Successful policies and measures in Europe

Transcription

1 Successful policies and measures in Europe Prof. Nino Künzli, MD, PhD Deputy-Director Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Basel (SwissTPH) Dean of the Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+) of the Universities Basel, Bern, Geneva, Lausanne; Lucerne, Neuchatel, USI Lugano & Zürich Plenary Session III: Regional Challenges and Priorities :30-18:30 Präsentationstitel Swiss TPH is an independent institute, associated with University of Basel

2 1. Achievements 2. Challenges 2

3 Clean air policies result in improved air quality: Fine particulate matter concentrations (PM2.5) Italy Germany Belgium Netherland Luxembourg Austria Greece Switzerland France Malta Cyprus U.K. Denmark Spain Western Europe Hungary Chech Republic Slovakia Romania Poland Bulgaria Serbia Macedonia Slovenia Croatia Albania Bos. & Herzog. Montenegro Eastern Europe PM2.5 µg/m³ Portugal Andorra Ireland Sweden Finland Norway Iceland WHO Guideline Value

4 Ingredients of successful clean air policies 1. Set ambitious ambient air quality targets to protect health of humans and the ecosystem 2. Identify & Control sources Fuel quality Emission standards: e.g. EURO 1 to 6 to reduce soot from diesel engines 3. Define local & national plans based on best available techniques 4. Governance: Clarify competencies & institutional settings (role of ministries and agencies cooperation with actors on supra-national, national, regional, local level) 5. Monitor and control Air quality Emissions (under real use conditions) Implementation of policies 4

5 The Swiss Study on Air Pollution and Lung & Heart Diseases in Adults SAPALDIA Initiated in 1991 (~ subjects) and still running Lead by Swiss TPH (Prof. Nicole Probst-Hensch) BASEL AARAU WALD PAYERNE DAVOS GENEVA MONTANA LUGANO

6 1. Achievements 2. Challenges 6

7 EU Directive for PM2.5 ignores science-based WHO guideline values! Int J Pub Health 2017: Kutlar Joss et al (open access) WHO Air Quality Guideline Value (annual mean) Public health oriented air quality standards Afghanistan Australia Cameroon Canada Iran Malawi Switzerland U.S.A. Mexico «standard» does not protect health! E.U. 10 µg/m In EU-28 : 82-85% of the population live in places with PM2.5 concentrations above WHO AQG value!

8 Western Europe & U.S.A cause (substantially) higher air pollution in OTHER COUNTRIES (rather than at home) to accomodate their own life style China, India & Asia, in general, take the highest share of air pollution (= death & diseases) for the production of goods CONSUMED IN OTHER COUNTRIES 8

9 SO Swiss mining company causes disastrous sulfur dioxid spills in Zambia (Mopani Copper Mine) Mai Kankoyo monitoring station, Mai-Okt 2013 London-smog 1952 with >4 000 death in 10 days 16.Okt A European car maker negotiates for the permission to export to Iran diesel trucks without particle filters!

10 Swiss traders blend the «poorest possible diesel quality» for African countries with lax sulfur regulations samples at gas stations contained up to 630 times more sulphur than diesel sold in Switzerland! 3780 (called «African Quality»)

11 Poor clean air policies Highly polluted countries get worse! China Annual fine particulate matter concentrations (PM2.5) Bangladesh India Pakistan Nepal 40 NOTE: same trends almost everywhere in Asia, Latin America, and Africa! Bhutan Palestine Jordan 20 Afghanistan WHO Guideline Value: 10 µg/m³! 11

12 Science-based fuel, emission, and air quality standards need to be GLOBALIZED to protect health not only in Europe, but globally! We are not yet there! Only 7 coutries comply with WHO AQG values Thank you - Nino.Kuenzli@SwissTPH.ch 12