.18 Gross Ntionl Product Implicit Price Defltor (Continued) From:

366 B 22 Tble B.18 Gross Ntionl Product Implicit Price Defltor (Continued) From:

367 B 23 Tble B.18 Gross Ntionl Product Implicit Price Defltor (Continued) From:

368 B 24 Tble B.18 Gross Ntionl Product Implicit Price Defltor (Continued) From: Source: U.S. Deprtment of Commerce, Bureu of Economic Anlysis, Survey of Current Business, Wshington, DC, monthly.

369 C 1 APPENDIX C MAPS

370 C 2

371 C 3 Tble C.1 Census Regions nd Divisions New Jersey New York Mid-Atlntic division Pennsylvni Northest Region Connecticut Mine Msschusetts New Englnd division New Hmpshire Rhode Islnd Vermont West South Centrl division Arknss Louisin Oklhom Texs Alsk Cliforni Hwii Iow Knss Minnesot Missouri Source: U.S. Census Bureu. South Region Est South Centrl division Albm Kentucky Mississippi Tennessee Pcific division Oregon Wshington West North Centrl division Nebrsk North Dkot South Dkot West Region Delwre Florid Georgi Mrylnd North Crolin Arizon Colordo Idho Montn Midwest Region Illinois Indin Michign South Atlntic division South Crolin Virgini Wshington, DC West Virgini Mountin division Nevd New Mexico Uth Wyoming Est North Centrl division Ohio Wisconsin

372 C 4 Figure C.1. Census Regions nd Divisions Source: See Tble C.1.

373 C 5 Tble C.2 Petroleum Administrtion for Defense Districts (PADD) District Subdistrict Sttes PAD District 1 Est Cost PAD District 2 Midwest PAD District 3 Gulf Cost PAD District 4 Rocky Mountins PAD District 5 West Cost Subdistrict 1A New Englnd Subdistrict 1B Centrl Atlntic Subdistrict 1C Lower Atlntic Connecticut, Mine, Msschusetts, New Hmpshire, Rhode Islnd, Vermont Delwre, District of Columbi, Mrylnd, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvni Florid, Georgi, North Crolin, South Crolin, Virgini, West Virgini Illinois, Indin, Iow, Knss, Kentucky, Michign, Minnesot, Missouri, Nebrsk, North Dkot, South Dkot, Ohio, Oklhom, Tennessee, Wisconsin Albm, Arknss, Louisin, Mississippi, New Mexico, Texs Colordo Idho, Montn, Uth, Wyoming Alsk, Arizon, Cliforni, Hwii, Nevd, Oregon, Wshington Source: Energy Informtion Administrtion web site:

374 C 6 Figure C.2. Petroleum Administrtion for Defense Districts Source: See Tble C.2.

375 C 7 Tble C.3. Counties Where Reformulted Gsoline is Sold Reformulted Gsoline (RFG) used in entire county Cliforni Fresno County Ornge County Stnislus County Kings County Scrmento County Tulre County Los Angeles County Sn Diego County Ventur County Mder County Sn Joquin Yolo County Merced County Connecticut Firfield County Delwre New Cstle County Kent County Sussex County Illinois Cook County Lke County Monroe County Du Pge County McHenry County St. Clir County Jersey County Mdison County Will County Kne County Indin Lke County Porter County Kentucky Boone County Jefferson County Kenton County Cmpbell County Mine Androscoggin County Knox County Sgdhoc County Cumberlnd County Lincoln County York County Kennebec County Mrylnd Anne Arundel County Cecil County Montgomery County Bltimore County Frederick County Prince George's County Clvert County Hrford County The City of Bltimore Crroll County Howrd County Queen Anne's County Chrles County Kent County Msschusetts Brnstble County Frnklin County Norfolk County Berkshire County Hmpden County Plymouth County Bristol County Hmpshire County Suffolk County Dukes County Middlesex County Worcester County Essex County Nntucket County Missouri Frnklin County St. Louis County St. Chrles County Jefferson County St Louis (city) New Hmpshire Hillsborough County Merrimck County Strfford County Rockinghm County New Jersey Bergen County Gloucester County Ocen County Burlington County Hudson County Pssic County Cmden County Hunterdon County Slem County Cumberlnd County Mercer County Somerset County Atlntic County Middlesex County Sussex County Cpe My County Monmouth County Union County Essex County Morris County Wrren County New York Bronx County New York County Richmond County Dutchess County Ornge County Rocklnd County Kings County Putnm Suffolk County Nssu County Queens County Westchester County

376 C 8 Tble C.3. Counties Where Reformulted Gsoline is Sold (continued) RFG used in entire county (continued) Pennsylvni Bucks County Delwre County Phildelphi County Chester County Montgomery County Rhode Islnd Bristol County Newport County Wshington County Kent County Providence County Texs Brzori County Denton County Liberty County Chmbers County Fort Bend County Montgomery County Collin County Glveston County Trrnt County Dlls County Hrris County Wller County Virgini Alexndri Hnover County Poquoson Arlington County Henrico County Portsmouth Chrles City County Hopewell Prince Willim County Chespeke Jmes City County Richmond Chesterfield County Loudoun County Stfford County Colonil Heights Mnsss Suffolk Firfx Mnsss Prk Virgini Bech Firfx County Newport News Willimsburg Flls Church Norfolk York County Hmpton Wisconsin Kenosh County Ozukee County Wshington County Milwukee County Rcine County Wukesh County Prtil RFG Counties Cliforni El Dordo County Riverside County Solno County Kern County Sn Bernrdino County Sutter County Plcer County Windhm County Connecticut Hrtford County Middlesex County New London County Litchfield County New Hven County Tollnd County Illinois Grundy County Kendll County Kentucky Bullitt County Oldhm County New York Essex County Note: RFG is lso sold in the District of Columbi. Reformulted gsoline is motor gsoline specilly formulted to chieve significnt reductions in vehicle emissions of ozone-forming nd toxic ir pollutnts. The Clen Air Act of 1990 mndtes reformulted gsoline use in res with ozone-ir pollution problems, but some of these counties opted-in to the RFG progrm. Source: U.S. Environmentl Protection Agency, RFG Ares, ccessed September 23, 2016,

377 C 9 Figure C.3. Counties Where Reformulted Gsoline is Sold Note: Reformulted gsoline (RFG) is motor gsoline specilly formulted to chieve significnt reductions in vehicle emissions of ozone-forming nd toxic ir pollutnts. The Clen Air Act of 1990 mndtes reformulted gsoline use in res with ozone-ir pollution problems, but some of these counties opted-in to the RFG progrm. Source: See Tble C.3.

378 C 10

379 G 1 GLOSSARY Accelertion power Often mesured in kilowtts. Pulse power obtinble from bttery used to ccelerte vehicle. This is bsed on constnt current pulse for 30 seconds t no less thn 2/3 of the mximum open-circuit-voltge, t 80% depth-of-dischrge reltive to the bttery's rted cpcity nd t 20 C mbient temperture. Age The mount of time person or thing hs existed. Air Crrier The commercil system of ir trnsporttion consisting of certificted ir crriers, ir txis (including commuters), supplementl ir crriers, commercil opertors of lrge ircrft, nd ir trvel clubs. Certificted route ir crrier: An ir crrier holding Certificte of Public Convenience nd Necessity issued by the Deprtment of Trnsporttion to conduct scheduled interstte services. Nonscheduled or chrter opertions my lso be conducted by these crriers. These crriers operte lrge ircrft (30 sets or more, or mximum pylod cpcity of 7,500 pounds or more) in ccordnce with Federl Avition Regultion prt 121. Domestic ir opertor: Commercil ir trnsporttion within nd between the 50 Sttes nd the District of Columbi. Includes opertions of certificted route ir crriers, Pn Americn, locl service, helicopter, intr-alsk, intr-hwii, ll-crgo crriers nd other crriers. Also included re trnsborder opertions conducted on the domestic route segments of U.S. ir crriers. Domestic opertors re clssified bsed on their operting revenue s follows: Mjors - over $1 billion Ntionls - $100-1,000 million Lrge Regionls - $ million Medium Regionls - $ million Interntionl ir opertor: Commercil ir trnsporttion outside the territory of the United Sttes, including opertions between the U.S. nd foreign countries nd between the U.S. nd its territories nd possessions. Supplementl ir crrier: A clss of ir crriers which hold certifictes uthorizing them to perform pssenger nd crgo chrter services supplementing the scheduled service of the certificted route ir crriers. Supplementl ir crriers re often referred to s nonscheduled ir crriers or "nonskeds." Alcohol The fmily nme of group of orgnic chemicl compounds composed of crbon, hydrogen, nd oxygen. The molecules in the series vry in chin length nd re composed of hydrocrbon plus hydroxyl group. Alcohol includes methnol nd ethnol.

380 G 2 Alterntive fuel For trnsporttion pplictions, includes the following: methnol; dentured ethnol, nd other lcohols; fuel mixtures contining 85 percent or more by volume of methnol, dentured ethnol, nd other lcohols with gsoline or other fuels; nturl gs; liquefied petroleum gs (propne); hydrogen; col-derived liquid fuels; fuels (other thn lcohol) derived from biologicl mterils (biofuels such s soy diesel fuel); nd electricity (including electricity from solr energy). The term "lterntive fuel" does not include lcohol or other blended portions of primrily petroleum-bsed fuels used s oxygentes or extenders, i.e. MTBE, ETBE, other ethers, nd the 10-percent ethnol portion of gsohol. Amtrk See Ril. Anthropogenic Humn mde. Usully used in the context of emissions tht re produced s the result of humn ctivities. Avition See Generl vition. Avition gsoline All specil grdes of gsoline for use in vition reciprocting engines, s given in the Americn Society for Testing nd Mterils (ASTM) Specifiction D 910. Includes ll refinery products within the gsoline rnge tht re to be mrketed stright or in blends s vition gsoline without further processing (ny refinery opertion except mechnicl blending). Also included re finished components in the gsoline rnge which will be used for blending or compounding into vition gsoline. Brges Shllow, non-self-propelled vessels used to crry bulk commodities on the rivers nd the Gret Lkes. Bttery efficiency Mesured in percentge. Net DC energy delivered on dischrge, s percentge of the totl DC energy required to restore the initil stte-of-chrge. The efficiency vlue must include energy losses resulting from self-dischrge, cell equliztion, therml loss compenstion, nd ll bttery-specific uxiliry equipment. Btu British therml unit. The mount of energy required to rise the temperture of 1 pound of wter 1 degree Fhrenheit t or ner 39.2 degrees Fhrenheit. An verge Btu content of fuel is the het vlue per quntity of fuel s determined from tests of fuel smples. Bunker A storge tnk. Bunker fuels Fuel supplied to ships nd ircrft, both domestic nd foreign, consisting primrily of residul nd distillte fuel oil for ships nd kerosene-bsed jet fuel for ircrft. Bus A mode of trnsit service chrcterized by rodwy vehicles powered by diesel, gsoline, bttery, or lterntive fuel engines contined within the vehicle. Intercity bus: A stndrd size bus equipped with front doors only, high bcked sets, luggge comprtments seprte from the pssenger comprtment nd usully with restroom fcilities, for high-speed long distnce service.

381 G 3 Motor bus: Rubber-tired, self-propelled, mnully-steered bus with fuel supply on bord the vehicle. Motor bus types include intercity, school, nd trnsit. School nd other nonrevenue bus: Bus services for which pssengers re not directly chrged for trnsporttion, either on per pssenger or per vehicle bsis. Trnsit bus: A bus designed for frequent stop service with front nd center doors, normlly with rer-mounted diesel engine, low-bck seting, nd without luggge storge comprtments or restroom fcilities. Trolley coch: Rubber-tired electric trnsit vehicle, mnully-steered, propelled by motor drwing current, normlly through overhed wires, from centrl power source not on bord the vehicle. Clendr yer The period of time between Jnury 1 nd December 31 of ny given yer. Cptive imports Products produced overses specificlly for domestic mnufcturers. Cr size clssifictions Size clssifictions of crs re estblished by the Environmentl Protection Agency (EPA) s follows: Minicompct less thn 85 cubic feet of pssenger nd luggge volume. Subcompct between 85 to 99 cubic feet of pssenger nd luggge volume. Compct between 100 to 109 cubic feet of pssenger nd luggge volume. Midsize between 110 to 119 cubic feet of pssenger nd luggge volume. Lrge 120 cubic feet or more of pssenger nd luggge volume. Two seter crs designed primrily to set only two dults. Smll sttion wgon less thn 130 cubic feet of pssenger nd luggge volume. Mid-size sttion wgon between 130 to 159 cubic feet of pssenger nd luggge volume. Lrge sttion wgon 160 or more cubic feet of pssenger nd luggge volume. Crbon dioxide (CO 2 ) A colorless, odorless, non-poisonous gs tht is norml prt of the mbient ir. Crbon dioxide is product of fossil fuel combustion. Crbon monoxide (CO) A colorless, odorless, highly toxic gs tht is by-product of incomplete fossil fuel combustion. Crbon monoxide, one of the mjor ir pollutnts, cn be hrmful in smll mounts if brethed over certin period of time. Cr-mile (rilrod) A single rilrod cr moved distnce of one mile. Crgo ton-mile See Ton-mile. Certificted route ir crriers See Air crriers. Clss I freight rilrod See Ril. Col slurry Finely crushed col mixed with sufficient wter to form fluid.

382 G 4 Combintion trucks Consist of power unit ( truck trctor) nd one or more triling units ( semi-triler or triler). The most frequently used combintion is populrly referred to s "trctor-semitriler" or "trctor triler." Commercil sector An energy-consuming sector tht consists of service-providing fcilities of: businesses; Federl, Stte, nd locl governments; nd other privte nd public orgniztions, such s religious, socil or frternl groups. Includes institutionl living qurters. Commuter ril A mode of trnsit service (lso clled metropolitn ril, regionl ril, or suburbn ril) chrcterized by n electric or diesel propelled rilwy for urbn pssenger trin service consisting of locl short distnce trvel operting between centrl city nd djcent suburbs. Compct cr See cr size clssifictions. Compression ignition The form of ignition tht initites combustion in diesel engine. The rpid compression of ir within the cylinders genertes the het required to ignite the fuel s it is injected. Constnt dollrs A time series of monetry figures is expressed in constnt dollrs when the effect of chnge over time in the purchsing power of the dollr hs been removed. Usully the dt re expressed in terms of dollrs of selected yer or the verge of set of yers. Consumer Price Index (CPI) A mesure of the verge chnge over time in the prices pid by urbn consumers for mrket bsket of consumer goods nd services. Continuous dischrge cpcity Mesured s percent of rted energy cpcity. Energy delivered in constnt power dischrge required by n electric vehicle for hill climbing nd/or high-speed cruise, specified s the percent of its rted energy cpcity delivered in one hour constnt-power dischrge. Conventionl Refueling Sttion An estblishment for refueling motor vehicles with trditionl trnsporttion fuels, such s gsoline nd diesel fuel. Corporte Averge Fuel Economy (CAFE) Stndrds CAFE stndrds were originlly estblished by Congress for new crs, nd lter for light trucks, in Title V of the Motor Vehicle Informtion nd Cost Svings Act (15 U.S.C.1901, et seq.) with subsequent mendments. Under CAFE, cr mnufcturers re required by lw to produce vehicle fleets with composite sles-weighted fuel economy which cnnot be lower thn the CAFE stndrds in given yer, or for every vehicle which does not meet the stndrd, fine of $5.00 is pid for every one-tenth of mpg below the stndrd. Criteri pollutnt A pollutnt determined to be hzrdous to humn helth nd regulted under EPA's Ntionl Ambient Air Qulity Stndrds. The 1970 mendments to the Clen Air Act require EPA to describe the helth nd welfre impcts of pollutnt s the "criteri" for inclusion in the regultory regime.

383 G 5 Crude oil A mixture of hydrocrbons tht exists in the liquid phse in nturl underground reservoirs nd remins liquid t tmospheric pressure fter pssing through surfce seprting fcilities. Crude oil production is mesured t the wellhed nd includes lese condenste. Crude oil imports The volume of crude oil imported into the 50 Sttes nd the District of Columbi, including imports from U.S. territories, but excluding imports of crude oil into the Hwiin Foreign Trde Zone. Curb weight The weight of vehicle including ll stndrd equipment, spre tire nd wheel, ll fluids nd lubricnts to cpcity, full tnk of fuel, nd the weight of mjor optionl ccessories normlly found on the vehicle. Current dollrs Represents dollrs current t the time designted or t the time of the trnsction. In most contexts, the sme mening would be conveyed by the use of the term "dollrs." See lso constnt dollrs. Demnd Response A trnsit mode tht includes pssenger crs, vns, nd smll buses operting in response to clls from pssengers to the trnsit opertor who disptches the vehicles. The vehicles do not operte over fixed route on fixed schedule. Cn lso be known s prtrnsit or dil--ride. Diesel fuel See Distillte fuel oil. Disposble personl income See Income. Distillte fuel oil The lighter fuel oils distilled off during the refining process. Included re products known s ASTM grdes numbers 1 nd 2 heting oils, diesel fuels, nd number 4 fuel oil. The mjor uses of distillte fuel oils include heting, fuel for on-nd offhighwy diesel engines, nd rilrod diesel fuel. Domestic ir opertor See Air crrier. Domestic wter trnsporttion See Internl wter trnsporttion. E85 85% ethnol nd 15% gsoline. E95 95% ethnol nd 5% gsoline. Electric utilities sector Consists of privtely nd publicly owned estblishments which generte electricity primrily for resle. Emission stndrds Limits or rnges estblished for pollution levels emitted by vehicles s well s sttionry sources. The first stndrds were estblished under the 1963 Clen Air Act. End-use sector See Sector.

384 G 6 Energy cpcity Often mesured in kilowtt hours. The energy delivered by the bttery up to termintion of dischrge specified by the bttery mnufcturer. Energy efficiency In reference to trnsporttion, the inverse of energy intensiveness: the rtio of outputs from process to the energy inputs; for exmple, miles trveled per gllon of fuel (mpg). Energy intensity In reference to trnsporttion, the rtio of energy inputs to process to the useful outputs from tht process; for exmple, gllons of fuel per pssenger-mile or Btu per ton-mile. Ethnol (C 2 H 5 OH) Otherwise known s ethyl lcohol, lcohol, or grin-spirit. A cler, colorless, flmmble oxygented hydrocrbon with boiling point of 78.5 degrees Celsius in the nhydrous stte. In trnsporttion, ethnol is used s vehicle fuel by itself (E % ethnol by volume), blended with gsoline (E85 85% ethnol by volume), or s gsoline octne enhncer nd oxygente (10% by volume). Excise tx Pid when purchses re mde on specific good, such s gsoline. Excise txes re often included in the price of the product. There re lso excise txes on ctivities, such s highwy usge by trucks. Ferry bot A trnsit mode comprising vessels crrying pssengers nd in some cses vehicles over body of wter, nd tht re generlly stem or diesel-powered. Fixed operting cost See Operting cost. Fleet vehicles Privte fleet vehicles: Idelly, vehicle could be clssified s member of fleet if it is: ) operted in mss by corportion or institution, b) operted under unified control, or c) used for non-personl ctivities. However, the definition of fleet is not consistent throughout the fleet industry. Some compnies mke distinction between crs tht were bought in bulk rther thn singulrly, or whether they re operted in bulk, s well s the minimum number of vehicles tht constitute fleet (i.e. 4 or 10). Government fleet vehicles: Includes vehicles owned by ll Federl, stte, county, city, nd metro units of government, including toll rod opertions. Foreign freight Movements between the United Sttes nd foreign countries nd between Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islnds, nd foreign countries. Trde between U.S. territories nd possessions (e.g. Americn Smo, Gum, North Mrin Islnds nd U.S. Outlying Islnds) nd foreign countries is excluded. Trffic to or from the Pnm Cnl Zone is included, but trffic with U.S. origin nd U.S. destintion trveling through the Pnm Cnl is not.

