IET Clerk Maxwell Lecture. An electric future. 31 st March IET Maxwell Lecture

Transcription

1 IET Clerk Maxwell Lecture An electric future 31 st March 2011

2 Agenda Opportunities for new mobility solutions Why the market is ready Meet the cars On the technological side Charging & Infrastructure

3 01 Opportunities for new mobility solutions

4 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES RESOURCE DEPLETION GLOBAL WARMING ACIDIFICATION EUTROPHICATION PHOTOCHEMICAL OZONE

5 Annual World Automotive Production since MILLIONS OF VEHICLES

6 CO2 Emissions Reduction targets g CO2/km CLIO 1.9D 63hp 164g CO2/km AVERAGE CO2 EMISSIONS IN EUROPE: g CO2/km Renault: 138.8g CO2/km 146.3g CO2/km CLIO dci 85hp 98g CO2/km EV contribution g CO2/km

7 More about CO2: concepts WELL TO TANK TANK TO WHEELS [ FOSSIL FUELS ] Crude oil extraction Refining Distribution [ BIOFUELS ] Biomass production [ ELECTRICITY ] Biofuel production Distribution Resource production Electricity production Distribution

8 More about CO2: The case of electricity SOCKET TO WHEELS Resource production Electricity production Socket Battery Wheels g CO 2 / kwh x kwh / km g CO 2 / km CO 2 due to electricity production electricity consumed by EV well to wheel CO 2

9 Electric vehicles and CO2 Delivering the lowest well to wheel CO2 emissions WELL TO TANK TANK TO WHEEL But also: no local pollution (Air quality issue) No tailpipe emissions No noise Source: efficiency of fuel and electricity production processes based on the 'Well-to-Wheels Analysis of Future Automotive Fuels and Powertrains In the European Context' study by JRC-EUCAR-CONCAWE (V3, November 2008) (

10 WELL TO WHEELS ANALYSIS METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES For each country, electricity distribution losses are considered. Average losses for EU are equal to 6,6% (AIE, 2007). For instance, average losses in France are equal to 5,5%. Renewable energy CO 2 emissions are set to 0 g. Keep in mind that this is true only if construction and disassembling of infrastructures (solar panel, windmills, etc.) are neglected. Coal emissions are set to 995g CO 2 / kwh. This corresponds to the average European coal power plant. The values for electricity are averages. According to JRC/EUCAR/CONCAWE study, values for Fluence ZE (L38e) using electricity coming from coal power plants can vary between 108 to 136 g / km. The values are extracted from JRC/EUCAR/CONCAWE Well to Wheels study. These are the values considered as the reference for Renault. Other references, such as ELCD, EcoInvent, AIE, etc. can be found in literature. The study is available here Electricity networks in Europe are interconnected. The values here are the average values for the electric production in 2007 (AIE). CO 2 associated with electricity production greatly varies between seasons, days, hours, etc. Values are only relevant on New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) and might not reflect CO 2 emissions in other conditions. CO 2 emissions are actually composed of 3 greenhouse gases : CO 2, methane and nitrous oxide.

11 02 Why the market is ready

12 EV, HEV, PHEV, Range Extender? There is room for each of these technologies in the future, according to which usage they suit best, as well as for improved thermic engine

13 Demographic change Percentage of world population living in cities 2007: > 50% 2050: > 70% In Europe 87% < 37 miles / day

14 There is a market for vehicles with 100 mile range! DAILY TRIPS (Europe) B-SEGMENT CARS (Europe) ALL TRIPS IN LONDON 87% Less than 37 miles / day 32% Never make journeys of more than 95 miles* 90% Less than 10 miles And 50% cover less than 12 miles / day 13% > 37 miles / day 68% Often / Sometimes 10% > 10 miles * Actual = 150km * Actual = 150km

15 % cumulative There is a market for vehicles with 100 mile range! 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% EV range demand Italy Germany Total Spain UK France Gap between real and perceived needs Still, already a large share of potential customers to be increased by customer education and by probable technical improvements 10% 0% Source :EV survey - G5 (n = 3164). Q18. What would you consider as the minimum acceptable driving range for a Battery electric vehicle, i.e. the number of kilometres you would be able to make before having to recharge the batteries?

