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1 - A - ABS (Antilck Braking System) Cmputer, sensrs and slenid valves which tgether mnitr wheel speed and mdulate braking frce if wheel lckup is sensed during braking. Helps the driver retain cntrl f the vehicle during heavy braking n slippery rads. AFV (Alternative Fueled Vehicle) Vehicle pwered by a fuel ther than gasline r diesel. Air Ride Suspensin Suspensin which supprts the lad n air-filled rubber bags rather than steel springs. Cmpressed air is supplied by the same engine-driven air cmpressr and reservir tanks which prvide air t the air brake system. ATC (Autmatic Tractin Cntrl) Usually an ptinal feature based n ABS, it prevents spinning f the drive wheels under pwer n slippery surfaces by braking individual wheels and/r reducing engine thrttle. Als called ASR, an acrnym smetimes lsely translated frm the German as anti-spin regulatin. ATV (All Terrain Vehicle) Vehicle designed fr any type f terrain. AVI (Autmatic Vehicle Identificatin) System cmbining an n-bard transpnder with radside receivers t autmate identificatin f vehicles. Uses include electrnic tll cllectin and stlen vehicle detectin. AVL (Autmated Vehicle Lcatin) Class f technlgies designed t lcate vehicles fr fleet management purpses and fr stlen vehicle recvery. Infrastructure can be land-based radi twers r satellites. (See IVHS) Axle Structural cmpnent t which wheels, brakes and suspensin are attached. Drive axles are thse with pwered wheels. Frnt axle is usually called the steer axle.

2 Pusher axles are unpwered and g ahead f drive axles. Rear axles may be drive, tag r pusher types. Tag axles are unpwered and g behind drive axles. - B - BBC Distance frm a truck's frnt bumper t the back f its cab. Bill f Lading Itemized list f gds cntained in a shipment. Blind Spt Areas arund a cmmercial vehicle that are nt visible t the driver either thrugh the windshield, side windws r mirrrs. Bbtail Tractr perating withut a trailer. Als refers t straight truck. Bgie (als spelled bgey) Assembly f tw r mre axles, usually a pair in tandem. Brake Hrsepwer (bhp) Engine hrsepwer rating as determined by brake dynammeter testing. (See Hrsepwer) Bridge Frmula A bridge prtectin frmula used by federal and state gvernments t regulate the amunt f weight that can be put n each f a vehicle's axles, and hw far apart the axles (r grups f axles) must be t legally carry a given weight. Bunk See Sleeper. - C - Cabver (Cab-Over-Engine, COE) Truck r tractr design in which the cab sits ver the engine n the chassis. Carg Weight Cmbined weight f all lads, gear and supplies n a vehicle. Cartage Cmpany Cmpany that prvides lcal (within a twn, city r municipality) pick-up and delivery. Cast Spke Wheel Wheel with five r six spkes riginating frm a center hub. The spked prtin, usually made f cast steel, is blted t a multiple-piece steel rim (See Demuntable Rim; Disc Wheel).

3 CB (Citizens Band Radi) Tw-way radi fr which n license is required by the Federal Cmmunicatins Cmmissin (FCC). Lng beynd its heyday in the '70s, CB is still used by truckers and mtrists fr everything frm traffic cnditin reprts t emergency calls t idle chatter. CDL (Cmmercial Driver's License) License which authrizes an individual t perate cmmercial mtr vehicles and buses ver 26,000 punds grss vehicle weight. Fr peratrs f freight-hauling trucks, the maximum size which may be driven withut a CDL is Class 6 (maximum 26,000 punds grss vehicle weight). CE (CF, LP) Distance frm back f a truck's cab t the end f its frame. CFC Chlrflurcarbn. CG (Center f Gravity) Weight center r balance pint f an bject, such as a truck bdy. Calculated t help determine ptimum placement f truck bdies n chassis. Chassis Weight (Curb Weight, Tare Weight) Weight f the empty truck, withut ccupants r lad. CNG Cmpressed natural gas. COE See Cabver. COFC (Cntainer On Flat Car) Methd f mving shipping cntainers which invlves transprting them n railrad flat cars. Cmmn Carrier Freight transprtatin cmpany which serves the general public. May be regular rute service (ver designated highways n a regular basis) r irregular rute (between varius pints n an unscheduled basis). Cmpensated Intracrprate Hauling Freight transprtatin service prvided by ne cmpany fr a sister cmpany. Cntainer (Shipping Cntainer) Standard-sized rectangular bx used t transprt freight by ship, rail and highway. Internatinal shipping cntainers are 20 r 40 feet lng, cnfrm t Internatinal Standards Organizatin (ISO) standards and are designed t fit in ships' hlds. Cntainers are