385 G 7 Gs Guzzler Tx Origintes from the 1978 Energy Tx Act (Public Lw ). A new cr purchser is required to py the tx if the cr purchsed hs combined city/highwy fuel economy rting tht is below the stndrd for tht yer. For model yers 1986 nd lter, the stndrd is 22.5 mpg. Gsohol A mixture of 10% nhydrous ethnol nd 90% gsoline by volume; 7.5% nhydrous ethnol nd 92.5% gsoline by volume; or 5.5% nhydrous ethnol nd 94.5% gsoline by volume. There re other fuels tht contin methnol nd gsoline, but these fuels re not referred to s gsohol. Gsoline See Motor gsoline. Generl vition Tht portion of civil vition which encompsses ll fcets of vition except ir crriers. It includes ny ir txis, commuter ir crriers, nd ir trvel clubs which do not hold Certifictes of Public Convenience nd Necessity. Globl wrming potentil (GWP) An index used to compre the reltive rditive forcing of different gses without directly clculting the chnges in tmospheric concentrtions. GWPs re clculted s the rtio of the rditive forcing tht would result from the emission of one kilogrm of greenhouse gs to tht from the emission of one kilogrm of crbon dioxide over fixed period of time, such s 100 yers. Greenhouse gses Those gses, such s wter vpor, crbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methne, hydrofluorocrbons (HFCs), perfluorocrbons (PFCs) nd sulfur hexfluoride, tht re trnsprent to solr (short-wve) rdition but opque to long-wve (infrred) rdition, thus preventing long-wve rdint energy from leving Erth's tmosphere. The net effect is trpping of bsorbed rdition nd tendency to wrm the plnet's surfce. Gross Ntionl Product A mesure of monetry vlue of the goods nd services becoming vilble to the ntion from economic ctivity. Totl vlue t mrket prices of ll goods nd services produced by the ntion's economy. Clculted qurterly by the Deprtment of Commerce, the Gross Ntionl Product is the brodest vilble mesure of the level of economic ctivity. Gross vehicle weight (gvw) The weight of the empty truck plus the mximum nticipted lod weight, including pssengers, fluids, nd crgo. Gross vehicle weight rting (gvwr) The gross vehicle weight which is ssigned to ech new truck by the mnufcturer. This rting my be different for trucks of the sme model becuse of certin fetures, such s hevy-duty suspension. Pssenger crs re not ssigned gross vehicle weight rtings. Hevy-hevy truck See Truck size clssifictions. Hevy ril A mode of trnsit service (lso clled metro, subwy, rpid trnsit, or rpid ril) operting on n electric rilwy with the cpcity for hevy volume of trffic. Chrcterized by high speed nd rpid ccelertion of pssenger ril crs.

386 G 8 Household Consists of ll persons who occupy housing unit, including the relted fmily members nd ll unrelted persons, if ny, who shre the housing unit. Housing unit A house, prtment, group of rooms, or single room occupied or intended for occupncy s seprte living qurters. Seprte living qurters re those in which the occupnts do not live nd et with ny other persons in the structure nd which hve either (1) direct ccess from the outside of the building or through common hllwy intended to be used by the occupnts of nother unit or by the generl public, or (2) complete kitchen fcilities for the exclusive use of the occupnts. The occupnts my be single fmily, one person living lone, two or more fmilies living together, or ny other group of relted or unrelted persons who shre living rrngements. Hybrid-electric vehicles Combines the benefits of gsoline engines nd electric motors nd cn be configured to obtin different objectives, such s improved fuel economy, incresed power, or dditionl uxiliry power for electronic devices nd power tools. Hydrocrbon (HC) A compound tht contins only hydrogen nd crbon. The simplest nd lightest forms of hydrocrbon re gseous. With greter moleculr weights they re liquid, while the heviest re solids. Income Disposble personl income: Personl income less personl tx nd non-tx pyments. Ntionl income: The ggregte ernings of lbor nd property which rise in the current production of goods nd services by the ntion's economy. Personl income: The current income received by persons from ll sources, net of contributions for socil insurnce. Industril sector Construction, mnufcturing, griculturl nd mining estblishments. Inerti weight The curb weight of vehicle plus 300 pounds. Intercity bus See Bus. Intermodl Trnsporttion ctivities involving more thn one mode of trnsporttion, including trnsporttion connections nd coordintion of vrious modes. Internl wter trnsporttion Includes ll locl (intrport) trffic nd trffic between ports or lndings wherein the entire movement tkes plce on inlnd wterwys. Also termed internl re movements involving crrige on both inlnd wterwys nd the wter of the Gret Lkes, nd inlnd movements tht cross short stretches of open wter tht link inlnd systems. Interntionl ir opertor See Air crrier. Interntionl freight See Foreign freight.

387 G 9 Jet fuel Includes both nphth-type nd kerosene-type fuels meeting stndrds for use in ircrft turbine engines. Although most jet fuel is used in ircrft, some is used for other purposes such s generting electricity in gs turbines. Kerosene-type jet fuel: A qulity kerosene product with n verge grvity of 40.7 degrees API nd 10% to 90% distilltion tempertures of 217 to 261 degrees Celsius. Used primrily s fuel for commercil turbojet nd turboprop ircrft engines. It is reltively low freezing point distillte of the kerosene type. Nphth-type jet fuel: A fuel in the hevy nphth boiling rnge with n verge grvity of 52.8 degrees API nd 10% to 90% distilltion tempertures of 117 to 233 degrees Celsius used for turbojet nd turboprop ircrft engines, primrily by the militry. Excludes rmjet nd petroleum. Kerosene A petroleum distillte in the 300 to 500 degrees Fhrenheit boiling rnge nd generlly hving flsh point higher thn 100 degrees Fhrenheit by the Americn Society of Testing nd Mteril (ASTM) Method D56, grvity rnge from 40 to 46 degrees API, nd burning point in the rnge of 150 to 175 degrees Fhrenheit. It is clen-burning product suitble for use s n illuminnt when burned in wick lmps. Includes grdes of kerosene clled rnge oil hving properties similr to Number 1 fuel oil, but with grvity of bout 43 degrees API nd n end point of 625 degrees Fhrenheit. Used in spce heters, cooking stoves, nd wter heters. Kerosene-type jet fuel See Jet fuel. Lrge cr See Cr size clssifictions. Lese Condenste A liquid recovered from nturl gs t the well or t smll gs/oil seprtors in the field. Consists primrily of pentnes nd hevier hydrocrbons (lso clled field condenste). Light duty vehicles Crs nd light trucks combined. Light truck Unless otherwise noted, light trucks re defined in this publiction s two-xle, four-tire trucks. The U.S. Bureu of Census clssifies ll trucks with gross vehicle weight less thn 10,000 pounds s light trucks (See Truck size clssifictions). Light-hevy truck See Truck size clssifictions. Light ril Mode of trnsit service (lso clled streetcr, trmwy or trolley) operting pssenger ril crs singly (or in short, usully two-cr or three-cr trins) on fixed rils in right-of-wy tht is often seprted from other trffic for prt or much of the wy. Liquefied petroleum gs (lpg) Consists of propne nd butne nd is usully derived from nturl gs. In loctions where there is no nturl gs nd the gsoline consumption is low, nphth is converted to lpg by ctlytic reforming. Lod fctor Totl pssenger miles divided by totl vehicle miles.

388 G 10 Low emission vehicle Any vehicle certified to the low emission stndrds which re set by the Federl government nd/or the stte of Cliforni. M85 85% methnol nd 15% gsoline. M % methnol. Medium truck See Truck size clssifictions. Methnol (CH 3 OH) A colorless highly toxic liquid with essentilly no odor nd very little tste. It is the simplest lcohol nd boils t 64.7 degrees Celsius. In trnsporttion, methnol is used s vehicle fuel by itself (M100), or blended with gsoline (M85). Midsize cr See Cr size clssifictions. Minicompct cr See Cr size clssifictions. Model yer In this publiction, model yer is referring to the "sles" model yer, the period from October 1 to the next September 31. Motor bus See Bus. Motor gsoline A mixture of voltile hydrocrbons suitble for opertion of n internl combustion engine whose mjor components re hydrocrbons with boiling points rnging from 78 to 217 degrees Celsius nd whose source is distilltion of petroleum nd crcking, polymeriztion, nd other chemicl rections by which the nturlly occurring petroleum hydrocrbons re converted into those tht hve superior fuel properties. Regulr gsoline: Gsoline hving n ntiknock index, i.e., octne rting, greter thn or equl to 85 nd less thn 88. Note: Octne requirements my vry by ltitude. Midgrde gsoline: Gsoline hving n ntiknock index, i.e., octne rting, greter thn or equl to 88 nd less thn or equl to 90. Note: Octne requirements my vry by ltitude. Premium gsoline: Gsoline hving n ntiknock index, i.e., octne rting, greter thn 90. Note: Octne requirements my vry by ltitude. Reformulted gsoline: Finished motor gsoline formulted for use in motor vehicles, the composition nd properties of which meet the requirements of the reformulted gsoline regultions promulgted by the U.S. Environmentl Protection Agency under Section 211(k) of the Clen Air Act. For more detils on this clen fuel progrm see Note: This ctegory includes oxygented fuels progrm reformulted gsoline (OPRG) but excludes reformulted gsoline blendstock for oxygente blending (RBOB). MTBE Methyl Tertiry Butyl Ether colorless, flmmble, liquid oxygented hydrocrbon contining percent oxygen.

389 G 11 Nphth-type jet fuel See Jet fuel. Ntionl income See Income. Ntionwide Personl Trnsporttion Survey (NPTS) A ntionwide survey of households tht provides informtion on the chrcteristics nd personl trvel ptterns of the U.S. popultion. Surveys were conducted in 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, nd 1995 by the U.S. Bureu of Census for the U.S. Deprtment of Trnsporttion. Nturl gs A mixture of hydrocrbon compounds nd smll quntities of vrious nonhydrocrbons existing in the gseous phse or in solution with crude oil in nturl underground reservoirs t reservoir conditions. Nturl gs, dry: Nturl gs which remins fter: 1) the liquefible hydrocrbon portion hs been removed from the gs strem; nd 2) ny volumes of nonhydrocrbon gses hve been removed where they occur in sufficient quntity to render the gs unmrketble. Dry nturl gs is lso known s consumer-grde nturl gs. The prmeters for mesurement re cubic feet t 60 degrees Fhrenheit nd pounds per squre inch bsolute. Nturl gs, wet: The volume of nturl gs remining fter removl of lese condenste in lese nd/or field seprtion fcilities, if ny, nd fter exclusion of nonhydrocrbon gses where they occur in sufficient quntity to render the gs unmrketble. Nturl gs liquids my be recovered from volumes of nturl gs, wet fter lese seprtion, t nturl gs processing plnts. Nturl gs plnt liquids: Nturl gs liquids recovered from nturl gs in processing plnts nd from nturl gs field fcilities nd frctiontors. Products obtined include ethne, propne, norml butne, isobutne, pentnes plus, nd other products from nturl gs processing plnts. Nitrogen oxides (NO x ) A product of combustion of fossil fuels whose production increses with the temperture of the process. It cn become n ir pollutnt if concentrtions re excessive. Nonttinment re Any re tht does not meet the ntionl primry or secondry mbient ir qulity stndrd estblished by the Environmentl Protection Agency for designted pollutnts, such s crbon monoxide nd ozone. Oil Stocks Oil stocks include crude oil (including strtegic reserves), unfinished oils, nturl gs plnt liquids, nd refined petroleum products. Operting cost Fixed operting cost: In reference to pssenger cr operting cost, refers to those expenditures tht re independent of the mount of use of the cr, such s insurnce costs, fees for license nd registrtion, deprecition nd finnce chrges.

390 G 12 Vrible operting cost: In reference to pssenger cr operting cost, expenditures which re dependent on the mount of use of the cr, such s the cost of gs nd oil, tires, nd other mintennce. Orgniztion for Economic Coopertion nd Development (OECD) Consists of Austrli, Austri, Belgium, Cnd, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmrk, Estoni, Finlnd, Frnce, Germny, Greece, Hungry, Icelnd, Irelnd, Isrel, Itly, Jpn, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlnds, New Zelnd, Norwy, Polnd, Portugl, Slovk Republic, Sloveni, South Kore, Spin, Sweden, Switzerlnd, Turkey, United Kingdom, nd United Sttes. Totl OECD includes the United Sttes Territories (Gum, Puerto Rico, nd the U.S. Virgin Islnds). Totl OECD excludes dt for Czech Republic, Hungry, Mexico, Polnd, nd South Kore which re not yet vilble. OECD Europe: Consists of Austri, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmrk, Estoni, Finlnd, Frnce, Germny, Greece, Hungry, Icelnd, Irelnd, Itly, Luxembourg, Netherlnds, Norwy, Polnd, Portugl, Slovk Republic, Sloveni, Spin, Sweden, Switzerlnd, Turkey, nd United Kingdom. OECD Europe excludes dt for Czech Republic, Hungry, nd Polnd which re not yet vilble. OECD Pcific: Consists of Austrli, Jpn, South Kore, nd New Zelnd. Orgniztion for Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Includes Algeri, Angol, Ecudor, Irn, Irq, Kuwit, Liby, Nigeri, Qtr, Sudi Arbi, United Arb Emirtes, nd Venezuel. Arb OPEC Consists of Algeri, Bhrin, Egypt, Irq, Kuwit, Liby, Qtr, Sudi Arbi, Syri, Tunisi, nd the United Arb Emirtes. Other single-unit truck See Single-unit truck. Oxygente A substnce which, when dded to gsoline, increses the mount of oxygen in tht gsoline blend. Includes fuel ethnol, methnol, nd methyl tertiry butyl ether (MTBE). Prtrnsit Mode of trnsit service (lso clled demnd response or dil--ride) chrcterized by the use of pssenger crs, vns or smll buses operting in response to clls from pssengers or their gents to the trnsit opertor, who then disptches vehicle to pick up the pssengers nd trnsport them to their destintions. Prticultes Crbon prticles formed by prtil oxidtion nd reduction of the hydrocrbon fuel. Also included re trce quntities of metl oxides nd nitrides, originting from engine wer, component degrdtion, nd inorgnic fuel dditives. In the trnsporttion sector, prticultes re emitted minly from diesel engines. Pssenger-miles trveled (PMT) One person trveling the distnce of one mile. Totl pssenger-miles trveled, thus, give the totl milege trveled by ll persons. Pssenger ril See Ril, "Amtrk" nd "Trnsit Rilrod".

391 G 13 Persin Gulf countries Consists of Bhrin, Irn, Irq, Kuwit, Qtr, Sudi Arbi, nd the United Emirtes. Personl Consumption Expenditures (PCE) As used in the ntionl ccounts, the mrket vlue of purchses of goods nd services by individuls nd nonprofit institutions nd the vlue of food, clothing, housing, nd finncil services received by them s income in kind. It includes the rentl vlue of owner-occupied houses but excludes purchses of dwellings, which re clssified s cpitl goods (investment). Personl income See Income. Petroleum A generic term pplied to oil nd oil products in ll forms, such s crude oil, lese condenste, unfinished oil, refined petroleum products, nturl gs plnt liquids, nd nonhydrocrbon compounds blended into finished petroleum products. Petroleum consumption: A clculted demnd for petroleum products obtined by summing domestic production, imports of crude petroleum nd nturl gs liquids, imports of petroleum products, nd the primry stocks t the beginning of the period nd then subtrcting the exports nd the primry stocks t the end of the period. Petroleum exports: Shipments of petroleum products from the 50 Sttes nd the District of Columbi to foreign countries, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islnds, nd other U.S. possessions nd territories. Petroleum imports: All imports of crude petroleum, nturl gs liquids, nd petroleum products from foreign countries nd receipts from Gum, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islnds, nd the Hwiin Trde Zone. The commodities included re crude oil, unfinished oils, plnt condenste, nd refined petroleum products. Petroleum inventories: The mounts of crude oil, unfinished oil, petroleum products, nd nturl gs liquids held t refineries, t nturl gs processing plnts, in pipelines, t bulk terminls operted by refining nd pipeline compnies, nd t independent bulk terminls. Crude oil held in storge on leses is lso included; these stocks re known s primry stocks. Secondry stocks those held by jobbers delers, service sttion opertors, nd consumers re excluded. Prior to 1975, stock held t independent bulk terminls were clssified s secondry stocks. Petroleum products supplied: For ech petroleum product, the mount supplied is clculted by summing production, crude oil burned directly, imports, nd net withdrwls from primry stocks nd subtrcting exports. Plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles (PHEVs) Hybrid-electric vehicles with high cpcity btteries tht cn be chrged by plugging them into n electricl outlet or chrging sttion. There re two bsic PHEV configurtions: Prllel or Blended PHEV: Both the engine nd electric motor re mechniclly connected to the wheels, nd both propel the vehicle under most driving conditions. Electric-only opertion usully occurs only t low speeds.

392 G 14 Series PHEVs, lso clled Extended Rnge Electric Vehicles (EREVs): Only the electric motor turns the wheels; the gsoline engine is only used to generte electricity. Series PHEVs cn run solely on electricity until the bttery needs to be rechrged. The gsoline engine will then generte the electricity needed to power the electric motor. For shorter trips, these vehicles might use no gsoline t ll. Processing Gin The mount by which the totl volume of refinery output is greter thn the volume of input for given period of time. The processing gin rises when crude oil nd other hydrocrbons re processed into products tht re, on verge, less dense thn the input. Processing Loss The mount by which the totl volume of refinery output is less thn the volume of input for given period of time. The processing loss rises when crude oil nd other hydrocrbons re processed into products tht re, on verge, denser thn the input. Proved Reserves of Crude Oil The estimted quntities of ll liquids defined s crude oil, which geologicl nd engineering dt demonstrte with resonble certinty to be recoverble in future yers from known reservoirs under existing economic nd operting conditions. Qud Qudrillion, In this publiction, Qud refers to Qudrillion Btu. Ril Amtrk (Americn Rilrod Trcks): Operted by the Ntionl Rilrod Pssenger Corportion of Wshington, DC. This ril system ws creted by President Nixon in 1970, nd ws given the responsibility for the opertion of intercity, s distinct from suburbn, pssenger trins between points designted by the Secretry of Trnsporttion. Clss I freight rilrod: Defined by the Interstte Commerce Commission ech yer bsed on nnul operting revenue. A rilrod is dropped from the Clss I list if it fils to meet the nnul ernings threshold for three consecutive yers. Commuter rilrod: Those portions of minline rilrod (not electric rilwy) trnsporttion opertions which encompss urbn pssenger trin service for locl trvel between centrl city nd djcent suburbs. Commuter rilrod service using both locomotive-huled nd self-propelled rilrod pssenger crs is chrcterized by multitrip tickets, specific sttion-to-sttion fres, nd usully only one or two sttions in the centrl business district. Also known s suburbn rilrod. Trnsit rilrod: Includes "hevy" nd "light" trnsit ril. Hevy trnsit ril is chrcterized by exclusive rights-of-wy, multi-cr trins, high speed rpid ccelertion, sophisticted signling, nd high pltform loding. Also known s subwy, elevted rilwy, or metropolitn rilwy (metro). Light trnsit ril my be on exclusive or shred rights-of-wy, high or low pltform loding, multi-cr trins or single crs, utomted or mnully operted. In generic usge, light ril includes streetcrs, trolley crs, nd trmwys.

