Diesel Particle Filtration worldwide to clean ambient Air in Cities and at Working Places. Andreas Mayer / TTM

Transcription

1 Diesel Particle Filtration worldwide to clean ambient Air in Cities and at Working Places Andreas Mayer / TTM

2 TTM - Development and Consulting for Diesel Exhaust Emissions Switzerland: VERT, BauRLL Germany: TRGS 554, BMFT-Research EU: PMP-Project on new particle measurement Sweden, Denmark: VERT-Harmonization GB: EGOR Canada: DEEP USA: CARB-IDRAC Korea, Japan: VERT-Harmonization Chile:Transantiago Bus Retrofit and other mandates in this field >40 patents; > 100 publications Organizing ETH-conference and HDT-Seminars Published a Book on Filter-Technology 2004

3 Diesel Particles are Nanosize < 300 nm cell membrane penetring

4 INTRODUCTION Diesel Particles are Carcinogenic (WHO 1989) Ambient PM10-limit 0.02 mg/m3 exceeded all over Ambient Soot-Limit mg/m3 exceeded all over 60% ultrafine Particles emitted by IC-engines Mortality by Air Pollution is 5 x traffic accident mortality hart attacks, Parkinson and Alzheimer may be triggered Heath Cost are 6-10 times higher than retrofit costs Soot particles increase global warming Particle traps are very efficient and now available = BAT

5 Diesel Particles Morphology depends on particle size and number of particles per cc Quelle: METZ, BMW

6 Particle Emission of new versus older Engines (AVL, Zelenka) Quelle: AVL/Zelenka

7 Deposition of particles in function of size in airways and alveoli (Quelle: Hinds, 1982 Aerosoltechnologie )

8 Filtered Diesel Exhaust is cleaner than Ambient Air number concentration dn/dlogdp[cm-3] 1.00E E E E rpm/50% load downstream of the trap Diesel Emissions with and without Particle Trap vs. Ambient Air Particle Concentrations clean room ambient air 1400 rpm/50% load without trap 1.00E mobility diameter [nm]

9 Porous ceramic Microstructure Pore size typical 0.01 mm / Particel size typical 0,0001 mm 500 µm

10 The classic CORNING wall flow ceramic Substrate provides high surface Makrostructure (CORNING 1982)

11 Cordierite und Silicon Carbide typical Ceramics for Particle Filters

12 HISTORY of Diesel Soot Elimination (1) 1775: Soot creates Cancer in Chimney Sweeps (Pott) 1936: STAUB stipulated health effects of Nanoparticles Soot Filters underground (water scrubbers) 1958: Lawther (UK) shows dramatic Cancer increase due to traffic no action 1969: VDI requires Smoke reduction of Diesels (quite modest steps) 1980: Siegmann at ETH demonstrates Nanoparticle emission of newest Diesels not to be lower than with older Diesels 1980: CORNING proposes first Diesel Particle Traps 1982: US-Regulation for Diesel-cars

13 HISTORY of Diesel Soot Elimination (2) 1986: DPF-desaster with Daimler-Benz Cars ( > 1000 cars rebuild) Slow Down of Development industrial frustration 1994: Regulations at Working Places (TRGS 554) and Sweden (environmental zones) simple filters 1996: SiC- and CRT-Filters technical breakthrough accelerated development 2000: Regulation Switzerland, California, PSA starts selling FAP-cars major cities London, Berlin, Paris, Zurich accelerate retrofits 2003: 10 LDV-manufacturers offer DPF as options 2005: CH and EU ready to introduce particle number criterion

14 Parallel Case ASBESTOS 1939 Asbestos creates cancer no reaction of authorities, people are dying Continuous reminders of medical society for 2 decades no reaction of authorities 1970 Switzerland formed a working group 1980 first Regulation in Switzerland Each single asbestos particle can trigger cancer no mass but number limit: particles counted Rest of the world follows slowly 90ies asbestos banned from applications worldwide Lesson: in case of carcinogenic air contaminants highly efficient preventive measures are required

15 Ambient Particle Concentration fine particles PM10 post-industrial industrial

16 Coagulation Effects early industrial large particles, sedimentation developed medium size particles, slow sedimentation post-industrial ultrafine particles, remain suspended

17 Mass and Number in function of Particle Size

18 What is the right Metric? ETH-conference on combustion generated particles 1997 The right metric must reflect health effects adequately and permit to enforce use of best available technology Information on size, substance and number is needed Standard PM-Mass-Meas.(TSP, PM10, PM2.5) is unspecific to size and substance not reflecting health effects Alternative methods permit to measure size, surface and number concentration Solid particles must be separated from volatiles EU-PMP is counting solid particles only within nm Swiss-PMP is counting solid particles within nm

