EVOLUTION OF RDE REGULATION

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1 EVOLUTION OF RDE REGULATION

2 Content RDE Background RDE Regulation Development Boundary Conditions RDE Implementation Summary 2 Diesel & Gasoline Systems and Automotive Aftermarket DS/EPD1-GS GS/ESP3 4/28/2016

3 RDE Background Since 2010/11 several studies were showing differences with regard to emissions between laboratory tests and real driving conditions Increasing awareness of the need to reform the way emissions were tested The Commission shall keep under review the procedures, tests [ ] used to measure emissions. [ ] no longer reflect real world emissions, they shall be adapted so as to [ ] reflect the emissions generated by real driving on the road. (Reg.715/2007) Development of new Real Driving Emissions test as additional procedure Source: Press-release of ICCT study Real-world exhaust emissions from modern diesel cars Diesel & Gasoline Systems and Automotive Aftermarket DS/EPD1-GS GS/ESP3 4/28/2016

4 RDE Regulation Development Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS) Random Test Cycle (RTC) Real on-road driving On-board measurement Wide range of boundary conditions Vehicle dynamometer measurement Randomized cycle based on EUdatabase EU Decision to focus on PEMS in RDE Regulation! 4 Diesel & Gasoline Systems and Automotive Aftermarket DS/EPD1-GS GS/ESP3 4/28/2016

5 RDE Regulation Development RDE Regulation/Development split into 4 packages 1 st Package 2 nd Package 3 rd Package 4 th Package - PEMS test procedure and test equipment - Boundary Conditions - Data evaluation methods (EMROAD / SPF formerly known as CLEAR) - Introduction dates - Conformity Factor for NOx - Additional Boundary Conditions - PEMS test procedure and test equipment for PN - Conformity Factor for PN - Cold start evaluation - Special RDE testing conditions for hybrids - In-service conformity (ISC) testing - [Transfer Function] 5 Diesel & Gasoline Systems and Automotive Aftermarket DS/EPD1-GS GS/ESP3 4/28/2016 Source: TCMV_47_ ; TCMV_51_ ; DG Growth Work Program

6 RDE Regulation Development 1. Half Half Half Half Half RDE 1st package RDE 2nd package Adoption exp. end 2016 RDE 3rd package RDE 4th package Adoption exp. early - mid st regulatory RDE package published as COM Regulation (EU) 2016/427 2 nd regulatory RDE package was adopted and is currently in process of being published as COM Regulation 3 rd & 4 th regulatory RDE package in processing adopted in process Technical Committee Motor Vehicle Commission Regulation European Parliament 6 Diesel & Gasoline Systems and Automotive Aftermarket DS/EPD1-GS (GS/ESP3) 4/28/2016 Source: TCMV; REG. 2016/427; DG Growth Work Program , RDE- LDV-WG

7 Evolution of RDE Regulation Boundary Conditions Wide range of Boundary Conditions possible during real on-road driving with PEMS Emission test results depend heavily on: Example: Driving Style Ambient Conditions Trip (road incline, speed,..) Driving style (aggressive, calm, normal) Legal Boundary Conditions which correspond to Normal driving and exclude extreme and not representative conditions! 7 Diesel & Gasoline Systems and Automotive Aftermarket DS/EPD1-GS (GS/ESP3) 4/28/2016

8 Boundary Conditions - Ambient Derivation of ambient conditions based on European environment (statistical EU data; national occurrence/needs) Existing regulations (UN ECE R83, EU 582/2011,..) 2-phase model with moderate and extended conditions Parameter Altitude Temperature Value / Criteria Moderate Extended (1) 700meters Phase 1 3 C x 30 C Phase 2 (NT: 09/19+ / AT: 09/20+) 700 < x 1300meters start and end point shall not differ in their elevation above sea level by more than 100 m 0 C x 30 C -2 C x < 3 C, or 30 C < x 35 C -7 C x < 0 C, or 30 C < x 35 C 8 Diesel & Gasoline Systems and Automotive Aftermarket DS/EPD1-GS (GS/ESP3) 4/28/2016 Source: RDE Regulation (EU) 2016/427 (1) = for extended conditions specific data weighting NT = New types AT = All types