393 G 15 Refiner sles price Sles from the refinery mde directly to ultimte consumers, including bulk consumers (such s griculture, industry, nd electric utilities) nd residentil nd commercil consumers. Reformulted gsoline (RFG) See Motor gsoline. RFG re An ozone nonttinment re designted by the Environmentl Protection Agency which requires the use of reformulted gsoline. Residentil sector An energy consuming sector tht consists of living qurters for privte households. Excludes institutionl living qurters. Residentil Trnsporttion Energy Consumption Survey (RTECS) This survey ws designed by the Energy Informtion Administrtion of the Deprtment of Energy to provide informtion on how energy is used by households for personl vehicles. It hs been conducted five times since 1979, the most recent being Residul fuel oil The hevier oils tht remin fter the distillte fuel oils nd lighter hydrocrbons re boiled off in refinery opertions. Included re products know s ASTM grde numbers 5 nd 6 oil, hevy diesel oil, Nvy Specil Fuel Oil, Bunker C oil, nd cid sludge nd pitch used s refinery fuels. Residul fuel oil is used for the production of electric power, for heting, nd for vrious industril purposes. Rurl Usully refers to res with popultion less thn 5,000. Sles period October 1 of the previous yer to September 30 of the given yer. Approximtely the sme s model yer. Sles-weighted miles per gllon (mpg) Clcultion of composite vehicle fuel economy bsed on the distribution of vehicle sles. Scrppge rte As pplied to motor vehicles, it is usully expressed s the percentge of vehicles of certin type in given ge clss tht re retired from use (lcking registrtion) in given yer. School nd other nonrevenue bus See Bus. Sector A group of mjor energy-consuming components of U.S. society developed to mesure nd nlyze energy use. The sectors most commonly referred to re: residentil, commercil, industril, trnsporttion, nd electric power. Single-unit truck Includes two-xle, four-tire trucks nd other single-unit trucks. Two-xle, four-tire truck: A motor vehicle consisting primrily of single motorized device with two xles nd four tires. Other single-unit truck: A motor vehicle consisting primrily of single motorized device with more thn two xles or more thn four tires.

394 G 16 Sprk ignition engine An internl combustion engine in which the chrge is ignited electriclly (e.g., with sprk plug). Specil fuels Consist primrily of diesel fuel with smll mount of liquefied petroleum gs, s defined by the Federl Highwy Administrtion. Specific ccelertion power Mesured in wtts per kilogrm. Accelertion power divided by the bttery system weight. Weight must include the totl bttery system. Specific energy Mesured in wtt hours per kilogrm. The rted energy cpcity of the bttery divided by the totl bttery system weight. Subcompct cr See Cr size clssifictions. Supplementl ir crrier See Air crrier. Survivl rte As pplied to motor vehicles, it is usully expressed s the percentge of vehicles of certin type in given ge clss tht will be in use t the end of given yer. Tx incentives In generl, mens of employing the tx code to stimulte investment in or development of socilly desirble economic objective without direct expenditure from the budget of given unit of government. Such incentives cn tke the form of tx exemptions or credits. Test weight The weight setting t which vehicle is tested on dynmometer by the U.S. Environmentl Protection Agency (EPA). This weight is determined by the EPA using the inerti weight of the vehicle. Ton-mile The movement of one ton of freight the distnce of one mile. Ton-miles re computed by multiplying the weight in tons of ech shipment trnsported by the distnce huled. Trnsmission types A3 Automtic three speed A4 Automtic four speed A5 Automtic five speed L4 Automtic lockup four speed M5 Mnul five speed Trnsit bus See Bus. Trnsit rilrod See Ril. Trnsporttion sector Consists of both privte nd public pssenger nd freight trnsporttion, s well s government trnsporttion, including militry opertions.

395 G 17 Truck Inventory nd Use Survey (TIUS) Survey designed to collect dt on the chrcteristics nd opertionl use of the ntion's truck popultion. It is conducted every five yers by the U.S. Bureu of the Census. Surveys were conducted in 1963, 1967, 1972, 1977, 1982, 1987, nd For the 1997 survey, it ws renmed the Vehicle Inventory nd Use Survey in nticiption of including dditionl vehicle types. However, no dditionl vehicle types were dded to the 1997 survey. Trolleybus Mode of trnsit service (lso clled trnsit coch) using vehicles propelled by motor drwing current from overhed wires vi connecting poles clled trolley pole, from centrl power source not onbord the vehicle. Truck size clssifictions U.S. Bureu of the Census hs ctegorized trucks by gross vehicle weight (gvw) s follows: Light Less thn 10,000 pounds gvw (Also see Light Truck.) Medium 10,001 to 20,000 pounds gvw Light-hevy 20,001 to 26,000 pounds gvw Hevy-hevy 26,001 pounds gvw or more. Two-xle, four-tire truck See Single-unit truck. Two seter cr See Cr size clssifictions. Ultr-low emission vehicle Any vehicle certified to the ultr-low emission stndrds which re set by the Federl government nd/or the stte of Cliforni. Urbn Usully refers to res with popultion of 5,000 or greter. Vnpool: A rideshring prerrngement using vns or smll buses providing round-trip trnsporttion between the prticipnt s prerrnged bording points nd common nd regulr destintion. Vrible operting cost See Operting cost. Vehicle Inventory nd Use Survey Lst conducted in See Truck Inventory nd Use Survey. Vehicle-miles trveled (vmt) One vehicle trveling the distnce of one mile. Totl vehicle miles, thus, is the totl milege trveled by ll vehicles. Voltile orgnic compounds (VOCs) Orgnic compounds tht prticipte in tmospheric photochemicl rections. Wterborne Commerce Costwise: Domestic trffic receiving crrige over the ocen, or the Gulf of Mexico. Trffic between Gret Lkes ports nd secost ports, when hving crrige over the ocen, is lso termed Costwise.

396 G 18 Domestic: Includes costwise, lkewise, nd internl wterborne movements. Foreign: Wterborne import, export, nd in-trnsit trffic between the United Sttes, Puerto Rico nd the Virgin Islnds nd ny foreign country. Internl: Vessel movements (origin nd destintion) which tke plce solely on inlnd wterwys. An inlnd wterwy is one geogrphiclly locted within the boundries of the contiguous 48 sttes or within the boundries of the Stte of Alsk. Lkewise: Wterborne trffic between the United Sttes ports on the Gret Lkes System. The Gret Lkes System is treted s seprte wterwy system rther thn s prt of the inlnd wterwy system. In compring historicl dt for the Gret Lkes System, one should note tht prior to clendr yer 1990, mrine products, snd nd grvel being moved from the Gret Lkes to Gret Lke destintions were clssified s locl trffic. From 1990-on, these ctivities re clssified s lkewise trffic. Well-to-wheel A life cycle nlysis used in trnsporttion to consider the entire energy cycle for given mode, rther thn just tilpipe emissions. The nlysis strts t the primry energy source nd ends with the turning wheels of the vehicle. Zero-emission vehicle Any vehicle certified to the zero emission stndrds which re set by the Federl government nd/or the stte of Cliforni. These stndrds pply to the vehicle emissions only.

397 I 1 TITLE INDEX

398 I 2

399 I 3 Acquisitions Federl Fleet Vehicle Acquisitions by Fuel Type, FY Advnced Alterntive Fuel nd Advnced Technology Vehicles nd Chrcteristics Federl, Stte, nd Locl Advnced Technology Incentives, Age Crs in Opertion by Age, 1970, 2000, nd Trucks in Opertion by Age, 1970, 2000, nd U.S. Averge Vehicle Age, Survivl Rtes for Crs nd Light Trucks by Vehicle Age Annul Milege for Crs nd Light Trucks by Vehicle Age Averge Annul Miles per Household Vehicle by Vehicle Age Shre of Vehicles by Annul Miles of Trvel nd Vehicle Age, 2009 NHTS Dily nd Annul Vehicle Miles of Trvel nd Averge Age for Ech Vehicle in Household, 2009 NHTS Agency Federl Government Vehicles by Agency, FY Air Air Conditioning (SC03) Driving Cycle Summry Sttistics for U.S. Domestic nd Interntionl Certificted Route Air Crriers (Combined Totls), Totl Ntionl Emissions of the Criteri Air Pollutnts by Sector, Aircrft Aircrft Exhust Emission Stndrds All United Sttes Petroleum Production nd Consumption All Sectors, All Highwy Vehicles nd Chrcteristics Alterntive Alterntive Fuel nd Oxygente Consumption, Alterntive Fuel nd Advnced Technology Vehicles nd Chrcteristics Estimtes of Alterntive Fuel Highwy Vehicles Mde Avilble, Alterntive Fuel Trnsit Vehicles, Number of Alterntive Fuel Vehicle Models Avilble, Number of Alterntive Refuel Sites by Stte nd Fuel Type, Number of Alterntive Refuel Sttions, Properties of Conventionl nd Alterntive Liquid Fuels Properties of Conventionl nd Alterntive Gseous Fuels Federl, Stte, nd Locl Alterntive Fuel Incentives,

400 I 4 Amtrk Summry Sttistics for the Ntionl Rilrod Pssenger Corportion (Amtrk), Annul Annul Milege for Crs nd Light Trucks by Vehicle Age Averge Annul Vehicle-Miles of Trvel for Commercil Fleet Vehicles, Averge Annul Expenditures of Households by Income, Annul Household Expenditures for Trnsporttion, Averge Annul Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips nd Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS nd 2001, 2009 NHTS Averge Annul Miles per Household Vehicle by Vehicle Age Self-Reported vs. Odometer Averge Annul Miles, 1995 NPTS nd 2001 NHTS Shre of Vehicles by Annul Miles of Trvel nd Vehicle Age, 2009 NHTS Dily nd Annul Vehicle Miles of Trvel nd Averge Age for Ech Vehicle in Household, 2009 NHTS Annul Vehicle Miles of Trvel for Ech Vehicle in Household, 2009 NHTS Production-Weighted Annul Crbon Footprint of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Production-Weighted Annul Crbon Footprint of New Domestic nd Import Light Trucks, Model Yers Averge Annul Crbon Footprint of New Vehicles by Vehicle Clssifiction, Model Yers 1975 nd Attributes Driving Cycle Attributes Comprison of U.S., Europen, nd Jpnese Driving Cycles Attributes Autonomie Fuel Economy by Speed, Autonomie Model Results Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984, 1997, nd 2012 Studies nd Autonomie Model Results Avilble Estimtes of Alterntive Fuel Highwy Vehicles Mde Avilble, E85 Flex-Fuel Vehicles Avilble by Mnufcturer, Model Yer B20, CNG, nd LPG Vehicles Avilble by Mnufcturer, Model Yer Hybrid-Electric Vehicles Avilble by Mnufcturer, Model Yer Electric-Drive Vehicles Avilble by Mnufcturer, Model Yer Number of Alterntive Fuel Vehicle Models Avilble, Electric-Drive Medium/Hevy Trucks nd Buses Avilble by Mnufcturer, Averge U.S. Averge Vehicle Age, Averge Mteril Consumption for Domestic Light Vehicle, Model Yers 1995, 2000, nd Cr Corporte Averge Fuel Economy (CAFE) Stndrds versus Sles-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimtes,

401 I 5 Averge (continued) Light Truck Corporte Averge Fuel Economy (CAFE) Stndrds versus Sles-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimtes, Corporte Averge Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, Averge Miles per Shipment in the United Sttes: Comprison of the 1997, 2002, 2007, nd 2012 Commodity Flow Surveys Averge Annul Vehicle-Miles of Trvel for Commercil Fleet Vehicles, Averge Length of Time Commercil Fleet Vehicles Are in Service, Averge Miles per Domestic Federl Vehicle by Vehicle Type, Averge Annul Expenditures of Households by Income, Averge Annul Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips nd Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS nd 2001, 2009 NHTS Averge Number of Vehicles nd Vehicle Trvel per Household, 1990 NPTS nd 2001 nd 2009 NHTS Averge Vehicle Occupncy by Vehicle Type, 1995 NPTS nd 2009 NHTS Averge Vehicle Occupncy by Trip Purpose, 1977 NPTS nd 2009 NHTS Averge Annul Miles per Household Vehicle by Vehicle Age Self-Reported vs. Odometer Averge Annul Miles, 1995 NPTS nd 2001 NHTS Averge Dily Miles Driven (per Driver), 2009 NHTS Dily nd Annul Vehicle Miles of Trvel nd Averge Age for Ech Vehicle in Household, 2009 NHTS Averge Price of New Cr, Averge Price of New Cr (Domestic nd Import), Averge Annul Crbon Footprint of New Vehicles by Vehicle Clssifiction, Model Yers 1975 nd Avition Summry Sttistics for Generl Avition, Refiner Sles Prices for Avition Gsoline nd Jet Fuel, Brrel U.S. Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from Brrel of Crude Oil, Prices for Brrel of Crude Oil nd Gllon of Gsoline, Bicycle Bicycle Sles, Bike Wlk nd Bike Trips by Trip Purpose, 2009 NHTS Biodiesel Fuel Ethnol nd Biodiesel Production, Net Imports, nd Consumption, B20, CNG, nd LPG Vehicles Avilble by Mnufcturer, Model Yer Bot Recretionl Bot Energy Use,

402 I 6 Bus World Truck nd Bus Production, Truck nd Bus Registrtions for Selected Countries, Buses Electric-Drive Medium/Hevy Trucks nd Buses Avilble by Mnufcturer, Summry Sttistics on Trnsit Buses nd Trolleybuses, Hevy-Duty Highwy Compression-Ignition Engines nd Urbn Buses Exhust Emission Stndrds CAFE Cr Corporte Averge Fuel Economy (CAFE) Stndrds versus Sles-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimtes, Light Truck Corporte Averge Fuel Economy (CAFE) Stndrds versus Sles-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimtes, Corporte Averge Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, Cliforni Cliforni New Cr, Light Truck nd Medium Truck Emission Certifiction Stndrds, Model Yer 2015 On Cr World Cr Production, Cr Registrtions for Selected Countries, New Retil Cr Sles in the United Sttes, Definition of Cr Sport Utility Vehicles in Model Yer Cr Corporte Averge Fuel Economy (CAFE) Stndrds versus Sles-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimtes, Averge Price of New Cr, Averge Price of New Cr (Domestic nd Import), Cr Operting Cost per Mile, Fixed Cr Operting Costs per Yer, Cliforni New Cr, Light Truck nd Medium Truck Emission Certifiction Stndrds, Model Yer 2015 On Crbon U.S. Crbon Emissions from Fossil Fuel Consumption by End-Use Sector, U.S. Crbon Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion in the Trnsporttion End-Use Sector, Production-Weighted Annul Crbon Footprint of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Production-Weighted Annul Crbon Footprint of New Domestic nd Import Light Trucks, Model Yers Averge Annul Crbon Footprint of New Vehicles by Vehicle Clssifiction, Model Yers 1975 nd Crbon Content of Trnsporttion Fuels

403 I 7 Crbon Dioxide Fuel Economy nd Crbon Dioxide Emissions Stndrds, MY Fuel Economy nd Crbon Dioxide Trgets for Model Yer World Crbon Dioxide Emissions, 1990, 2005, nd World Crbon Dioxide Emissions, Numericl Estimtes of Globl Wrming Potentils Compred with Crbon Dioxide Trnsporttion Sector Crbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Consumption, Trnsporttion Crbon Dioxide Emissions by Mode, Direct Crbon Dioxide Emissions from Gllon of Fuel Crbon Monoxide Totl Ntionl Emissions of Crbon Monoxide, Emissions of Crbon Monoxide from Highwy Vehicles, Crriers Summry Sttistics for U.S. Domestic nd Interntionl Certificted Route Air Crriers (Combined Totls), Crs World Production of Crs nd Trucks, 2000 nd U.S. Crs nd Trucks in Use, Crs in Opertion by Age, 1970, 2000, nd Survivl Rtes for Crs nd Light Trucks by Vehicle Age Annul Milege for Crs nd Light Trucks by Vehicle Age Summry Sttistics for Crs, Production, Production Shres, nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Production nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Light Trucks nd Light Vehicles, Model Yers Production-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Production-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers The Gs Guzzler Tx on New Crs List of Model Yer 2015 Crs with Gs Guzzler Txes Production-Weighted Annul Crbon Footprint of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Census Household Vehicle Ownership, Census Certificted Summry Sttistics for U.S. Domestic nd Interntionl Certificted Route Air Crriers (Combined Totls),

404 I 8 Chrcteristics Household Vehicles nd Chrcteristics Certifiction Cliforni New Cr, Light Truck nd Medium Truck Emission Certifiction Stndrds, Model Yer 2015 On Chrcteristics All Highwy Vehicles nd Chrcteristics Light Vehicles nd Chrcteristics Hevy Vehicles nd Chrcteristics Alterntive Fuel nd Advnced Technology Vehicles nd Chrcteristics Fleet Vehicles nd Chrcteristics Chrcteristics of U.S. Dily per Vehicle Driving vs. Dwelling Unit Type nd Density Housing Unit Chrcteristics, Long-Distnce Trip Chrcteristics, 2001 NHTS CI Mrine Compression-Ignition (CI) Engines Exhust Emission Stndrds Cities Clen Cities Colitions City City Driving Cycle Clss Truck Hrmonic Men Fuel Economy by Size Clss, 1992, 1997, nd Truck Sttistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Clss, Clss 1 Sles Estimtes of Clss 1, Clss 2, nd Clss 2b Light Trucks, Summry Sttistics on Clss 1, Clss 2, nd Clss 2b Light Trucks Clss 2 Sles Estimtes of Clss 1, Clss 2, nd Clss 2b Light Trucks, Summry Sttistics on Clss 1, Clss 2, nd Clss 2b Light Trucks Clss 2b Sles Estimtes of Clss 1, Clss 2, nd Clss 2b Light Trucks, Summry Sttistics on Clss 1, Clss 2, nd Clss 2b Light Trucks Clss 3-8 Summry Sttistics for Clss 3-8 Single-Unit Trucks,

