Report of Progress 981

Transcription

1 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service 2007 Report of Progress 981

2 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from FOREWORD Turfgrss Reserch 2007 contins results of projects done by K-Stte fculty nd grdute students. Some of these results will be presented t the Knss Turfgrss Field Dy, August 2, 2007, t the Olthe Extension nd Reserch Center. The enclosed rticles present summries of reserch projects tht were completed recently or will be completed in the next yer or two. Specificlly, this yer s report presents summries of reserch on environmentl stresses, turfgrss estblishment nd culture, nd cultivr evlutions. Wht questions cn we nswer for you? The K-Stte reserch tem strives to be responsive to the needs of the industry. If you hve problems tht you feel need to be ddressed, plese let one of us know. In ddition to the CD formt, you cn ccess this report, those from previous yers, nd ll K-Stte Reserch nd Extension publictions relting to turfgrss on the Web t: Personnel Associted with the K-Stte Turfgrss Progrm

3 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Personnel Associted with the K-Stte Turfgrss Progrm Fculty Bob Buernfeind Dle Bremer Jck Fry Json Griffin Steve Keeley Megn Kennelly Lrry Leuthold Rodney St. John Tom Wrner Bob Wolf Entomologist, Deprtment of Entomology, KSU, 133A Wters Hll, Mnhttn, KS (785) Fx: (785) Associte Professor, Turfgrss, Division of Horticulture, KSU, 2021 Throckmorton Hll, Mnhttn, KS Phone: (785) Fx: (785) Professor, Turfgrss Reserch nd Teching, Division of Horticulture, KSU, 2021 Throckmorton Hll, Mnhttn, KS Phone: (785) Fx: (785) Assistnt Professor, Director, John C. Pir Horticulturl Center, 1901 E 95 th St. South, Hysville, KS Phone: (316) Fx: (316) jgriffin@oznet.ksu.edu Associte Professor, Turfgrss Teching nd Reserch, Division of Horticulture, KSU, 2021 Throckmorton Hll, Mnhttn, KS Phone: (785) Fx: (785) skeeley@oznet.ksu.edu Plnt Pthologist, Deprtment of Plnt Pthology, KSU, 4063 Throckmorton Hll, Mnhttn, KS Phone: (785) Fx: (785) kennelly@ksu.edu Professor Emeritus, Horticulture Turfgrss Specilist, K-Stte Reserch nd Extension Center W 135th South, Olthe, KS Phone: (913) , Ext. 110 Fx: (913) rstjohn@ksu.edu Professor nd Hed, Deprtment of Horticulture, Forestry nd Recretion Resources, KSU, 2021 Throckmorton Hll, Mnhttn, KS Phone: (785) Fx: (785) twrner@oznet.ksu.edu Associte Professor, Appliction Technology, Deprtment of Biologicl nd Agriculturl Engineering, KSU, 229 Seton Hll, Mnhttn, KS Phone: (785) Fx: (785) rewolf@ksu.edu

4 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Support Stff Christy Dipmn Anthony Goldsby Lind Prsons Mike Shelton Wrd Uphm Secretry, Division of Horticulture, KSU, 2021 Throckmorton Hll, Mnhttn, KS Phone: (785) Fx: (785) Reserch Technicin nd Mnger, Rocky Ford Turfgrss Reserch Center, 2021 Throckmorton Hll, Mnhttn, KS Phone: (785) Fx: Reserch Assistnt, John C. Pir Horticulturl Center, 1901 E 95 th St. South, Hysville, KS Phone: (316) Fx: (316) Field Mintennce Supervisor, John C. Pir Horticulturl Center, 1901 E 95 th St. South, Hysville, KS Phone: (316) Fx: (316) mshelton@oznet.ksu.edu Extension Associte, Horticulture, Forestry nd Recretionl Resources, KSU, 2021 Throckmorton Hll, Mnhttn, KS Phone: (785) Fx: (785) wuphm@oznet.ksu.edu Grdute Students Tony Goldsby Hyeonju Lee Json Lewis Kemin Su Qi Zhng M.S. Student, Horticulture M.S. Student, Horticulture Ph.D. Student, Horticulture Ph.D. Student, Horticulture Ph.D. Student, Horticulture Contents of this publiction my be freely reproduced for eductionl purposes. All other rights reserved. In ech cse, give credit to the uthor(s), Turfgrss Reserch 2007, Knss Stte University, August Contribution number: S

5 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from TABLE OF CONTENTS Turf Evlutions Evlution of Turfgrss nd Green Lef Are Index nd Aboveground Biomss with Multispectrl Rdiometry Lterl Spred of Tll Fescue Cultivrs nd Blends Ntionl Tll Fescue Test Creeping Bentgrss Firwy NTEP Evlution NTEP Bufflogrss Cultivr Tril Ntionl Bermudgrss Test Disese Control Preventtive Fungicide Applictions for Mngement of Dollr Spot on Greens Height Creeping Bentgrss Lrge Ptch s Affected by Cultivtion Prctices nd Timing of Nitrogen Appliction Environmentl Stress Effects of Drought on the Performnce of Two Hybrid Bluegrsses, Kentucky Bluegrss nd Tll Fescue Comprtive Irrigtion Requirements of 30 Cultivrs of Kentucky Bluegrss under Lrge Rinout Fcility in the Trnsition Zone Effects of High Temperture nd Drought on Hybrid Bluegrss Compred with Kentucky Bluegrss nd Tll Fescue Mowing Height nd Drought Effects on Texs Bluegrss Hybrid Compred with Kentucky Bluegrss Freezing Tolernce of New Zoysigrss Progeny Preliminry Evlution of Freezing Tolernce of Meyer nd DALZ 0102 Zoysigrss Chnges in Membrne Lipids nd Abscisic Acid in Meyer nd Cvlier Zoysigrss During Cold Acclimtion Fertiliztion nd the Environment Emissions of Nitrous Oxide from Three Different Turfgrss Species nd From Perennil Ryegrss Under Different Irrigtion Regimes Nitrogen Source nd Timing Effect on Crbohydrte Sttus of Bermudgrss nd Tll Fescue

6 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from TITLE: Evlution of Turfgrss Qulity nd Green Lef Are Index nd Aboveground Biomss with Multispectrl Rdiometry OBJECTIVES: AUTHORS: SPONSORS: 1. Compre correltions between cnopy reflectnce nd visul rtings in four coolseson grsses; nd 2. mesure reltionships between reflectnce dt nd green lef re index nd biomss in seven turfgrss species. Hyeonju Lee, Dle Bremer, nd Kemin Su The Scotts Co., Inc, Golf Course Superintendents Assocition of Americ, nd the Knss Turfgrss Foundtion INTRODUCTION: Turfgrss qulity is typiclly evluted by visul observtions of color, uniformity, density, nd texture. Visul evlutions, however, re subjective nd my vry mong observers. Multispectrl rdiometry (MSR) my provide quntittive nd objective evlutions of turfgrss qulity nd its responses to vrious stresses by mesuring the reflectnce of turfgrsses in the visible nd ner infrred prt of the spectrum (Tble 1). Normlized difference vegettion index (NDVI) nd the rtio of ner infrred to red (NIR/R) my be good predictors of green lef re index (LAI) nd boveground biomss, lthough this hs not been evluted in turfgrsses. METHODS: Study 1: Correltions between visul rtings of turfgrss qulity nd cnopy reflectnce. mesurementsreserch ws conducted under rinout shelter (12 x 12 m) t the Rocky Ford Turfgrss Reserch Center, Mnhttn, KS, summer, 2005 nd 2006 (Fig. 1A). Four cool-seson turfgrsses were evluted: Kentucky bluegrss (Po prtensis L., Apollo ), tll fescue (Festuc rundince Schreb., Dynsty ) nd two hybrid bluegrsses, genetic crosses between Po rchnifer Torr. nd Kentucky bluegrss ( Therml Blue nd Reveille ). Spectrl reflectnce ws mesured once weekly with hndheld multispectrl rdiometer (CropScn16, Inc., Rochester, MN) (Fig. 1B-1D). Turfgrss qulity ws rted visully on scle from 1 to 9 (6=minimlly cceptble for use in home lwns) nd ws compred with reflectnce t ech of 8 wvelengths s well s with the rtios NDVI (computed s [R935-R661] / [R935+R661]), NIR/R (R935/R661), Stress 1 (R706/R760), nd Stress 2 (R706/R935). Study 2: Predicting green lef re index nd boveground biomss with NDVI nd NIR/R. Aboveground biomss smples (three 7.62 cm dim. PVC rings) were hrvested from turfgrss cnopies immeditely fter mesurements with MSR on seven turfgrss cultivrs. Green lef re ws mesured with n re scnner nd softwre (WinRhizo 2002C Reg). Green biomss ws then dried nd weighed seprtely from ded biomss t 78 C for 12 hours. Mesurements of green LAI nd boveground biomss were correlted with NDVI nd NIR/R to determine reltionships between spectrl reflectnce nd cnopy properties. RESULTS: Study 1: Correltions between visul rtings of turfgrss qulity nd cnopy reflectnce mesurements. Reltionships between turfgrss qulity nd MSR dt were significnt t R661 NDVI, IR/R nd Stress1 showed strong correltions in cool-seson grsses (Tble 2). Our results indicted tht reflectnce mesurements in these wvebnds nd rtios my be good method for ssessing turfgrss qulity. Further reserch nd dt nlyses re being conducted to develop predictive models to ccurtely estimte turfgrss visul qulity using multispectrl rdiometry. 6

7 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Study 2:Predicting green lef re index nd boveground biomss with NDVI nd NIR/R. No reltionships were evident between green LAI or biomss nd reflectnce dt (Fig. 2). Dt indicted tht LAI in estblished turfgrsses my be bove the sturtion point of reflectnce-bsed vegettion indices, suggesting limited use of MSR dt in predicting LAI. Further reserch is needed to develop dequte models to predict LAI from reflectnce dt e.g., hyperspectrl rdiometry or the refinement of vegettion indices from our MSR dt my result in improved predictions from reflectnce dt of green LAI nd biomss in turfgrsses. Tble 1. Wvelengths mesured by Cropscn multispectrl rdiometer nd the ssocited color nd function in plnt tissue t ech wvelength. Wvebnds C olor P roperties R 507 R 559 Green Low bsorbnce by chlorophyll R 613 R 661 Red High bsorbnce by chlorophyll R 706 R 760 R 813 R 935 Ner infrred High reflectnce by ir -wter interfces in lef Tble 2. Correltion coefficients for reflectnce vs. turfgrss qulity in four cool-seson turfgrsses in 2005 nd Wvelength or R tio Correltion R R R R R R R R NDV I IR /R S tress S tress

8 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Figure 1. (A) The rinout shelter shields turf plots from rinfll nd llows for precise irrigtion ppliction. (B) Reflectnce ws mesured using Cropscn MSR 16. The sensor hed of MSR 16 rdiometer (C) nd keypd (D) re shown. 8

9 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Figure 2. Reltionship between IR/R nd green LAI (left) nd NDVI nd green boveground dry biomss nd (right) in seven turfgrss cultivrs. 9