4 transprted n public rads atp a cntainer chassis twed by a tractr. Dmestic cntainers, up t 53 feet lng and f lighter cnstructin, are designed fr rail and highway use nly. Cntainer Chassis Single-purpse semitrailer designed t carry a shipping cntainer. Cntract Carrier Cmpany that transprts freight under cntract with ne r a limited number f shippers. Cnverter Dlly (Dlly) Auxiliary axle assembly equipped with a fifth wheel (cupling device), twed by a semitrailer and supprting the frnt f, and twing, anther semitrailer. Cube (Cubic Capacity) Interir vlume f a truck bdy, semitrailer r trailer, measured in cubic feet. Curb Weight See Chassis Weight. - D - Dead-Heading Operating a truck withut carg. Demuntable Rim Multi-piece steel wheel rim assembly which is blted t a spke hub. Demuntable rims are still in use, thugh they have been replaced in many applicatins by the simpler disc wheel. (See Cast Spke Wheel) Disc Wheel Single-piece rim/wheel assembly f stamped and welded steel r frged aluminum, anchred by 8 r 10 nuts t a hub. A "Budd wheel" is a ten-hle, stud-pilted disc wheel; a design riginated by the Budd Crpratin. Displacement (Pistn Displacement) Sum f the vlumes swept by an engine's pistns as they travel up and dwn in their cylinders. Based upn bre (diameter f cylinder) and strke (distance traveled by pistn). Expressed in liters r cubic inches. Dlly See Cnverter Dlly. Dubles (Twins, Twin Trailers) Cmbinatin f a tractr and tw semitrailers cnnected in tandem by a cnverter dlly. (See Cnverter Dlly; Pintle Hk)

5 Driveline All the cmpnents which tgether transmit pwer frm the transmissin t the drive axle(s). These cnsist f at least ne driveshaft (prpeller shaft) with a universal jint at each end. Drivetrain (Pwertrain) All the cmpnents, excluding engine, which transmit the engine's pwer t the rear wheels: clutch, transmissin, driveline and drive axle(s). (See Pwertrain) DRL (Daytime Running Lights) System that autmatically turns n a vehicle's lw beam headlights when the parking brake is released and the ignitin is n. - E - EDI (Electrnic Data Interchange) The business-t-business intercnnectin f cmputers fr the rapid exchange f a wide variety f dcuments, frm bills f lading t build tickets at aut plants. Escape Ramp See Runaway Truck Ramp. Exempt Carrier Cmpany which transprts cmmdities exempted frm Interstate Cmmerce Cmmissin (ICC) ecnmic regulatin. EV (Electric Vehicle) Vehicle pwered by electric mtr(s) rather than by an internal cmbustin engine. Mst cmmn surce f electricity is chemical strage batteries. - F - Fifth Wheel Cupling device attached t a tractr r dlly which supprts the frnt f a semitrailer and lcks it t the tractr r dlly. The fifth wheel's center is designed t accept a trailer's kingpin, arund which the trailer and tractr r dlly pivt in turns. Fixed Tandem Assembly f tw axles and suspensin that is attached t the chassis in ne place, and cannt be mved fre and aft. (See Sliding Tandem)

6 Fr-Hire Carrier Cmpany in the business f transprting freight belnging t thers (See Private Carrier). - G - GAWR (Grss Axle Weight Rating) Maximum weight an axle is rated t carry by the manufacturer. Includes bth the weight f the axle and the prtin f a vehicle's weight carried by the axle. GCW (Grss Cmbinatin Weight) Ttal weight f a laded cmbinatin vehicle, such as a tractrsemitrailer r truck and full trailer(s). Geared Speed Calculated vehicle speed at the engine's gverned rpm in each transmissin gear, r (cmmnly) in tp gear. Gear Rati Number, usually expressed as a decimal fractin, representing hw many turns f the input shaft cause exactly ne revlutin f the utput shaft. Applies t transmissins, pwer takeffs, pwer dividers and rear axles. Example: If 2.5 revlutins f an input shaft cause ne revlutin f the utput shaft, the gear rati is 2.5:1. Grade Steepness f a grade, expressed as a percentage. Example: A vehicle climbing a 5% grade rises 5 feet fr every 100 feet f frward travel. Gradeability Vehicle's ability t climb a grade at a given speed. Example: A truck with a gradeability f 5% at 60 mph can maintain 60 mph n a grade with a rise f 5%. GVW (Grss Vehicle Weight) Ttal weight f a vehicle and everything abard, including its lad. GVWR (Grss Vehicle Weight Rating) Ttal weight a vehicle is rated t carry by the manufacturer, including its wn weight and the weight f its lad.