405 I 9 Clss 7-8 Summry Sttistics for Clss 7-8 Combintion Trucks, Clss 8 Effect of Terrin on Clss 8 Truck Fuel Economy Fuel Economy for Clss 8 Trucks s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion Clss 8 Truck Fuel Economy s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion nd Percentge of Totl Distnce Trveled s Function of Speed Clss 8 Truck Percent of Totl Fuel Consumed s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion Clss 8 Truck Weight by Component Distribution of Clss 8 Trucks by On-Rod Vehicle Weight, Clss I Clss I Rilrod Freight Systems in the United Sttes Rnked by Revenue Ton Miles, Summry Sttistics for Clss I Freight Rilrods, Clssifiction Averge Annul Crbon Footprint of New Vehicles by Vehicle Clssifiction, Model Yers 1975 nd Clen Clen Cities Colitions Colitions Clen Cities Colitions Cold Cold Temperture (Cold FTP) Driving Cycle Collected Corporte Averge Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, Combintion Summry Sttistics for Clss 7-8 Combintion Trucks, Fuel Economy for Clss 8 Trucks s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion Clss 8 Truck Fuel Economy s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion nd Percentge of Totl Distnce Trveled s Function of Speed Clss 8 Truck Percent of Totl Fuel Consumed s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion

406 I 10 Combined Summry Sttistics for U.S. Domestic nd Interntionl Certificted Route Air Crriers (Combined Totls), Combustion U.S. Crbon Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion in the Trnsporttion End-Use Sector, Commerce Tonnge Sttistics for Domestic nd Interntionl Wterborne Commerce, Summry Sttistics for Domestic Wterborne Commerce, Commercil Averge Annul Vehicle-Miles of Trvel for Commercil Fleet Vehicles, Averge Length of Time Commercil Fleet Vehicles Are in Service, Commodity Vlue of Goods in the United Sttes: Comprison of the 1997, 2002, 2007, nd 2012 Commodity Flow Surveys Tons of Freight in the United Sttes: Comprison of the 1997, 2002, 2007, nd 2012 Commodity Flow Surveys Growth of Ton-Miles in the United Sttes: Comprison of the 1997, 2002, 2007, nd 2012 Commodity Flow Surveys Averge Miles per Shipment in the United Sttes: Comprison of the 1997, 2002, 2007, nd 2012 Commodity Flow Surveys Commute Workers by Commute Time, 1990, 2000, nd Commuter Energy Intensity of Commuter Ril Systems, Summry Sttistics for Commuter Ril Opertions, Compred Vehicles per Thousnd People: U.S. (Over Time) Compred to Other Countries (in 2004 nd 2014) Numericl Estimtes of Globl Wrming Potentils Compred with Crbon Dioxide Comprison Comprison of U.S., Europen, nd Jpnese Driving Cycles Attributes Vlue of Goods in the United Sttes: Comprison of the 1997, 2002, 2007, nd 2012 Commodity Flow Surveys Tons of Freight in the United Sttes: Comprison of the 1997, 2002, 2007, nd 2012 Commodity Flow Surveys Growth of Ton-Miles in the United Sttes: Comprison of the 1997, 2002, 2007, nd 2012 Commodity Flow Surveys

407 I 11 Comprison (continued) Averge Miles per Shipment in the United Sttes: Comprison of the 1997, 2002, 2007, nd 2012 Commodity Flow Surveys Component Clss 8 Truck Weight by Component Compounds Totl Ntionl Emissions of Voltile Orgnic Compounds, Emissions of Voltile Orgnic Compounds from Highwy Vehicles, Compressed Nturl Gs B20, CNG, nd LPG Vehicles Avilble by Mnufcturer, Model Yer Compression-Ignition Hevy-Duty Highwy Compression-Ignition Engines nd Urbn Buses Exhust Emission Stndrds Hevy-Duty Highwy Compression-Ignition nd Sprk-Ignition Engines Evportive Emission Stndrds Nonrod Compression-Ignition Engines Exhust Emission Stndrds Mrine Compression-Ignition (CI) Engines Exhust Emission Stndrds Conditioning Air Conditioning (SC03) Driving Cycle Consumed Clss 8 Truck Percent of Totl Fuel Consumed s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion Fuel Consumed by Federl Government Fleets, FY Consumer Consumer Price Indices, Consumption World Petroleum Consumption, World Oil Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, World Oil Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, World Oil Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, 1980, 1993 nd World Oil Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, Petroleum Production nd Trnsporttion Petroleum Consumption in Context, United Sttes Petroleum Production nd Consumption All Sectors, United Sttes Petroleum Production nd Trnsporttion Consumption, Consumption of Petroleum by End-Use Sector, Highwy Trnsporttion Petroleum Consumption by Mode, Nonhighwy Trnsporttion Petroleum Consumption by Mode, World Consumption of Primry Energy, Distribution of Energy Consumption by Source, 1973 nd U.S. Consumption of Totl Energy by End-Use Sector,

408 I 12 Consumption (continued) Distribution of Trnsporttion Energy Consumption by Source, World Nturl Gs Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, World Nturl Gs Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, World Nturl Gs Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, 1980, 1993 nd World Nturl Gs Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, Alterntive Fuel nd Oxygente Consumption, Fuel Ethnol nd Biodiesel Production, Net Imports, nd Consumption, Domestic Consumption of Trnsporttion Energy by Mode nd Fuel Type, Domestic Consumption of Trnsporttion Energy by Mode nd Fuel Type, Highwy Trnsporttion Energy Consumption by Mode, Nonhighwy Trnsporttion Energy Consumption by Mode, Off-Highwy Trnsporttion-Relted Fuel Consumption from the Nonrod Model, Fuel Consumption from Lwn nd Grden Equipment, Averge Mteril Consumption for Domestic Light Vehicle, Model Yers 1995, 2000, nd Personl Consumption Expenditures, U.S. Crbon Emissions from Fossil Fuel Consumption by End-Use Sector, Trnsporttion Sector Crbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Consumption, Content Crbon Content of Trnsporttion Fuels Context Petroleum Production nd Trnsporttion Petroleum Consumption in Context, Conventionl Conventionl Refueling Sttions, Properties of Conventionl nd Alterntive Liquid Fuels Properties of Conventionl nd Alterntive Gseous Fuels Corporte Cr Corporte Averge Fuel Economy (CAFE) Stndrds versus Sles-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimtes, Light Truck Corporte Averge Fuel Economy (CAFE) Stndrds versus Sles-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimtes, Corporte Averge Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, Corportion Summry Sttistics for the Ntionl Rilrod Pssenger Corportion (Amtrk), Cost Cr Operting Cost per Mile,

409 I 13 Costs Costs of Oil Dependence to the U.S. Economy, Fixed Cr Operting Costs per Yer, Countries Nturl Gs Production nd Reserves for the Top Ten Nturl Gs Producing Countries, Cr Registrtions for Selected Countries, Truck nd Bus Registrtions for Selected Countries, Vehicles per Thousnd People: U.S. (Over Time) Compred to Other Countries (in 2004 nd 2014) Vehicles per Thousnd People in Selected Countries/Regions, 2004 nd Gsoline Prices for Selected Countries, Diesel Fuel Prices for Selected Countries, Gsoline Prices for Selected Countries, 1990 nd Diesel Prices for Selected Countries, 1990 nd Country Imported Crude Oil by Country of Origin, Criteri Criteri Pollutnts Totl Ntionl Emissions of the Criteri Air Pollutnts by Sector, Crude Proved Reserves of Crude Oil nd Nturl Gs, World Crude Oil Production, Imported Crude Oil by Country of Origin, Crude Oil Supplies, U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil nd Petroleum Products, U.S. Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from Brrel of Crude Oil, Prices for Brrel of Crude Oil nd Gllon of Gsoline, Curb Production-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Cycle Driving Cycle Attributes City Driving Cycle Highwy Driving Cycle Air Conditioning (SC03) Driving Cycle Cold Temperture (Cold FTP) Driving Cycle High Speed (US06) Driving Cycle New York City Driving Cycle Representtive Number Five Driving Cycle Comprison of U.S., Europen, nd Jpnese Driving Cycles Attributes

410 I 14 Cycles Exmple of Differing Results Using the U.S., Europen, nd Jpnese Driving Cycles Dily Averge Dily Miles Driven (per Driver), 2009 NHTS Dily nd Annul Vehicle Miles of Trvel nd Averge Age for Ech Vehicle in Household, 2009 NHTS Dily Vehicle Miles of Trvel (per Vehicle) by Number of Vehicles in the Household, 2009 NHTS Dily Vehicle Miles of Trvel for Ech Vehicle in Household, 2009 NHTS Chrcteristics of U.S. Dily per Vehicle Driving vs. Dwelling Unit Type nd Density Delerships New Light Vehicle Delerships nd Sles, Definition Definition of Cr Sport Utility Vehicles in Model Yer Demnd Summry Sttistics on Demnd Response Vehicles, Demogrphic Demogrphic Sttistics from the 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS nd 2001, 2009 NHTS Density Chrcteristics of U.S. Dily per Vehicle Driving vs. Dwelling Unit Type nd Density Dependence Costs of Oil Dependence to the U.S. Economy, Diesel Highwy Usge of Gsoline nd Diesel, Diesel Fuel Prices for Selected Countries, Diesel Prices for Selected Countries, 1990 nd Refiner Sles Prices for Propne nd No. 2 Diesel, Highwy, Nonrod, Locomotive, nd Mrine (NRLM) Diesel Fuel Sulfur Stndrds Differing Exmple of Differing Results Using the U.S., Europen, nd Jpnese Driving Cycles Direct Direct Crbon Dioxide Emissions from Gllon of Fuel

411 I 15 Distnce Clss 8 Truck Fuel Economy s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion nd Percentge of Totl Distnce Trveled s Function of Speed Shre of Vehicle Trips by Trip Distnce, 2009 NHTS Shre of Vehicle Trips to Work by Trip Distnce, 2009 NHTS Distribution Distribution of Energy Consumption by Source, 1973 nd Distribution of Trnsporttion Energy Consumption by Source, Distribution of Trucks over 26,000 lbs. by Vehicle-Miles Trveled Distribution of Clss 8 Trucks by On-Rod Vehicle Weight, Domestic Domestic Consumption of Trnsporttion Energy by Mode nd Fuel Type, Domestic Consumption of Trnsporttion Energy by Mode nd Fuel Type, Production, Production Shres, nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Production, Production Shres, nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Light Trucks, Model Yers Production nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Light Trucks nd Light Vehicles, Model Yers Production-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Production-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic nd Import Light Trucks, Model Yers Production-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Averge Mteril Consumption for Domestic Light Vehicle, Model Yers 1995, 2000, nd Averge Miles per Domestic Federl Vehicle by Vehicle Type, Summry Sttistics for U.S. Domestic nd Interntionl Certificted Route Air Crriers (Combined Totls), Tonnge Sttistics for Domestic nd Interntionl Wterborne Commerce, Summry Sttistics for Domestic Wterborne Commerce, Averge Price of New Cr (Domestic nd Import), Production-Weighted Annul Crbon Footprint of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Production-Weighted Annul Crbon Footprint of New Domestic nd Import Light Trucks, Model Yers Drive Electric-Drive Medium/Hevy Trucks nd Buses Avilble by Mnufcturer, Driven Averge Dily Miles Driven (per Driver), 2009 NHTS

412 I 16 Driver Averge Dily Miles Driven (per Driver), 2009 NHTS Driving Driving Cycle Attributes City Driving Cycle Highwy Driving Cycle Air Conditioning (SC03) Driving Cycle Cold Temperture (Cold FTP) Driving Cycle High Speed (US06) Driving Cycle New York City Driving Cycle Representtive Number Five Driving Cycle Comprison of U.S., Europen, nd Jpnese Driving Cycles Attributes Exmple of Differing Results Using the U.S., Europen, nd Jpnese Driving Cycles Chrcteristics of U.S. Dily per Vehicle Driving vs. Dwelling Unit Type nd Density Dwelling Chrcteristics of U.S. Dily per Vehicle Driving vs. Dwelling Unit Type nd Density E85 E85 Flex-Fuel Vehicles Avilble by Mnufcturer, Model Yer Ech Dily nd Annul Vehicle Miles of Trvel nd Averge Age for Ech Vehicle in Household, 2009 NHTS Annul Vehicle Miles of Trvel for Ech Vehicle in Household, 2009 NHTS Dily Vehicle Miles of Trvel for Ech Vehicle in Household, 2009 NHTS Economic Oil Price nd Economic Growth, Economies Production, Production Shres, nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Production, Production Shres, nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Light Trucks, Model Yers Production nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Light Trucks nd Light Vehicles, Model Yers Economy Fuel Economy nd Crbon Dioxide Emissions Stndrds, MY Fuel Economy nd Crbon Dioxide Trgets for Model Yer Cr Corporte Averge Fuel Economy (CAFE) Stndrds versus Sles-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimtes,

413 I 17 Economy (continued) Light Truck Corporte Averge Fuel Economy (CAFE) Stndrds versus Sles-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimtes, Corporte Averge Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, Fuel Economy by Speed, Autonomie Model Results Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984, 1997, nd 2012 Studies Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984, 1997, nd 2012 Studies nd Autonomie Model Results Truck Hrmonic Men Fuel Economy by Size Clss, 1992, 1997, nd Effect of Terrin on Clss 8 Truck Fuel Economy Fuel Economy for Clss 8 Trucks s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion Clss 8 Truck Fuel Economy s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion nd Percentge of Totl Distnce Trveled s Function of Speed Trnsporttion nd the Economy Costs of Oil Dependence to the U.S. Economy, Effect Effect of Terrin on Clss 8 Truck Fuel Economy Electric Electric-Drive Medium/Hevy Trucks nd Buses Avilble by Mnufcturer, Electric-Drive Electric-Drive Vehicles Avilble by Mnufcturer, Model Yer Electronic Shre of Hevy Trucks with Selected Electronic Fetures, Emission Tier 3 Evportive Emission Stndrds Tier 3 Prticulte Mtter Emission Stndrds for Light Gsoline Vehicles, MY 2017 nd Beyond Light-Duty Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, nd Medium-Duty Pssenger Vehicle Tier 2 Exhust Emission Stndrds Light-Duty Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, nd Medium-Duty Pssenger Vehicle Tier 2 Evportive Emission Stndrds Hevy-Duty Highwy Compression-Ignition Engines nd Urbn Buses Exhust Emission Stndrds Hevy-Duty Highwy Sprk-Ignition Engines Exhust Emission Stndrds Hevy-Duty Highwy Compression-Ignition nd Sprk-Ignition Engines Evportive Emission Stndrds Cliforni New Cr, Light Truck nd Medium Truck Emission Certifiction Stndrds, Model Yer 2015 On Aircrft Exhust Emission Stndrds Nonrod Compression-Ignition Engines Exhust Emission Stndrds Nonrod Lrge Sprk-Ignition Engines Exhust nd Evportive Emission Stndrds

414 I 18 Emission (continued) Locomotives Exhust Emission Stndrds Mrine Compression-Ignition (CI) Engines Exhust Emission Stndrds Mrine Sprk-Ignition Engines nd Vessels Exhust Emission Stndrds Nonrod Recretionl Engines nd Vehicles Exhust Emission Stndrds Emissions Fuel Economy nd Crbon Dioxide Emissions Stndrds, MY Greenhouse Gs Emissions World Crbon Dioxide Emissions, 1990, 2005, nd World Crbon Dioxide Emissions, U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gses, Bsed on Globl Wrming Potentil, Totl U.S. Greenhouse Gs Emissions by End-Use Sector, U.S. Crbon Emissions from Fossil Fuel Consumption by End-Use Sector, Trnsporttion Sector Crbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Consumption, U.S. Crbon Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion in the Trnsporttion End-Use Sector, Trnsporttion Crbon Dioxide Emissions by Mode, Well-to-Wheel Emissions for Vrious Fuels nd Vehicle Technologies Direct Crbon Dioxide Emissions from Gllon of Fuel Totl Ntionl Emissions of the Criteri Air Pollutnts by Sector, Totl Ntionl Emissions of Crbon Monoxide, Emissions of Crbon Monoxide from Highwy Vehicles, Totl Ntionl Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Highwy Vehicles, Totl Ntionl Emissions of Voltile Orgnic Compounds, Emissions of Voltile Orgnic Compounds from Highwy Vehicles, Totl Ntionl Emissions of Prticulte Mtter (PM 10), Emissions of Prticulte Mtter (PM 10) from Highwy Vehicles, Totl Ntionl Emissions of Prticulte Mtter (PM-2.5), Emissions of Prticulte Mtter (PM-2.5) from Highwy Vehicles, Totl Ntionl Emissions of Sulfur Dioxide, Employment Trnsporttion-Relted Employment, 2000 nd U.S. Employment for Motor Vehicles nd Motor Vehicle Prts Mnufcturing, Empty Gross Vehicle Weight vs. Empty Vehicle Weight End-Use Consumption of Petroleum by End-Use Sector, U.S. Consumption of Totl Energy by End-Use Sector, Totl U.S. Greenhouse Gs Emissions by End-Use Sector,

415 I 19 End-Use (continued) U.S. Crbon Emissions from Fossil Fuel Consumption by End-Use Sector, U.S. Crbon Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion in the Trnsporttion End-Use Sector, Energy Energy World Consumption of Primry Energy, Distribution of Energy Consumption by Source, 1973 nd U.S. Consumption of Totl Energy by End-Use Sector, Distribution of Trnsporttion Energy Consumption by Source, Domestic Consumption of Trnsporttion Energy by Mode nd Fuel Type, Domestic Consumption of Trnsporttion Energy by Mode nd Fuel Type, Trnsporttion Energy Use by Mode, Highwy Trnsporttion Energy Consumption by Mode, Nonhighwy Trnsporttion Energy Consumption by Mode, Pssenger Trvel nd Energy Use, Energy Intensities of Highwy Pssenger Modes, Energy Intensities of Nonhighwy Pssenger Modes, Energy Intensity of Light Ril Trnsit Systems, Energy Intensity of Commuter Ril Systems, Energy Intensity of Hevy Ril Systems, Energy Intensities of Freight Modes, Nonhighwy Energy Use Shres, Recretionl Bot Energy Use, Trnsporttion Sector Crbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Consumption, Engine Production-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Production-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic nd Import Light Trucks, Model Yers Engines Hevy-Duty Highwy Compression-Ignition Engines nd Urbn Buses Exhust Emission Stndrds Hevy-Duty Highwy Sprk-Ignition Engines Exhust Emission Stndrds Hevy-Duty Highwy Compression-Ignition nd Sprk-Ignition Engines Evportive Emission Stndrds Nonrod Compression-Ignition Engines Exhust Emission Stndrds Nonrod Lrge Sprk-Ignition Engines Exhust nd Evportive Emission Stndrds Mrine Compression-Ignition (CI) Engines Exhust Emission Stndrds Mrine Sprk-Ignition Engines nd Vessels Exhust Emission Stndrds Nonrod Recretionl Engines nd Vehicles Exhust Emission Stndrds

