Azure Dynamics is a leading developer of highly efficient, cost-effective and environmentally friendly hybrid-electric ( HEV ) and electric ( EV )

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1 Hybrid-Electric Vehicles Part of the Solution Mike Byers Director of Fleet Sales Azure Dynamics

2 Presentation Summary Who is Azure Dynamics? External Environment Hybrid 101 Hybrid Benefits Azure Dynamics Products The Future of Hybrids

3 Who is Azure Dynamics? Azure Dynamics is a leading developer of highly efficient, cost-effective and environmentally friendly hybrid-electric ( HEV ) and electric ( EV ) components and powertrain systems for commercial/governmental van and shuttle bus fleets.

4 Azure Hybrid Systems

5 Hybrid-Electric Vehicles Part of the Solution What is the problem? Fuel Prices Greenhouse Gas Emissions Energy Dependence/National Security

6 Rising Fuel Costs U.S. Gasoline prices May 07 3X Feb. 99

7 Price at the Pump

8 Fuel Dependence World Oil Consumption %

9 GHG Emissions

10 Value Proposition 40% 30% 30% Reduction in fuel cost Reduction in GHG emissions Reduction in maintenance cost

11 What is a Hybrid Vehicle? Any vehicle that combines two or more sources of power that provide propulsion power is a hybrid

12 Have you driven a hybrid before?

13 Hybrid-Electric Vehicles Part of the Solution Hybrid s have a long history Some of the first cars built were hybrid 1898 Ferdinand Porsche built a hybrid vehicle that could travel up to 40 miles on battery alone In the first few years of the 20 th century, thousands of electric and hybrid cars were produced.

14 Hybrid Propulsion

15 Commercial Applications

16 Commercial Applications

17 Different types of Hybrid Drives Parallel Hybrid Both the gas engine and electric motor provide propulsion power through the transmission and driveline Series Hybrid The gasoline engine turns a generator which then either charges the battery or powers the electric motor which propels the vehicle. Only the electric motor provides propulsion.

18 How do Hybrids Work? A Hybrid-Electric Vehicle is a cross between an all electric vehicle and todays typical gasoline powered vehicle The gasoline internal combustion engine is the primary power source It is assisted by an electric motor, powered by an on-board battery pack

19 How do Hybrids Work? Integration of the two power systems handled by sophisticated control software Engine off at stop Electric motor provides power from stop to approximately MPH Gas engine takes over at that point, with assist from electric motors as required

20 How do Hybrids Work? Battery Pack recharges itself during the course of vehicle operation by capturing energy from braking and deceleration Plug in Charging Not Required

21 Azure P1 Parallel Hybrid Architecture

22 Azure P1 Parallel Hybrid Architecture FEAD Starter/Generator & Motor Controller are used to start engine as well as allow for power generation by the engine

23 Azure P1 Parallel Hybrid Architecture Traction Motor/Gen in driveshaft area & Controller are used to propel the vehicle and for power generation during regenerative braking

24 Azure P1 Parallel Hybrid Architecture Electric Power Assist System supplies hydraulic assist for brakes & steering when engine is off

25 Azure P1 Parallel Hybrid Architecture DC to DC Converters step down the high voltage system from ~ 400V DC to ~14V DC in order to supply the 12V system on vehicle when engine is off

26 Azure P1 Parallel Hybrid Architecture VCU controls all hybrid components as well as engine start/stop

27 Azure P1 Parallel Hybrid Architecture Energy Storage System (Battery Pack or Ultra Capacitors) stores energy and operates in the 200 to 400 V DC range

28 Energy Storage System 288 Volt (nominal) Battery Pack Nickel Metal Hydride chemistry Liquid cooled using a dedicated low temperature cooling system

29 Component Location

30 Hybrid Technology Benefits Fuel Economy Improvements of 30-40% or more With hybrid technology, a smaller internal combustion gas engine may be used and still maintain the performance characteristics of a larger engine. Not consuming fuel when vehicle stopped

31 Hybrid Technology Benefits Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions GHG emissions reduced 30%

32 Hybrid Technology Benefits Reduced Maintenance Costs Longer Brake Life (as electric motors slow car, reducing brake wear) Oil Changes required less often Vehicle ICE not operating when stopped. Fewer turns of the engine, longer oil life

33 Hybrid Benefits Driving patterns will determine fuel economy savings City routes with lots of stop and go driving will provide largest savings Engine off at stop Electric motor doing much of the work as vehicle accelerates from standing stop City mileage better than highway mileage

34 Azure-Ford Partnership In 2006, Ford and Azure Dynamics signed an agreement for Azure to develop a parallel hybrid electric system for incorporation into Ford s E350 and E450 Cutaway and Commercial Stripped Chassis.

35 Partnerships Azure Dynamics hybrid electric powertrain system on Ford s E-350 and E-450 commercial strip or cutaway chassis Chassis built at Ford s Ohio Assembly Plant Hybrid system upfit at Utilimaster

36 E350/450 Hybrid Program Chassis Specs: 158 inch & 176 inch wheelbase E-450 (& then E-350) GVWR: 14,050 lb for stripped, 14,500 lb for cutaway (& lower GVWR s for E-350) 5.4L Gasoline engine with 5R110 auto trans Performance Specs: 30-40% improvement in fuel economy Engine start/stop Electric launch Regenerative Braking Assembly Partner Utilimaster is Azure s assembly partner & will be responsible for the assembly of all hybrid components to chassis regardless of the body that is then installed afterwards

37 What s Available Today? Azure Dynamics providing parallel hybrid systems for commercial truck applications Systems installed on E350/450 strip and cutaway chassis.

38 What is Available Today? Azure Citibus Series hybrid shuttle bus 24 passenger capacity

39 What does the future hold?

40 Hybrid-Electric Vehicles Part of the Solution ~345,000 Hybrid vehicles sold in % increase compared to 2006 By 2010, there will be nearly 65 hybrid models to choose from various manufacturers Forecasted sales in 2010 nearly 775,000 units, or 4.6% of all vehicle sales.

41 Hybrid Market Growth Favorable legislative environment will increase scope and magnitude of available buy-down funds California AB118 Technological advances will accelerate growth and market adoption rates Plug-in hybrids offer additional fuel-economy economy savings Energy Storage Systems improvements (Lithium Ion, Ultracapacitors) will help drive growth

42 Hybrid Market Growth Ever increasing corporate mandates to be viewed as environmentally responsible

43 Hybrid-Electric Vehicles Part of the Solution Technology has gained interest of large commercial truck accounts. Fed Express, DHL, AT&T, Florida Power and Light, and Purolator incorporating hybrid technology into their fleets.

44 Plug-in Hybrids Very promising technology Unlike today s hybrids, require user to plug in Potential of miles of range from electric system each charge Zero tailpipe emissions while operating in electric only mode Internal combustion engine provides extended range when needed Dependent upon battery technology advances

45 PHEV

46 Lithium Ion Batteries Proven technology in cellphones and laptop computers Unproven in automotive applications Major investments in this technology to bring to market post 2010 Investment estimated to be over $1 billion annually Panasonic EV Energy, Sanyo, Cobasys, Johnson Controls

47 Lithium Ion Batteries Ongoing research addressing commercialization obstacles Safety Cost Temperature control very important Economies of scale projected to drive prices below NiMH batteries over time Longevity Need comparable life expectancy under more difficult charge/re-charge conditions

48 Hybrid-Electric Vehicles Part of the Solution

49 Hybrid-Electric Vehicles Part of the Solution Questions?