7 - H - Hazmat Hazardus materials, as classified by the U.S. Envirnmental Prtectin Agency (EPA). Transprt f hazardus materials is strictly regulated by the U.S. Department f Transprtatin. Headache Rack Heavy prtective barrier munted behind the tractr's cab. Designed t prevent "headaches" caused by lad shifting frward frm the trailer and crushing the cab. HCFC Hydrchlrflurcarbn. Hrsepwer (hp) Measure f pwer (the amunt f wrk that can be dne ver a given amunt f time). One hrsepwer is defined as 33,000 ft-punds f wrk in ne minute. Example: Lifting 33,000 punds ne ft in ne minute, r lifting 3300 punds ten feet in ne minute. Hrsepwer, Grss Labratry Tested hrsepwer f a "bare" engine withut fan, water pump, alternatr, exhaust system r any ther accessries. Hrsepwer, SAE Net Hrsepwer capability f an engine with full accessries and exhaust system. Test prcedures per standards f Sciety f Autmtive Engineers (SAE). Hurs-Of-Service U.S. Department f Transprtatin safety regulatins which gvern the hurs f service f cmmercial vehicle drivers engaged in interstate trucking peratins. - I - Independent Trucker See Owner Operatr. ITS (Intelligent Transprtatin Systems) See IVHS. IVHS (Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems) Blanket term fr a wide array f technlgies, including electrnic sensrs, cmputer hardware and sftware and radi cmmunicatins. The purpse f IVHS is t increase efficiency f use f existing highways, reducing travel time, fuel cnsumptin, air pllutin and accidents. There are five functinal areas: Advanced Public Transprtatin Systems (APTS) Advance Traffic Management Systems (ATMS) Advance Traveler Infrmatin Systems (ATIS)

8 Advanced Vehicle Cntrl Systems (AVCS) Cmmercial Vehicle Operatins (CVO) A mre recently cined term, Intelligent Transprtatin Systems (ITS), encmpasses bth IVHS and mdes f transprtatin ther than highway, such as rail. (See AVI, AVL, WIM) - J - Jackknife T place the trailer at a very sharp angle t the tractr. Jake Brake See Retarder. JIT (Just-In-Time) Manufacturing system which depends n frequent, small deliveries f parts and supplies t keep n-site inventry t a minimum. - K - Kingpin (axle) Pin arund which a steer axle's wheels pivt. Kingpin (trailer) Anchr pin at the center f a semitrailer's upper cupler which is captured by the lcking jaws f a tractr's fifth wheel t attach the tractr t the semitrailer. - L - Landing Gear Retracting legs which supprt the frnt f a semitrailer when it is nt cupled t a tractr. LCV (Lng Cmbinatin Vehicle) In general, vehicles lnger than a standard dubles rig (tractr and tw 28-ft semitrailers). Examples f LCVs which are permitted in sme U.S. western states and eastern tll rads: Twin 48-ft trailers; triple 28-ft trailers. Lessee Cmpany r individual which leases vehicles.

9 Lessr Cmpany which leases vehicles. Lift Axle Extra, unpwered axle needed nly when the vehicle is laded, allwing it t meet federal and state vehicle weight standards. The lift axle is munted t an air spring suspensin that raises the axle when it is nt required. LPG Liquid prpane gas. Lad Range (Tires) Letter cde system fr the weight carrying capacity f tires. Cmparable ply ratings are shwn belw. LR PR LR PR A E B... 4 F C... 6 G D 8 H (LR = Lad Range PR = Ply Rating) Lgbk Bk carried by truck drivers in which they recrd their hurs f service and duty status fr each 24-hur perid. Required in interstate cmmercial trucking by the U.S. Department f Transprtatin. Lwby Open flat-bed trailer with a deck height very lw t the grund, used t haul cnstructin equipment r bulky r heavy lads. LTL (Less-Than-Trucklad) A quantity f freight less than that required fr the applicatin f a trucklad (TL) rate; usually less than 10,000 punds. (See TL) LTL Carrier Trucking cmpany which cnslidates less-than-trucklad carg fr multiple destinatins n ne vehicle. (See TL Carrier) - O - On-Bard Cmputer See Trip Recrder. Overdrive Gearing in which less than ne revlutin f a transmissin's input shaft causes ne turn f the utput shaft. The purpse f verdrive is t reduce engine rpm in high gear fr better fuel ecnmy. Example: A transmissin with an verdrive tp gear has a rati f 0.70 t ne. Turning the input shaft 0.7 revlutins causes 1.0 revlutin f the utput shaft.