416 I 20 Equipment Fuel Consumption from Lwn nd Grden Equipment, Estimtes Sles Estimtes of Clss 1, Clss 2, nd Clss 2b Light Trucks, Cr Corporte Averge Fuel Economy (CAFE) Stndrds versus Sles-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimtes, Light Truck Corporte Averge Fuel Economy (CAFE) Stndrds versus Sles-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimtes, Estimtes of Alterntive Fuel Highwy Vehicles Mde Avilble, Numericl Estimtes of Globl Wrming Potentils Compred with Crbon Dioxide Ethnol Fuel Ethnol nd Biodiesel Production, Net Imports, nd Consumption, Europen Exmple of Differing Results Using the U.S., Europen, nd Jpnese Driving Cycles Evportive Tier 3 Evportive Emission Stndrds Light-Duty Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, nd Medium-Duty Pssenger Vehicle Tier 2 Evportive Emission Stndrds Hevy-Duty Highwy Compression-Ignition nd Sprk-Ignition Engines Evportive Emission Stndrds Nonrod Lrge Sprk-Ignition Engines Exhust nd Evportive Emission Stndrds Exmple Exmple of Differing Results Using the U.S., Europen, nd Jpnese Driving Cycles Excise Federl Excise Txes on Motor Fuels, Exhust Light-Duty Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, nd Medium-Duty Pssenger Vehicle Tier 2 Exhust Emission Stndrds Hevy-Duty Highwy Compression-Ignition Engines nd Urbn Buses Exhust Emission Stndrds Hevy-Duty Highwy Sprk-Ignition Engines Exhust Emission Stndrds Aircrft Exhust Emission Stndrds Nonrod Compression-Ignition Engines Exhust Emission Stndrds Nonrod Lrge Sprk-Ignition Engines Exhust nd Evportive Emission Stndrds Locomotives Exhust Emission Stndrds

417 I 21 Exhust (continued) Mrine Compression-Ignition (CI) Engines Exhust Emission Stndrds Mrine Sprk-Ignition Engines nd Vessels Exhust Emission Stndrds Nonrod Recretionl Engines nd Vehicles Exhust Emission Stndrds Expenditures Averge Annul Expenditures of Households by Income, Annul Household Expenditures for Trnsporttion, Personl Consumption Expenditures, Exports United Sttes Petroleum Production, Imports, nd Exports, Fcility Percentge of Trucks by Fleet Size nd Primry Fueling Fcility, Shre of Trucks by Mjor Use nd Primry Fueling Fcility, Fetures Shre of Hevy Trucks with Selected Electronic Fetures, Federl Averge Miles per Domestic Federl Vehicle by Vehicle Type, Federl Government Vehicles, Federl Fleet Vehicle Acquisitions by Fuel Type, FY Fuel Consumed by Federl Government Fleets, FY Federl Government Vehicles by Agency, FY Federl Excise Txes on Motor Fuels, Federl, Stte, nd Locl Alterntive Fuel Incentives, Federl, Stte, nd Locl Advnced Technology Incentives, Feedstocks GREET Model Feedstocks nd Fuels Fines Corporte Averge Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, Five Representtive Number Five Driving Cycle Fixed Fixed Cr Operting Costs per Yer, Fleet Percentge of Trucks by Fleet Size nd Primry Fueling Fcility, Fleet Vehicles nd Chrcteristics Fleet Vehicles in Service s of Jnury 1, Fleet Vehicles in Service, Averge Annul Vehicle-Miles of Trvel for Commercil Fleet Vehicles,

418 I 22 Fleet (continued) Averge Length of Time Commercil Fleet Vehicles Are in Service, Federl Fleet Vehicle Acquisitions by Fuel Type, FY Fleets Fuel Consumed by Federl Government Fleets, FY Flex-Fuel E85 Flex-Fuel Vehicles Avilble by Mnufcturer, Model Yer Flow Vlue of Goods in the United Sttes: Comprison of the 1997, 2002, 2007, nd 2012 Commodity Flow Surveys Tons of Freight in the United Sttes: Comprison of the 1997, 2002, 2007, nd 2012 Commodity Flow Surveys Growth of Ton-Miles in the United Sttes: Comprison of the 1997, 2002, 2007, nd 2012 Commodity Flow Surveys Averge Miles per Shipment in the United Sttes: Comprison of the 1997, 2002, 2007, nd 2012 Commodity Flow Surveys Footprint Production-Weighted Annul Crbon Footprint of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Production-Weighted Annul Crbon Footprint of New Domestic nd Import Light Trucks, Model Yers Averge Annul Crbon Footprint of New Vehicles by Vehicle Clssifiction, Model Yers 1975 nd Fossil U.S. Crbon Emissions from Fossil Fuel Consumption by End-Use Sector, U.S. Crbon Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion in the Trnsporttion End-Use Sector, Four-Tire Summry Sttistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, Freight Energy Intensities of Freight Modes, Tons of Freight in the United Sttes: Comprison of the 1997, 2002, 2007, nd 2012 Commodity Flow Surveys Clss I Rilrod Freight Systems in the United Sttes Rnked by Revenue Ton Miles, Summry Sttistics for Clss I Freight Rilrods, FTP Cold Temperture (Cold FTP) Driving Cycle

419 I 23 Fuel Alterntive Fuel nd Oxygente Consumption, Fuel Ethnol nd Biodiesel Production, Net Imports, nd Consumption, Domestic Consumption of Trnsporttion Energy by Mode nd Fuel Type, Domestic Consumption of Trnsporttion Energy by Mode nd Fuel Type, Off-Highwy Trnsporttion-Relted Fuel Consumption from the Nonrod Model, Fuel Consumption from Lwn nd Grden Equipment, Production, Production Shres, nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Production, Production Shres, nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Light Trucks, Model Yers Production nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Light Trucks nd Light Vehicles, Model Yers Fuel Economy nd Crbon Dioxide Emissions Stndrds, MY Fuel Economy nd Crbon Dioxide Trgets for Model Yer Cr Corporte Averge Fuel Economy (CAFE) Stndrds versus Sles-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimtes, Light Truck Corporte Averge Fuel Economy (CAFE) Stndrds versus Sles-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimtes, Corporte Averge Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, Fuel Economy by Speed, Autonomie Model Results Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984, 1997, nd 2012 Studies Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984, 1997, nd 2012 Studies nd Autonomie Model Results Truck Hrmonic Men Fuel Economy by Size Clss, 1992, 1997, nd Effect of Terrin on Clss 8 Truck Fuel Economy Fuel Economy for Clss 8 Trucks s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion Clss 8 Truck Fuel Economy s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion nd Percentge of Totl Distnce Trveled s Function of Speed Clss 8 Truck Percent of Totl Fuel Consumed s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion Alterntive Fuel nd Advnced Technology Vehicles nd Chrcteristics Estimtes of Alterntive Fuel Highwy Vehicles Mde Avilble, Alterntive Fuel Trnsit Vehicles, Number of Alterntive Fuel Vehicle Models Avilble, Number of Alterntive Refuel Sites by Stte nd Fuel Type, Federl Fleet Vehicle Acquisitions by Fuel Type, FY Fuel Consumed by Federl Government Fleets, FY Diesel Fuel Prices for Selected Countries, Retil Prices for Motor Fuel, Refiner Sles Prices for Avition Gsoline nd Jet Fuel, Federl, Stte, nd Locl Alterntive Fuel Incentives, U.S. Crbon Emissions from Fossil Fuel Consumption by End-Use Sector,

420 I 24 Fuel (continued) U.S. Crbon Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion in the Trnsporttion End-Use Sector, Direct Crbon Dioxide Emissions from Gllon of Fuel Highwy, Nonrod, Locomotive, nd Mrine (NRLM) Diesel Fuel Sulfur Stndrds Fueling Percentge of Trucks by Fleet Size nd Primry Fueling Fcility, Shre of Trucks by Mjor Use nd Primry Fueling Fcility, Fuels Properties of Conventionl nd Alterntive Liquid Fuels Properties of Conventionl nd Alterntive Gseous Fuels Federl Excise Txes on Motor Fuels, GREET Model Feedstocks nd Fuels Well-to-Wheel Emissions for Vrious Fuels nd Vehicle Technologies Crbon Content of Trnsporttion Fuels Function Fuel Economy for Clss 8 Trucks s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion Clss 8 Truck Fuel Economy s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion nd Percentge of Totl Distnce Trveled s Function of Speed Clss 8 Truck Percent of Totl Fuel Consumed s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion Gllon Prices for Brrel of Crude Oil nd Gllon of Gsoline, Direct Crbon Dioxide Emissions from Gllon of Fuel Grden Fuel Consumption from Lwn nd Grden Equipment, Gs Proved Reserves of Crude Oil nd Nturl Gs, World Nturl Gs Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, World Nturl Gs Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, World Nturl Gs Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, 1980, 1993 nd World Nturl Gs Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, Nturl Gs Production nd Reserves for the Top Ten Nturl Gs Producing Countries, The Gs Guzzler Tx on New Crs List of Model Yer 2015 Crs with Gs Guzzler Txes Tx Receipts from the Sle of Gs Guzzlers, Greenhouse Gs Emissions Totl U.S. Greenhouse Gs Emissions by End-Use Sector,

421 I 25 Gseous Properties of Conventionl nd Alterntive Gseous Fuels Gses U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gses, Bsed on Globl Wrming Potentil, Tier 3 Non-Methne Orgnic Gses nd Nitrogen Oxide Stndrds Gsoline Highwy Usge of Gsoline nd Diesel, Gsoline Prices for Selected Countries, Gsoline Prices for Selected Countries, 1990 nd Prices for Brrel of Crude Oil nd Gllon of Gsoline, Refiner Sles Prices for Avition Gsoline nd Jet Fuel, Tier 3 Prticulte Mtter Emission Stndrds for Light Gsoline Vehicles, MY 2017 nd Beyond Gsoline Sulfur Stndrds Generl Summry Sttistics for Generl Avition, Globl Numericl Estimtes of Globl Wrming Potentils Compred with Crbon Dioxide U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gses, Bsed on Globl Wrming Potentil, Goods Vlue of Goods in the United Sttes: Comprison of the 1997, 2002, 2007, nd 2012 Commodity Flow Surveys Government Federl Government Vehicles, Fuel Consumed by Federl Government Fleets, FY Federl Government Vehicles by Agency, FY Greenhouse Greenhouse Gs Emissions U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gses, Bsed on Globl Wrming Potentil, Totl U.S. Greenhouse Gs Emissions by End-Use Sector, GREET GREET Model GREET Model Feedstocks nd Fuels

422 I 26 Gross Refinery Gross Output by World Region, 2005 nd New Retil Sles of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW nd Less in the United Sttes, New Retil Truck Sles by Gross Vehicle Weight, Truck Sttistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Clss, Gross Vehicle Weight vs. Empty Vehicle Weight Growth Growth of Ton-Miles in the United Sttes: Comprison of the 1997, 2002, 2007, nd 2012 Commodity Flow Surveys Oil Price nd Economic Growth, Guzzler The Gs Guzzler Tx on New Crs List of Model Yer 2015 Crs with Gs Guzzler Txes Guzzlers Tx Receipts from the Sle of Gs Guzzlers, Hrmonic Truck Hrmonic Men Fuel Economy by Size Clss, 1992, 1997, nd Hevy Energy Intensity of Hevy Ril Systems, Hevy Truck Scrppge nd Survivl Rtes, 1970, 1980, nd 1990 Model Yers Hevy Vehicles nd Chrcteristics Shre of Hevy Trucks with Selected Electronic Fetures, Electric-Drive Medium/Hevy Trucks nd Buses Avilble by Mnufcturer, Hevy-Duty Hevy-Duty Highwy Compression-Ignition Engines nd Urbn Buses Exhust Emission Stndrds Hevy-Duty Highwy Sprk-Ignition Engines Exhust Emission Stndrds Hevy-Duty Highwy Compression-Ignition nd Sprk-Ignition Engines Evportive Emission Stndrds High High Speed (US06) Driving Cycle Highwy Highwy Trnsporttion Petroleum Consumption by Mode, Highwy Trnsporttion Energy Consumption by Mode, Highwy Usge of Gsoline nd Diesel, Energy Intensities of Highwy Pssenger Modes, All Highwy Vehicles nd Chrcteristics Shres of Highwy Vehicle-Miles Trveled by Vehicle Type, Highwy Driving Cycle

423 I 27 Highwy (continued) Estimtes of Alterntive Fuel Highwy Vehicles Mde Avilble, Emissions of Crbon Monoxide from Highwy Vehicles, Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Highwy Vehicles, Emissions of Voltile Orgnic Compounds from Highwy Vehicles, Emissions of Prticulte Mtter (PM 10) from Highwy Vehicles, Emissions of Prticulte Mtter (PM-2.5) from Highwy Vehicles, Hevy-Duty Highwy Compression-Ignition Engines nd Urbn Buses Exhust Emission Stndrds Hevy-Duty Highwy Sprk-Ignition Engines Exhust Emission Stndrds Hevy-Duty Highwy Compression-Ignition nd Sprk-Ignition Engines Evportive Emission Stndrds Highwy, Nonrod, Locomotive, nd Mrine (NRLM) Diesel Fuel Sulfur Stndrds Household Household Vehicles nd Chrcteristics Annul Household Expenditures for Trnsporttion, Household Vehicle Ownership, Census Averge Annul Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips nd Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS nd 2001, 2009 NHTS Averge Number of Vehicles nd Vehicle Trvel per Household, 1990 NPTS nd 2001 nd 2009 NHTS Averge Annul Miles per Household Vehicle by Vehicle Age Household Vehicle Trips, 2009 NHTS Dily nd Annul Vehicle Miles of Trvel nd Averge Age for Ech Vehicle in Household, 2009 NHTS Dily Vehicle Miles of Trvel (per Vehicle) by Number of Vehicles in the Household, 2009 NHTS Annul Vehicle Miles of Trvel for Ech Vehicle in Household, 2009 NHTS Dily Vehicle Miles of Trvel for Ech Vehicle in Household, 2009 NHTS Households Averge Annul Expenditures of Households by Income, Housing Housing Unit Chrcteristics, Hybrid Hybrid nd Plug-In Vehicle Sles, Hybrid-Electric Hybrid-Electric Vehicles Avilble by Mnufcturer, Model Yer Import Production, Production Shres, nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Production, Production Shres, nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Light Trucks, Model Yers

424 I 28 Import (continued) Production nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Light Trucks nd Light Vehicles, Model Yers Production-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Production-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic nd Import Light Trucks, Model Yers Production-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Averge Price of New Cr (Domestic nd Import), Production-Weighted Annul Crbon Footprint of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Production-Weighted Annul Crbon Footprint of New Domestic nd Import Light Trucks, Model Yers Imported Imported Crude Oil by Country of Origin, Imports U.S. Petroleum Imports, United Sttes Petroleum Production, Imports, nd Exports, Fuel Ethnol nd Biodiesel Production, Net Imports, nd Consumption, Incentives Federl, Stte, nd Locl Alterntive Fuel Incentives, Federl, Stte, nd Locl Advnced Technology Incentives, Income Averge Annul Expenditures of Households by Income, Index Trnsporttion Services Index, Jnury 1990 Jnury Indices Consumer Price Indices, Input U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil nd Petroleum Products, Intensities Energy Intensities of Highwy Pssenger Modes, Energy Intensities of Nonhighwy Pssenger Modes, Energy Intensities of Freight Modes, Intensity Energy Intensity of Light Ril Trnsit Systems, Energy Intensity of Commuter Ril Systems, Energy Intensity of Hevy Ril Systems,

425 I 29 Intermodl Intermodl Ril Trffic, Interntionl Summry Sttistics for U.S. Domestic nd Interntionl Certificted Route Air Crriers (Combined Totls), Tonnge Sttistics for Domestic nd Interntionl Wterborne Commerce, Jnury Trnsporttion Services Index, Jnury 1990 Jnury Jpnese Comprison of U.S., Europen, nd Jpnese Driving Cycles Attributes Exmple of Differing Results Using the U.S., Europen, nd Jpnese Driving Cycles Jet Refiner Sles Prices for Avition Gsoline nd Jet Fuel, Lrge Nonrod Lrge Sprk-Ignition Engines Exhust nd Evportive Emission Stndrds Lwn Fuel Consumption from Lwn nd Grden Equipment, Length Averge Length of Time Commercil Fleet Vehicles Are in Service, Averge Annul Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips nd Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS nd 2001, 2009 NHTS Light Energy Intensity of Light Ril Trnsit Systems, Survivl Rtes for Crs nd Light Trucks by Vehicle Age Annul Milege for Crs nd Light Trucks by Vehicle Age Light Vehicles nd Chrcteristics Summry Sttistics for Light Vehicles, Sles Estimtes of Clss 1, Clss 2, nd Clss 2b Light Trucks, Summry Sttistics on Clss 1, Clss 2, nd Clss 2b Light Trucks Production, Production Shres, nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Light Trucks, Model Yers Production nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Light Trucks nd Light Vehicles, Model Yers Light Vehicle Production Shres, Model Yers Light Vehicle Production Shres, Model Yers Production-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic nd Import Light Trucks, Model Yers

426 I 30 Light (continued) Averge Mteril Consumption for Domestic Light Vehicle, Model Yers 1995, 2000, nd New Light Vehicle Delerships nd Sles, Light Truck Corporte Averge Fuel Economy (CAFE) Stndrds versus Sles-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimtes, Production-Weighted Annul Crbon Footprint of New Domestic nd Import Light Trucks, Model Yers Tier 3 Prticulte Mtter Emission Stndrds for Light Gsoline Vehicles, MY 2017 nd Beyond Cliforni New Cr, Light Truck nd Medium Truck Emission Certifiction Stndrds, Model Yer 2015 On Light-Duty Light-Duty Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, nd Medium-Duty Pssenger Vehicle Tier 2 Exhust Emission Stndrds Light-Duty Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, nd Medium-Duty Pssenger Vehicle Tier 2 Evportive Emission Stndrds Liquid Properties of Conventionl nd Alterntive Liquid Fuels Liquefied Petroleum Gs B20, CNG, nd LPG Vehicles Avilble by Mnufcturer, Model Yer List List of Model Yer 2015 Crs with Gs Guzzler Txes Locl Federl, Stte, nd Locl Alterntive Fuel Incentives, Federl, Stte, nd Locl Advnced Technology Incentives, Locomotive Locomotives Exhust Emission Stndrds Highwy, Nonrod, Locomotive, nd Mrine (NRLM) Diesel Fuel Sulfur Stndrds Long-Distnce Long-Distnce Trip Chrcteristics, 2001 NHTS Mjor Percentge of Trucks by Size Rnked by Mjor Use, Shre of Trucks by Mjor Use nd Primry Fueling Fcility, Mnufcturer E85 Flex-Fuel Vehicles Avilble by Mnufcturer, Model Yer B20, CNG, nd LPG Vehicles Avilble by Mnufcturer, Model Yer Hybrid-Electric Vehicles Avilble by Mnufcturer, Model Yer

