AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS International sight of future emission programs K. Engeljehringer AVL List GmbH, Graz, Austria

Transcription

1 AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS International sight of future emission programs K. Engeljehringer AVL List GmbH, Graz, Austria SEMINÁRIO DE EMISSÕES AEA, "Our air may be better - A critical approach to vehicle emissions."

2 AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS International sight of future emission programs 2

3 AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS International sight of future emission programs Content: Legislation and Harmonization Emission Regulation Trends Light Duty Passenger Cars Heavy Duty On-Road Engines Off-Road Engines Special Topics Green-House-Gas emissions Real Driving Emissions Conclusion 3

4 AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations Worldwide emission legislations have pages! some of it are confusing, too In Annex 8 of this Regulation, references to Annex 4 shall be understood as reference to Appendix 4 of Annex I of this Regulation. (Quotation from UN-ECE 101) 4

5 EMISSION LEGISLATIONS A complex 3-Dimensional matrix (Application, Global Harmonization: accordingly to the UNECE 1998 world harmonization agreement. Outcome are GTRs (Global Technical Regulations) for each application. EU is implementing it, Japan will implement it for new legislations and USA is not implementing it. but has its own USA harmonization program over applications. EU Time Japan EU-1 VI EU-1 V EU-1 IV EU-1 III EU-1 II Applications Global Harmonization GTR-02: 2- and 3-Wheelers GTR-04: Heavy Duty On-Road GTR-05: OBD On-Road GTR-10: Off Cycle Emissions GTR-11: Off-Road GTR-??: Light Duty (WLTP) EU-1 I USA USA Harmonization CFR-1065: Engine CFR-1066: Vehicle Chassis Dyno Engine Dyno 5

6 AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS International sight of future emission programs Content: Legislation and Harmonization Emission Regulation Trends Light Duty Passenger Cars Heavy Duty On-Road Engines Off-Road Engines Special Topics Green-House-Gas emissions Real Driving Emissions Conclusion 6

7 AVL EMISSION TESTING EU Light Duty Passenger Car Emission Legislation EU EU Emission Legislation: EU-6b in 2014 and Euro-6c in 2017 Limits are valid for all normal driving operations, not only for a certain drive cycle. Particle number (PN) also for spark ignition engines. EU and UN-ECE Technical Regulation: Test Procedures and drive cycle shall be WLTP (World Light vehicle Test Procedure). WLTP Phase- 1 should be finished until 2013, but is delayed. Real Driving Emissions (PEMS or random drive cycles) Main issues for development CO2 reduction PN limit for gasoline GDI engines, will a GPF (Gasoline Particulate Filter) be needed?. Diesel vehicles further NOx limit reduction. Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed, torque, temperatures, altitudes, ) to fulfill Real Driving Emissions limits. 7

8 AVL EMISSION TESTING USA Light Duty Passenger Car Emission Legislation US Emission Legislation: LEV-II (Low Emission Vehicle program III) will start in US-EPA and CARB will harmonize their standards. PM limits will be reduced by a factor 10. PM measured for all engine- and fuel types. US Technical Regulation: Test specifications accordingly CFR-1066 and CFR-1065, replacing the current Part-40 CFR-86. Medium Duty Vehicle (MDV) are tested on chassis dynos Main issues for development Very low emission limits Gravimetric PM measurement is questionable Notes: no relevant discussion about PN no relevant discussion about PEMS 8

9 AVL EMISSION TESTING EU Heavy-Duty On-Road Emission Legislation

10 AVL EMISSION TESTING EU Heavy-Duty On-Road Emission Legislation Test cycles EU-I+II 13-Mode EU-III+IV ESC EU-VI WHSC Test cycles EU-III+IV ETC EU-VI WHSC I II III IV V VI EU CO g/kw-h 4,50 4,00 2,10 1,50 1,50 1,50 THC g/kw-h 1,10 1,10 0,66 0,46 0,46 0,13 NMHC CH4 NOx g/kw-h g/kw-h g/kw-h 8,00 7,00 5,00 3,50 2,00 0,40 PM g/kw-h 3,60 0,15 0,10 0,02 0,02 0,01 NH3 ppm PN #/kwh 8 E11 CO2, FC g/kw-h no NO2 g/kw-h? CO g/kw-h 5,40 4,00 4,00 4,00 THC g/kw-h 0,16 NMHC g/kw-h 0,78 0,55 0,55 CH4 g/kw-h 1,60 1,10 1,10 NOx g/kw-h 5,00 3,50 2,00 0,46 PM g/kw-h 0,16 0,03 0,03 0,01 NH3 ppm PN #/kwh 6 E11 CO2, FC g/kw-h no NO2 g/kw-h? Moderate Reduction (<30%) Large Reduction (>30%) Tbd Tbd 10

11 AVL EMISSION TESTING USA Heavy-Duty On-Road Emission Legislation

12 AVL EMISSION TESTING Off-Road Emission Legislation EU EU und UN-ECE Emission Standards: Limits also for engines with over 560kW. Global Technical regulation GTR-11 will be implemented. Agricultural and forestry tractors will be covered also by Non-Road Mobile Machinery legislation. (before a separate legislation)) Real Driving Emissions measurement with PEMS under evaluation. Discussions for Stage V (2020?) to implement also a PN limit. Currently Non-Road Stage IV engines are often using open filter systems. US-EPA and CARB Standards: Test procedure is based on CFR-1065, which is quite different compared to old US or European legislation. Real Driving Emissions measurement with PEMS under evaluation. 12

13 AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS International sight of future emission programs Content: Legislation and Harmonization Emission Regulation Trends Light Duty Passenger Cars Heavy Duty On-Road Engines Off-Road Engines Special Topics Green-House-Gas emissions Real Driving Emissions Conclusion 13