16 Support to market: UK example Car (M1) Van (N1) Purchase grant (25% of price) 100% write-down vs. corp n tax in year 1 Benefit-in-kind (zero to pay) Max 5K Until end of this parliament, but conditions to be reviewed in 2012 For next 5 years No VED (road tax) London Congestion Charge exempt Until at least 2015

17 Affordability of electric vehicles is achievable through innovative models. Example: Renault

18 New market opportunity for innovative models Example: battery lease Value-for-money Cost amortised over the battery life, far longer than a typical 3 year lease Consumer confidence The leased battery is effectively warranted by Renault for the duration of the contract. The customer gets an equally high performing battery regardless of the age of his car. Battery lifecycle management Renault will handle second life use, disposal and recycling. Adapt to new technology No risk to be stuck with an obsolete battery: the customer has the opportunity to upgrade the battery

19 Conclusion EV yesterday Rising ecological awareness Urbanisation Resources supply safety EV tomorrow Regulatory pressure on CO2 emissions Political incentives OEMs competition driving innovation EV affordability Partnerships with infrastructure/utilities

20 03 Electric vehicles are real!

21 The EV market a rapidly growing segment Renault projection = 10% of market by 2020

22 Low emission car market in the UK Cars eligible to Plugged-in cars grant Vauxhall Ampera Early 2012 Mitsubishi I-Miev Jan 2011 Tata Vista Mar 2011 Nissan Leaf March 2011 Chevrolet Volt Early 2012 Peugeot ion Jan 2011 Citroen CZero Mar 2011 Smart fortwo electric drive Jan 2011 Toyota Prius Plugin Hybrid Early 2012

23 Examples of vehicles : van Design Technical Specifications Range (NEDC combined): Max. Engine Power: Length: Height: Gross Weight: Payload: Load Capacity: Torque: Maximum Speed: Battery technology: (AESC sourcing) 170 km 44 kw 4,213mm 1,818 mm 1,410 kg 650 kg 3 to 3.5 m3 226 Nm 81mph Li-ion 22 kwh Additional Information Engine Type: Electric Transmission Type: Direct drive with reducer and forward/reverse inverter Battery placement: Underfloor Charging devices: Standard (1st phase) Charging time: 6 8hr Production Location: M.C.A. (Maubeuge Carosserie Automobile, France)

24 Examples of vehicles: a family saloon Design Technical Specifications Range (NEDC combined): Max. Engine Power: Length: Width: Height: Standard tyres: Gross weight: Carrying capacity: Torque: Maximum Speed: Battery technology: (AESC sourcing) 185 km 70 kw 4,748 mm 1,813 mm 1,458 mm 205/55 R16 1,543 kg 327dm3 226 Nm 84 mph Li-ion 22 kwh Additional Information Engine Type: Electric Transmission Type: Direct drive with reducer and forward / reverse inverter Battery Location: behind rear seat Charging devices: standard (1st phase) Charging time: 6 8hr Production location: Bursa (Turkey)

25 Examples of vehicles: a 2 seat city car Design Technical Specifications Range: Max. Engine Power: Length: Wide: Height: Torque : Maximum Speed : Battery technology: Weight (inc. battery): 100 km 15 kw (20BHP) 2,320 mm 1,191 mm 1,461 mm 57 Nm 47 mph Li-Ion 450kg Additional Information 4 wheels 2 seats or cargo-version Charging devices: standard (3h30) Production location: Valladolid (Spain)

26 Examples of vehicles: a compact 5 door hatch Near Final Design Technical Specifications Range: Max. Engine Power: Length: Wide: Height: Tyres (Michelin): Kerb weight: Load capacity: Torque : Maximum Speed : Acceleratiom (0-62mph): Battery technology: (AESCsourcing), >160 km 60 kw (80BHP) 4,086 mm 1,788 mm 1,540 mm R19 1,392 kg 292 dm3 222 Nm 84 mph 8.1 secs Li-Ion 22 kwh Additional Information Charging devices: standard, rapid Production location: Flins (France)

27 Industrial strategy: local sourcing USA Smyrna Tennessee UK Sunderland Maubeuge Zama Flins Japan Oppama France Valladolid Cacia Portugal Spain Bursa Turkey Renault group plants (Renault, Dacia and Renault Samsung Motors) Nissan plants Plants producing electric vehicles Battery production plants

28 04 On the technological side

29 Batteries For the moment, made by AESC (Nissan-NEC) Later on, in Renault and Nissan plants Capacity : 22 kwh No memory effect charge anytime Wh/kg Li-ion Li-metal NaNiCI2 (Zebra) NiCad NiMH Lead

30 The lithium question How long will it last? Worldwide reserves: between 14 and 17 million tonnes Network for the recycling and recovery of lithium batteries (10 years) Replacement technologies currently under investigation 3kg out of 250kg (sources CHEMETALL and SQL)