427 I 31 Mnufcturer (continued) Electric-Drive Vehicles Avilble by Mnufcturer, Model Yer Electric-Drive Medium/Hevy Trucks nd Buses Avilble by Mnufcturer, Mnufcturing U.S. Employment for Motor Vehicles nd Motor Vehicle Prts Mnufcturing, Mrine Mrine Compression-Ignition (CI) Engines Exhust Emission Stndrds Mrine Sprk-Ignition Engines nd Vessels Exhust Emission Stndrds Highwy, Nonrod, Locomotive, nd Mrine (NRLM) Diesel Fuel Sulfur Stndrds Mteril Averge Mteril Consumption for Domestic Light Vehicle, Model Yers 1995, 2000, nd Mtter Totl Ntionl Emissions of Prticulte Mtter (PM 10), Emissions of Prticulte Mtter (PM 10) from Highwy Vehicles, Totl Ntionl Emissions of Prticulte Mtter (PM-2.5), Emissions of Prticulte Mtter (PM-2.5) from Highwy Vehicles, Tier 3 Prticulte Mtter Emission Stndrds for Light Gsoline Vehicles, MY 2017 nd Beyond Men Truck Hrmonic Men Fuel Economy by Size Clss, 1992, 1997, nd Mens Mens of Trnsporttion to Work, 1980, 1990, 2000 nd Medium Electric-Drive Medium/Hevy Trucks nd Buses Avilble by Mnufcturer, Cliforni New Cr, Light Truck nd Medium Truck Emission Certifiction Stndrds, Model Yer 2015 On Medium-Duty Light-Duty Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, nd Medium-Duty Pssenger Vehicle Tier 2 Exhust Emission Stndrds Light-Duty Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, nd Medium-Duty Pssenger Vehicle Tier 2 Evportive Emission Stndrds Mile Cr Operting Cost per Mile, Milege Annul Milege for Crs nd Light Trucks by Vehicle Age

428 I 32 Miles Averge Miles per Shipment in the United Sttes: Comprison of the 1997, 2002, 2007, nd 2012 Commodity Flow Surveys Averge Miles per Domestic Federl Vehicle by Vehicle Type, Averge Annul Miles per Household Vehicle by Vehicle Age Self-Reported vs. Odometer Averge Annul Miles, 1995 NPTS nd 2001 NHTS Shre of Vehicles by Annul Miles of Trvel nd Vehicle Age, 2009 NHTS Averge Dily Miles Driven (per Driver), 2009 NHTS Dily nd Annul Vehicle Miles of Trvel nd Averge Age for Ech Vehicle in Household, 2009 NHTS Dily Vehicle Miles of Trvel (per Vehicle) by Number of Vehicles in the Household, 2009 NHTS Annul Vehicle Miles of Trvel for Ech Vehicle in Household, 2009 NHTS Dily Vehicle Miles of Trvel for Ech Vehicle in Household, 2009 NHTS Mode Highwy Trnsporttion Petroleum Consumption by Mode, Nonhighwy Trnsporttion Petroleum Consumption by Mode, Trnsporttion Petroleum Use by Mode, Domestic Consumption of Trnsporttion Energy by Mode nd Fuel Type, Domestic Consumption of Trnsporttion Energy by Mode nd Fuel Type, Trnsporttion Energy Use by Mode, Highwy Trnsporttion Energy Consumption by Mode, Nonhighwy Trnsporttion Energy Consumption by Mode, Trnsporttion Crbon Dioxide Emissions by Mode, Model Off-Highwy Trnsporttion-Relted Fuel Consumption from the Nonrod Model, Hevy Truck Scrppge nd Survivl Rtes, 1970, 1980, nd 1990 Model Yers Production, Production Shres, nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Definition of Cr Sport Utility Vehicles in Model Yer Production, Production Shres, nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Light Trucks, Model Yers Production nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Light Trucks nd Light Vehicles, Model Yers Light Vehicle Production Shres, Model Yers Light Vehicle Production Shres, Model Yers Production-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Production-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic nd Import Light Trucks, Model Yers Production-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Averge Mteril Consumption for Domestic Light Vehicle, Model Yers 1995, 2000, nd Fuel Economy nd Crbon Dioxide Trgets for Model Yer

429 I 33 Model (continued) List of Model Yer 2015 Crs with Gs Guzzler Txes Fuel Economy by Speed, Autonomie Model Results Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984, 1997, nd 2012 Studies nd Autonomie Model Results E85 Flex-Fuel Vehicles Avilble by Mnufcturer, Model Yer B20, CNG, nd LPG Vehicles Avilble by Mnufcturer, Model Yer Hybrid-Electric Vehicles Avilble by Mnufcturer, Model Yer Electric-Drive Vehicles Avilble by Mnufcturer, Model Yer GREET Model GREET Model Feedstocks nd Fuels Production-Weighted Annul Crbon Footprint of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Production-Weighted Annul Crbon Footprint of New Domestic nd Import Light Trucks, Model Yers Averge Annul Crbon Footprint of New Vehicles by Vehicle Clssifiction, Model Yers 1975 nd Cliforni New Cr, Light Truck nd Medium Truck Emission Certifiction Stndrds, Model Yer 2015 On Models Number of Alterntive Fuel Vehicle Models Avilble, Modes Energy Intensities of Highwy Pssenger Modes, Energy Intensities of Nonhighwy Pssenger Modes, Energy Intensities of Freight Modes, Nonhighwy Modes Motor Retil Prices for Motor Fuel, Federl Excise Txes on Motor Fuels, U.S. Employment for Motor Vehicles nd Motor Vehicle Prts Mnufcturing, Ntionl Summry Sttistics for the Ntionl Rilrod Pssenger Corportion (Amtrk), Totl Ntionl Emissions of the Criteri Air Pollutnts by Sector, Totl Ntionl Emissions of Crbon Monoxide, Totl Ntionl Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, Totl Ntionl Emissions of Voltile Orgnic Compounds, Totl Ntionl Emissions of Prticulte Mtter (PM 10), Totl Ntionl Emissions of Prticulte Mtter (PM-2.5), Totl Ntionl Emissions of Sulfur Dioxide, Nturl Proved Reserves of Crude Oil nd Nturl Gs, World Nturl Gs Reserves, Production, nd Consumption,

430 I 34 Nturl (continued) World Nturl Gs Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, World Nturl Gs Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, 1980, 1993 nd World Nturl Gs Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, Nturl Gs Production nd Reserves for the Top Ten Nturl Gs Producing Countries, Net Fuel Ethnol nd Biodiesel Production, Net Imports, nd Consumption, New New Retil Vehicle Sles, New Retil Cr Sles in the United Sttes, New Retil Sles of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW nd Less in the United Sttes, Production, Production Shres, nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Production, Production Shres, nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Light Trucks, Model Yers Production nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Light Trucks nd Light Vehicles, Model Yers Production-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Production-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic nd Import Light Trucks, Model Yers Production-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers New Light Vehicle Delerships nd Sles, The Gs Guzzler Tx on New Crs New Retil Truck Sles by Gross Vehicle Weight, Averge Price of New Cr, Averge Price of New Cr (Domestic nd Import), Production-Weighted Annul Crbon Footprint of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Production-Weighted Annul Crbon Footprint of New Domestic nd Import Light Trucks, Model Yers Averge Annul Crbon Footprint of New Vehicles by Vehicle Clssifiction, Model Yers 1975 nd Cliforni New Cr, Light Truck nd Medium Truck Emission Certifiction Stndrds, Model Yer 2015 On New York City New York City Driving Cycle NHTS Demogrphic Sttistics from the 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS nd 2001, 2009 NHTS Averge Annul Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips nd Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS nd 2001, 2009 NHTS...8 8

431 I 35 NHTS (continued) Averge Number of Vehicles nd Vehicle Trvel per Household, 1990 NPTS nd 2001 nd 2009 NHTS Trip Sttistics by Trip Purpose, 2001 nd 2009 NHTS Averge Vehicle Occupncy by Vehicle Type, 1995 NPTS nd 2009 NHTS Averge Vehicle Occupncy by Trip Purpose, 1977 NPTS nd 2009 NHTS Self-Reported vs. Odometer Averge Annul Miles, 1995 NPTS nd 2001 NHTS Shre of Vehicle Trips by Trip Distnce, 2009 NHTS Shre of Vehicle Trips to Work by Trip Distnce, 2009 NHTS Shre of Vehicles by Annul Miles of Trvel nd Vehicle Age, 2009 NHTS Averge Dily Miles Driven (per Driver), 2009 NHTS Household Vehicle Trips, 2009 NHTS Dily nd Annul Vehicle Miles of Trvel nd Averge Age for Ech Vehicle in Household, 2009 NHTS Dily Vehicle Miles of Trvel (per Vehicle) by Number of Vehicles in the Household, 2009 NHTS Annul Vehicle Miles of Trvel for Ech Vehicle in Household, 2009 NHTS Wlk nd Bike Trips by Trip Purpose, 2009 NHTS Long-Distnce Trip Chrcteristics, 2001 NHTS Nitrogen Oxide Totl Ntionl Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Highwy Vehicles, Tier 3 Non-Methne Orgnic Gses nd Nitrogen Oxide Stndrds No. 2 Diesel Refiner Sles Prices for Propne nd No. 2 Diesel, Nonhighwy Nonhighwy Trnsporttion Petroleum Consumption by Mode, Nonhighwy Trnsporttion Energy Consumption by Mode, Energy Intensities of Nonhighwy Pssenger Modes, Nonhighwy Modes Nonhighwy Energy Use Shres, Non-Methne Tier 3 Non-Methne Orgnic Gses nd Nitrogen Oxide Stndrds Nonrod Off-Highwy Trnsporttion-Relted Fuel Consumption from the Nonrod Model, Nonrod Compression-Ignition Engines Exhust Emission Stndrds Nonrod Lrge Sprk-Ignition Engines Exhust nd Evportive Emission Stndrds Nonrod Recretionl Engines nd Vehicles Exhust Emission Stndrds Highwy, Nonrod, Locomotive, nd Mrine (NRLM) Diesel Fuel Sulfur Stndrds

432 I 36 NPTS Demogrphic Sttistics from the 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS nd 2001, 2009 NHTS Averge Annul Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips nd Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS nd 2001, 2009 NHTS Averge Number of Vehicles nd Vehicle Trvel per Household, 1990 NPTS nd 2001 nd 2009 NHTS Averge Vehicle Occupncy by Vehicle Type, 1995 NPTS nd 2009 NHTS Averge Vehicle Occupncy by Trip Purpose, 1977 NPTS nd 2009 NHTS Self-Reported vs. Odometer Averge Annul Miles, 1995 NPTS nd 2001 NHTS NRLM Highwy, Nonrod, Locomotive, nd Mrine (NRLM) Diesel Fuel Sulfur Stndrds Number Representtive Number Five Driving Cycle Number of Alterntive Fuel Vehicle Models Avilble, Number of Alterntive Refuel Sites by Stte nd Fuel Type, Number of Alterntive Refuel Sttions, Averge Number of Vehicles nd Vehicle Trvel per Household, 1990 NPTS nd 2001 nd 2009 NHTS Dily Vehicle Miles of Trvel (per Vehicle) by Number of Vehicles in the Household, 2009 NHTS Numericl Numericl Estimtes of Globl Wrming Potentils Compred with Crbon Dioxide Occupncy Averge Vehicle Occupncy by Vehicle Type, 1995 NPTS nd 2009 NHTS Averge Vehicle Occupncy by Trip Purpose, 1977 NPTS nd 2009 NHTS Odometer Self-Reported vs. Odometer Averge Annul Miles, 1995 NPTS nd 2001 NHTS Off-Highwy Off-Highwy Trnsporttion-Relted Fuel Consumption from the Nonrod Model, Oil Proved Reserves of Crude Oil nd Nturl Gs, World Crude Oil Production, World Oil Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, World Oil Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, World Oil Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, 1980, 1993 nd World Oil Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, Imported Crude Oil by Country of Origin,

433 I 37 Oil (continued) Crude Oil Supplies, U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil nd Petroleum Products, U.S. Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from Brrel of Crude Oil, Prices for Brrel of Crude Oil nd Gllon of Gsoline, Oil Price nd Economic Growth, Costs of Oil Dependence to the U.S. Economy, On-Rod Distribution of Clss 8 Trucks by On-Rod Vehicle Weight, Operting Cr Operting Cost per Mile, Fixed Cr Operting Costs per Yer, Opertion Crs in Opertion by Age, 1970, 2000, nd Trucks in Opertion by Age, 1970, 2000, nd Opertions Summry Sttistics for Commuter Ril Opertions, Summry Sttistics for Ril Trnsit Opertions, Orgnic Totl Ntionl Emissions of Voltile Orgnic Compounds, Emissions of Voltile Orgnic Compounds from Highwy Vehicles, Tier 3 Non-Methne Orgnic Gses nd Nitrogen Oxide Stndrds Origin Imported Crude Oil by Country of Origin, Other Vehicles per Thousnd People: U.S. (Over Time) Compred to Other Countries (in 2004 nd 2014) Output Refinery Gross Output by World Region, 2005 nd Over Vehicles per Thousnd People: U.S. (Over Time) Compred to Other Countries (in 2004 nd 2014) Ownership Household Vehicle Ownership, Census Oxygente Alterntive Fuel nd Oxygente Consumption,

434 I 38 Prticulte Totl Ntionl Emissions of Prticulte Mtter (PM 10), Emissions of Prticulte Mtter (PM 10) from Highwy Vehicles, Totl Ntionl Emissions of Prticulte Mtter (PM-2.5), Emissions of Prticulte Mtter (PM-2.5) from Highwy Vehicles, Tier 3 Prticulte Mtter Emission Stndrds for Light Gsoline Vehicles, MY 2017 nd Beyond Prts U.S. Employment for Motor Vehicles nd Motor Vehicle Prts Mnufcturing, Pssenger Pssenger Trvel nd Energy Use, Energy Intensities of Highwy Pssenger Modes, Energy Intensities of Nonhighwy Pssenger Modes, Summry Sttistics for the Ntionl Rilrod Pssenger Corportion (Amtrk), Light-Duty Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, nd Medium-Duty Pssenger Vehicle Tier 2 Exhust Emission Stndrds Light-Duty Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, nd Medium-Duty Pssenger Vehicle Tier 2 Evportive Emission Stndrds People Vehicles per Thousnd People: U.S. (Over Time) Compred to Other Countries (in 2004 nd 2014) Vehicles per Thousnd People in Selected Countries/Regions, 2004 nd Vehicles per Thousnd People in the United Sttes, per Cpit Vehicles nd Vehicle-Miles per Cpit, Percent Clss 8 Truck Percent of Totl Fuel Consumed s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion Percentge Percentge of Trucks by Size Rnked by Mjor Use, Percentge of Trucks by Fleet Size nd Primry Fueling Fcility, Clss 8 Truck Fuel Economy s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion nd Percentge of Totl Distnce Trveled s Function of Speed Personl Personl Consumption Expenditures,

435 I 39 Petroleum Petroleum World Petroleum Production, World Petroleum Consumption, U.S. Petroleum Imports, U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil nd Petroleum Products, U.S. Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from Brrel of Crude Oil, United Sttes Petroleum Production, Imports, nd Exports, Petroleum Production nd Trnsporttion Petroleum Consumption in Context, United Sttes Petroleum Production nd Consumption All Sectors, United Sttes Petroleum Production nd Trnsporttion Consumption, Consumption of Petroleum by End-Use Sector, Highwy Trnsporttion Petroleum Consumption by Mode, Nonhighwy Trnsporttion Petroleum Consumption by Mode, Trnsporttion Petroleum Use by Mode, Plug-In Hybrid nd Plug-In Vehicle Sles, PM-10 Totl Ntionl Emissions of Prticulte Mtter (PM 10), Emissions of Prticulte Mtter (PM 10) from Highwy Vehicles, PM-2.5 Totl Ntionl Emissions of Prticulte Mtter (PM-2.5), Emissions of Prticulte Mtter (PM-2.5) from Highwy Vehicles, Pollutnts Criteri Pollutnts Totl Ntionl Emissions of the Criteri Air Pollutnts by Sector, Popultion Popultion nd Vehicle Profile, Potentil U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gses, Bsed on Globl Wrming Potentil, Potentils Numericl Estimtes of Globl Wrming Potentils Compred with Crbon Dioxide Pounds Distribution of Trucks over 26,000 lbs. by Vehicle-Miles Trveled New Retil Sles of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW nd Less in the United Sttes,

436 I 40 Price Oil Price nd Economic Growth, Averge Price of New Cr, Averge Price of New Cr (Domestic nd Import), Consumer Price Indices, Prices Gsoline Prices for Selected Countries, Diesel Fuel Prices for Selected Countries, Gsoline Prices for Selected Countries, 1990 nd Diesel Prices for Selected Countries, 1990 nd Prices for Brrel of Crude Oil nd Gllon of Gsoline, Retil Prices for Motor Fuel, Refiner Sles Prices for Propne nd No. 2 Diesel, Refiner Sles Prices for Avition Gsoline nd Jet Fuel, Primry World Consumption of Primry Energy, Percentge of Trucks by Fleet Size nd Primry Fueling Fcility, Shre of Trucks by Mjor Use nd Primry Fueling Fcility, Producing Nturl Gs Production nd Reserves for the Top Ten Nturl Gs Producing Countries, Production World Crude Oil Production, World Petroleum Production, World Oil Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, World Oil Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, World Oil Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, 1980, 1993 nd World Oil Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, United Sttes Petroleum Production, Imports, nd Exports, Petroleum Production nd Trnsporttion Petroleum Consumption in Context, United Sttes Petroleum Production nd Consumption All Sectors, United Sttes Petroleum Production nd Trnsporttion Consumption, World Nturl Gs Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, World Nturl Gs Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, World Nturl Gs Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, 1980, 1993 nd World Nturl Gs Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, Nturl Gs Production nd Reserves for the Top Ten Nturl Gs Producing Countries, Fuel Ethnol nd Biodiesel Production, Net Imports, nd Consumption, World Production of Crs nd Trucks, 2000 nd World Cr Production, World Truck nd Bus Production,

437 I 41 Production (continued) Production, Production Shres, nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Production, Production Shres, nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Light Trucks, Model Yers Production nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Light Trucks nd Light Vehicles, Model Yers Light Vehicle Production Shres, Model Yers Light Vehicle Production Shres, Model Yers Production-Weighted Production, Production Shres, nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Production, Production Shres, nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Light Trucks, Model Yers Production nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Light Trucks nd Light Vehicles, Model Yers Production-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Production-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic nd Import Light Trucks, Model Yers Production-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Production-Weighted Annul Crbon Footprint of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Production-Weighted Annul Crbon Footprint of New Domestic nd Import Light Trucks, Model Yers Products U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil nd Petroleum Products, U.S. Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from Brrel of Crude Oil, Profile Popultion nd Vehicle Profile, Propne Refiner Sles Prices for Propne nd No. 2 Diesel, Properties Properties of Conventionl nd Alterntive Liquid Fuels Properties of Conventionl nd Alterntive Gseous Fuels Proved Proved Reserves of Crude Oil nd Nturl Gs, Purpose Trip Sttistics by Trip Purpose, 2001 nd 2009 NHTS Averge Vehicle Occupncy by Trip Purpose, 1977 NPTS nd 2009 NHTS Wlk nd Bike Trips by Trip Purpose, 2009 NHTS

