Electrified Transportation Challenges

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1 Electrified Transportation Challenges Shahram Zarei Electrified Powertrain Engineering Ford Motor Co. An Industry Session APEC 2017 SLIDE 1

2 Introduction SLIDE 2 At the end of the 19 th century, big cities such as New York, Boston, and Philadelphia welcomed clean electric vehicles to replace polluting horse-drawn carriages. And now more than a century later, it seems that we have come full circle since regulatory, environmental, and economic concerns are driving the world to electrify transportation. Although, such move poses numerous challenges due to a fully articulated infrastructure; and a society, economy, and culture tightly bound to ICE. That is why effective solutions and proper implementations are required in order to make the electrified vehicle an acceptable and even desirable choice to the customers. This presentation attempts to address some of the key challenges facing the electrification of passenger vehicles, although, the same challenges could apply to other types of road transportation.

3 Powertrain Topologies SLIDE 3 Conventional Vehicle Powertrain Internal Combustion Engine Transmission Driven Wheels Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrain HV Battery Traction Inverter Internal Combustion Engine Electric Motor(s) Transmission Driven Wheels PEV Battery Electric Vehicle Powertrain HV Battery Traction Inverter Electric Motor(s) Driven Wheels

4 Challenges: Customer Expectations Oct-14 Nov-14 Dec-14 Jan-15 Feb-15 Mar-15 Apr-15 May-15 Jun-15 Jul-15 Aug-15 Sep-15 Oct-15 Nov-15 Dec-15 Jan-16 SLIDE 4 Feb-16 Mar-16 Apr-16 May-16 Jun-16 Jul-16 Aug-16 Sep-16 Oct-16 TCO (Total Cost of Ownership) More attractive cost equation OEM Total Sales Volume vs. Avg Gas Price $ $ $ $2.00 $1.50 $1.00 PEV xev Gas Price $ $0.00

5 2016 Incentives for Electrified Vehicles US (Federal) SLIDE 5 $8,000 $7,000 $6,000 $5,000 $4,000 $3,000 $2,000 $1,000 $ Toyota Prius Ford Fusion 2016 Volvo XC Nissan Leaf Ford Focus Fiat 500e PHEV EV Additional Incentives: Tax credit up to $1,000 for consumers and $30,000 for businesses toward purchasing and installing charging stations.

6 2016 Incentives for Electrified Vehicles US (States) SLIDE 6 $8,000 $7,000 $6,000 $5,000 $4,000 $3,000 $2,000 $1,000 $0 EV PHEV EV PHEV EV PHEV EV California Tennessee Pennsylvania Massachusetts West Virginia (Tax Credit) Louisiana (Tax Credit) Ohio provides funding for 80% of purchasing and installing charging stations.

7 2016 Incentives for Electrified Vehicles - Europe SLIDE 7 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 EV PHEV EV PHEV EV PHEV EV PHEV EV PHEV EV France Germany Ireland Sweden Malta Hungary Denmark, Netherlands, and Norway have vehicle registration tax exemptions.

8 Energy Cost Comparison (xev vs Conventional)* * Source: Idaho National Laboratory SLIDE 8

9 Challenges: Customer Expectations MSRP Incl Tax Credit MSRP TCO (Total Cost of Ownership) More attractive cost equation Price Operating cost $35,000 $30, Focus BEV vs Focus Pricing $29,170 $9.00 $8.00 $7.00 Fuel Cost $8.00** $25,000 $21,670 $23,000 $6.00 $20,000 $15,000 $5.00 $4.00 $3.00 $4.10* $10,000 $2.00 $5,000 $ Focus BEV 2016 Focus 2.0L 4 Cyl Auto $1.00 $ Focus BEV 2016 Focus * 32 kwh/ cents/kwh ** 3.2 gals/100 $2.5/gal * Source: SLIDE 9

10 Challenges: Customer Expectations SLIDE 10 No Compromises At least same vehicle attributes Performance Demand for higher vehicle acceleration and max speed Electric Driving Range Bigger battery pack Cargo Capacity Available cargo space for larger battery pack There are inter-dependencies and possible conflicts exist between vehicle attributes expected by customers which, of course, needs to be resolved thru technical solution(s).

11 Challenges: Charging Infrastructure Charge Time (Min) Charge Time (Min) Charging Stations Convenient and fast Charging Time Fast DC charger best suited for en-route charging Prius Volt Leaf Prius Volt Leaf Focus* 0 Prius Volt Leaf Focus* Prius Volt Leaf AC Level 1 (1.4 kw) AC Level 2 (7.5 kw) DC Fast (50 kw) DC Fast (150 kw) Source: Bay Area Plug-in Electric Vehicle Readiness Plan Dec (* Ford data: 2017 Focus BEV) SLIDE 11

12 Challenges: Charging Infrastructure EVSE Upfront Infrastructure Cost of EVSE Significant investment for charging stations network $60,000 $50,000 $40,000 $30,000 $20,000 $10,000 $0 Low High Low High Low High Low High Low High Low High AC Level 1 AC Level 2 DC Fast AC Level 1 AC Level 2 DC Fast Unit Cost Installation Cost Source: U.S. Department of Energy Nov EVSE -> Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment SLIDE 12

13 Challenges: Charging Infrastructure SLIDE 13 Impact on Electrical Grid and Cost of Charging Infrastructure needs to match the demand

14 Challenges: Design & Engineering SLIDE 14 Optimal System Functionality Understanding of global customer usage and expectations Packaging Modular and common design vs. vehicle packaging constraints Reliability Highly reliable and durable electrified vehicles Homologation Ever increasing regulatory standards

15 Summary SLIDE 15 Although fuel economy and CO 2 improvements required by global regulations do point to electrified road transportation as the only practical solution, consumer s willingness to widely accept that will require other key factors beyond consideration of ecological impact. Numerous studies and publications have concluded that such key factors include price, operating cost, performance, functionality, and driving range. Even though hybrid and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles do offer acceptable key attributes such as performance and functionality without driving range compromise, more emphasis is given globally to the adaption of electric vehicles. If electric vehicles are to claim a substantial share of the electrified vehicle market, reduction in total cost of ownership would be required as well as convenient and fast charging infrastructure would need to be developed.

16 Thank you SLIDE 16 for your attention! Questions???

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