9 Boundary Conditions - Trip Derivation of trip requirements based on European driving statistics; national occurrence/needs WLTP database (European part) Parameter Share [Speed Range] (of total trip distance) Value / Criteria urban [v 60km/h, avg v = 15-40km/h]: 34% (29% - 44%) rural [60km/h < v < 90km/h]: 33% (± 10%) motorway [v > 90km/h]: 33% (± 10%) Sequence / Distance / Test duration Max speed 145km/h (1) urban rural motorway / minimum 16 km for each category (urban, rural, motorway) / minutes Stop periods (v < 1km/h) Road Grade All urban stop periods account for 6-30% of urban operation time. Urban operation shall contain several stop periods of 10s or longer. Proportional cumulative positive altitude gain (2) < 1200m/100km 9 Source: RDE Regulation (EU) 2016/427; TCMV_51_ Diesel & Gasoline Systems and Automotive Aftermarket DS/EPD1-GS (GS/ESP3) 4/28/2016 (1) = may be exceeded by 15km/h for max. 3% of time of motorway driving (2) = specific calculation procedure with smoothing of instant. values applied

10 Boundary Conditions - Dynamic Data evaluation methods (EMROAD / SPF) involve normalization to reference driving pattern exclusion of extreme driving conditions Example: EMROAD Additional boundary conditions which define permissible dynamic range (1) Upper limit: 95 th percentile of v x a pos Lower limit: Relative Positive Acceleration 10 Source: RDE Regulation (EU) 2016/427; TCMV_51_ Diesel & Gasoline Systems and Automotive Aftermarket DS/EPD1-GS (GS/ESP3) 4/28/2016 (1) = Depending on avg. speed; separate limits for urban/rural/motorway category

11 NOx [mg] NOx [mg/km] Evolution of RDE Regulation Boundary Conditions - Challenge Stuttgart NO-Track x [mg/km] Compact class vehicle, NSC + DPF, 1750 kg test mass v x a pos [m²/s³] Parameter Typical value Distance [km] 67 Avg. Speed [km/h] 45 Share [u/r/m] [%] 40 / 33 / 27 High range of variation due to individual driving conditions! Pos. altitude gain 980m / 100km 11 Source: internal analysis Diesel & Gasoline Systems and Automotive Aftermarket DS/EPD1-GS (GS/ESP3) 4/28/2016

12 RDE Implementation - Roadmap April 2016 Sept 2017 Sept Jan Sept Jan New Types MONITORING NTE-Limit Step 1 CF NOx: 2.1 CF PN: tbd NTE-Limit Step 2 RDE w/ limit (All Types) NTE CF = NOx: CF x 1 TF x EU6 (1) limit CF PN: tbd Amb. Cond. Phase1 (2) Ambient Conditions Phase 2 (2) All Types NTE-Limit Step 1 CF NOx: 2.1 CF PN: tbd NTE-Limit Step 2 CF NOx: (1) CF PN: tbd Amb. Cond. - Phase 1 (2) Ambient Cond. - Phase 2 (2) adopted planned NTE = not to exceed CF = Conformity Factor (1) margin of 0.5 subject to annual review (2) for extended conditions specific data weighting / Timing of Ambient Condition Phase 1,2 currently not consistent with timing of NTE-Limit Step 1,2 12 Diesel & Gasoline Systems and Automotive Aftermarket DS/EPD1-GS (GS/ESP3) 4/28/2016 Source: RDE Regulation (EU) 2016/427; TCMV_51_

13 RDE Implementation - Process PEMS trip invalid new boundary cond. not fulfilled Tool criteria not fulfilled Validation of PEMS attached to vehicle by measurement on dynamometer. For each RDE trip, PEMS analyzer calibration PEMS measurement Calculation of instantaneous emissions in 1 Hz frequency Validation of PEMS measurement Fulfillment of legal boundary conditions (e.g. ambient, trip requirements, dynamic,...) Data evaluation Evaluation of emissions with data evaluation method (EMROAD / SPF) Type I test data input for EMROAD / SPF Compliance evaluation (1) RDE pollutant, total trip Euro 6 limit x CF pollutant x TF RDE pollutant, urban part Euro 6 limit x CF pollutant x TF 13 CF= Conformity Factor SPF = Standardized power frequency PEMS = portable emission measurement system TF = Transfer Function, currently set to 1 Diesel & Gasoline Systems and Automotive Aftermarket DS/EPD1-GS (GS/ESP3) 4/28/2016 Source: RDE Regulation (EU) 2016/427; TCMV_51_ (1) = compliance evaluation not applied during monitoring phase

14 Summary RDE is introduced to ensure that Emission Limits are met in real-world RDE severity strongly influenced by Boundary Conditions, Data Evaluation Method & Conformity Factor Boundary Conditions in EU reflect regional ambient conditions (climate, altitude) and represent Normal Driving in terms of driving behaviour Bosch offers technologies which help to fulfill current and upcoming Emission Standards Bosch appreciates the opportunity to share our global, technical expertise 14 Diesel & Gasoline Systems and Automotive Aftermarket DS/EPD1-GS (GS/ESP3) 4/28/2016

15 THANK YOU

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