10 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Title: Objective: Personnel: SPONSORS: Lterl Spred of Tll Fescue Cultivrs nd Blends Compre lterl spred of tll fescue cultivrs nd blends with Kentucky bluegrss Jck Fry, Dle Bremer, Steve Keeley, nd Rodney St. John Knss Turfgrss Foundtion. Hummert Interntionl, Brenbrug USA, nd Seed Reserch of Oregon provided seed INTRODUCTION: Some new tll fescue cultivrs nd blends hve been dvertised s being rhizomtous, resulting in fster estblishment nd recovery time. More reserch is needed to determine the extent of this rhizomtous nture in tll fescue. Brenbrug USA reserchers reported tht Lbrinth tll fescue produced more nd longer rhizomes compred to severl other tll fescue cultivrs when evluted 20 months fter trnsplnting 2-month-old plnts. Ohio Stte University reserchers evluted six tll fescue cultivrs, including some tht were purported to be rhizomtous, nd found tht the verge number of plnts producing rhizome ws 21 percent, nd ll were less thn 3 cm long. More informtion is needed to evlute the rhizomtous potentil of tll fescue cultivrs nd its influence on lterl spred nd recupertive potentil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six different cultivrs or blends were seeded into silt lom soil in 5 x 5-ft. plots rrnged in rndomized complete block design on September 14, 2005, t the Rocky Ford Turfgrss Reserch Center, Mnhttn, KS. Ech cultivr ws replicted four times. Tll fescues evluted included Grnde, Regiment II, Brlexus, Wter Sver RTF tll fescue blend (39.84 Lbrinth ; Brlexus II ; Brrington ); nd Kentucky-31. SR2284 Kentucky bluegrss ws lso included. Tll fescue cultivrs evluted tht re purported to be more prolific rhizome producers re Grnde II, Regiment II, nd Wter Sver RTF blend (prticulrly the Lrrinth cultivr in the blend). Tll fescue ws seeded t 7 lbs/1,000 sq. ft. nd Kentucky bluegrss t 2 lbs/1,000 ft 2. Seed ws mixed with Milorgnite to provide 1 lb. N/1,000 ft 2 t the time of seeding. Nitrogen from ure ws pplied t 1 lb./1,000 ft 2. in November 2005, nd My nd September Turf ws irrigted to prevent drought stress nd mowed t lest once weekly t 3 inches. During utumn 2005, percentge of coverge during the estblishment period ws determined weekly through 9 weeks fter seeding using First Growth cmer. On July 28, 2006, four 4-inch-dimeter x 4-inch-deep plugs were removed from the center of ech plot. A uniform circle of 1-ft.-dimeter x 4-inch-deep ws cut in the center of ech plot round the re where plugs were removed on August 1, 2006, nd voids were filled with the sme field soil to return to the originl level. Plugs were plnted in n djcent re for nother study in which lterl spred will be evluted (dt not presented here). Hnd weeding within ech circulr void ws done s needed. On August 31 nd October 5, 2006, the number of emerging dughter plnts rising from rhizomes within ech void ws counted. On August 31, the gretest distnce from the circle s edge tht newly emerging dughter plnt ws observed ws lso recorded. Dt were subjected to nlysis of vrince nd mens seprted using n F-LSD (P < 0.05). 10

11 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from RESULTS: Estblishment rte. Kentucky bluegrss ws slowest to estblish following seeding in Fll 2005 (Figure 1). Among tll fescues, Kentucky-31 exhibited greter coverge three weeks fter seeding thn other cultivrs, nd ws greter thn t lest one other tll fescue cultivr on ll rting dtes. Regiment II hd lower levels of coverge thn t lest one cultivr other thn Kentucky-31 t 2 to 5 weeks fter seeding nd 7 weeks fter seeding. Coverge of other tll fescue cultivrs nd blends ws intermedite between Regiment II nd Kentucky-31. Lterl Spred into Voids. Kentucky bluegrss hd significntly more emerging dughter plnts thn ny tll fescue cultivr or blend on ech evlution dte (Tble 1). Kentucky bluegrss hd produced more thn 11 dughter plnts per 1 ft. dim. void on August 31 nd more thn 18 on October 5. The verge number of dughter plnts emerging in voids in tll fescue plots ws less thn 2 on both evlution dtes. The gretest distnce from the circle s edge tht Kentucky bluegrss dughter plnt emerged ws bout 8 cm. Tll fescue dughter plnts emerged no greter thn 1.5 cm from the circle s edge. In summry, rhizomtous tll fescue cultivrs nd blends did not increse rte of coverge reltive to non-rhizomtous types. By October 2006, plnts were more thn 24 months old. Reserch by Brenbrug USA indicted tht plnts needed to be t lest 20 months old before rhizome production ws substntil. Dt collection will continue on these cultivrs nd blends. Tble 1. Dughter plnts emerging in 1-foot-dimeter circulr voids in the center of tll fescue nd Kentucky bluegrss plots, nd the frthest distnce wy from the circle s edge tht ny one plnt emerged. Voids were creted on July 28, Cultivr or Blend Reported to hve improved recupertive potentil? Dughter plnts (no.) Distnce (cm) Aug. 31 Oct. 5 Aug. 31 Grnde II tll fescue Yes 0.50 b* 0.50 b 1.25 b Regiment II tll fescue Yes 2.00 b 0.00 b 2.25 b Wter sver RTF tll fescue blend Yes 0.25 b 0.50 b 0.25 b Brlexus tll fescue No 1.50 b 1.00 b 1.50 b Kentucky 31 No 1.25 b 2.00 b 1.00 b SR2284 Kentucky bluegrss *Mens followed by the sme letter on dte re not significntly different (P < 0.05). 11

12 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Fig. 1. Rte of coverge of tll fescue cultivrs nd blends nd Kentucky bluegrss fter seeding on September 14, Points represent the men of four replictes. Points followed by the sme letter in week re not sttisticlly different (P < 0.05) b b c c b c d b b c d Grnde II tll fescue Regiment II tll fescue Brlexus tll fescue wter sver RTF tll fesuce blend Kentucky 31 SR2284 kentucky bluegrss Weeks fter seeding b c b c b b c b b c b b bc c 12

13 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from TITLE: OBJECTIVE: PERSONNEL: SPONSOR: 2001 Ntionl Tll Fescue Test To evlute tll fescue cultivrs under Knss conditions nd submit dt collected to the Ntionl Turfgrss Evlution Progrm Lind R. Prsons nd Rodney St. John USDA Ntionl Turfgrss Evlution Progrm INTRODUCTION: Tll fescue is the best-dpted cool-seson turfgrss for the trnsition zone in Knss s it is drought nd het tolernt nd hs few serious insect nd disese problems. Tll fescue possesses rther corse lef texture, lcks stolons, nd hs only very short rhizomes. Efforts to improve cultivr qulity include selection for finer lef texture, rich green color, nd better swrd density, while still mintining good stress tolernce nd disese resistnce. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After incorporting t rte of 1 lb. NPK /1,000 ft 2 into x 5- ft. study plots t the John C. Pir Horticulturl Center, Wichit, KS, the re ws seeded September 28, 2001, with 160 tll fescue cultivrs nd experimentl numbers in rndomized complete block design t rte of 4.4 lb. of seed per 1,000 ft 2. Fertility ws mintined t 0.25 to 0.5 lb. N/1,000 ft 2 per growing month. Plots were mowed weekly during the growing seson t 2.5 in. nd clippings removed. Irrigtion ws done s necessry to prevent stress. Weeds, insects, nd disese were controlled only when they presented thret to the tril. During the course of the study, informtion ws collected on spring green-up, genetic color, lef texture, qulity, nd other mesures when pproprite. Rting ws done on scle of 1=poorest, 6=cceptble, nd 9=optimum mesure. RESULTS: During the summer of 2006, dt were collected on turf green up nd qulity. The growing seson begn by ssessing spring green up. By April 12, the cultivrs/ experimentl numbers BE1, CAS-ED, nd Tr Heel were mong the greenest (Tble 1). Fescue plots were rted monthly throughout the growing seson for turf qulity. Rtings were influenced by degree of coverge nd weed infesttion s well s turf color, texture, nd density. Those tht performed best overll were Esclde (01-ORU1), 2nd Millennium, BE1, Dynsty, nd Finelwn Elite (DLSD). In reviewing turf performnce over the course of the study, Finelwn Elite (DLSD), Justice (RB2-01), Apche III (PST-5A1), nd BE1 were rted s the best performers with the highest qulity rtings (Tble 2). Evlution of the turf plots begn in 2001, six weeks fter seeding, by looking t percent ground cover s mesure of turf estblishment rte. At tht time, GO-RD4, PST-5NAS, Kentucky 31 with Endophytes, Elis, nd Flcon II were the best estblished, with 60 to 67 percent cover, respectively. Strting in 2003, spring green up ws rted nnully, with Blckwtch (Pick-OD3-01), CAS-ED, Gremlin (P-58), nd Tr Heel erliest to green. Every yer of the study from 2002 through 2005, genetic color nd turf texture were rted. MRF 28, NA-TDD, Regiment II (SRX 805), MRF 210, nd MRF 211 were mong the drkest green. ATF 806, Inferno (JT-99), JT-12, nd Wellington hd the finest texture. More informtion on the Ntionl Turfgrss Evlution Progrm nd the complete results of the ntionwide 2001 Ntionl Tll Fescue Test cn be found t 13

14 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Tble performnce of tll fescue cultivrs t Wichit, KS. 1 Spring Qulity Cultivr/ Green Experimentl Number up Apr. My Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Avg. Esclde (01-ORU1)* 2 2nd Millennium* BE Dynsty* Finelwn Elite (DLSD)* Flcon IV (F-4)* Wolfpck* Cochise III (018)* CAS-ED Justice (RB2-01)* K01-E Pdre (NJ4)* Wtchdog* Avenger (L1Z)* Forte (BE-2)* JT PST-5BAB PST-5JM Serengeti (GO-OD2)* ATF Scorpion* Silverdo II (PST-578)* Blckwtch (Pick-OD3-01)* CIS-TF Cyenne* Pick TF H Titnium (SBM)* Apche III (PST-5A1)* Fidelity (PST-5T1)* MRF PST-5NAS Tr Heel* Ultimte (01-RUTOR2)* Gremlin (P-58)* Klhri* Lrmie* Lexington (UT-RB3)* Millennium* Rendition* Tr Heel II (PST-5TR1)* Olympic Gold* DLF-J Focus* Jgur 3* PST-5S R Riverside (ProSeeds 5301)* Silverstr (PST-5ASR)* UT Blde Runner (Roberts SM4)* Coyote* MA

15 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Spring Qulity Cultivr/ Green Experimentl Number up Apr. My Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Avg. MRF MRF Mtdor GT (PST-5TUO)* PST-5BZ Rembrndt* Thoe (CAS-157)* ATF Brvo* Endevor* Five Point MCN-RC* JT JT K MRF Mgelln (OD-4)* Msterpiece* Mustng 3* Picsso* Pick ZMG Prospect* SR 8600* Turbo (CAS-MC1)* Constitution (ATF-593)* Finesse II* PST-53T PST-5KU Plnttion* BAR F 1CR Brrer* CIS-TF Dynmic (PST-57E)* Grnde II* MRF SR 8550 (SRX 8BE4)* Stonewll (JT-18)* MA Rptor (CIS-TF-33)* TF66* Trooper (T1-TFOR3)* Dominion* K01-WAF SR 8250* ATF Biltmore* EA Flcon II* K MA PST-5LO Quest* B JTTFF PST-DDL

16 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Spring Qulity Cultivr/ Green Experimentl Number up Apr. My Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Avg. Bingo* Dvinci (LTP-7801)* Legitimte* PST-5FZD Brlexs II* JT Signi* BAR F Brrington* Covennt (ATF 802)* DP Dyton (MRF 23)* Gurdin-21 (Roberts DOL)* Inferno (JT-99)* MRF Ninj 2 (ATF-800)* Rebel Sentry* ATF DP Firebird (CIS-TF-65)* GO-RD JT Southern Choice II* Tempest* Titn Ltd.* ATF BAR F Mtdor* Rebel Exed* Brlexs* Pick-00-AFA Pure Gold* CIS-TF CIS-TF K01-E Tuls II (ATF 706)* ATF Regiment II (SRX 805)* South Pw (MRF 24)* Expedetion (ATF-803)* MRF PST-5KI Kitty Hwk 2000* Stetson* Trcer* NA-TDD Tomhwk GT* Elis* Floridin (GO-FL3)* Lncer* T GO-SIU

