Battery Electric Vehicles

Transcription

1 Life Cycle Assessment of NiMH and Li Ion Battery Electric Vehicles Troy R. Hawkins, Guillaume Majeau Majeau Bettez, Bettez, Ola Moa Gaussen, and Anders Hammer Strømman Industrial Ecology Program Norwegian University of Science & Technology (NTNU) LCA X, Portland, Oregon, 3 November 2010

2 Motivation Outline Review of Environmental Assessments of EVs EVs LCA of Li Ion and NiMH Batteries for EVs Comparative LCA of ICEVs and EVs 2

3 Norway as a First Adopter of EVs High fuel cost Carbon tax on new vehicle purchases new Societal willingness to pay for GHG reductions Grid mix 80 95% hydroelectricity Relatively dense urban areas Desire to develop high value added industries Well educated, technically capable workforcetechnically capable 3

4 LCA of a Vehicle Vehicle Component Production Fuel/Electricity Supply Chains Electric Motor(s) Transmission Batteries Electronics: Inverter, Controller, etc. Gasoline, diesel, CNG, biofuel, etc Electricity Additional/Avoided Infrastructure: EV Chargers, Additional Generation or Transmission Capacity Raw Material Extrac ction Processing Manufacturing On-Board Charging Electronics Capacitors Regenerative Braking System Structural components Wheels &Tires Base Vehicle Final Assembly Use Phase Driving Patterns Charging Patterns Maintenance/ Part Replacement HEVs Only: Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) End-of-Life Fuel Tank & Delivery System Disassembly/ Treatment ICE Exhaust & Catalytic Converter Waste Disposal Generator Material Recovery/Reuse 4

5 Inclusiveness of Existing Studies HEV PHEV BEV of studies Number Vehicle e Prod Battery y Prod Electronic s Prod Rec cycling Dis sposal Use Pat tterns Elec. / Fue el Prod Mainte nance Elec c. load Dynami ic Grid Fleet E Effects CO2 NOX CO SO2 PM N2O HC VOC CH4 Meta al Ems GWP P/GHG AP EP HTP ADP Energ gy use Fu el use Met tal use SCOPE EMISSIONS IMPACT RESOURCE 5

6 GWP of Battery Production Li ion BEV, Notter 2010 Li ion PHEV90, Samaras 2008 Li ion PHEV60, Samaras 2008 NiMH HEV, Burnham 2007 NiMH (AB2) BEV, Rantik 1999 NNiClBEV NaNiCl BEV, Rantik 1999 ik1999 PbA BEV, Rantik 1999 Li ion PHEV30, Samaras 2008 ZnAir BEV, Rantik 1999 Li ion HEV, Samaras 2008 Li Ion HEV, Burnham 2007 Pb acid acid HEV, Burnham 2007 NiCd BEV, Rantik 1999 Li ion NiMH Other GWP, gco2e/km 6

7 GWP of Full Vehicle Production 7

8 Full Life Cycle GWP Mercedes S ICEV, Premium Gasoline Generic ICEV, Gasoline Generic ICEV, Diesel BEV, Coal El VW Golf A4 ICEV, Diesel BEV, Coal IGCC Smart fortwo ICEV, Diesel Honda Insight HEV, Gasoline BEV, NGCC BEV, Hydro El Vehicle Battery Electricity Fuel Supply Chain Fuel Combustion lc GWP, gco2e/km 8

9 Summary Few clear results provided for impacts other than GWP. Many environmental assessments of EVs are embedded in larger, broad policy studies of broad of transportation options. Most studies address the fuel supply chains t dd th l hi and use phase with only cursory considerations of the production phase. th d h 9

10 Lithium Ion LCI of Traction Batteries Nickel Cobalt Manganese Iron Phosphate Nickel Metal Hydride 10

11 Battery Inventories Functional Unit: 50 MJ energy delivered to drivetrain roughly equivalent to 1 km driven to Use of a generic process flow with chemistry specific changeschanges 11

12 Modeling Battery Composition 12

13 Scaled Results 13

14 14 T.R. Hawkins, MRIO as a Framework for Organizing Regional LCI Data

15 15 T.R. Hawkins, MRIO as a Framework for Organizing Regional LCI Data

16 Comparative LCA of EVs and ICEVs Small energy efficient urban vehicle ICEV modeled after Mercedes A A Class EV modeled after the Nissan Leaf 16

17 Vehicle Components List of Components ICEV EV, Li- FePO 4 EV, Li- NCM EV, NiMH Body & Doors X X X X Brakes X X X X Chassis X X X X Final Assembly X X X X Interior & X X X X Exterior Tires & Wheels X X X X Engine, ICEV X Fluids, ICEV X Other Powertrain ICEV X Transmission, X ICEV Motor, Control, X X X & Inverter, EV Fluids, EV X X X Differential, EV X X X PbA Batteries, X ICEV Li-FePO4 Battery X Li-NCM Battery X NiMH Battery X 17