438 I 42 Ril Energy Intensity of Light Ril Trnsit Systems, Energy Intensity of Commuter Ril Systems, Energy Intensity of Hevy Ril Systems, Intermodl Ril Trffic, Summry Sttistics for Commuter Ril Opertions, Summry Sttistics for Ril Trnsit Opertions, Rilrod Clss I Rilrod Freight Systems in the United Sttes Rnked by Revenue Ton Miles, Summry Sttistics for the Ntionl Rilrod Pssenger Corportion (Amtrk), Rilrods Summry Sttistics for Clss I Freight Rilrods, Rnked Percentge of Trucks by Size Rnked by Mjor Use, Clss I Rilrod Freight Systems in the United Sttes Rnked by Revenue Ton Miles, Rtes Survivl Rtes for Crs nd Light Trucks by Vehicle Age Hevy Truck Scrppge nd Survivl Rtes, 1970, 1980, nd 1990 Model Yers Receipts Tx Receipts from the Sle of Gs Guzzlers, Recretionl Recretionl Bot Energy Use, Nonrod Recretionl Engines nd Vehicles Exhust Emission Stndrds Refiner Refiner Sles Prices for Propne nd No. 2 Diesel, Refiner Sles Prices for Avition Gsoline nd Jet Fuel, Refinery Refinery Gross Output by World Region, 2005 nd U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil nd Petroleum Products, U.S. Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from Brrel of Crude Oil, Refuel Number of Alterntive Refuel Sites by Stte nd Fuel Type, Number of Alterntive Refuel Sttions,

439 I 43 Refueling Conventionl Refueling Sttions, Region Refinery Gross Output by World Region, 2005 nd Regions Vehicles per Thousnd People in Selected Countries/Regions, 2004 nd Registrtions Cr Registrtions for Selected Countries, Truck nd Bus Registrtions for Selected Countries, Representtive Representtive Number Five Driving Cycle Reserves Proved Reserves of Crude Oil nd Nturl Gs, World Oil Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, World Oil Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, World Oil Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, 1980, 1993 nd World Oil Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, World Nturl Gs Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, World Nturl Gs Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, World Nturl Gs Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, 1980, 1993 nd World Nturl Gs Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, Nturl Gs Production nd Reserves for the Top Ten Nturl Gs Producing Countries, Response Summry Sttistics on Demnd Response Vehicles, Results Fuel Economy by Speed, Autonomie Model Results Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984, 1997, nd 2012 Studies nd Autonomie Model Results Exmple of Differing Results Using the U.S., Europen, nd Jpnese Driving Cycles Retil New Retil Vehicle Sles, New Retil Cr Sles in the United Sttes, New Retil Sles of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW nd Less in the United Sttes, New Retil Truck Sles by Gross Vehicle Weight, Retil Prices for Motor Fuel,

440 I 44 Revenue Clss I Rilrod Freight Systems in the United Sttes Rnked by Revenue Ton Miles, Route Summry Sttistics for U.S. Domestic nd Interntionl Certificted Route Air Crriers (Combined Totls), Sle Tx Receipts from the Sle of Gs Guzzlers, Sles New Retil Vehicle Sles, New Light Vehicle Delerships nd Sles, Sles Estimtes of Clss 1, Clss 2, nd Clss 2b Light Trucks, New Retil Cr Sles in the United Sttes, New Retil Sles of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW nd Less in the United Sttes, New Retil Truck Sles by Gross Vehicle Weight, Hybrid nd Plug-In Vehicle Sles, Bicycle Sles, Refiner Sles Prices for Propne nd No. 2 Diesel, Refiner Sles Prices for Avition Gsoline nd Jet Fuel, Sles-Weighted Cr Corporte Averge Fuel Economy (CAFE) Stndrds versus Sles-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimtes, Light Truck Corporte Averge Fuel Economy (CAFE) Stndrds versus Sles-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimtes, SC03 Air Conditioning (SC03) Driving Cycle Scrppge Hevy Truck Scrppge nd Survivl Rtes, 1970, 1980, nd 1990 Model Yers Sector Consumption of Petroleum by End-Use Sector, U.S. Consumption of Totl Energy by End-Use Sector, Totl U.S. Greenhouse Gs Emissions by End-Use Sector, U.S. Crbon Emissions from Fossil Fuel Consumption by End-Use Sector, Trnsporttion Sector Crbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Consumption, U.S. Crbon Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion in the Trnsporttion End-Use Sector, Totl Ntionl Emissions of the Criteri Air Pollutnts by Sector,

441 I 45 Sectors United Sttes Petroleum Production nd Consumption All Sectors, Selected Cr Registrtions for Selected Countries, Truck nd Bus Registrtions for Selected Countries, Vehicles per Thousnd People in Selected Countries/Regions, 2004 nd Shre of Hevy Trucks with Selected Electronic Fetures, Gsoline Prices for Selected Countries, Diesel Fuel Prices for Selected Countries, Gsoline Prices for Selected Countries, 1990 nd Diesel Prices for Selected Countries, 1990 nd Self-Reported Self-Reported vs. Odometer Averge Annul Miles, 1995 NPTS nd 2001 NHTS Service Fleet Vehicles in Service s of Jnury 1, Fleet Vehicles in Service, Averge Length of Time Commercil Fleet Vehicles Are in Service, Services Trnsporttion Services Index, Jnury 1990 Jnury Shre Shre of Trucks by Mjor Use nd Primry Fueling Fcility, Shre of Hevy Trucks with Selected Electronic Fetures, Shre of Vehicle Trips by Trip Distnce, 2009 NHTS Shre of Vehicle Trips to Work by Trip Distnce, 2009 NHTS Shre of Vehicles by Annul Miles of Trvel nd Vehicle Age, 2009 NHTS Shres Shres of Highwy Vehicle-Miles Trveled by Vehicle Type, Production, Production Shres, nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Production, Production Shres, nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Light Trucks, Model Yers Light Vehicle Production Shres, Model Yers Light Vehicle Production Shres, Model Yers Nonhighwy Energy Use Shres, Shipment Averge Miles per Shipment in the United Sttes: Comprison of the 1997, 2002, 2007, nd 2012 Commodity Flow Surveys Single-Unit Summry Sttistics for Clss 3-8 Single-Unit Trucks,

442 I 46 Sites Number of Alterntive Refuel Sites by Stte nd Fuel Type, Size Production-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Production-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic nd Import Light Trucks, Model Yers Truck Hrmonic Men Fuel Economy by Size Clss, 1992, 1997, nd Truck Sttistics by Size, Percentge of Trucks by Size Rnked by Mjor Use, Percentge of Trucks by Fleet Size nd Primry Fueling Fcility, Source Distribution of Energy Consumption by Source, 1973 nd Distribution of Trnsporttion Energy Consumption by Source, Sprk-Ignition Hevy-Duty Highwy Sprk-Ignition Engines Exhust Emission Stndrds Hevy-Duty Highwy Compression-Ignition nd Sprk-Ignition Engines Evportive Emission Stndrds Nonrod Lrge Sprk-Ignition Engines Exhust nd Evportive Emission Stndrds Mrine Sprk-Ignition Engines nd Vessels Exhust Emission Stndrds Speed Fuel Economy by Speed, Autonomie Model Results Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984, 1997, nd 2012 Studies Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984, 1997, nd 2012 Studies nd Autonomie Model Results High Speed (US06) Driving Cycle Fuel Economy for Clss 8 Trucks s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion Clss 8 Truck Fuel Economy s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion nd Percentge of Totl Distnce Trveled s Function of Speed Clss 8 Truck Percent of Totl Fuel Consumed s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion Sport Definition of Cr Sport Utility Vehicles in Model Yer Stndrds Fuel Economy nd Crbon Dioxide Emissions Stndrds, MY Cr Corporte Averge Fuel Economy (CAFE) Stndrds versus Sles-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimtes, Light Truck Corporte Averge Fuel Economy (CAFE) Stndrds versus Sles-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimtes,

443 I 47 Stndrds (continued) Tier 3 Non-Methne Orgnic Gses nd Nitrogen Oxide Stndrds Tier 3 Evportive Emission Stndrds Tier 3 Prticulte Mtter Emission Stndrds for Light Gsoline Vehicles, MY 2017 nd Beyond Light-Duty Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, nd Medium-Duty Pssenger Vehicle Tier 2 Exhust Emission Stndrds Light-Duty Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, nd Medium-Duty Pssenger Vehicle Tier 2 Evportive Emission Stndrds Hevy-Duty Highwy Compression-Ignition Engines nd Urbn Buses Exhust Emission Stndrds Hevy-Duty Highwy Sprk-Ignition Engines Exhust Emission Stndrds Hevy-Duty Highwy Compression-Ignition nd Sprk-Ignition Engines Evportive Emission Stndrds Cliforni New Cr, Light Truck nd Medium Truck Emission Certifiction Stndrds, Model Yer 2015 On Aircrft Exhust Emission Stndrds Nonrod Compression-Ignition Engines Exhust Emission Stndrds Nonrod Lrge Sprk-Ignition Engines Exhust nd Evportive Emission Stndrds Locomotives Exhust Emission Stndrds Mrine Compression-Ignition (CI) Engines Exhust Emission Stndrds Mrine Sprk-Ignition Engines nd Vessels Exhust Emission Stndrds Nonrod Recretionl Engines nd Vehicles Exhust Emission Stndrds Gsoline Sulfur Stndrds Highwy, Nonrod, Locomotive, nd Mrine (NRLM) Diesel Fuel Sulfur Stndrds Stte Number of Alterntive Refuel Sites by Stte nd Fuel Type, Federl, Stte, nd Locl Alterntive Fuel Incentives, Federl, Stte, nd Locl Advnced Technology Incentives, Sttions Conventionl Refueling Sttions, Number of Alterntive Refuel Sttions, Sttistics Summry Sttistics for Crs, Summry Sttistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, Summry Sttistics for Light Vehicles, Summry Sttistics on Clss 1, Clss 2, nd Clss 2b Light Trucks Summry Sttistics for Clss 3-8 Single-Unit Trucks, Summry Sttistics for Clss 7-8 Combintion Trucks, Truck Sttistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Clss, Truck Sttistics by Size, Summry Sttistics on Demnd Response Vehicles, Summry Sttistics on Trnsit Buses nd Trolleybuses,

444 I 48 Sttistics (continued) Demogrphic Sttistics from the 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS nd 2001, 2009 NHTS Trip Sttistics by Trip Purpose, 2001 nd 2009 NHTS Summry Sttistics for U.S. Domestic nd Interntionl Certificted Route Air Crriers (Combined Totls), Summry Sttistics for Generl Avition, Tonnge Sttistics for Domestic nd Interntionl Wterborne Commerce, Summry Sttistics for Domestic Wterborne Commerce, Summry Sttistics for Clss I Freight Rilrods, Summry Sttistics for the Ntionl Rilrod Pssenger Corportion (Amtrk), Summry Sttistics for Commuter Ril Opertions, Summry Sttistics for Ril Trnsit Opertions, Studies Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984, 1997, nd 2012 Studies Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984, 1997, nd 2012 Studies nd Autonomie Model Results Sulfur Gsoline Sulfur Stndrds Highwy, Nonrod, Locomotive, nd Mrine (NRLM) Diesel Fuel Sulfur Stndrds Sulfur Dioxide... Totl Ntionl Emissions of Sulfur Dioxide, Summry Summry Sttistics for Crs, Summry Sttistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, Summry Sttistics for Light Vehicles, Summry Sttistics on Clss 1, Clss 2, nd Clss 2b Light Trucks Summry Sttistics for Clss 3-8 Single-Unit Trucks, Summry Sttistics for Clss 7-8 Combintion Trucks, Summry Sttistics on Demnd Response Vehicles, Summry Sttistics on Trnsit Buses nd Trolleybuses, Summry Sttistics for U.S. Domestic nd Interntionl Certificted Route Air Crriers (Combined Totls), Summry Sttistics for Generl Avition, Summry Sttistics for Domestic Wterborne Commerce, Summry Sttistics for Clss I Freight Rilrods, Summry Sttistics for the Ntionl Rilrod Pssenger Corportion (Amtrk), Summry Sttistics for Commuter Ril Opertions, Summry Sttistics for Ril Trnsit Opertions,

445 I 49 Supplies Crude Oil Supplies, Surveys Vlue of Goods in the United Sttes: Comprison of the 1997, 2002, 2007, nd 2012 Commodity Flow Surveys Tons of Freight in the United Sttes: Comprison of the 1997, 2002, 2007, nd 2012 Commodity Flow Surveys Growth of Ton-Miles in the United Sttes: Comprison of the 1997, 2002, 2007, nd 2012 Commodity Flow Surveys Averge Miles per Shipment in the United Sttes: Comprison of the 1997, 2002, 2007, nd 2012 Commodity Flow Surveys Survivl Survivl Rtes for Crs nd Light Trucks by Vehicle Age Hevy Truck Scrppge nd Survivl Rtes, 1970, 1980, nd 1990 Model Yers Systems Clss I Rilrod Freight Systems in the United Sttes Rnked by Revenue Ton Miles, Energy Intensity of Light Ril Trnsit Systems, Energy Intensity of Commuter Ril Systems, Energy Intensity of Hevy Ril Systems, Trgets Fuel Economy nd Crbon Dioxide Trgets for Model Yer Tx The Gs Guzzler Tx on New Crs Tx Receipts from the Sle of Gs Guzzlers, Txes List of Model Yer 2015 Crs with Gs Guzzler Txes Federl Excise Txes on Motor Fuels, Technologies Alterntive Fuel nd Advnced Technology Vehicles nd Chrcteristics Well-to-Wheel Emissions for Vrious Fuels nd Vehicle Technologies Technology Federl, Stte, nd Locl Advnced Technology Incentives, Temperture Cold Temperture (Cold FTP) Driving Cycle Ten Nturl Gs Production nd Reserves for the Top Ten Nturl Gs Producing Countries,

446 I 50 Terrin Effect of Terrin on Clss 8 Truck Fuel Economy Thousnd Vehicles per Thousnd People: U.S. (Over Time) Compred to Other Countries (in 2004 nd 2014) Vehicles per Thousnd People in Selected Countries/Regions, 2004 nd Vehicles per Thousnd People in the United Sttes, Tier 2 Light-Duty Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, nd Medium-Duty Pssenger Vehicle Tier 2 Exhust Emission Stndrds Light-Duty Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, nd Medium-Duty Pssenger Vehicle Tier 2 Evportive Emission Stndrds Tier 3 Tier 3 Non-Methne Orgnic Gses nd Nitrogen Oxide Stndrds Tier 3 Evportive Emission Stndrds Tier 3 Prticulte Mtter Emission Stndrds for Light Gsoline Vehicles, MY 2017 nd Beyond Time Vehicles per Thousnd People: U.S. (Over Time) Compred to Other Countries (in 2004 nd 2014) Averge Length of Time Commercil Fleet Vehicles Are in Service, Workers by Commute Time, 1990, 2000, nd Tire Fuel Economy for Clss 8 Trucks s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion Clss 8 Truck Fuel Economy s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion nd Percentge of Totl Distnce Trveled s Function of Speed Clss 8 Truck Percent of Totl Fuel Consumed s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion Ton-Miles Growth of Ton-Miles in the United Sttes: Comprison of the 1997, 2002, 2007, nd 2012 Commodity Flow Surveys Clss I Rilrod Freight Systems in the United Sttes Rnked by Revenue Ton Miles, Tonnge Tonnge Sttistics for Domestic nd Interntionl Wterborne Commerce,

447 I 51 Tons Tons of Freight in the United Sttes: Comprison of the 1997, 2002, 2007, nd 2012 Commodity Flow Surveys Top Nturl Gs Production nd Reserves for the Top Ten Nturl Gs Producing Countries, Totl U.S. Consumption of Totl Energy by End-Use Sector, Clss 8 Truck Fuel Economy s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion nd Percentge of Totl Distnce Trveled s Function of Speed Clss 8 Truck Percent of Totl Fuel Consumed s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion Totl U.S. Greenhouse Gs Emissions by End-Use Sector, Totl Ntionl Emissions of the Criteri Air Pollutnts by Sector, Totl Ntionl Emissions of Crbon Monoxide, Totl Ntionl Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, Totl Ntionl Emissions of Voltile Orgnic Compounds, Totl Ntionl Emissions of Prticulte Mtter (PM 10), Totl Ntionl Emissions of Prticulte Mtter (PM-2.5), Totl Ntionl Emissions of Sulfur Dioxide, Totls Summry Sttistics for U.S. Domestic nd Interntionl Certificted Route Air Crriers (Combined Totls), Trctor-Triler Fuel Economy for Clss 8 Trucks s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion Clss 8 Truck Fuel Economy s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion nd Percentge of Totl Distnce Trveled s Function of Speed Clss 8 Truck Percent of Totl Fuel Consumed s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion Trffic Intermodl Ril Trffic, Trnsit Energy Intensity of Light Ril Trnsit Systems, Alterntive Fuel Trnsit Vehicles, Summry Sttistics on Trnsit Buses nd Trolleybuses, Summry Sttistics for Ril Trnsit Opertions,

448 I 52 Trnsporttion Petroleum Production nd Trnsporttion Petroleum Consumption in Context, United Sttes Petroleum Production nd Trnsporttion Consumption, Highwy Trnsporttion Petroleum Consumption by Mode, Nonhighwy Trnsporttion Petroleum Consumption by Mode, Trnsporttion Petroleum Use by Mode, Distribution of Trnsporttion Energy Consumption by Source, Domestic Consumption of Trnsporttion Energy by Mode nd Fuel Type, Domestic Consumption of Trnsporttion Energy by Mode nd Fuel Type, Trnsporttion Energy Use by Mode, Highwy Trnsporttion Energy Consumption by Mode, Nonhighwy Trnsporttion Energy Consumption by Mode, Off-Highwy Trnsporttion-Relted Fuel Consumption from the Nonrod Model, Annul Household Expenditures for Trnsporttion, Mens of Trnsporttion to Work, 1980, 1990, 2000 nd Trnsporttion nd the Economy Trnsporttion Services Index, Jnury 1990 Jnury Trnsporttion-Relted Employment, 2000 nd Trnsporttion Sector Crbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Consumption, U.S. Crbon Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion in the Trnsporttion End-Use Sector, Trnsporttion Crbon Dioxide Emissions by Mode, Crbon Content of Trnsporttion Fuels Trvel Pssenger Trvel nd Energy Use, Averge Annul Vehicle-Miles of Trvel for Commercil Fleet Vehicles, Averge Number of Vehicles nd Vehicle Trvel per Household, 1990 NPTS nd 2001 nd 2009 NHTS Shre of Vehicles by Annul Miles of Trvel nd Vehicle Age, 2009 NHTS Dily nd Annul Vehicle Miles of Trvel nd Averge Age for Ech Vehicle in Household, 2009 NHTS Dily Vehicle Miles of Trvel (per Vehicle) by Number of Vehicles in the Household, 2009 NHTS Annul Vehicle Miles of Trvel for Ech Vehicle in Household, 2009 NHTS Dily Vehicle Miles of Trvel for Ech Vehicle in Household, 2009 NHTS Trveled Shres of Highwy Vehicle-Miles Trveled by Vehicle Type, Distribution of Trucks over 26,000 lbs. by Vehicle-Miles Trveled Clss 8 Truck Fuel Economy s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion nd Percentge of Totl Distnce Trveled s Function of Speed