17 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Spring Qulity Cultivr/ Green Experimentl Number up Apr. My Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Avg. Wytt* Bonsi* Ky-31 E+* LSD Rtings bsed on scle of 1 9 with 9=best mesure. 2 Cultivrs mrked with * becme commercilly vilble in Lest Sttisticl Difference. To determine sttisticl differences mong entries, subtrct one entry s men from nother s. If the result is lrger thn the corresponding LSD vlue, the two re sttisticlly different. 17

18 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from 18 Tble 2. Performnce summry of tll fescue cultivrs t Wichit, KS, for the yers 2001 through % Avg. Averge Monthly Qulity Cultivr/ Experimentl Number Cover 2001 Avg. Green up Genetic Color Avg. Texture Apr. My Jun. Jul. Sep. Oct. Avg. Finelwn Elite (DLSD)* 2 Justice (RB2-01)* Apche III (PST-5A1)* BE CAS-ED Dynsty* Avenger (L1Z)* MRF Cochise III (018)* Flcon IV (F-4)* Millennium* Esclde (01-ORU1)* JT Riverside (ProSeeds 5301)* Wolfpck* Wtchdog* Scorpion* nd Millennium* Picsso* EA Cyenne* BAR F 1CR Pdre (NJ4)* Ultimte (01-RUTOR2)* JT Constitution (ATF-593)* MA Blckwtch (Pick-OD3-01)* ATF Coyote* Gremlin (P-58)* Titnium (SBM)* MRF Grnde II* Msterpiece*

19 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from 19 % Cover 2001 Avg. Genetic Color Averge Monthly Qulity Cultivr/ Experimentl Number Avg. Green up Avg. Texture Apr. My Jun. Jul. Sep. Oct. Avg. Silverdo II (PST-578)* CIS-TF Rembrndt* PST-5NAS SR 8550 (SRX 8BE4)* Turbo (CAS-MC1)* MRF PST-5JM Lrmie* MRF Lexington (UT-RB3)* Serengeti (GO-OD2)* Blde Runner (Roberts SM4)* PST-5BZ SR 8600* R Tr Heel* CIS-TF Rptor (CIS-TF-33)* Five Point MCN-RC* Olympic Gold* Pick ZMG PST-5BAB Focus* Rendition* Biltmore* Mtdor GT (PST-5TUO)* PST-5S Flcon II* Prospect* PST-5KU PST-5LO Dvinci (LTP-7801)* Stonewll (JT-18)* Thoe (CAS-157)* Forte (BE-2)*

20 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from 20 % Cover 2001 Avg. Genetic Color Averge Monthly Qulity Cultivr/ Experimentl Number Avg. Green up Avg. Texture Apr. My Jun. Jul. Sep. Oct. Avg. Brvo* MA Brrer* Finesse II* K01-E Pick TF H BAR F MA Pure Gold* Mgelln (OD-4)* Inferno (JT-99)* Fidelity (PST-5T1)* Plnttion* Signi* DLF-J Jgur 3* PST-5FZD Rebel Sentry* Legitimte* Dynmic (PST-57E)* CIS-TF JT JT MRF Quest* Silverstr (PST-5ASR)* ATF TF66* Brlexs II* Gurdin (Roberts DOL)* Bingo* CIS-TF PST-DDL Trooper (T1-TFOR3)* JT K01-E Mustng 3*

21 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from 21 % Cover 2001 Avg. Genetic Color Averge Monthly Qulity Cultivr/ Experimentl Number Avg. Green up Avg. Texture Apr. My Jun. Jul. Sep. Oct. Avg. Ninj 2 (ATF-800)* Expedetion (ATF-803)* Firebird (CIS-TF-65)* B Klhri* Titn Ltd.* Dyton (MRF 23)* Southern Choice II* PST-53T DP UT JTTFF Brrington* K Dominion* Tempest* Endevor* Tr Heel II (PST-5TR1)* Regiment II (SRX 805)* BAR F SR 8250* Mtdor* ATF DP ATF MRF South Pw (MRF 24)* K K01-WAF ATF Rebel Exed* GO-RD MRF Brlexs* Stetson* ATF Pick-00-AFA Tuls II (ATF 706)*

22 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from % Cover 2001 Avg. Genetic Color Averge Monthly Qulity Cultivr/ Experimentl Number Avg. Green up Avg. Texture Apr. My Jun. Jul. Sep. Oct. Avg. Elis* Covennt (ATF 802)* Kitty Hwk 2000* Trcer* Wytt* Tomhwk GT* T Lncer* Bonsi* Floridin (GO-FL3)* PST-5KI NA-TDD GO-SIU Ky-31 E+* LSD Rtings bsed on scle of 1 9 with 9=best mesure. 2 Cultivrs mrked with * becme commercilly vilble in Lest Sttisticl Difference. To determine sttisticl differences mong entries, subtrct one entry s men from nother s. If the result is lrger thn the corresponding LSD vlue, the two re sttisticlly different. 22

23 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from TITLE: OBJECTIVES: PERSONNEL: SPONSOR: Creeping Bentgrss Firwy NTEP Evlution Evlute performnce of creeping bentgrss cultivrs under golf course firwy mngement conditions Jck Fry Ntionl Turfgrss Evlution Progrm INTRODUCTION: Creeping bentgrss is used for putting greens in Knss, but severl courses re using it on firwys. In the estern hlf of the United Sttes, creeping bentgrss firwys re commonplce. Informtion is needed to find which creeping bentgrss cultivrs re best suited to use under golf course firwy conditions. METHODS: Creeping bentgrss ws seeded on September 24, 2004, in plots mesuring 6 x 6 feet. In 2006, the study re received 3 lbs. N/1,000 ft 2. Turf ws mowed t 0.5 inches; no erifiction or topdressing ws employed. Irrigtion ws pplied to prevent drought stress. An insecticide ws pplied in July for white grub control; no other pesticides were pplied. Dt were collected on turfgrss qulity ech month from April to August. Rtings were done visully on 0 to 9 scle; 9=best. A qulity rting of 7 ws considered cceptble for golf course firwy. In mid-june, plots were rted for percentge weed cover on 0 to 100 percent scle. RESULTS: Those interested cn see results from this loction, nd others throughout the United Sttes t org. In generl, creeping bentgrsses performed better thn colonil bentgrsses. Qulity of ll grsses ws generlly better in June nd July thn in other months. Top performing cultivrs included Alph, Pennegle II, Pennlinks II, L-93, SR-119, T-1, Independence, Kingpin, LS-44, Penncross, nd Princeville. Seside hd the highest level of weed encrochment in mid-june. No other creeping bentgrss cultivrs hd significnt levels of weeds, but severl colonil bentgrsses hd levels higher thn 10 percent. 23

24 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Tble 1. Visul rtings of creeping nd colonil bentgrss cultivrs mintined under firwy conditions t Mnhttn, KS, in Qulity Nme Weeds (%) April My June July August Men Alph Pennegle II Pennlinks II PST-OEB M IS-AP 14** L SR T SR 1150 (SRX 1PDH) Independence Kingpin (9200) LS Penncross Princeville Bengl Mckenzie (SRX 1GPD) Authority (235050) Declrtion Shrk (23R) Tiger II** PST-9NBC** EWTR** SR 7150** Brdot IS-AT 7** PST-9VN** Seside LSD* *Lest Sttisticl Difference. To determine sttisticl differences mong entries, subtrct the men of one entry from tht of nother. A sttisticl difference occurs when the vlue is lrger thn the corresponding LSD vlue. 24

25 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from TITLE: OBJECTIVE: PERSONNEL: NTEP Bufflogrss Cultivr Tril Evlute bufflogrss cultivrs for use in Knss Steve Keeley INTRODUCTION: Bufflogrss (Buchloe dctyloides) is wrm-seson grss tht is ntive to the Gret Plins. It is considered to be the lowest-mintennce turfgrss for use in Knss. After estblishment, it cn be grown without supplementl irrigtion. Fertilizer requirements re lso miniml 1 lb. N/1,000 ft 2 per yer is dequte. However, better turf qulity cn be obtined with occsionl irrigtion during very dry periods. An dditionl pound of nitrogen per 1,000 ft 2 will drken color nd improve density. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten bufflogrss cultivrs were plnted in July 2002 t the Rocky Ford Turfgrss Reserch Field in Mnhttn. The tril ws mowed t 2.5 inches nd fertilized with 2 lb. N/1,000 ft 2 per yer. The turf ws irrigted to prevent dormncy. No fungicides or insecticides were pplied. Turf qulity ws rted monthly from April to September on visul scle of 1 to 9, where 1=ded turf nd 9=optimum color, density, nd uniformity. The cultivrs were lso rted for genetic color, spring green-up, lef texture, nd fll color retention. RESULTS: The 2006 growing seson ws the fourth nd finl yer for this tril. The summrized dt for ll four yers of this tril cn be viewed t Dt for 2006 re shown in Tbles 1 nd 2. 25

26 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Tble 1. Monthly turfgrss qulity of bufflogrss cultivrs grown in Mnhttn, KS, in Turfgrss qulity 1 April My June July August September Men Cultivr Legcy SWI Density Texok Bowie Bison Frontier Turfllo NE MSD C.V. (%) / 1-9 scle; 9=Idel turf. 2/ Minimum significnt difference bsed on the Wller-Duncn K-rtio t-test. If the difference between ny two mens is less thn this vlue, the mens re not significntly different from one nother. 26

27 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Tble 2. Spring green up, genetic color, lef texture, nd fll color retention of bufflogrss cultivrs grown in Mnhttn, KS, in Legcy Spring Green up Genetic Color Lef Texture Fll Color Retention SWI Bowie NE Texok Density Bison Frontier Turfllo MSD C.V. (%) / 1-9 scle; 9=Completely green. 2/ 1-9; 9= Drkest green. 3/ 1-9; 9=Very fine. 4/ 1-9; 9=Complete color retention (rted in erly October). 5/ Minimum significnt difference bsed on the Wller-Duncn K-rtio t-test. If the difference between ny two mens is less thn this vlue, the mens re not significntly different from one nother. 6/ Not significnt. 27

28 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from TITLE: OBJECTIVE: PERSONNEL: SPONSOR: 2002 Ntionl Bermudgrss Test To evlute bermudgrss cultivrs under Knss conditions nd submit dt collected to the Ntionl Turfgrss Evlution Progrm Lind R. Prsons nd Rodney St. John USDA Ntionl Turfgrss Evlution Progrm INTRODUCTION: Bermudgrss is populr wrm-seson turfgrss tht is het- nd drought-tolernt s well s wer resistnt. It hs wide rnge of uses nd is especilly suited to thletic-field turf. Knss represents the northernmost region in the centrl United Sttes where bermudgrss cn be successfully grown s perennil turfgrss. Historiclly, few cultivrs tht hve both cceptble qulity nd dequte coldtolernce hve been vilble to locl growers. New introductions of interest re continully being selected for improved hrdiness nd qulity; seeded vrieties, in prticulr, show the potentil for improved winter survivl. Both seeded nd vegettive types need regulr evlution to determine longrnge suitbility for use in Knss. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In June 2002, three replictions ech of 42 bermudgrss cultivrs nd experimentl numbers were plnted in rndomized complete block design t the John C. Pir Horticulturl Center in Wichit, KS. Twenty-nine entries were seeded; 13 vegettive entries were plugged with 12-inch spcings. Strter fertilizer ws incorported into the study plots t plnting time t rte of 1.0 lb. N/1,000 ft 2. Plot fertility ws mintined t 0.5 to 0.75 lb. N/1,000 ft 2 per growing month. Plots were mowed once week during the growing seson t 0.75 to 1.0 inch, nd irrigted s necessry to prevent dormncy. Weeds, insects, nd diseses were controlled only to prevent severe stnd loss. During the course of the study, we informtion is collected on spring green-up, genetic color, lef texture, seed hed density, qulity, nd other mesures when pproprite. Rting is done on scle of 1=poorest, 6=cceptble, nd 9=optimum mesure. RESULTS: The 2006 growing seson ws begun with looking t greenup. By My 11, the vegettive vrieties Ashmore, Midlwn, OKC 70-18, nd Ptriot, nd the seeded vriety Yukon were the greenest (Tble 1). Turf qulity ws rted monthly from My through September. Qulity rtings were influenced by degree of coverge nd weed infesttion s well s turf color, texture, density, nd the presence of seed heds. The best overll vegettive performers were Ptriot, Midlwn, OKC 70-18, nd Premier (OR 2002) ; nd the best seeded, Yukon nd Rivier. As clen-looking turf with no seed heds is preferred, seed hed density ws rted in spring, summer, nd fll. At the end of My, most of the turfgrss plots hd few, if ny, seed heds (Tble 2). In July, vegettive vrieties Ptriot, MS- Choice, nd Premier (OR 2002) nd seeded vrieties CIS-CD6 nd SWI-1044 hd the fewest 28

