Particulate emissions from vehicles: contribution of research to EU policy development

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1 JRC Zurich 13 August th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles 1 Particulate emissions from vehicles: contribution of research to EU policy development G. De Santi, G. Martini JRC Zurich 13 August th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles 2 Research-Based Policy Support JRC - Robust Science for Policy Making As a Directorate-General of the European Commission, the JRC provides customer-driven scientific and technical support to Community policy making Supporting citizen s security, health and environmental protection, safety of food and chemicals, alternative energies, nuclear safety, econometrics, prospective technologies

2 JRC Zurich 13 August th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles 3 Where does the JRC fit in the European Commission? President Barroso 27 Commission Members Commissioner Potočnik Science and Research Joint Research Centre (JRC) Research DG (RTD) RESEARCH ON TRANSPORT JRC Zurich 13 August th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles 4 EC DG s (ENTR, ENV, TREN, RTD, SANCO) EU Parliament Member States: National/Regional/ Local authorities Universities, National Research Centres, International Organisations: GRPE UN-ECE, EEA, CEN, WHO Industrial organisations (EUCAR, Concawe, ) NGOs

3 JRC Zurich 13 August th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles 5 NEW EMISSION STANDARDS FOR LD VEHICLES Euro 5 & 6 standards approved by the Parliament on 13 th December 2006: (Regulation No. 715/2007 of the EP and the Council of 20 June 2007) Implementing measures being defined through comitology JRC Zurich 13 August th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles 6 Euro 5 & 6 emission standards Emission limit for particulate mass greatly reduced (from 25 mg/km to 5 mg/km) Introduction of a complementary particulate emission limit based on particle number (as soon as possible and for Euro 6 at the latest) PMP Project : explicitly mentioned as basis for the definition of the particle number limit and the related measurement procedure as well as of the revised mass procedure

4 JRC Zurich 13 August th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles 7 Implementing measures: current version Euro 5 : stricter mass limit Euro 5 + : introduction of the number limit and revised mass measurement procedure Euro 6 : number limit for DI positive ignition engines Euro 5 & 6 emission limits JRC Zurich 13 August th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles 8 Mass of particulate matter (PM) Number of particles (P) Implementing measures: current version L 5 (mg/km) L 6 (#/km) Article 13 : Categ ory M N 1 Clas s I All RM 1305 PI CI PI - - CI 5.0x x10 11 Recalibrated limits for particulate mass and new limits for particle number: 1 September 2011 for the type approval of new types of vehicles ( ) 1 September 2012 for all new vehicles sold II III 1305 < RM < RM x x10 11 A particle number limit shall not apply at the Euro 5 stage for spark ignition DI vehicles. However an emission limit shall be set for Euro 6.

5 JRC Zurich 13 August th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles 9 Technical background of the Commission s proposal % PM emissions [mg/km] PM Emissions [mg/km] Backup First filter Limit high enough 0.1 to include regenerations but low enough to enforce use of DPFs 23% Au-DPF Euro 4 Diesel limit = 25 mg/km Euro 5 Diesel limit = 3 mg/km 35% 15% 10% DPF#1 DPF#2 21% DPF#3 26% DPF#4 6% DPF#5 40% MPI 3% GDI#1 17% GDI#2 2% 5% 11% 7% GDI#3 non-dpf#1 non-dpf#2 non-dpf#3 2% non-dpf#4 5% 8% non-dpf#5 non-dpf#6 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CoV [%] JRC Zurich 13 August th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles 10 Technical background of the Commission s proposal 1.0E % Limit high enough to include regeneration More porous DPF excluded Particle Number Emissions [#/km] 1.0E E E E E+09 78% Euro 5 Diesel limit = 5x10 11 #/km 31% 35%33% 32% 27% 25% 6% Au-DPF DPF#1 DPF#2 DPF#3 DPF#4 DPF#5 MPI GDI#1 26% GDI#2 8% GDI#3 2% 4% 5% 7% 3% non-dpf#1 non-dpf#2 non-dpf#3 non-dpf#4 non-dpf#5 4% non-dpf#6 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CoV (%)