449 I 53 Trip Averge Annul Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips nd Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS nd 2001, 2009 NHTS Trip Sttistics by Trip Purpose, 2001 nd 2009 NHTS Averge Vehicle Occupncy by Trip Purpose, 1977 NPTS nd 2009 NHTS Shre of Vehicle Trips by Trip Distnce, 2009 NHTS Shre of Vehicle Trips to Work by Trip Distnce, 2009 NHTS Wlk nd Bike Trips by Trip Purpose, 2009 NHTS Long-Distnce Trip Chrcteristics, 2001 NHTS Trips Averge Annul Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips nd Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS nd 2001, 2009 NHTS Shre of Vehicle Trips by Trip Distnce, 2009 NHTS Shre of Vehicle Trips to Work by Trip Distnce, 2009 NHTS Household Vehicle Trips, 2009 NHTS Wlk nd Bike Trips by Trip Purpose, 2009 NHTS Trolleybuses Summry Sttistics on Trnsit Buses nd Trolleybuses, Truck World Truck nd Bus Production, Truck nd Bus Registrtions for Selected Countries, Hevy Truck Scrppge nd Survivl Rtes, 1970, 1980, nd 1990 Model Yers Light Truck Corporte Averge Fuel Economy (CAFE) Stndrds versus Sles-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimtes, New Retil Truck Sles by Gross Vehicle Weight, Truck Hrmonic Men Fuel Economy by Size Clss, 1992, 1997, nd Truck Sttistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Clss, Truck Sttistics by Size, Effect of Terrin on Clss 8 Truck Fuel Economy Clss 8 Truck Fuel Economy s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion nd Percentge of Totl Distnce Trveled s Function of Speed Clss 8 Truck Percent of Totl Fuel Consumed s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion Clss 8 Truck Weight by Component Light-Duty Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, nd Medium-Duty Pssenger Vehicle Tier 2 Exhust Emission Stndrds Light-Duty Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, nd Medium-Duty Pssenger Vehicle Tier 2 Evportive Emission Stndrds Cliforni New Cr, Light Truck nd Medium Truck Emission Certifiction Stndrds, Model Yer 2015 On

450 I 54 Trucks World Production of Crs nd Trucks, 2000 nd U.S. Crs nd Trucks in Use, Trucks in Opertion by Age, 1970, 2000, nd Survivl Rtes for Crs nd Light Trucks by Vehicle Age Annul Milege for Crs nd Light Trucks by Vehicle Age Summry Sttistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, Sles Estimtes of Clss 1, Clss 2, nd Clss 2b Light Trucks, Summry Sttistics on Clss 1, Clss 2, nd Clss 2b Light Trucks New Retil Sles of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW nd Less in the United Sttes, Production, Production Shres, nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Light Trucks, Model Yers Production nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Light Trucks nd Light Vehicles, Model Yers Production-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic nd Import Light Trucks, Model Yers Summry Sttistics for Clss 3-8 Single-Unit Trucks, Summry Sttistics for Clss 7-8 Combintion Trucks, Percentge of Trucks by Size Rnked by Mjor Use, Percentge of Trucks by Fleet Size nd Primry Fueling Fcility, Shre of Trucks by Mjor Use nd Primry Fueling Fcility, Distribution of Trucks over 26,000 lbs. by Vehicle-Miles Trveled Shre of Hevy Trucks with Selected Electronic Fetures, Fuel Economy for Clss 8 Trucks s Function of Speed nd Trctor-Triler Tire Combintion Distribution of Clss 8 Trucks by On-Rod Vehicle Weight, Electric-Drive Medium/Hevy Trucks nd Buses Avilble by Mnufcturer, Production-Weighted Annul Crbon Footprint of New Domestic nd Import Light Trucks, Model Yers Two-Axle Summry Sttistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, Type Domestic Consumption of Trnsporttion Energy by Mode nd Fuel Type, Domestic Consumption of Trnsporttion Energy by Mode nd Fuel Type, Shres of Highwy Vehicle-Miles Trveled by Vehicle Type, Number of Alterntive Refuel Sites by Stte nd Fuel Type, Averge Miles per Domestic Federl Vehicle by Vehicle Type, Federl Fleet Vehicle Acquisitions by Fuel Type, FY Averge Vehicle Occupncy by Vehicle Type, 1995 NPTS nd 2009 NHTS Chrcteristics of U.S. Dily per Vehicle Driving vs. Dwelling Unit Type nd Density

451 I 55 Unit Chrcteristics of U.S. Dily per Vehicle Driving vs. Dwelling Unit Type nd Density Housing Unit Chrcteristics, United Sttes U.S. Petroleum Imports, U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil nd Petroleum Products, U.S. Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from Brrel of Crude Oil, United Sttes Petroleum Production, Imports, nd Exports, United Sttes Petroleum Production nd Consumption All Sectors, United Sttes Petroleum Production nd Trnsporttion Consumption, U.S. Consumption of Totl Energy by End-Use Sector, U.S. Crs nd Trucks in Use, Vehicles per Thousnd People: U.S. (Over Time) Compred to Other Countries (in 2004 nd 2014) Vehicles per Thousnd People in the United Sttes, U.S. Averge Vehicle Age, New Retil Cr Sles in the United Sttes, New Retil Sles of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW nd Less in the United Sttes, Comprison of U.S., Europen, nd Jpnese Driving Cycles Attributes Exmple of Differing Results Using the U.S., Europen, nd Jpnese Driving Cycles Vlue of Goods in the United Sttes: Comprison of the 1997, 2002, 2007, nd 2012 Commodity Flow Surveys Tons of Freight in the United Sttes: Comprison of the 1997, 2002, 2007, nd 2012 Commodity Flow Surveys Growth of Ton-Miles in the United Sttes: Comprison of the 1997, 2002, 2007, nd 2012 Commodity Flow Surveys Averge Miles per Shipment in the United Sttes: Comprison of the 1997, 2002, 2007, nd 2012 Commodity Flow Surveys Chrcteristics of U.S. Dily per Vehicle Driving vs. Dwelling Unit Type nd Density Summry Sttistics for U.S. Domestic nd Interntionl Certificted Route Air Crriers (Combined Totls), Clss I Rilrod Freight Systems in the United Sttes Rnked by Revenue Ton Miles, Costs of Oil Dependence to the U.S. Economy, U.S. Employment for Motor Vehicles nd Motor Vehicle Prts Mnufcturing, U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gses, Bsed on Globl Wrming Potentil, Totl U.S. Greenhouse Gs Emissions by End-Use Sector, U.S. Crbon Emissions from Fossil Fuel Consumption by End-Use Sector, U.S. Crbon Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion in the Trnsporttion End-Use Sector,

452 I 56 Urbn Hevy-Duty Highwy Compression-Ignition Engines nd Urbn Buses Exhust Emission Stndrds US06 High Speed (US06) Driving Cycle Usge Highwy Usge of Gsoline nd Diesel, Use Trnsporttion Petroleum Use by Mode, Trnsporttion Energy Use by Mode, Pssenger Trvel nd Energy Use, U.S. Crs nd Trucks in Use, Percentge of Trucks by Size Rnked by Mjor Use, Shre of Trucks by Mjor Use nd Primry Fueling Fcility, Nonhighwy Energy Use Shres, Recretionl Bot Energy Use, Utility Definition of Cr Sport Utility Vehicles in Model Yer Vlue Vlue of Goods in the United Sttes: Comprison of the 1997, 2002, 2007, nd 2012 Commodity Flow Surveys Vrious Well-to-Wheel Emissions for Vrious Fuels nd Vehicle Technologies Vehicle Shres of Highwy Vehicle-Miles Trveled by Vehicle Type, U.S. Averge Vehicle Age, New Retil Vehicle Sles, Survivl Rtes for Crs nd Light Trucks by Vehicle Age Annul Milege for Crs nd Light Trucks by Vehicle Age New Retil Sles of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW nd Less in the United Sttes, Light Vehicle Production Shres, Model Yers Light Vehicle Production Shres, Model Yers Averge Mteril Consumption for Domestic Light Vehicle, Model Yers 1995, 2000, nd New Light Vehicle Delerships nd Sles, New Retil Truck Sles by Gross Vehicle Weight, Truck Sttistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Clss, Gross Vehicle Weight vs. Empty Vehicle Weight Distribution of Clss 8 Trucks by On-Rod Vehicle Weight, Hybrid nd Plug-In Vehicle Sles,

453 I 57 Vehicle (continued) Number of Alterntive Fuel Vehicle Models Avilble, Averge Miles per Domestic Federl Vehicle by Vehicle Type, Federl Fleet Vehicle Acquisitions by Fuel Type, FY Popultion nd Vehicle Profile, Household Vehicle Ownership, Census Averge Annul Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips nd Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS nd 2001, 2009 NHTS Averge Number of Vehicles nd Vehicle Trvel per Household, 1990 NPTS nd 2001 nd 2009 NHTS Averge Vehicle Occupncy by Vehicle Type, 1995 NPTS nd 2009 NHTS Averge Vehicle Occupncy by Trip Purpose, 1977 NPTS nd 2009 NHTS Averge Annul Miles per Household Vehicle by Vehicle Age Shre of Vehicle Trips by Trip Distnce, 2009 NHTS Shre of Vehicle Trips to Work by Trip Distnce, 2009 NHTS Shre of Vehicles by Annul Miles of Trvel nd Vehicle Age, 2009 NHTS Household Vehicle Trips, 2009 NHTS Dily nd Annul Vehicle Miles of Trvel nd Averge Age for Ech Vehicle in Household, 2009 NHTS Dily Vehicle Miles of Trvel (per Vehicle) by Number of Vehicles in the Household, 2009 NHTS Annul Vehicle Miles of Trvel for Ech Vehicle in Household, 2009 NHTS Dily Vehicle Miles of Trvel for Ech Vehicle in Household, 2009 NHTS Chrcteristics of U.S. Dily per Vehicle Driving vs. Dwelling Unit Type nd Density U.S. Employment for Motor Vehicles nd Motor Vehicle Prts Mnufcturing, Well-to-Wheel Emissions for Vrious Fuels nd Vehicle Technologies Averge Annul Crbon Footprint of New Vehicles by Vehicle Clssifiction, Model Yers 1975 nd Light-Duty Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, nd Medium-Duty Pssenger Vehicle Tier 2 Exhust Emission Stndrds Light-Duty Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, nd Medium-Duty Pssenger Vehicle Tier 2 Evportive Emission Stndrds Vehicle-Miles Shres of Highwy Vehicle-Miles Trveled by Vehicle Type, Distribution of Trucks over 26,000 lbs. by Vehicle-Miles Trveled Averge Annul Vehicle-Miles of Trvel for Commercil Fleet Vehicles, Vehicles nd Vehicle-Miles per Cpit, Averge Annul Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips nd Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS nd 2001, 2009 NHTS Vehicles All Highwy Vehicles nd Chrcteristics Vehicles per Thousnd People: U.S. (Over Time) Compred to Other Countries (in 2004 nd 2014) Vehicles per Thousnd People in Selected Countries/Regions, 2004 nd

454 I 58 Vehicles (continued) Vehicles per Thousnd People in the United Sttes, Light Vehicles nd Chrcteristics Summry Sttistics for Light Vehicles, Definition of Cr Sport Utility Vehicles in Model Yer Production nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Light Trucks nd Light Vehicles, Model Yers Hevy Vehicles nd Chrcteristics Alterntive Fuel nd Advnced Technology Vehicles nd Chrcteristics Estimtes of Alterntive Fuel Highwy Vehicles Mde Avilble, Alterntive Fuel Trnsit Vehicles, E85 Flex-Fuel Vehicles Avilble by Mnufcturer, Model Yer B20, CNG, nd LPG Vehicles Avilble by Mnufcturer, Model Yer Hybrid-Electric Vehicles Avilble by Mnufcturer, Model Yer Electric-Drive Vehicles Avilble by Mnufcturer, Model Yer Fleet Vehicles nd Chrcteristics Fleet Vehicles in Service s of Jnury 1, Fleet Vehicles in Service, Averge Annul Vehicle-Miles of Trvel for Commercil Fleet Vehicles, Averge Length of Time Commercil Fleet Vehicles Are in Service, Federl Government Vehicles, Federl Government Vehicles by Agency, FY Summry Sttistics on Demnd Response Vehicles, Household Vehicles nd Chrcteristics Vehicles nd Vehicle-Miles per Cpit, Averge Number of Vehicles nd Vehicle Trvel per Household, 1990 NPTS nd 2001 nd 2009 NHTS Shre of Vehicles by Annul Miles of Trvel nd Vehicle Age, 2009 NHTS Dily Vehicle Miles of Trvel (per Vehicle) by Number of Vehicles in the Household, 2009 NHTS U.S. Employment for Motor Vehicles nd Motor Vehicle Prts Mnufcturing, Averge Annul Crbon Footprint of New Vehicles by Vehicle Clssifiction, Model Yers 1975 nd Emissions of Crbon Monoxide from Highwy Vehicles, Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Highwy Vehicles, Emissions of Voltile Orgnic Compounds from Highwy Vehicles, Emissions of Prticulte Mtter (PM 10) from Highwy Vehicles, Emissions of Prticulte Mtter (PM-2.5) from Highwy Vehicles, Tier 3 Prticulte Mtter Emission Stndrds for Light Gsoline Vehicles, MY 2017 nd Beyond Nonrod Recretionl Engines nd Vehicles Exhust Emission Stndrds Vessels Mrine Sprk-Ignition Engines nd Vessels Exhust Emission Stndrds Voltile Totl Ntionl Emissions of Voltile Orgnic Compounds, Emissions of Voltile Orgnic Compounds from Highwy Vehicles,

455 I 59 Wlk Wlk nd Bike Trips by Trip Purpose, 2009 NHTS Wrming Numericl Estimtes of Globl Wrming Potentils Compred with Crbon Dioxide U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gses, Bsed on Globl Wrming Potentil, Wterborne Tonnge Sttistics for Domestic nd Interntionl Wterborne Commerce, Summry Sttistics for Domestic Wterborne Commerce, Weight New Retil Sles of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW nd Less in the United Sttes, Production-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers New Retil Truck Sles by Gross Vehicle Weight, Truck Sttistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Clss, Clss 8 Truck Weight by Component Gross Vehicle Weight vs. Empty Vehicle Weight Distribution of Clss 8 Trucks by On-Rod Vehicle Weight, Well-to-Wheel Well-to-Wheel Emissions for Vrious Fuels nd Vehicle Technologies Work Shre of Vehicle Trips to Work by Trip Distnce, 2009 NHTS Mens of Trnsporttion to Work, 1980, 1990, 2000 nd Workers Workers by Commute Time, 1990, 2000, nd World World Crude Oil Production, World Petroleum Production, World Petroleum Consumption, World Oil Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, World Oil Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, World Oil Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, 1980, 1993 nd World Oil Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, Refinery Gross Output by World Region, 2005 nd World Consumption of Primry Energy, World Nturl Gs Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, World Nturl Gs Reserves, Production, nd Consumption,

456 I 60 World (continued) World Nturl Gs Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, 1980, 1993 nd World Nturl Gs Reserves, Production, nd Consumption, World Production of Crs nd Trucks, 2000 nd World Cr Production, World Truck nd Bus Production, World Crbon Dioxide Emissions, 1990, 2005, nd World Crbon Dioxide Emissions, Yer Definition of Cr Sport Utility Vehicles in Model Yer Fuel Economy nd Crbon Dioxide Trgets for Model Yer List of Model Yer 2015 Crs with Gs Guzzler Txes E85 Flex-Fuel Vehicles Avilble by Mnufcturer, Model Yer B20, CNG, nd LPG Vehicles Avilble by Mnufcturer, Model Yer Hybrid-Electric Vehicles Avilble by Mnufcturer, Model Yer Electric-Drive Vehicles Avilble by Mnufcturer, Model Yer Fixed Cr Operting Costs per Yer, Cliforni New Cr, Light Truck nd Medium Truck Emission Certifiction Stndrds, Model Yer 2015 On Yers Hevy Truck Scrppge nd Survivl Rtes, 1970, 1980, nd 1990 Model Yers Production, Production Shres, nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Production, Production Shres, nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Light Trucks, Model Yers Production nd Production-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Light Trucks nd Light Vehicles, Model Yers Light Vehicle Production Shres, Model Yers Light Vehicle Production Shres, Model Yers Production-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Production-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic nd Import Light Trucks, Model Yers Production-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Averge Mteril Consumption for Domestic Light Vehicle, Model Yers 1995, 2000, nd Production-Weighted Annul Crbon Footprint of New Domestic nd Import Crs, Model Yers Production-Weighted Annul Crbon Footprint of New Domestic nd Import Light Trucks, Model Yers Averge Annul Crbon Footprint of New Vehicles by Vehicle Clssifiction, Model Yers 1975 nd Yield U.S. Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from Brrel of Crude Oil,

457 USEFUL WEB SITES U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Energy Efficiency nd Renewble Energy energy.gov/eere/office-energy-efficiency-renewble-energy Vehicle Technologies Office energy.gov/eere/vehicles/vehicle-technologies-office Fuel Cells Technologies Office energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/fuel-cell-technologies-office Bioenergy Technologies Office Alterntive Fuels Dt Center Clen Cities clencities.energy.gov Trnsporttion Fct of the Week energy.gov/eere/vehicles/trnsporttion-fct-week Fuel Economy EV Everywhere energy.gov/eere/eveverywhere/ev-everywhere-ll-electric-nd-plughybrid-electric-crs Energy Informtion Administrtion OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY Center for Trnsporttion Anlysis ct.ornl.gov Trnsporttion Energy Dt Book ct.ornl.gov/dt Vehicle Technologies Mrket Report ct.ornl.gov/vtmrketreport ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY GREET Model greet.es.nl.gov Light Duty Electric Drive Vehicles FEDERAL GOVERNMENT - FEDSTATS fedstts.sites.us.gov USA.GOV U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS U.S. CENSUS BUREAU Vehicle Inventory nd Use Survey U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Bureu of Economic Anlysis U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Bureu of Trnsporttion Sttistics Ntionl Trnsporttion Librry ntl.bts.gov TrnStts Commodity Flow Survey Progrm flow_survey Federl Avition Administrtion Federl Highwy Administrtion Office of Highwy Policy Informtion Ntionwide Household Trvel Survey nhts.ornl.gov Federl Motor Crrier Sfety Administrtion Federl Rilrod Administrtion Federl Trnsit Administrtion Mritime Administrtion Ntionl Highwy Trffic Sfety Administrtion Reserch nd Innovtive Technology Administrtion John A. Volpe Ntionl Trnsporttion Systems Center U.S. Cost Gurd U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Office of Air nd Rdition Office of Trnsporttion nd Air Qulity

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