29 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from seed heds; in September, the vegettive vrieties Ashmore, MS-Choice, nd Midlwn nd seeded vriety SWI-1046 hd the fewest. Mid-seson, turfgrss stnds were rted for overll density, with the densest found to be vegettive vrieties OKC 70-18, Midlwn, nd Ptriot nd seeded vrieties SWI-1044, Rivier, nd SWI Turf color nd texture were reviewed ner the end of the growing seson, with vegettive entries Ptriot, Tifwy, nd Celebrtion, nd seeded entry Yukon the drkest green. Vegettive entries Ashmore, Midlwn, Premier (OR 2002), nd Tifwy, nd seeded entries SWI-1044 nd SWI-1046 hd the finest texture. More informtion on the Ntionl Turfgrss Evlution Progrm nd ntionwide 2002 Ntionl Bermudgrss Test results cn be found t 29

30 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Spring Tble 1. Performnce of bermudgrss cultivrs in 2006 t Wichit, KS. 1 Cultivr/ Qulity Experimentl Number Ptriot* 3 S or V 2 V Green up 5.0 My 5.3 Jun. 5.3 Jul. 6.7 Aug. 6.7 Sep. 4.3 Avg. 5.7 Midlwn* V Yukon* S OKC V Premier (OR 2002)* V Rivier* S Tifwy* V Tifsport* V Tift No. 4 V SWI-1044 S Contess (SWI-1045)* S SWI-1046 S SWI-1014 S CIS-CD6 S SWI-1012 S Aussie Green* V Celebrtion* V MS-Choice* V Sunbird (PST-R68A)* S LPlom (SRX 9500)* S CIS-CD7 S Tift No. 3 V Ashmore* V Pnm* S CIS-CD5 S Princess 77* S FMC-6* S SR 9554* S Sundevil II* S Trnscontinentl* S Sunstr* S SWI-1001 S B-14 S GN-1* V SWI-1041 (Vercruz)* S Mohwk* S SWI-1003 S Southern Str* S NuMex Shr* S Arizon Common* S Tift No. 1 S Tift No. 2 S LSD Rtings bsed on scle of 1 9; 9=best mesure. 2 Seeded or vegettive vrieties. 3 Cultivrs mrked with * becme commercilly vilble in Lest Sttisticl Difference. To determine sttisticl differences mong entries, subtrct one entry s men from nother s. If the result is lrger thn the corresponding LSD vlue, the two re sttisticlly different. 30

31 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Tble 2. Performnce of bermudgrss cultivrs in 2006 t Wichit, KS, continued 1. Seed Seed Seed Cultivr/ Experimentl Number Ptriot* S or V 2 V Genetic Color 8.0 Texture 5.0 Summer Density 7.0 Heds My 9.0 Heds July 9.0 Heds Sept. 8.7 Midlwn* V Yukon* S OKC V Premier (OR 2002)* V Rivier* S Tifwy* V Tifsport* V Tift No. 4 V SWI-1044 S Contess (SWI-1045)* S SWI-1046 S SWI-1014 S CIS-CD6 S SWI-1012 S Aussie Green* V Celebrtion* V MS-Choice* V Sunbird (PST-R68A)* S LPlom (SRX 9500)* S CIS-CD7 S Tift No. 3 V Ashmore* V Pnm* S CIS-CD5 S Princess 77* S FMC-6* S SR 9554* S Sundevil II* S Trnscontinentl* S Sunstr* S SWI-1001 S B-14 S GN-1* V SWI-1041 (Vercruz)* S Mohwk* S SWI-1003 S Southern Str* S NuMex Shr* S Arizon Common* S Tift No. 1 S Tift No. 2 S LSD Rtings bsed on scle of 1 9; 9=best mesure. 2 Seeded or vegettive vrieties. 3 Lest Sttisticl Difference. To determine sttisticl differences mong entries, subtrct one entry s men from nother s. If the result is lrger thn the corresponding LSD vlue, the two re sttisticlly different. 31

32 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from TITLE: PERSONNEL: SPONSORS: Preventtive Fungicide Applictions for Mngement of Dollr Spot on Greens-height Creeping Bentgrss Megn Kennelly, Jck Fry, Aln Zuk Byer, Syngent, BASF INTRODUCTION: Dollr spot is cused by the fungus Sclerotini homoeocrp. It is common disese, ppering on greens nerly every yer. It cn develop throughout the growing seson but is most common in spring through erly summer nd gin in lte summer through erly fll. In low-cut (putting green) turf, the disese ppers s sunken ptches of tn/brown turf up to 2 inches in dimeter. In severe cses, the infection spots colesce to form lrger blighted res. Mny fungicides re lbeled for dollr spot suppression in golf courses. This test ws done to evlute severl stndrd nd newer mterils. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fungicides were evluted on n estblished stnd of Penncross creeping bentgrss on snd-bsed putting green t the Rocky Ford Turf Reserch Center, Mnhttn, KS. The turf ws mowed to height of inch, irrigted dily for 15 minutes, nd fertilized during the seson with 5.52 lb. totl N/1,000 ft 2. Applictions were mde t 2-, 3-, or 4-week intervls beginning My 31, with the finl ppliction on Sep. 20. Fungicides were pplied with CO 2 -powered boom spryer with XR Tee Jet 8003VS nozzles t 30 psi in wter equivlent to 2.0 gl/1,000 ft 2. Plots were 5 X 7 feet nd rrnged in rndomized complete block design with four replictions. Plots were rted every 1 to 3 weeks from July 19 through September 21 by counting the number of dollr spot infection centers per plot. RESULTS: Dollr spot developed t low levels in lte July nd incresed through August nd September. All mterils provided significnt disese reductions compred to the unspryed control (Tble 1). Chipco 26GT, Emerld, Hedwy, nd Spectro 90 WDG provided excellent control (less thn 2 infection centers per plot) on ll rting dtes. Dconil Ultrex provided significnt control compred to the untreted plots but the 1.8-oz. rte llowed modest mount of disese under high pressure lte in the seson. Similrly, Byleton 50 WSP (0.5 oz. on 28-dy intervl) provided significnt control but did llow some brekthrough under high disese pressure. No phytotoxic effects were observed. 32

33 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Tble 1. Preventtive fungicide pplictions for mngement of dollr spot on creeping bentgrss. Spry Dollr spot infection centers per plot ** Tretment nd rte/1,000 ft 2* intervl (dys) Jul Aug Aug Aug Sep Sep Sep Unspryed control Chipco 26 GT b c c c c c 4 oz Emerld b 0.0c 0.0c 0.0c 0.0c 0.3bc 0.13 oz Emerld b 0.3bc 1.0bc 0.0c 0.0c 0.0c 0.18 oz Emerld b 0.0c 0.0c 0.0c 0.0c 0.0c 0.18 oz Hedwy b 0.0c 0.0c 0.0c 0.0c 0.0c 3 oz Hedwy b 0.0c 0.0c 0.0c 0.0c 0.0c 1.5 oz Byleton 50 WSP b 0.0c 0.0c 0.3c 4.8bc 3.8bc 0.5 oz Byleton 50 WSP b 0.0c c 0.5c 0.8bc 0.25 oz Dconil Ultrex 82.5 WDG b 2.5b 6.3b 13.0b 7.8b 5.8b 1.8 oz Dconil Ultrex 82.5 WDG b 0.0c 0.5bc 1.3c 1.3c 0.8bc 3.2 oz Spectro 90 WDG 4 oz b 0.0c 0.0c 0.0c 0.0c 0.0c * Fungicide pplictions were initited on 31 My. 14-dy intervl ppliction clendr dtes were 31 My, 14 nd 28 Jun, 12 nd 26 Jul, 9 nd 23 Aug, nd 6 nd 20 Sep. 21-dy intervl ppliction clendr dtes were 31 My, 21 Jun, 12 Jul, 2 nd 23 Aug, nd 13 Sep. 28-dy intervl clendr dtes were 31 My, 28 Jun, 26 Jul, 23 Aug, nd 20 Sep. ** Vlues re mens of four replictes. Vlues were log (x +1) trnsformed prior to nlysis to stbilize vrince nd bck-trnsformed for presenttion. Mens within columns followed by the sme letter re not significntly different ccording to Tukey s pirwise comprisons (fmily error rte p = 0.05). 33

34 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Title: Objective: Personnel: SPONSORS: Lrge Ptch s Affected by Cultivtion Prctices nd Timing of Nitrogen Appliction Evlute cultivtion prctices, including core erifiction, verticutting, nd snd topdressing in conjunction with time of N ppliction for effects on lrge ptch Jck Fry nd Megn Kennelly Knss Turfgrss Foundtion INTRODUCTION: Culturl prctices re criticl component in turfgrss disese mngement. Prior work by Ned Tissert nd Dvid Green t Knss Stte University hs determined tht lrge ptch in zoysi is fvored by lower mowing heights, but is not influenced by pre-emergence herbicides. In the sme study, there were no differences in lrge ptch due to source (orgnic vs. synthetic) or rte (high or low) of N. However, in these experiments, N ws pplied in June nd August, not in spring or fll when lrge ptch is most ctive. Erly spring fertiliztion of zoysigrss is commonly prcticed to speed green up, which leds to the presence of susceptible turf during the pek lrge ptch infection period. Some superintendents pply nitrogen in lte summer nd utumn to dely dormncy, which could increse fll susceptibility to disese. The hypothesis tht spring nd fll nitrogen pplictions increse lrge ptch remins to be tested The disese tht cuses lrge ptch infects plnts t the sheth level. This led us to hypothesize tht promoting drier soil surfce/thtch lyer with erifiction, verticutting, nd topdressing helps keep drier environment round lef sheths where the disese initilly occurs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Plots in split-plot design were estblished t the Rocky Ford Turfgrss Reserch Center Mnhttn, KS. Whole plots were the cultivtion tretment nd sub-plots were fertilizer timing. Cultivtion in 2006 ws done on June 5 nd included erifiction, verticutting, nd topdressing. Aerifiction ws done with John Deere hydrulic erifier tht creted holes 0.5 inch in dimeter nd bout 1.5 inches deep. There were 64 holes punched per squre foot. Cores were llowed to dry nd then broken up by running verticutter cross the surfce. Topdressing ws pplied to provide dry snd t rte of bout 1,400 lbs. per 1,000 ft 2. A second topdressing of snd ws pplied in erly July t bout 320 lbs. of snd per 1,000 ft 2. The two fertilizer timing regimes in 2006 included: i) summer fertiliztion, nd ii) erly spring nd lte summer fertiliztion. Trditionl summer fertiliztion ws ccomplished by pplying 2 lbs. of N 1,000 ft 2 on June 12. For erly spring nd lte summer fertiliztion, 0.5 lbs. of N per from ure ws pplied on April 14, My 16, August 22, nd September