31 Battery structure x33 x4 Cells Electrodes Modules x48 Pack

32 Battery: safety issues Two specific types of approach Preventing electrical risks Protection of electrified components Battery disconnects and is isolated in the event of impact Fuses on domestic network Protecting the battery Reinforced vehicle structure (passive safety = ICE) Reinforced battery tray Fire services TRAINING Emergency services

33 Battery: safety issues Battery Integrity in crash Reinforced fixations with structure Protection structure for rear crash

34 Technical devices Comparative anatomy vs. ICE -Electric motor (1) -Reducer (2) -Power Inverter (3) -IC engine (1a) -Gearbox (2a) -Engine Control Unit (3a) -Exhaust (4) -12 V Battery (5) -Transformer (6) -12 V Battery (5) -Alternator (6a) -Energy Recovery (7) -Li-Ion Battery (8) -Battery Charge (9) -Fuel tank (8a)

35 Electric motor AC Synchronous, with rotor coil 70 kw 220 Nm 160 kg

36 EV Performance Max torque available at low speeds Benefits: Short response time upon acceleration request Responsiveness in urban and suburban traffic ICE EV 226 Nm Acceleration (s) 0 -> 50 km/h 0 -> 100 km/h Fluence Z.E. 4,1 s 13,4 s Fluence Petrol 5,9 s 13,9 s % faster for EV + 31% + 4%

37 Technical devices Regenerative Braking System Basic version uses the motor reversibility Take foot off accelerator Kinetic energy recovered by electric engine Electric current returned to re-load the battery Range gain up to 32% Most advanced version starting with Zoe Brake pedal decoupled of the brakes Electronic by-wire braking : distribution of braking effort between electric motor and brake disks Maximises the energy recuperation Range gain up to 48%

38 Range optimisation through technical advances Technical devices Heat Pump / Reversible Air Conditioning (up to 30% gain) Ultra Low resistance tyres (up to 7% gain) Preconditioning (up to 10%) Aerodynamics optimisation Auxiliaries optimisation (up to 4%) Smart navigation Eco Mode & Coaching =>Up to 55%, average 15% Range optimisation is an educational issue

39 05 Outside the motor industry: charging and infrastructure

40 Infrastructure: modes & charges Amps KW Charge Ψ (Phase) Full Charge Time Cable Where 16-32A 3,5-7 Standard Single Ψ 4 to 8 hours 16-32A Semi-rapid Three Ψ 1 to 2 hours Floating (inc. Wallbox) Floating (inc. Wallbox) Home / Street Home / Street >63A 43 Rapid Three Ψ 30 min Attached Private locations (Shopping centre, Petrol stations,...) / / Quick Drop / 3 minutes / Private locations

41 UK charging structure Home charging Publicly accessible charging network Destination charging Pathway charging Typical: <100m a day For longer trip, or top-up at workplace Long distance Standard charge 4 to 8 h Standard & Semi rapid charge from 4 to 8 h down to 60 min Rapid charge 30 min charging

42 Needs in terms of common standards International European Too many solutions allowed by IEC/ISO standards & wall Standard charge vehicle 2 Plugs On wall side 2 Others inlet On vehicle side 4 Charging modes 4 Kinds of supply Insufficient precision on system specifications Focus group created by European commission (CEN / CENELEC) but results will arrive late, particularly for early 2011 product launches

43 Needs in terms of common standards Currently, different options might be possible but mode 3 should be mandatory Mode 1 is only allowed in emergency situations; no or limited use in public areas Renault Nissan aims to generalise Type 2 connector for the car and the infrastructure side clear position taken also within the ACEA EV WG

44 Electric vehicles are the at the meeting point of several industries WALL BOX Installation at home Contract + - Insurance Services Electricity Contract & Bill Buy Lease Buy Rent Battery rental monthly fee Electricity bill One stop shopping in the Renault network?

45 Public policies are most important THREE FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESS Cost of batteries and Electric Vehicles Purchase incentives Support to R&D and manufacturing Availability of charging infrastructure Market take-off: ensure EV visibility Standardisation (European level) Public support (legal frame & incentives) Investment by new and established operators Communication, education & public awareness Local transport policies Public fleets, demonstration programs

46 Plugged-in-places infrastructure Wave 1, announced Feb 2010: One North East Milton Keynes London Wave 2, Decision Dec 2010: Midlands Northern Ireland Greater Manchester Scotland East of England

47 Thank you!