10 Owner-Operatr Trucker wh wns and perates his wn truck(s). - P - P&D Pickup and delivery. Paylad Weight f the carg being hauled. Peddle Run Truck rute with frequent delivery stps. Pigtail Cable used t transmit electrical pwer frm the tractr t the trailer. S named because it is ciled like a pig's tail. Piggyback Semitrailer built with reinfrcements t withstand transprt by a railrad flatcar. (See TOFC) Pintle Hk Cupling device used in duble trailer, triple trailer and trucktrailer cmbinatins. It has a curved, fixed twing hrn and an upper latch that pens t accept the drawbar eye f a trailer r dlly. Pistn Displacement See Displacement. Ply Rating (PR) Relative measure f tire casing strength. (See Lad Range) Pwertrain See Drivetrain. Private Carrier Business which perates trucks primarily fr the purpse f transprting its wn prducts and raw materials. The principle business activity f a private carrier is nt transprtatin. (See Fr-Hire Carrier) PSI (Punds Per Square Inch) In trucking, unit f measurement fr tire air pressure, air brake system pressure and turbcharger bst. PTO (Pwer Takeff) Device used t transmit engine pwer t auxiliary equipment. A PTO ften drives a hydraulic pump, which can pwer a dump bdy, cncrete mixer r refuse packer. Sme designs munt t a standard pening n the transmissin, while thers attach at the frnt r rear f the engine. Pull Trailer

11 Pull Trailer Shrt, full trailer (supprted by axles frnt and rear) with an extended tngue. Pup Trailer Shrt semitrailer, usually between 26 and 32 feet lng, with a single axle. Pusher Axle See Axle. - R - Relay (Relay Driving) Cmmn practice in the less-than-trucklad industry, in which ne driver takes a truck fr 8 t 10 hurs, then turns the truck ver t anther driver, pny express style. Reefer Refrigerated trailer with insulated walls and a self-pwered refrigeratin unit. Mst cmmnly used fr transprting fd. Retarder Device used t assist brakes in slwing the vehicle. The mst cmmn type f retarder n ver-the-rad trucks manipulates the engine's valves t create engine drag. (This type is cmmnly referred t as "Jake Brake" because the predminant manufacturer is Jacbs Vehicle Equipment C.) Other types f retarders include exhaust retarders, transmissin-munted hydraulic retarders and axle-munted electrmagnetic retarders. RFG (Refrmulated Gasline) Gasline blended with pllutin reducing additives. RadRailer Semitrailer specially designed t travel bth n highway and n rails. Manufactured by Wabash Crp. Rlling Radius Tire dimensin frm center f the axle t the grund; measured with tire laded t rated capacity. Used in calculating geared speed. RPM (Revlutins Per Minute) Measure f the speed at which a shaft spins. Mst ften used t describe engine crankshaft speed. Indicated by a tachmeter. Runaway Truck Ramp Emergency area adjacent t a steep dwngrade that a heavy truck can steer int after lsing braking pwer. Usually tw r three lanes wide and several hundred feet lng, the ramp is a sft, gravel-filled pathway which absrbs the truck's frward mmentum, bringing it t a safe stp. Depending n the surrunding terrain, the ramp may be level r run up r dwn hill.