35 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from RESULTS: A significnt outbrek of lrge ptch begn in the study re in utumn Nitrogen fertilizer timing hd no effect on lrge ptch. However, zoysigrss tht ws cultivted (erified, verticut, topdressed) hd significntly more lrge ptch thn untreted turf on September 29 nd October 5 (Figure 1). This result contrdicted expecttions, nd the explntion is yet to be determined. It is possible tht the pthogen is spred with the cultivtion process, or tht cultivtion somehow cretes more desirble environment in the turf cnopy for the disese to proliferte. This work continues in 2007, nd we hope to expnd the scope of the study. Fig. 1. Influence of zoysigrss cultivtion in June on resulting lrge ptch levels in utumn Aerify, verticut, & topdress Untreted b b 10 0 My 12 My 18 Sep 20 Sep 29 Oct 5 35

36 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from TITLE: OBJECTIVE: AUTHOR: SPONSORS: Effects of Drought on the Performnce of Two Hybrid Bluegrsses, Kentucky Bluegrss nd Tll Fescue Evlute the effects of drought on the visul qulity nd photosynthesis in two hybrid bluegrsses ( Therml Blue nd Reveille ), one Kentucky bluegrss ( Apollo ), nd one tll fescue ( Dynsty ) Kemin Su, Dle Bremer, Steve Keeley, Jck Fry The Scotts Co., GCSAA, Knss Turfgrss Foundtion INTRODUCTION: Drought stress is mjor problem in cool-seson turfgrsses during summer months in the U.S. trnsition zone. Kentucky bluegrss is fine-textured, high qulity cool-seson turfgrss commonly used in thletic fields nd golf courses firwys nd roughs. The performnce of Kentucky bluegrss is mrginl in the trnsition zone becuse of its sensitivity to drought. Tll fescue, lso cool-seson grss, is sometimes used in golf course roughs nd is populr in lwns becuse of its good drought resistnce, but some golf course superintendents do not like its corser texture. Hybrid bluegrsses, which re genetic crosses between ntive Texs bluegrss nd Kentucky bluegrss, my hve similr visul qulity s Kentucky bluegrss but greter drought- nd het-resistnce thn other cool-seson grsses. To further complicte the issue, incresing competition for wter mong industry, griculture, nd the public hs resulted in restrictions on turfgrss irrigtion. New cultivrs of hybrid bluegrsses re being investigted s potentil lterntives tht my perform better under drought thn current cool-seson turfgrsses. Despite the potentil for using hybrid bluegrsses in lwns nd golf course firwys nd roughs, little scientific dt re vilble bout the field performnces of hybrid bluegrsses in the trnsition zone, including under well-wtered nd drought conditions. METHODS: This study ws conducted from 3 August to 8 October, 2004, nd from 27 June to 15 September, 2005, under n utomted rinout shelter (180 m 2 ) t the Rocky Ford Turfgrss Reserch Center ner Mnhttn, KS (Fig. 1). Thirty two plots (1.36 x 1.76 m) of Kentucky bluegrss ( Apollo ), tll fescue ( Dynsty ), nd two hybrid bluegrsses ( Reveille nd Therml Blue ) were rrnged in rndomized complete block design with four replictions; plots were bordered by metl edging (10 cm depth) to prevent lterl soil-wter movement between djcent plots. One wter deficit tretment, which included the replcement of 60% of the wter lost from plnt nd soil surfces vi evpotrnspirtion (ET), ws pplied to 16 plots, or 4 plots (reps) of ech species/cultivr. The remining 16 plots were well wtered (100% ET replcement) nd served s control. To determine irrigtion requirements, evpotrnspirtion (ET) ws clculted by using the Penmn-Monteith eqution (FAO, 1998) nd climtologicl dt obtined t wether sttion locted t Rocky Ford Turfgrss Reserch Center. Wter ws pplied twice weekly through fn spry nozzle ttched to hose; meter ws ttched to ensure proper ppliction rte. Plots were mowed t 7.62 cm twice week with wlkbehind rotry mower. Turf visul qulity ws rted on scle of 1 to 9 (1=poorest qulity, 6=minimlly cceptble, nd 9=highest qulity) ccording to color, texture, density, nd uniformity. Qulity rtings were recorded weekly by the sme individul during the 2-yer study. Photosynthesis ws mesured biweekly on cler dys between 1000 nd 1400 CST with n LI-6400 portble gs exchnge system using custom surfce 36

37 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from chmber. Permnent polyvinyl chloride collrs (10-cm dim.) were plced rndomly t one loction in ech plot nd were driven pproximtely 5 cm into the soil. Gross photosynthesis (Pg) ws estimted s the sum of photosynthesis mesured by sunlit chmber nd respirtion mesured by shded chmber. In ll plots, the volumetric soil wter content (θ v ) in the 0- to 50-cm profile ws mesured weekly using time domin reflectometry nd in drought plots t 5 cm using dul-probe het-pulse sensors. RESULTS: In well-wtered plots, visul qulity ws highest in tll fescue nd lowest in Therml Blue mong species nd cultivrs. Visul qulity ws generlly higher in Reveille thn Therml Blue during the second month of the study (Fig. 2A). In the drought tretment, tll fescue lso hd the highest visul qulity mong species nd cultivrs. The visul qulity of Reveille ws greter thn Therml Blue nd Kentucky bluegrss s the plots dried, but then becme similr to Therml Blue nd Kentucky bluegrss during the most severe prt of drought (Fig. 2B). After termintion of the drought tretment nd upon re-wtering (on 70 DOT), Therml Blue nd Reveille recovered fster thn Kentucky bluegrss, nd both hybrid bluegrsses hd higher visul qulity thn Kentucky bluegrss lte in the study (Fig. 1B). In well-wtered conditions, Pg ws generlly gretest in TF mong species nd cultivrs (Fig. 3A). In the drought tretment, Pg ws greter in TF thn in Therml Blue nd KBG during the first two weeks, but Pg therefter becme similr mong cultivrs nd species. There ws generlly no difference in Pg between TF nd Reveille (Fig. 3B). CONCLUSIONS: In well-wtered nd drought tretments, tll fescue hd highest the visul qulity nd gretest Pg mong species nd cultivrs. In the drought tretment, Reveille performed better thn Therml Blue, nd both hybrids (i.e., Therml Blue nd Reveille) recovered from drought more quickly thn Kentucky bluegrss. In generl, the performnces rnked: tll fescue > Reveille >= Therml Blue=Kentucky bluegrss. 37

38 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Figure 1. Rinout shelter (180 m2) t Rocky Ford Turfgrss Reserch Center ner Mnhttn, KS. The rinout shelter utomticlly moved over plots (on trcks) when rinfll begn, then retrcted one hour fter rinfll ended. 38

39 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Figure 2. Visul qulity of Therml Blue (HBG1), Reveille (HBG2), Kentucky bluegrss (KBG), nd tll fescue (TF) rted on scle of 1 to 9 (1=poorest nd 9=highest) under well-wtered (A) nd drought (B) conditions in Mens followed with the sme letter on given dy fter tretment initition (dys of tretment) re not significntly different (P<0.05). 9 Well-wtered A 9 Drought B b b b b b c b b b b b bc bc bc c c c c b b b b 7 6 b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b 5 4 HBG1 HBG2 KBG TF 5 4 c c bc c c b b b b b b b Dys of tretment,

40 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Figure 3. Gross photosynthesis (Pg; sum of photosynthesis nd respirtion) in Therml Blue (HBG1), Reveille (HBG2), Kentucky bluegrss (KBG), nd tll fescue (TF) in well-wtered (A) nd drought (B) plots in Mens followed with the sme letter on given dy fter tretment initition (dys of tretment) were not significntly different (P<0.05) Well-wtered A Drought B b b c b bc c b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b 10 5 HBG1 HBG2 KBG TF Dys of tretment,

41 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from TITLE: OBJECTIVES: AUTHORS: SPONSORS: Comprtive Irrigtion Requirements of 30 Cultivrs of Kentucky Bluegrsses under Lrge Rinout Fcility in the Trnsition Zone 1. Develop nd implement novel method for concurrently compring irrigtion requirements mong 30 cultivrs of turfgrsses using lrge rinout fcility t Knss Stte University; 2. produce dtbse of reltive irrigtion requirements for 30 cultivrs of Kentucky bluegrss; 3. prtition cultivrs of Kentucky bluegrsses into irrigtion-requirement ctegories of high, medium, nd low ; nd 4. conduct dry-down nd genetic rooting potentil experiments in greenhouse to evlute responses to drought nd physiologicl chrcteristics mong the sme cultivrs s those tested in the field. Dle Bremer, Steve Keeley, Jck Fry, nd Json Lewis U.S. Golf Assocition nd Turfgrss Producers Interntionl INTRODUCTION: One of the most importnt chllenges fcing the turfgrss industry tody is the incresingly limited supply of wter for irrigtion. Wter conservtion nd improvement of turfgrss resistnce to drought stresses hve become topics of mjor importnce s turf mngers fce drought cross the county. In 2004, the Environmentl Institute for Golf concluded in tsk group meeting tht future wter vilbility is serious issue in the western United Sttes nd tht dt on wter use is lcking in mny sttes. They lso noted tht stte nd locl drought restrictions my be imposed on turf mngers with no regrd for dmge to turfgrsses. Clients nd the public (for exmple, golfers, prticipnts t outdoor sporting events, nd lwn owners) express their displesure when turfgrss does not meet qulity stndrds they expect even when irrigtion is restricted. Adding to the issue s importnce, lnd crege covered with turfgrsses is rpidly expnding. A 2005 NASA study indicted tht turfgrss covers n re three times greter thn ny other irrigted crop in the United Sttes. Identifying cultivrs tht use less wter nd tolerte drought better could result in significnt wter svings. Kentucky bluegrss is one species commonly used on golf course roughs nd firwys, in sports fields, nd in home nd commercil lwns. Informtion is needed on Kentucky bluegrss cultivrs tht conserve wter while mintining cceptble qulity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The project is being conducted in fully utomted, mobile rinout shelter (12 x 12 m) nd in greenhouse fcility locted t Knss Stte University, Mnhttn, during the summers of 2007 nd Cultivrs nd turfgrss mngement Turfgrsses in the study include 28 cultivrs of Kentucky bluegrss nd two Texs bluegrss hybrids (Tble 1). Cultivrs were selected to include representtives from mjor groups, bsed on similr phenotypic chrcteristics, of Kentucky bluegrsses. Most cultivrs were best-performers in NTEP trils. Four stndrd entries were included in the mix: Midnight, Bron, Egleton, nd Kenblue. 41

42 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from On September 19, 2006, Kentucky bluegrsses were seeded t pproximtely 10 g m 2 pure live seed in rndomized block design (Fig. 1). Cultivrs were replicted three times ech for totl of 90 plots (plot dimensions: 1.13 x 1.22 m ech). Plots were covered with seed germintion blnket (Futerr F4 Netless, Profile Products LLC, Bufflo Grove, IL) to prevent movement of seed cross plots from wter or wind. Plots were then irrigted severl times dily to mintin wet seedbed during germintion. Three weeks fter seeding during the fll of 2006, germintion nd estblishment were good (Fig. 2). Turfgrsses were mowed once in the fll of 2006 t pproximtely 5 cm, nd re being mintined during 2007 nd 2008 following typicl rough mngement progrms in the Midwest regions. Irrigtion mngement nd dt collection Plots were initilly well-wtered until June Therefter, turfgrsses re being llowed to dry down without irrigtion or precipittion until the first sign of wilt. Individul cultivrs will be evluted minimum of three times per week, nd plots will be irrigted with pproximtely one inch of wter t the beginning of wilt. Plots will be evluted dily s drydown commences nd during extremely high tempertures (e.g., bove 30 o C). Ech plot will be irrigted mnully, nd irrigtion quntity nd dte for ech plot will be recorded. This experiment will continue through the end of September, including both hot nd cool months to determine possible interctions mong cultivrs with chnges in tmospheric evportive demnds. Totl irrigtion requirements of ech cultivr for the entire study period will be summrized. This project will be repeted in 2008 to incorporte further climtic vribility. Generl turf performnce will be evluted biweekly by visully rting turf qulity. To ccount for plots in different stges of drydown (e.g., cultivrs irrigted on the previous dy vs. those tht hve not been irrigted for severl dys), qulity of individul plots will be rted on the dy fter receiving irrigtion. Greenhouse component The sme cultivrs used in the field study will be evluted for rooting depth in the greenhouse using slnted root tubes. This involves trnsplnting plugs of turfgrsses into cler polyethylene root tubes filled with fritted cly. Polyethylene tubes re then inserted into opque PVC pipe (sleeves). Root growth cn then be monitored periodiclly long the side of the cler root tubes. When roots in the first tube rech the bottom of its continer, dry down will be strted to evlute reltive drought resistnce mong cultivrs. Plnts will be rewetted to evlute recovery. Finlly, roots will be hrvested, dried in forced-convection ovens, nd weighed to compre root biomss mong cultivrs. This reserch will be conducted during 2007, nd initil results will be included in next yer s K-Stte Turfgrss Reserch Reports. 42