6 JRC Zurich 13 August th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles 11 Calibration procedures for particle number measurement PMP protocol not yet accepted at GRPE (June 2007) as the calibration procedure has to be finalised Discussion in progress within a working group in PMP JRC is involved in the calibration procedure development JRC Zurich 13 August th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles 12 Implementing measures: current version OBD THRESHOLDS FOR PARTICULATE EMISSIONS Euro 5 : only mass (50 mg/km) Euro 6: mass and number of particles (6 mg/km and 1x10 12 #/km) New sensor technologies to be developed to make these thresholds feasible

7 JRC Zurich 13 August th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles 13 NEW EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HD ENGINES EURO VI consultation launched on 16 th July 2007 The scenarios under discussion are presented in the DG- ENTR website. Comments due by 05 September 2007 JRC Zurich 13 August th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles 14

8 JRC Zurich 13 August th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles 15 NEW EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HD ENGINES DG-ENTR has stated in several occasions that a complementary limit based on particle number could be introduced The decision will be taken on the basis of the GRPE/PMP HD inter-laboratory comparison exercise results JRC Zurich 13 August th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles 16 PMP Heavy Duty Validation Exercise and Round Robin Both coordinated by the JRC PMP HD Validation Exercise Golden Engine-1 Golden Systems Golden Engineer Same fuel and lubricant Both full flow system and partial flow system Participant: JRC, UTAC, AVL MTC, EMPA, PMP HD Round Robin exercise Golden Engine-2 Instrument chosen by each lab No Golden Engineer Standard ref. fuel/lubricant Both full flow system and partial flow system 9 laboratories from EU, Japan Korea, Canada

9 JRC Zurich 13 August th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles 17 PMP HD Validation Exercise: Current status Upgrade of the test cell completed Golden Engine installed and running Lubricant and fuel OK Test protocol revised by the Golden Engineer Golden Instruments: contract being finalized Expected start: fall 2007 JRC Zurich 13 August th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles 18 PARTICULATE MATTER FROM MOPEDS Research programme in collaboration with Swiss Institutions: TTM, Technik Thermische Maschinen, CH University of Biel-Bienne Swiss Government (BAFU)

10 JRC Zurich 13 August th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles 19 Objectives of the collaboration 1. Search for new technologies which can help to reduce the environmental impact of the two stroke motorcycles 2. Generation of emissions data as an input for the emissions inventories and/or source apportionment 3. Scientific support to asses for possible new limits during future emission legislation development JRC Zurich 13 August th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles 20 PM Emissions vs HC Emissions from EURO 1 and EURO 2 Mopeds ECE 47 - Hot Phase ( ) DI Engines 30 PM Mass (mg/km) Euro 2 with Electronic Carburettors Euro 2-Carb Euro 2 - DI Euro 2 - ECS Euro 1 - DI_Min Euro 1 - DI_Sint Euro 1 - Carb_Oxy_Min Euro 1 - Carb_Oxy_Sint HC (g/km)

11 Toxic emissions from motorcycles and mopeds JRC Zurich 13 August th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles 21 µg TEQ/ Km Stroke Motorcycles 2 Stroke Mopeds Most recent improvements via advance research in collaboration with TTM, Univ. Biel- Bienne & Swiss BAFU 4 2 Passenger cars 0 Diesel EURO2 Diesel EURO3 500cc EURO cc catalyst EURO1 Carburator Pre- EURO1 Direct Injection EURO 1 Mineral luboil EURO 1 synthet. luboil EURO 1 Carburator EURO 2 Carb. filter Catalyst EURO 2 Carb.Filter +oxo cat EURO 2 New motorbike and moped technologies have toxic emissions similar to EURO 3 passenger cars JRC Zurich 13 August th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles 22 Main outcomes of the project: Several technologies have been found to be able to greatly reduce PM emissions (secondary air system, electronic carburettors, new after-treatment devices, high quality lubricants, ) Further research is necessary to optimize some of these technologies (particularly after-treatment devices) The JRC and the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (BAFU) are going to sign a MoU for a collaboration on traffic related environmental aspects

12 JRC Zurich 13 August th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles 23 CONCLUSIONS Research is fundamental for the development of the new European emission legislation The JRC is playing a central role: In EU : close cooperation with DGs (ENTR, TREN, ENV,..) and main stakeholders (industry, member states, TA authorities, ) At global level: Chairing and coordinating several activities within GRPE MoU with environmental agencies of many countries (Japan, China, US, Korea, India, Switzerland, Brasil Mexico )