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20 Worldwide Common Targets Priority for Particulate Reduction (over NOx, CO, HC) Define environmental zones Introduce sensitive and HE-reflecting Test Methods Define best available technology BAT (VERT: 98%) Avoid secondary emissions Improve emission quality of new vehicles by x 10 Retrofit HDV and LDV Retrofit onroad, offroad and stationary engines Find solutions to improve indoor air quality Find solutions to improve in-car-cabin air quality Establish incentives to accelerate this process

21 Case Story SWEDEN 1. Phase Environmental Zones 1996 Stockholm, Malmö, Gotenborg onroad vehicles only PM-reduction 80% and 20% (limited time) 2. Phase Environmental Zones 1999 Onroad and offroad-vehicles PM-reduction 80 % 3.Phase Environmetal Zones 2004/5 Extended applications Quality acc. to VERT-standards Total number DPF-retrofits: 8 000; mainly buses Report MTC-AVL on field experience available (Erlandsson) Underground Mines: Filter mandatory

22 Case Story GERMANY 1.Phase 1990/92 UBA-Field Test: HDV (bus and truck)-report available no regulation followed activity died nearly 2. Phase 1996 ff CRT (Johnson Matthey) appeared on the marked breakthrough Retrofit fo City buses slowly accelerated today ca buses Working Place -regulation 1993 TRGS 554 for indoor and underground PM-reduction 80 % fork-lifts and >1 500 constr.machines 2004 TRGS 554 strengthened acc. to VERT- standards 3. Phase 2004 Agreement with Car-makers: all new LDV with DPF 2008 Incentives for LDV-retrofits 600 from 2005 (30/80 % reduction)

23 Case-Story SWITZERLAND 1990 first retrofits of 250 City-Buses at Zürich VERT to define BAT for tunneling 1998 Diesel soot declared carcinogenic 1998 ff DPF retrofit on public constructionsites experience 2000 DPF mandatory for tunneling (no exceptions) 2002 DPF on construction sites 2004: 6500 (total ) Bus retrofit accelerated: now 1200 (total 4500) Planning LD-VehiclesReduction of Import Tax (4%) Y 2006 HD-VehiclesReduction of Road Tax LSVA Y 2006 Agriculture Tractors ( ) Quality Criterion Ultrafine Particle Number Concentration

24 Case Story SEOUL 1.Phase Seoul busses and waste Collectors retrofitted Activity died out because of lack of subsidy money 2.Phase Seoul 2004 ff: all HDV operating in the City DPF >3.5t : 2004:1100 / 2005: / 2006: total: DOC:< 3.5: total until 2012: Quality Criterion Harmonization (lab-to-lab test) with VERT is ongoing

25 Case Story CALIFORNIA 1998: Diesel soot classified Toxic Air Contaminant TOC 2000: Risk reduction plan onroad = offroad all Diesels need filters. Efficiency classes: 30 / 60 / 85 % Diesel particle reduction 75% by 2010; 85 % by Diesels need to be retrofitted Verification: PM-mass (much less strict than VERT) Regulation and implementation Regulation for Scool buses, transit buses, waste collectors and TRU is in place by 2004 Remaining categories step by step Enforcement very much delayed

26 Case Story NEW YORK First Phase 1990 About 1000 buses retrofitted with Donaldson active twin-filter-systems Failure rate > 10 % pa, cost very high (twin!) No regulation program died out Second Phase starting 1998 Feasibility study on duty cycles and system functionality Pilot fleet of 50 vehicles under NY Clean Air Authority Third Phase starting 2002: large scale retrofit Now about 4000 Vehicles: CRT and CSF Forth Phase : DPF for Construction in Manhattan 2005 Other cities following. Huston, Washington, Boston under the EPA voluntary retrofit program

27 Case Story LONDON EST: Energy Saving Trust : 30 Mio yearly since 2000 Emission abatement and energy saving in vehicles DPF-retrofits: financially supported up to 75 % London Tranport started large scale retrofit 2000 New concessions only under condition: DPF 2004: ca 6000 retrofits all CRT, mostly EMINOX 3/2005: all busses of inner London retrofitted 2005/6: additional 2000 buses servicing outskirts Quality Criterion PM Few activities in other UK-cities; offroad program starting

28 Case Story PARIS First Phase starting retrofits (ENGELHARD) Many failures due to unsufficient duty cycle analysis average speed on many bus lines is below 5 km/h! DPX1 replaced by DPX2 exhaust throttle to lift temperature Second phase 2004 Retrofits extended now exceeding 3000 Other French cities are following Overall retrofits in France: ca (mostly FBC) No regulation in France yet, but program VOITURE ROPRE

