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1 Platzhalter für Bild, Bild auf Titelfolie hinter das Logo einsetzen Environmental Life Cycle Evaluation of Electric Vehicles and the Significance of Traction Batteries 10th International AVL Exhaust Gas and Particulate Emissions Forum 20 th February, 2018 Ludwigsburg, Germany Felipe Cerdas, MSc., Prof. Dr.-Ing. Christoph Herrmann

2 Motivation Challenges related to the use of motorized vehicles Antrophogenic GHGs per sector in 2011 Health outcomes associated with transport related air pollutants Industry 20% Other 10% Residential 6% Other_4% Aviation_10% Water-borne_11% Mortality Respiratory disease Transport 22% ~ 72% Road 75% Electricity and heat 41% Ozone PM 2,5 Road Black smoke CAPs VOCs NOx Data source: IEA (2012) Cardiovascular diseases Cancer Based on WHO 2011 February 20 th 2018 Slide 2

3 Motivation The rise of Electromobility Data source: IEA (2017) February 20th 2018 Slide 3

4 Motivation none, less or different environmental impact? Zero emissions Zero g CO2/km Tennen-gas (cc-by-sa-3.0) Citroen February 20 th 2018 Slide 4

5 Agenda 1 LCA and its application to electromobility 2 Significance of the battery system 3 Relevance of recycling February 20 th 2018 Slide 5

6 Agenda 1 LCA and its application to electromobility 2 Significance of the battery system 3 Relevance of recycling February 20 th 2018 Slide 6

7 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) The four steps [Hellweg and Milá i Canals 2014] February 20 th 2018 Slide 7

8 LCA application in the automotive industry [figures courtesy of Volkswagen, Renault, Daimler, Audi] February 20 th 2018 Slide 8

9 EV compared to ICEs LCA results and influencing factors GWP [Hawkins et al. 2013] EURO NG Coal Diesel Gasoline February 20 th 2018 Slide 9

10 EV compared to ICEs LCA results and influencing factors Scenario description ICE vehicle: Gasoline EV battery: Li-FePO4 Impact Category: Climate change Daily use: Commuter Seasonal use: Even Regional electricity mix Regional electricity mix and ambient temperature ICEV advantageous ICEV= Internal combustion engine vehicle LEV= (Lightweight) Electric vehicle (L)EV advantageous [Egede 2016] February 20 th 2018 Slide 10

11 EV compared to ICEs Problem shifting GWP TAP FEP PMFP POFP HTP FETP TETP MDP FDP NMC-Euro LFP-Euro NMC-NG NMC-COAL DIESEL GASOLINE global warming (GWP), terrestrial acidification (TAP 100 ), particulate matter formation (PMFP), photochemical oxidation formation (POFP), human toxicity (HTP inf ), freshwater eco-toxicity (FETP inf ), terrestrial eco-toxicity (TETP inf ), freshwater eutrophication (FEP), mineral resource depletion (MDP) fossil resource depletion (FDP) [Hawkins et al. 2013, Cerdas et al. 2018] February 20 th 2018 Slide 11

12 EV compared to ICEs The significance of the battery system [Hawkins et al. 2013, Volkswagen] February 20 th 2018 Slide 12

13 Significance of the Battery System Cradle to Gate GWP of EVs ton CO 2 -eq g CO 1 2 -eq. / km Battery Engine Other powertrain Base vehicle [Hawkins et al. 2013, Volkswage AG] February 20 th 2018 Slide 13

14 Agenda 1 LCA and its application to electromobility 2 Significance of the battery system 3 Relevance of recycling February 20 th 2018 Slide 14

15 Significance of the Battery System Estimation of mass and energy content of a battery system Disassembly experiments (Projects LithoRec I and II) Cell Mass/Energy model (Project Benchbatt) [Cerdas et al. 2018, LithoRec Project, Cerdas et al. 2018] February 20 th 2018 Slide 15

16 Significance of the Battery System Estimation of mass and energy content of a battery system Electronics Steel, aluminum, plastic, copper Multilayer (Ny, PP, Al) Copper Graphite LiPF6 Polyolefin (PP, PE, ) Nickel, Manganese, Cobalt Aluminum [Ellingsen et al. 2013, Diekmann et al. 2017, Cerdas et al. 2018] February 20 th 2018 Slide 16

17 Significance of the Battery System Material and energy consumption of manufacturing Variation of the reported energy required for the manufacturing of battery cells Author kwh/kwh batt Ellingsen et al ,7 Top-down Notter et al ,861 Bottom-up Zackrisson et al ,3 Top-down Majeau-Bettez et al ,4 Top-down Dunn et al ,97 Top-down Yuan et al ,98 Bottom-Up February 20 th 2018 Slide 17

18 Significance of the Battery System Battery LabFactory Braunschweig (BLB) February 20 th 2018 Slide 18

19 Significance of the Battery System Material and energy consumption of manufacturing Electricity Anode Dry Room Cathode February 20 th 2018 Slide 19

20 Significance of the Battery System Material and energy consumption of manufacturing Cu current collector ~ 35% to 55% ~ 45% to 60% Electricity Anode Dry Room Electrolyte Cathode NMC NMP (Solvent) February 20 th 2018 Slide 20

21 Significance of the Battery System Cradle to Gate LCA results and contributions Cell Manufacturing Energy (~40% of the impact) Copper Copper (very little) Cobalt Nickel Manganese! Cathode Material (~ 35% of the impact) February 20 th 2018 Slide 21 ~ 4,6 tons CO 2 -eq [Cerdas et al. 2018]

22 Agenda 1 LCA and its application to electromobility 2 Significance of the battery system 3 Relevance of recycling February 20 th 2018 Slide 22

23 Recycling Process chain and energy portfolio in LithoRec [LithoRec, Cerdas et al. 2018] February 20 th 2018 Slide 23

24 Recycling Material and energy flows in LithoRec Discharge Disassembly Crushing Drying Air-Classification Sieving Battery System (346 kg) Modules (227 kg) 58,3 kwh - Recycling energy 83 kg - Black mass 29,88 kg - Volatile components 39,6 kg - Plastics 124 kg - Aluminum 41,4 kg - Copper 32 kg - Steel [LithoRec, Cerdas et al. 2018] February 20 th 2018 Slide 24

25 Recycling Environmental Impact of Recycling [LithoRec, Cerdas et al. 2018] February 20 th 2018 Slide 25

26 Summary February 20 th 2018 Slide 26

27 Environmental Life Cycle Evaluation of Electric Vehicles and the Significance of Traction Batteries 10th International AVL Exhaust Gas and Particulate Emissions Forum 20 th February, 2018 Ludwigsburg, Germany Felipe Cerdas, MSc., Prof. Dr-Ing. Christoph Herrmann