12 - S - Semitrailer Truck trailer supprted at the rear by its wn wheels and at the frnt by a fifth wheel munted t a tractr r dlly. Setback Axle Frnt steering axle mved rearward frm the generally accepted standard psitin. Advantages: Shrter turning radius and mre f a vehicle's weight shifted t frnt axle. Shipping Weight "Dry" weight f a truck including all standard equipment, but excluding fuel and clant. Single-Surce Leasing Service in which cmpanies can lease drivers and trucks frm the same surce, rather than having t prcure them frm different cmpanies. Sleeper Sleeping cmpartment munted behind a truck cab, smetimes attached t the cab r even designed t be an integral part f it. Sleeper Team See Team. Sliding Fifth Wheel Fifth wheel munted t a mechanism that allws it t be mved back and frth fr the purpse f adjusting the distributin f weight n the tractr's axles. Als prvides the capability t vary vehicle cmbinatin lengths. Sliding Tandem (Slider) Mechanism that allws a tandem axle suspensin t be mved back and frth at the rear f a semitrailer, fr the purpse f adjusting the distributin f weight between the axles and fifth wheel. Speedability Tp speed a vehicle can attain as determined by engine pwer, engine gverned speed, grss weight, driveline efficiency, air resistance, grade and lad. Spke Wheel See Cast Spke Wheel. Spread Axle (Spread Tandem) Tandem axle assembly spaced further apart than the standard spacing f 54 inches. The U.S. federal bridge frmula favrs

13 trailer axles with an eight r nine ft spread by allwing higher weight than n tandems with standard spacing. Straight Truck See Truck. SUV Sprt/utility vehicle. Synchrnized Transmissin Transmissin with built-in mechanisms t autmatically "equalize" the speed f its gears t allw smth shifting withut the need t duble-clutch. - T - Tag Axle See Axle. Tare Weight See Chassis Weight. Tandem Axle (Tandems) Pair f axles and assciated suspensin usually lcated clse tgether. (See Spread Axle) Team (Driver Team) Team f tw drivers wh alternative driving and resting. TEU (Twenty-Ft Equivalent Unit) Standardized unit fr measuring cntainer capacity n ships, railcars, etc. TL (Trucklad) The quantity f freight required t fill a trailer; usually mre than 10,000 punds. (See LTL) TL Carrier Trucking cmpany which dedicates trailers t a single shipper's carg, as ppsed t an LTL (Less Than Trucklad) carrier which transprts the cnslidated carg f several shippers and makes multiple deliveries. (See LTL Carrier) TOFC (Trailer On Flatcar) Methd f mving carg which invlves transprting semitrailers n railrad flat cars. (See Piggyback) Tractr Truck designed primarily t pull a semitrailer by means f a fifth wheel munted ver the rear axle(s). Smetimes called a truck tractr r highway tractr t differentiate frm it frm a farm tractr. Tractr Trailer Tractr and semitrailer cmbinatin.

14 Tri-Axle Truck, tractr r trailer with three axles gruped tgether at the rear. (See Tridem) Tridem Grup f three axles n a truck, tractr r trailer. Tridems are mst cmmn n Eurpean semitrailers. Trip Leasing Leasing a cmpany's vehicle t anther transprtatin prvider fr a single trip. Trip Recrder (On-Bard Cmputer) Cab-munted device which electrnically r mechanically recrds data such as truck speed, engine rpm, idle time and ther infrmatin useful t trucking management. Truck Vehicle which carries carg in a bdy munted t its chassis, rather than n a trailer twed by the vehicle. Twins (Twin Trailers) See Dubles. - U - ULEV Ultra-lw emissins vehicle. Upper Cupler Lad bearing surface n the underside f the frnt f a semitrailer. It rests n the fifth wheel f a tractr r dlly and has a dwnward-prtruding kingpin which is captured by the lcking jaws f the fifth wheel. - V - VIN (Vehicle Identificatin Number) Assigned by the manufacturer, this number is unique t each vehicle and appears n the vehicle's registratin and title. VMRS (Vehicle Maintenance Reprting Standards) Set f cdes develped t facilitate cmputerized tracking f parts and labr used in equipment repair. Established and maintained by the American Trucking Assciatins.

15 - W - Walking Beam Suspensin Type f truck and tractr rear suspensin cnsisting f tw beams, ne at each side f the chassis, which pivt in the center and cnnect at the frnt t ne axle f a tandem and at the rear t the ther axle. WIM (Weigh-In-Mtin) Technlgy fr determining a vehicle's weight withut requiring it t cme t a cmplete stp. - Y - Yard Jckey Persn wh perates a yard tractr. Yard Tractr (Yard Mule) Special tractr used t mve trailers arund a terminal, warehuse, distributin center, etc

Idaho: Idaho revised vehicle code:

Idaho: Idaho revised vehicle code: Idah: Idah revised vehicle cde: http://www.legislature.idah.gv/idstat/title49/t49.htm (6) "Trailer" means: (a) General. Every vehicle withut mtive pwer designed fr carrying persns r prperty and fr being