29 Case Story TOKYO First Phase on national level (MOE): Feasibility study with 20 CRT-buses in % failures within weeks; MOE stops retrofitting enforcing DPF with new vehicles based on PMP Second Phase on urban level (TMG Tokyo): HDV All HDV must reach PM-level of the newest vehicles DOC and DPF-retrofits with only 40-70% efficiency Regulation October retrofits until 5/2004 (TMG subsidizes 50%) Next phase with higher efficiency to follow Other Japanese cities follow (Osaka, Yokohama, Kobe, Nagoya..)

30 Case Story BERLIN First Phase 1990/92 Test Fleet within UBA-large scale evaluation test Second Phase 1998 Evaluation Diesel+Filter contra CNG within a EU-program CNG 2x more expensive Third Phase 2001 Retrofit of the (nearly) complete fleet with HJS-CRT New vehicles Many other German Cities did follow VDV votes for Diesel+Filter, now 8000 retrofits of total

31 Case Story KOPENHAGEN First Phase Health Study: 5000 death pa in DK less with DPF/HDV Pilot Program Odense : 120 vehicles Retrofit of 415 city buses in 2002 (CRT and FBC) Second Phase: all HDV working for the city must have filters by July 2004 all HDV circulating in Kopenhagen environmental zones must have DPF by July 2005 Totally expected retrofits / partly subsidized Other Danish cities follow EU accepts! Quality Criterion: VERT automatically accepted

32 Other Cities Others Zürich, Geneva, Berne, München, Hamburg, Lyon, Marseille, Milan, Ferrara, Bozen, Innsbruck, Bregenz, and many other small cities have similar programs concentrating on city buses and waste collecting HDV USA: limited activity compared to size but accelerating Mexiko: some pilot activity - accelerating Latin America: very limited activity except Chile Asia: DOC-program in Hongkong and Taiwan India: CNG in New Delhi enforced Offroad: Switzerland and California - others starting Stationary: mandatory CH and D not fully enforced

33 History Occupational Health Working Place Ultrafine dust is focus since > 100 years Size, substance, lung penetration are standard criteria Johannesburg Convention 1959 But not DIESEL-oriented until 1993 (VERT)!!!! Limit Values EC from 0.6 now reduced to 0.1 mg/m3 (CH, D) falling Switzerland reaches 0.02 in tunneling Enforced Regulation USA ( CH ( Germany, Austria, South Africa, Australia (?) Retrofit numbers Fork Lifts: > Construction: > and Mining: > 2000

34 Classic DPF-Retrofit-Applications Sweden, environmental zones Cities - Berlin Y Paris Y New York Zürich Y London Y Forklifts > Construction machines Mines Total worldwide

35 Large DPF-Retrofit Plans USA Kalifornien Y 2008, all Diesel on-road and off-road Tokyo Y Seoul Y China: grüne Olympiade Y 2008 > Santiago / Chile Y Copenhagen Y Germany: passenger cars starting Y 2006?

36 Worldwide Retrofit Prognosis TTM Total Onroad + Offroad Working Place Worldwide Switzerland Scandinavia = 30% California = 50% Japan > 1000 Great Britain Germany France Rest World > 3800 Sum = 17% of total population 70

37 Peugeot with FAP cars successfuly on european roads! 19

38 Many other Carmakers follow Company Car Typ Termin Audi A4, A6, A8 mid 2004 BMW 5er 2004 Citroen C5, C8 Available Fiat/Alfa Ulysse Available Ford Focus, C-Max, Mondeo 2004 Jaguar X-Type 2004 Mazda Verschiedene Modelle 2004 Mercedes C-, E-Klasse, 200 und 220 CDI (Limousine/Coupeé) Available Opel Vectra, Signum, Astra 2004 Peugeot 307, 406, 607, 807 Available Renault Vel Satis, Espace, Leguna 2004 Toyota Avensis D4D, D-Cat (Limousine) Available Volvo Verschiedene Modelle mid 2004 VW Passat 2.0 TDI, Golf, Touran Available

39 Summary and Conclusions PFS are BAT to minimize high Health Risks particle emissions from IC-engines can be eliminated PFS can be applied on Diesel Engines of any age, design and application PFS will be a Standard Component of Diesel (like 3-way Cat for SI-Engine) worldwide soon Fast increasing production volume will reduce cost and improve quality Retrofit is needed now beside of further engine development to improve air quality soon

40 Thank You for your kind Attention We are ready for Questions now or later