43 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Tble 1. List of 28 Kentucky bluegrss cultivrs nd two Texs bluegrss hybrids selected for the 2- yer study under the rinout shelter t Knss Stte University. Groups indicte cultivrs with similr phenotypic chrcteristics. Group Common Compct Compct Americ Juli Mid-Atlntic Compct Midnight Shmrock BVMG Aggressive Europen Texs bluegrss hybrids Cultivr Kenblue Wellington Prk Div Skye Moonlight Lngr Bedzzled Apollo Unique Kingfisher Juli Egleton Prekness Cbernet Midnight Midnight II Blue Velvet Nu Destiny Awrd Shmrock Bron Envict Abbey Limousine Touchdown Blue Knight Brtiti Therml Blue Blze Longhorn 43

44 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Figure 1. Plot lyout of 28 cultivrs of Kentucky bluegrsses nd two Texs bluegrss hybrids under the rinout shelter t Knss Stte University. Plot dimensions re 1.13 x 1.22 m ech; plots re rrnged in rndomized block design. Block NORTH Midnight II Therml Blue Blze Div Shmrock Bedzzled Lngr Kingfisher Envict Brtiti Juli Blue Velvet Longhorn Moonlight Brtiti Touchdown Unique Egleton Nu Destiny Bron Shmrock Wellington Prk Cbernet Skye Bedzzled Limousine Abbey Unique Skye Touchdown Kenblue Bron Unique Blue Knight Bron Blue Velvet WEST Kenblue Prekness Brtiti Limousine Midnight Nu Destiny Midnight Prekness Midnight II EAST Cbernet Apollo Envict Wellington Awrd Blue Velvet Shmrock Touchdown Div Blue Knight Midnight Moonlight Apollo Prekness Longhorn Awrd Kenblue Longhorn Lngr Prk Abbey Envict Abbey Therml Blue Blze Cbernet Lngr Prk Egleton Nu Destiny Limousine Juli Div Kingfisher Moonlight Skye Apollo Awrd Kingfisher Bedzzled Blue Knight Egleton Midnight II Therml Blue Blze SOUTH Wellington Juli 44

45 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Figure 2. View of plots pproximtely six weeks fter seeding. 45

46 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from TITLE: OBJECTIVE: AUTHOR: SPONSORS: Effects of High Temperture nd Drought on Hybrid Bluegrss Compred with Kentucky Bluegrss nd Tll Fescue Evlute effects of high temperture nd drought on physiology nd growth of Apollo Kentucky bluegrss (Po prtensis L.), Dynsty tll fescue (Festuc rundince Schreb.), nd Therml Blue, hybrid between KBG nd Texs bluegrss (Po rchnifer Torr.) Kemin Su, Dle Bremer, Steve Keeley, Jck Fry The Scotts Co., GCSAA, Knss Turfgrss Foundtion (KTF) INTRODUCTION: High temperture nd drought stresses re significnt problems in cool-seson turfgrsses during summer months in the U.S. trnsition zone. High temperture nd drought stresses often occur simultneously during summer months nd my limit growth nd cuse severe decline in the visul qulity of cool-seson turfgrsses. Recent increses in competition for wter hve resulted in restrictions in wter use for irrigtion of turfgrsses, which further excerbtes the problem of drought stress in coolseson turfgrsses. Predictions of higher tempertures from globl wrming lso suggest tht het stress in cool-seson turfgrsses my become more common in some regions, including the trnsition zone. Texs bluegrss hybrids, which re genetic crosses between ntive Texs bluegrss nd Kentucky bluegrsses, my hve greter het nd drought resistnce thn other cool-seson grsses. Hybrid bluegrsses hve similr visul qulities to Kentucky bluegrss, which is fine-textured, cool-seson turfgrss commonly used in lwns nd golf courses in the United Sttes. Consequently, new cultivrs of hybrid bluegrsses re being investigted s potentil wter-sving, het-resistnt lterntives to current cool-seson turfgrsses. However, little informtion is vilble bout the effects of both high temperture nd drought on hybrid bluegrsses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Turfgrsses were exposed for 48 dys to supr-optiml (high temperture; 35/25 o C, 14-h dy/10-h night) nd optiml (control; 22/15 o C, 14-h dy/10-h night) tempertures under well-wtered (100% evpotrnspirtion [ET] replcement) nd deficit (60% ET replcement) irrigtion Turf visul qulity ws rted on scle of 1 to 9 (1=poorest qulity, 6=minimlly cceptble, nd 9=highest qulity) ccording to color, texture, density, nd uniformity. Qulity rtings were recorded every 6 d by the sme individul during the entire study. Photosynthesis ws mesured every 6 d t bout 8 h into the dily light cycle, with LI-6400 portble gs exchnge system. Lef electrolyte lekge (EL) ws mesured t 0, 3, 15, 27, 39, nd 45 dys of het nd drought tretments. Turfgrsses were mowed every 3 d, nd ll clippings were collected. Clippings were dried in forcedir oven for 48 h t 70 o C nd then weighed. Cumultive dry mtter production for ech tretment ws determined by summing the dry weights of ll clippings during the 48 d study. Dily dry mtter production ws clculted s the clipping weight t ech mowing divided by the number of dys since the previous mowing. 46

47 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Soil surfce temperture ws mesured with soil-encpsulted thermocouples. To evlute potentil cumultive het effects mong tretments during the most stressful periods, het units (degree-hours) were clculted s the sum of soil surfce tempertures during the finl 8 h of ech dily light cycle. Our dt indicted tht this ws the period of mximum soil surfce tempertures, which my hve hd importnt physiologicl impcts on the turfgrsses (e.g., on meristemtic ctivity in the crowns). At the end of ech 48 d repliction, boveground biomss ws hrvested from ech lysimeter nd seprted into living nd ded components. Green leves were seprted from green shoots nd the re of the leves ws mesured with n re meter (LI-3100, LI-COR, Lincoln, NE). All green nd ded tissue ws then dried in forced-ir oven for 48 h t 70 o C nd weighed seprtely. Green LAI ws clculted s the rtio of the green lef re to ground surfce, nd totl boveground biomss for ech tretment ws clculted s the sum of the dry weights of ll living nd ded tissue. After boveground biomss ws hrvested, lysimeters were lid horizontlly nd cut into three sections (0 to 15, 15 to 35, nd 35 to 57.5 cm). The soil ws wshed from the roots in ech section nd roots were dried in forced-ir oven for 48 h t 70 o C nd then weighed. Root mss density of ech section ws clculted s dry root mss divided by the volume of soil inside ech respective section of lysimeter. RESULTS: Het resistnce ws greter in the hybrid bluegrss, which ws illustrted by its greter visul qulity thn Kentucky bluegrss nd tll fescue under high temperture (Fig. 1). The hybrid bluegrss lso exhibited greter photosynthesis, ET, nd dry mtter production (Tble 1), nd lower electrolyte lekge nd soil-surfce tempertures thn Kentucky bluegrss nd tll fescue under high temperture (dt not shown). Cumultive photosynthesis during the study ws 16% nd 24% greter in the hybrid thn in Kentucky bluegrss nd tll fescue, respectively, in the high temperture tretment. Green lef re index (LAI) in the hybrid bluegrss ws not ffected by high temperture, but LAI ws reduced by 29 % in Kentucky bluegrss nd 38% in tll fescue. Differences in drought resistnce were negligible mong species. The combintion of high temperture nd drought cused rpid declines in visul qulity nd dry mtter production (Tble 1), but the hybrid bluegrss generlly performed better; cumultive photosynthesis decresed by 50% to 60% mong ll species compred with the control, but photosynthesis ws higher in the hybrid thn in tll fescue. Results indicted greter het resistnce, but not drought resistnce, in the hybrid bluegrss thn in Kentucky bluegrss or in tll fescue. Note: More informtion on this study is vilble in Crop Science (in press). 47

48 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Figure 1. Effects on visul qulity rted on scle of 1 to 9 (1=poorest nd 9=highest) of: high temperture (A), drought (B), high temperture nd drought (C), nd control (D) in Kentucky bluegrss (KBG), hybrid bluegrss (HBG), nd tll fescue (TF). Symbols long the bsciss of ech grph indicte significnt differences (P<0.05) between: HBG nd KBG (*); HBG nd TF (+); nd KBG nd TF (+); on given dy fter tretment initition (Dys of tretment) High temperture High temperture nd Drought C C ontrol D A D ys o f tre tm e n t K B G H B G T F Drought B 48

49 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Tble 1. Effects on dry boveground biomss of high temperture, drought, high temperture nd drought, nd control in Kentucky bluegrss (KBG), hybrid bluegrss (HBG), nd tll fescue (TF). Tretments Species Aboveground biomss(g m -2 ) Totl Ded Living Percentge of living biomss in totl (%) KBG ef de bcdef 45 bcd High temperture HBG def de bc 58 TF bcd bc cdef 36 cde KBG cde bcde bcd 46 bcd Drought HBG ef de bcde 49 bc TF b b bc 40 bcde High temperture nd drought KBG f bcd f 29 de HBG f de def 39 bcde TF cde ef 24 e KBG bc cde b 53 b Control HBG cdef e bc 60 TF bcd Mens followed by the sme letter within column were not significntly different (P<0.05). 49