14 GREEN-HOUSE-GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Pollutant Emissions and CO2 Emissions Pollutant Emission is a local problem: Even when some emission components may be transported over some 100 kilometers, like particulates. Mostly only the people and environment of this region or especially of a city is effected by pollution problems. Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic conditions of the entire world and change the climate. Often the region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes, are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions, but will suffer. 14

15 GREEN-HOUSE-GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) 2 different points of views CO2 emitted per country: The map shows how much CO2 is emitted per country. 1. China 2. USA 3. India 4. Russia CO2 emitted per person: The map shows how much CO2 is emitted per person. 1. USA 2. Canada 3. Australia 4. Middle East 15

16 GREEN-HOUSE-GAS EMISSIONS (GHG)) Achievements and targets passenger cars SIAM, BEE Proposals 2015: g/km 2020: g/km Source: ICAT, l/100km 25 km/l 65 mpg 16

17 REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it? Naming: There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in all discussions and regulations. There are words like Real Driving Emissions Not-to-Exceed Off-Cycle Emission Real World Emission In-Use Compliance In Service Conformity In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions: Random cycles in the test bed Mobile testing on the road 17

18 REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Emission Standards versus optimized technology Older technology was not flexible, like carburetors, mechanical or electronic engine control. Reducing emissions in any cycle reduced emission under most operation conditions. Modern engine control units (Computer) are flexible and fine tuned for the known cycle. Reducing emission will not reduce emission under normal operation conditions. Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures, and add random cycles or in use requirements or both. 18

19 REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants Real Driving Emission testing Random Cycle Mobile PEMS Test bed test Random and unknown test cycle Can be reproduced, which is important for R&D. Mobile in use measurement Unknown driving conditions Can not be repeated and Standard Test Bed Emission Systems: AVL igeneration PRODUCT LINE Portable Emission Systems: AVL M.O.V.E Mobile Testing Platform. 19

20 REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS The motivation to do it USA $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law. The companies sold 1.3 million diesel engines containing illegal "defeat devices" which allow an engine to pass the emissions test, but modified emission controls during real driving. South-Korean Ministry of Environment: The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 dieselengine SUV models. All 5 models passed the legal test, but serious problems arose when the air conditioning was turned on. While most cars showed a 10% to 20% increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, these five SUVs had 6 to 11 times more NOx emissions than the legal limit. Joined Research Center of the EU (JRC): Comparing different cars (Euro-3 to Euro-5) to the approval emission test result and real world driving results. Results showed that in real world the emission are much higher and that there was little improvement between Euro-4 and Euro-5 Source:

21 AVL EMISSION TESTING EU Heavy-Duty On-Road Emission Legislation EU VI Off Cycle Emissions (OCE) OCE is a new stationary test run. It is the advanced version of the 3 random NOx control modes in the ESC cycle as used by EU-III to EU-V. 2 versions of the OCE exists: 9 mode OCE for engines with rated speeds below 3000 rpm 12 mode OCE for engines with rated speeds above 3000 rpm An area is defined in the engine speed / torque map. This area is separated in 9 or 12 parts. Three of these parts are randomly selected in each part 5 random speed / torque point are tested. 9 modes for engines < 3000 rpm 12 modes for engines > 3000 rpm 21

22 HEAVY-DUTY EU-VI Considerations EU VI In Service Emissions conformity (compliance) To ensure that vehicles are not only clean in the well defined and conditioned laboratory tests, but also in real world operation. Maximum allowed emission are defined by a conformity factor compared to limits of the standard laboratory test. 1.5 for CO, NOx, THC for CI engines, NMHC and CH4 for PI engines. PM and PN will be considered, after sufficient information is available about appropriate measurement techniques. Measurement is done in real vehicles on the road using a PEMS (Portable Emission Measurement System) Testing can be done at a wide range of ambient and engine operation conditions All atmospheric pressures greater above 82.5 kpa (app. 1700m altitude) Engine coolant temperatures from 70 C to 100 C Ambient temperatures less than or equal to: T = * (101.3 pb) + 311, T = ambient temperature in K, pb is atmospheric pressure in kpa Consider altitude simulation on test beds for R&D and calibration 22

23 Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab. A combination of both Test bed: Environmental relevance limited (Standard cycle) Standardization Results can be compared Reproducibility yes (most important for development) Driving conditions straight and without hills Ambient conditions standardized and konstant Mobile Testing: Environmental relevance high (realer world) Not standardized Results can not be compared Reproducibility not possible Driving conditions with turns and hills Ambient conditions variable in defined limits 23

24 AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Testing Quo Vadis? Emission Standards and Regulation Trends pages of worldwide emission and CO2 legislations are valid and more to come. further reduced limits and additional pollutants, like particle number, NH3, NO2, N2O, HNCO, Aldehydes new test cycles, -procedures, real driving emissions on the road and by random test cycles, In-use and OBD Market-, R&D- and Application- Requirements More variants, fuel diversity, complex powertrains, exhaust after-treatment systems require to fulfill limits not only in known test cycles, but also under real and/or random conditions. more test complexity requires more effort and more test capacities Example 1: a plug-in hybrid occupies a test cell for 1 day instead of 1 hour Example 2: the real word emission requirements will increase calibration effort by 30+% 24

25 AVL EMISSION TESTING Technology Leadership AVL Emission Test Systems and Solutions Future-proof since AVL s involvement in regulation groups AVL expertise by 110+ in house powertrain R&D test cells and thousands of customer test cells Latest state-of-the-art and platform technology AVL Technology Leader in Emission Testing Application oriented solutions and automation systems Most complete emission test product portfolio on the market 25