18 Model Structure a. b. Components Materials Background Demand Components Background Demand Component ts A c,c 0 0 Y c Component ts A c,c 0 Y c Materia als A m,c 0 0 Y m Backgrou und A b,c A b,b Y b Backgr round 0 A b,m A b,b Y b Stresso ors F c F b Stres ssors F c 0 F b 18 T.R. Hawkins, MRIO as a Framework for Organizing Regional LCI Data

19 Greenhouse Gas Emissions GWP100, gco 2 e EV Li NCM Euro EV Li FePO4 Euro Euro EV NiMH Euro EV Li NCM NG EV Li NCM C ICEV D ICEV G Base vehicle Engine Other Powertrain Battery Use Phase, non fuel related Fuel/Electricity End of life 19

20 Normalized Impacts Normalized Impacts EV Li NCM Euro GWP EV Li FePO4 Euro 100 EV NiMH Euro EV Li NCM NG EV Li NCM C ICEV D ICEV G EV Li NCM Euro Euro TAP 100 EV Li FePO4 Euro EV NiMH Euro EV Li NCM NG EV Li NCM C ICEV D ICEV G PMFP EV Li NCM Euro EV Li FePO4 Euro EV NiMH Euro EV Li NCM NG EV Li NCM C C ICEV D ICEV G EV Li NCM Euro POFP EV Li FePO4 Euro EV NiMH Euro EV Li NCM NG NG EV Li NCM C ICEV D ICEV G EV Li NCM Euro HTP inf EV Li FePO4 Euro EV NiMH Euro EV Li NCM NG EV Li NCM C ICEV D ICEV G FETP inf TETP inf FEP MDP FDP

21 Sensitivity Analysis A B C D E F Base Case Battery Prod Vehicle Life 10 3 km mi EV Energy Use MJ/km kwh/km Diesel Use L/100 km mi/gal Gasoline Use L/100 km mi/gal EV El. Source Lignite Hard Nt Nat. Euro. Oil Wind coal gas Avg. gco 2 e/kwh Recycling, Base, Max., offset mat. prod. only 1 1 &2 None 21

22 Sensitivity Analysis A B C D E F Base Case Battery Prod Vehicle Life 10 3 km mi EV Energy Use MJ/km kwh/km Diesel Use L/100 km mi/gal Gasoline Use L/100 km mi/gal EV El. Source Lignite Hard Nat. Euro. Oil Wind coal gas Avg. gco 2 e/kwh Recycling, Base, Max., offset mat. prod. only 1 1 & 2 None NCM LFP Battery Prod. Vehicle Life EV Energy Use ICEV Fuel Use EV El. Source Recycling Battery Prod. Vehicle Life EV Energy Use ICEV Fuel Use EV El. Source Recycling Battery Prod. Vehicle Life EV Energy Use ICEV Fuel Use EV El. Source Recycling Battery Prod. Vehicle Life EV Energy Use ICEV Fuel Use EV El. Source Recycling A B C D E F EV Energy Use NiMH Diesel Gasoline Battery Prod. Vehicle Life EV Energy Use ICEV Fuel Use EV El. Source Recycling Life Cycle GHG Emissions gco2e/km

23 Sensitivity Analysis Use phase variations fuel and electricity use and electricity source most significant. NCM LFP Battery Prod. Vehicle Life EV Energy Use ICEV Fuel Use EV El. Source Recycling Battery Prod. Vehicle Life EV Energy Use ICEV Fuel Use EV El. Source Recycling Battery Prod. Vehicle Life EV Energy Use ICEV Fuel Use EV El. Source Recycling Battery Prod. Vehicle Life EV Energy Use ICEV Fuel Use EV El. Source Recycling Even under optimistic gasoline efficiency, 4 L/100 km or 60 mpg, all EV options powered by mpg options powered EV Energy Use European average electricity had lower GWP. Under optimistic diesel efficiency diesel ICEVs have slightly lower GWP than EVs based on Li FePO 4 and NiMH batteries and the same as those with Li NCM batteries. Under pessimistic efficiencies for EVs, 1 MJ/km, EVs still had lower GWP than the base case gasoline ICEVs and roughly the same GWP as the base case diesel ICEVs. Highlycarbon Highly carbon intensive energy sources such as intensiveenergy sourcessuchas lignite, hard coal, or oil increased EV GWP to near the base case ICEVs. EVs powered by electricity from oil still have lower GWP than the diesel ICEV base case. NiMH Diesel Gasoline Battery Prod. Vehicle Life EV Energy Use ICEV Fuel Use EV El. Source Recycling Life Cycle GHG Emissions gco2e/km

24 Acknowledgements Research funded by the Norwegian Research Council Mercedes Benz AG Toyota Motor Corp. t Edgar Hertwich and Kjartan Steen Olsen 24

25 Thank you 25 Majeau Bettez G, Hawkins TR, Strømman AH. Life Cycle Environmental Assessment of Li Ion and NiMH Batteries for Plug in Hybrid and Battery Electric Vehicles. Environ Sci Tech, In review. Hawkins TR, Gausen OM, Strømman AH. Environmental Impacts of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles: State of the Field. IJLCA, In review. h l Hawkins TR, Strømman AH. LCA of Conventional and Electric Vehicles. In preparation. Contact: Troy R. Hawkins trh@alumni.cmu.edu