50 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from TITLE: OBJECTIVE: AUTHOR: SPONSORS: Mowing Height nd Drought Effects on Texs Bluegrss Hybrid Compred with Kentucky bluegrss Evlute the effects of mowing height nd drought on the visul qulity, photosynthesis, cnopy spectrl reflectnce, nd soil moisture of Kentucky bluegrss ( Apollo ) nd hybrid bluegrss ( Therml Blue ). Recovery from drought fter re-wtering ws lso investigted. Kemin Su, Dle Bremer, Steve Keeley, Jck Fry The Scotts Co., GCSAA, Knss Turfgrss Foundtion (KTF) INTRODUCTION: A growing chllenge fcing the turfgrss industry is limited vilbility of wter for irrigtion. Locl wter-use restrictions my be imposed during drought tht limit growth nd cuse severe declines in the visul qulity of mny cool-seson turfgrsses. In golf courses, lower mowing heights in firwys my result in dditionl stress to turfgrss during drought becuse lower mowing typiclly reduces root growth nd development. Texs bluegrss hybrids, which re genetic crosses between ntive Texs bluegrss nd Kentucky bluegrsses, my hve greter het nd drought resistnce thn other cool-seson grsses. Hybrid bluegrsses hve similr visul qulities to Kentucky bluegrss, which is fine-textured, cool-seson turfgrss commonly used in lwns nd golf courses in the United Sttes. Consequently, new cultivrs of hybrid bluegrsses re being investigted s potentil wter-sving, het-resistnt lterntives to current cool-seson turfgrsses. Reserch is needed to identify species or cultivrs of cool-seson turfgrsses tht my perform better under drought stress, including mintennce t lower mowing heights. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study ws conducted from 3 August to 8 October, 2004, nd from 27 June to 15 September, 2005, under n utomted rinout shelter (180 m 2 ) t the Rocky Ford Turfgrss Reserch Center ner Mnhttn, KS. Thirty two plots (1.36 m x 1.76 m) of Kentucky bluegrss nd hybrid bluegrss were rrnged in rndomized complete block design with four replictions; plots were bordered by metl edging (10 cm depth) to prevent lterl soil wter movement between djcent plots. Three tretments were pplied to the plots: 1) low mowing height (3.81 cm); 2) reduced irrigtion (replcement of 60% of the wter lost from plnt nd soil surfces vi evpotrnspirtion [ET]) t higher mowing height (7.62 cm); nd 3) combintion of low mowing height (3.81 cm) nd reduced irrigtion (60% ET replcement). A control ws lso included tht ws well wtered (100% ET replcement) nd mowed t the greter height (7.62 cm). Plots were mowed twice week with wlk-behind rotry mower. Wter ws pplied twice weekly through fn spry nozzle ttched to hose; meter ws ttched to ensure proper ppliction rte. To determine irrigtion requirements, evpotrnspirtion (ET) ws clculted by using the Penmn-Monteith eqution (FAO, 1998) nd climtologicl dt obtined t wether sttion locted t Rocky Ford Turfgrss Reserch Center. Turf visul qulity ws rted on scle of 1 to 9 (1=poorest qulity, 6=minimlly cceptble, nd 9=highest qulity) ccording to color, texture, density, nd uniformity. Qulity rtings were recorded weekly by the sme individul during the 2-yer study. Photosynthesis ws mesured biweekly on cler dys between 1000 nd 1400 CST with LI-6400 portble gs exchnge system using custom surfce chmber. Permnent polyvinyl chloride collrs (10-cm dim.) were plced rndomly t one loction in ech plot nd were driven pproximtely 5 cm into the soil. Cnopy spectrl reflectnce ws mesured weekly on cler dys t pproximtely 1200 CST with Cropscn multispectrl rdiometer (MSR) 50

51 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from (model MSR16, Cropscn Inc., Rochester, MN). Cnopy reflectnce ws mesured in eight wvelengths including 507, 559, 613, 661, 706, 760, 813, nd 935 nm. The normlized difference vegettion index (NDVI) ws computed s ([R935-R661] / [R935 +R661]), where Rx indictes reflectnce t wvelength x. The rtio of ner infrred to red (NIR / R) ws computed s R935 / R661. In ll plots, the volumetric soil wter content (θ v ) in the 0 to 50 cm profile ws mesured weekly using time domin reflectometry nd in drought plots t 5 cm using dul-probe het-pulse sensors. RESULTS: Low mowing height In generl, our dt indicted tht this hybrid bluegrss (Therml Blue) generlly performed poorer thn this Kentucky bluegrss (Apollo) in well-wtered plots t the low mowing height. Visul qulity, which my be the most importnt prmeter to the turfgrss mnger, ws not ffected in Kentucky bluegrss by low mowing but ws reduced in the hybrid bluegrss (Figs. 1A nd 1B). The deleterious effects of low mowing on photosynthesis nd cnopy reflectnce, which indicte reductions in the vigor or size of the turfgrss cnopy, were generlly greter in the hybrid thn in Kentucky bluegrss (dt not shown). Drought Drought significntly reduced the visul qulity of both species in 2005, but the effects of drought on visul qulity were less severe in 2004 (Figs. 1C nd 1D). In 2005, drought reduced men visul qulity by 28% in Kentucky bluegrss nd by 25% in hybrid bluegrss compred with the control. In 2004, visul qulity decresed in drought plots s the study progressed lthough significntly only in the hybrid bluegrss. The greter decline in visul qulity with drought in 2005 thn in 2004 ws likely cused by corresponding higher tempertures during the study. High ir temperture my compound drought stresses by dding het stress; low soil moisture in drought plots reduces ET nd evportive cooling in cnopies of drought, compred with well-wtered plots. Visul qulity between species ws similr, lthough visul qulity in the hybrid bluegrss tended to be lower thn in Kentucky bluegrss in drought plots in Soil moisture ws consistently lower in the hybrid bluegrss (Fig. 2A), which indictes the hybrid bluegrss my hve been more efficient t extrcting soil moisture during drought, including t ner the surfce (5 cm; dt not shown) (i.e., where root density is greter). In generl, however, vlues of photosynthesis nd cnopy reflectnce were lower in the hybrid thn in Kentucky bluegrss (dt not shown), which indictes tht ny dvntge in soil moisture extrction cpbility by this hybrid during drought re not reflected in greter performnce compred with Kentucky bluegrss. Effects of low mowing height nd drought combined Visul qulity ws strongly reduced in Kentucky bluegrss nd in the hybrid bluegrss by the combintion of low mowing nd drought, nd the effects during both yers were similr to or more pronounced thn in seprte tretments of low mowing or drought (Figs. 1A to 1F). In 2005, visul qulity ws significntly lower in the hybrid bluegrss thn in Kentucky bluegrss for bout the first hlf of the study period (Fig. 1F). Visul qulity in 2005 verged 14% lower in the hybrid bluegrss thn in the Kentucky bluegrss. The combintion of low mowing nd drought significntly reduced photosynthesis in both species compred with the control (dt not shown). Between species, however, photosynthesis ws consistently lower in the hybrid bluegrss thn in Kentucky bluegrss in low mowed nd drought plots in Soil moisture in the 0-50 cm profile stedily decresed in combintion low mowing nd drought plots in 2005, but soil moisture decresed fster in Kentucky bluegrss thn in the hybrid (Fig. 2B). Soil moisture ws significntly lower in Kentucky bluegrss thn in the hybrid during most of the study, 51

52 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from which ws similr to the trend in soil moisture t 5 cm (not shown). Consistently lower soil moisture in Kentucky bluegrss indictes tht Kentucky bluegrss extrcted more wter from the soil thn the hybrid bluegrss, which in combintion with generlly higher visul qulity suggests (Figs. 1E nd 1F) tht this Kentucky bluegrss (Apollo) is better suited for conditions of low mowing height nd drought thn this hybrid bluegrss (Therml Blue). Recovery fter drought nd summer stress The hybrid bluegrss recovered more quickly in drought plots fter termintion of the drought tretment nd re-wtering on 70 DOT (Fig. 1D). Visul qulity, which ws mesured weekly for four weeks fter re-wtering, incresed more rpidly in the hybrid bluegrss thn in Kentucky bluegrss nd ws significntly higher in the hybrid thn in Kentucky bluegrss during the lst two weeks of the recovery period. The recoveries of the hybrid bluegrss nd Kentucky bluegrss were similr, however, in the combintion low mowing nd drought tretment (Fig. 1F). CONCLUSIONS: In summry, these dt indicte tht this Kentucky bluegrss (Apollo) generlly performed better thn this hybrid bluegrss (Therml Blue) t the lower mowing height, during drought, nd in the combintion of lower mowing height nd drought. Therefore, no dvntge in drought resistnce ws observed in this hybrid compred with Kentucky bluegrss in this study, with the exception of fster recovery time fter drought. 52

53 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Visul qulity X X Low mowing height A Drought Low mowing height nd drought E K B G H B G Control G C X X X X X X Low mowing height B Drought D Low mowing height nd drought F X X X X X K B G T B G Control Dys of tretment, 2004 Dys of tretment, 2005 H X X Figure 1. Visul qulity of Kentucky bluegrss (KBG) nd Texs bluegrss hybrid (TBG) rted on scle of 1 to 9 (1=poorest nd 9=highest) in tretments: Low mowing height (A, B), drought (C, D), combintion low mowing height nd drought (E, F), nd control (G, H) in 2004 nd Symbols (+) long the bsciss of ech grph indicte significnt difference between HBG nd KBG (P<0.05) on given dy fter tretment initition (Dys of tretment). 53

54 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from High mowing M HM height n d d r o u nd g h t drought B A SWC t 0-50 cm profile DKBG KBG DHBG HBG 0.15 SWC t 0-50 cm profile D ys of tr e tm e nt, Low mowing L M H height n d d r ond u g h t drought C B LDKBG KBG LDHBG HBG Figure 2. The effects drought (A) nd the combintion of low mowing nd drought (B) on volumetric soil wter content (SWC) t 0-50 cm in Kentucky bluegrss (KBG) nd in hybrid bluegrss (HBG). Closed symbols represent SWC in ech respective tretment (D=drought; LD=low mowing nd drought combintion) nd open symbols represent the control (higher mowing height, well wtered). Verticl brs indicte LSD vlues (P<0.05) mong tretments on given dy fter tretment initition (Dys of tretment). 54

55 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Title: Objective: Personnel: SPONSORS: Freezing Tolernce of New Zoysigrss Progeny Evlute field performnce of 381 zoysigrss progeny nd identify the potentil cultivrs tht cn be used in the trnsition zone with similr cold tolernce s Meyer. Qi Zhng, Jck Fry, Milt Engelke, Dennis Genovesi, nd Dle Bremer Hert of Americ Golf Course Superintendents Assocition, the Knss Golf Course Superintendents Assocition, nd the Knss Turfgrss Foundtion INTRODUCTION: Meyer zoysigrss (Zoysi jponic Steud.) hs been the predominnt cultivr used in the trnsition zone since its relese in 1952 becuse of its excellent freezing tolernce nd good turf qulity. However, it is reltively slow to estblish nd corser in texture thn cultivrs of Z. mtrell. Reserchers t Texs A & M relesed severl zoysigrss cultivrs including Crowne, Cvlier, Dimond, nd Plisdes tht exhibited higher turf qulity thn Meyer in southern evlutions, but lcked freezing tolernce necessry in the trnsition zone. New progeny hve been generted from crosses between freezing-tolernt cultivrs nd high qulity lines tht my hve desirble chrcteristics lcking in Meyer, but with comprble level of freezing tolernce. Eventully, this my led to the selection of one or more high qulity cultivrs tht re well dpted to the trnsition zone environment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three hundred seventy-eight geneticlly different zoysigrss progeny resulting from crosses t Texs A & M were spce-plnted (3-ft centers) s 4- x 4-inch plugs t Mnhttn, KS, on 16 August, 2004, for field evlution (Tble 1). In most cses, 18 offspring from cross represented fmily nd were rrnged in groups of six in rndomized complete block design with three replictes. Meyer ws replicted three times for comprison. The plugs were wtered twice nd mowed t 4 inches weekly during the growing seson in 2005 nd Ure ws pplied t 1 lbs/1,000 ft 2 on 20 July, 2005, nd 28 July, Zoysigrss progeny were evluted visully for fll color, lef texture, winter kill, nd rte of growth. Lef color ws used s n indictor for the rte t which ech selection enters utumn dormncy nd ws evluted in October nd November, from 2004 to 2006 using 0 to 9 scle, where 0=strw-brown nd 9=drk green. On 15 My, 2005, winter kill (dmge in 3- x 3-ft re) ws evluted visully using 0 to 9 scle, where 0=ded nd 9=no winter injury. Seventy-eight progeny with no severe winter dmge nd high qulity were further evluted in 2005 nd 2006 (Tbles 2 nd 3). Winter kill ws recorded gin on 10 My, 2006, nd center dmge (dmge to the initil 4- x 4-inch plug) ws lso evluted with 0 to 9 scle, where 0=90 100% dmge in the initil plug nd 9=less thn 10% dmge. Lterl spred ws determined by mesuring the dimeter of ech selection on 18 My, Percentge surfce coverge in 30- x 30-inch squre of ech selected progeny ws mesured using First Growth digitl cmer monthly from June to October Lef texture of ech selection ws evluted monthly on 0 to 9 scle, where 0=corsest texture nd 9=finest texture. Dt were nlyzed with PROC GLIMMIX procedure. In some cses, mens in tbles represent n verge of severl progeny derived from prticulr cross. As such, we re lso looking more closely t performnce of individul progeny within some of these crosses. Air nd soil surfce tempertures were collected using wether sttion locted within 30 feet of the study re nd dul probe sensors plced in contct with rndomly selected crowns nd connected to CR-10 dt collection unit. 55

56 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from RESULTS: Soil temperture. Soil temperture ws recorded from 3 December, 2004, to 30 April, 2005 (Figure 1); 18 October, 2005, to 22 My, 2006 (Figure 2); nd 25 September, 2006, to 23 Jnury, The lowest tempertures t the soil surfce in ech yer were 7º F on dy 359 (24 December) 2004; 25º F on dy 341 (7 December), 2005; 28º F on dy 17, Lower soil temperture in the winter, 2004, compred to the winter, 2005 nd 2006, resulted from the colder wether in 2004 nd less soil surfce coverge by turf. As the grsses spred out, the difference between soil surfce temperture nd temperture t 1 inch depth ws grdully reduced. Field performnce. In fll 2004, Meyer, Meyer x BMZ230 (TAES #5322), Meyer x Anderson #2 (TAES #5323), nd Compnion x Dimond (TAES # 5332) hd lower color rtings in November, indicting n erlier entry into dormncy (Tble 2). Lef texture rtings were vrible, but some selections clerly hd finer texture thn Meyer. Texture is lso being evluted in the greenhouse where duplicte smples of ll progeny re being kept. A lower mowing height, which will be employed when smller group of progeny is selected, will better help seprte the progeny bsed upon lef texture. Progeny within 5 crosses, Cvlier x Anderson #1 (TAES #5311), Cvlier x Anderson #2 (TAES #5312), Meyer x BMZ230 (TAES #5322), Meyer x Anderson #2 (TAES #5323), nd Emerld x Zenith (TAES #5334) hd winter dmge rtings similr to Meyer on My 15, Meyer exhibited growth rte (dimeter) tht ws s good s ny of the verges of the fmilies evluted on 15 My, By October, only 2 progeny from TAES #5330 (Crowne x Compnion) hd greter coverge thn Meyer. Seventy-eight progeny exhibiting good freezing tolernce nd qulity chrcteristics were identified for further evlution in the field on 15 My, 2005 (Tble 2). Hlf of the selected progeny were from crosses of Cvlier x Anderson #1 (TAES #5311) nd Meyer x Anderson #2 (TAES #5323) (Tble 2). No progeny from crosses of Meyer x Cvlier (TAES #5282), Meyer x BMZ230 (TAES #5322), Meyer x Dimond (TAES #5327), or 8501x Zenith (TAES #5343) were selected due to severe winter dmge or corse lef texture. Lower color rting in November 2005 compred to 2004 ws due to the fster ir temperture drop in fll On 10 My, 2006, Meyer x Anderson #2 (TAES #5323), Meyer x 8501 (TAES #5325), nd Compnion x Dimond (TAES #5332) hd the sme level of winter kill nd center dmge s Meyer, lthough none of the crosses hd superior color nd texture compred to Meyer. On 30 August, 2006, ll selected progeny hd 100% coverge, nd Cvlier x Meyer (TAES #5283) nd 8501 x Meyer (TAES #5324) hd the highest rting in texture. Crowne x Compnion (TAES #5330) nd 8501 x Meyer (TAES #5324) hd the best color on 13 October, All progeny were dormnt by 21 November, During 2006, we selected 34 zoysigrss progeny from the study described bove, nd lso from n dditionl 241 progeny tht were plnted in 2005 (the dt from these 241 re not included bove). The 34 progeny, long with Meyer nd DALZ 0102, nother zoysi of interest, re listed in Tble 4. These progeny were propgted in the greenhouse in 2006 nd were plnted in the field in Mnhttn nd Olthe in June Plots will be 5 x 5 ft., with three replictes of ech. Grsses will be mintined under golf course firwy/tee conditions. 56

57 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Tble 1. Zoysigrss progeny generted from crosses between cold-tolernt nd high qulity prentl lines. TAES (#) Pedigree Meyer x Cvlier Cvlier x Meyer 5311 Cvlier x Anderson # Cvlier x Anderson # Zorro x Meyer 5320 Plisdes x Meyer 5321 Emerld x Meyer 5322 Meyer x BMZ Meyer x Anderson # x Meyer 5325 Meyer x Meyer x Dimond 5330 Crowne x Compnion 5331 Plisdes x Compnion 5332 Compnion x Dimond 5334 Emerld x Zenith x Zenith 57

58 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Tble 2. Field performnce of zoysigrss progeny from utumn 2004 to 2005 t the Rocky Ford Turfgrss Reserch Center, Mnhttn, KS. # of # of 2005 progeny 16 Oct. 11 Nov. 15 My progeny 18 My 19 Oct. 12 Nov. Color Texture Color Winter Color Dimeter Color Coverge Color TAES to kill fter (inch) (%) # strt selection g * ef bcd bcd gh 7.30 de 4.88 cd 2.26 ef bc de 7.19 e 5.28 bcd 7.39 b e 7.44 cd 5.22 b 6.31 b bc 9.13 bc b 1.84 bc bc b bc b 1.89 f bc bcde bcd 6.77 ef 5.64 bc 7.72 bc 5.44 bc 2.28 ef bc 4.11 cde b ef 6.82 ef 3.83 ef 4.89 bc f 6.58 fg 3.11 f bc b b 3.33 de bc bc 7.50 bcd f bc 8.23 bc 7.83 bc 8.11 bc 6.65 c b 5.87 c 9.29 bc bc bc 1.03 bc bc bc 1.20 bc c c

59 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Tble 2. (cont.) b 5.54 bc cde 6.39 g 5.67 bc cde 6.06 h 5.72 bc bcde ef 7.50 bcd 5.28 bcd cde 7.72 b 5.67 bc Meyer h 6.67 efg 4.00 def 1.06 f cde bc 6.56 b bc 6.77 ef 4.54 de 3.72 cde bcd c 0.50 f b b bc b b b bc b bc 2.28 b bc 1.00 c * Mens of ech hybrid line before nd fter selection. Numbers in column followed by the sme letter re not significntly different ccording to Tukey s LSD (P 0.05). Zoysigrsses with promising qulity chrcteristics nd freezing tolernce were selected on 15 My, Selection ws bsed upon performnce of the group nd individuls. Dt were collected nd nlyzed only from selected individuls within ech hybrid line fter 15 My, Color, texture, nd winter kill were rted with 0 to 9 scle, where 0 = strw-brown color, corsest texture, or winterkilled turf nd 9 = drk green color, finest texture, nd no winter dmge. Color nd texture were rted monthly nd winter kill ws rted on 15 My,

60 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Tble 3. Field performnce of zoysigrss progeny in 2006 t the Rocky Ford Turfgrss Reserch Center, Mnhttn, KS. # of 10 My 30 August 13 October TAES progeny # fter Color Texture Winter Kill Center Color Texture Color Texture selection dmge * d cd b b bc 7.34 b 6.28 b b 6.09 b 7.09b c 6.48 bc 5.59 bc b 5.80 b 6.90b cd 1.80 d b 7.00 b 7.00 b c 2.87 d 1.01 d bc 7.00 b 6.00 c bc 4.44 bcd b 6.50 b 6.99 b c b b c bc 5.54 bc bc 7.87 b 8.01 b b 7.00 b 7.00 b c bc bc c c c 5.66 cd 5.45 bc c 6.75 b 6.00 c c 7.75 b 7.41 b b 7.00 b 6.01 c b 6.35 bc 5.40 bc b 7.00 b 7.00 b Meyer bc b b b * Mens of ech hybrid line before nd fter selection. Numbers in column followed by the sme letter re not significntly different ccording to Tukey s LSD (P 0.05). Zoysigrsses with promising qulity chrcteristics nd freezing tolernce were selected on 15 My, Selection ws bsed upon performnce of the group nd individuls. Dt were collected nd nlyzed only from selected individuls within ech hybrid line fter 15 My, Color, texture, winter kill, nd center dmge were rted with 0 to 9 scle, where 0 = strw-brown color, corsest texture, or winter dmged turf nd 9 = drk green color, finest texture, nd no winter dmge. Color nd texture were rted monthly nd winter kill nd hed kill ws rted on 10 My,

61 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Tble 4. Thirty-four zoysi progeny nd two controls tht hve exhibited good cold-tolernce nd hve been selected for further evlution in Mnhttn nd Olthe. The first prent in the cross is the Z. mtrell type, the second is the Z. jponic type. TAES# Cross Number 5311 nd 5312 Cvlier x Anderson Zorro x Meyer Emerld x Meyer x Meyer Dimond x Meyer Emerld x Zenith nd 5283 Cvlier x Meyer 1 DALZ Meyer 1 61

62 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Soil surfce surfce temperture temperture Soil temperture -1 t inch 1 inch Soil temperture (F) Soil 50 Temperture (F) Dy D y of of Yer r Figure 1. Soil temperture in winter 2004 nd spring

63 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Soil surfce temperture temperture Soil Soil temperture temperture -1 inch t 1 inch 80 Soil Temperture (F) Soil Temperture (F) Dy Dy of YYer Figure 2. Soil temperture in winter 2005 nd spring

64 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Soil surfce surfce temperture temperture Soil temperture -1 t inch 1 inch 70 Soil Temperture (F) Soil 30 Temperture (F) Dy y of of Yer r Figure 3. Soil temperture in winter 2006 nd spring

65 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from TITLE: OBJECTIVE: PERSONNEL: SPONSORS: Preliminry Evlution of Freezing Tolernce of Meyer nd DALZ 0102 Zoysigrss Compre freezing tolernce of Meyer nd DALZ 0102 zoysigrss Qi Zhng nd Jck Fry Knss Turfgrss Foundtion INTRODUCTION: Meyer hs long been the stndrd zoysigrss cultivr for use in Knss nd throughout the trnsition zone. DALZ 0102 (Z. jponic) is new experimentl zoysi tht hs demonstrted good hrdiness nd fst lterl spred. To minimize the unpredictble nd uncontrollble environmentl conditions in the field, this study ws done in controlled freezing chmber to determine reltive freezing tolernce of DALZ 0102 compred to Meyer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred nd ninety-two rhizomes from Meyer nd from DALZ 0102 were smpled from Rocky Ford Turfgrss Reserch Center on 24 Februry nd 1 Mrch, Sixteen rhizomes of ech (four replictions nd four subsmples) were exposed to tempertures rnging from control (no freezing) to -23º C. Sixteen rhizomes of ech (four replictions nd four subsmples) were exposed to tempertures rnging from control (no freezing) to -19º C. Rhizomes mesured bout 2~3 inches long nd ech hd 4 nodes. Ech group of 10 rhizomes ws wrpped in wet pper towel nd then in luminum foil. Rhizome bundles were put in circulting ethylene glycol bth set t -3º C for 3 hours, nd ice pieces were dded to ensure ice formtion. The temperture ws decresed t 2º C/hour; one group of rhizomes ws tken out t ech intervl. Rhizomes were slowly thwed in growth chmber t 4º C overnight, plnted in smll pots contining stndrd potting mixture, nd plced in the greenhouse. The experiment ws repeted on 7 December, 2006, nd 15 Februry, 2007, with the number of subsmples incresed to 10 nd freezing tempertures tested from control to -19º C. Dt were collected on the percentge of living rhizomes nd nodes, number of shoots, nd lef nd root dry weights 8 weeks fter exposure to the freezing tempertures. The minimum freezing temperture t which some recovery occurred ws lso recorded. Dt were nlyzed with PROC GLM procedure, nd mens were seprted with Fisher s protected LSD test. The experiment ws set up s complete rndomized design with four replictions. RESULTS: This study ws complicted by reltively low percentge of surviving rhizomes in controls tht were not exposed to freezing tempertures. When rhizome is wshed in the field fter smpling, it is unknown if it is live or ded. As such, Meyer nd DALZ 0102 hd n verge rhizome survivl tht ws never bove 60%. The gretest decrese in rhizome survivl occurred between -13º nd -15º C in both Meyer nd DALZ 0102 on the 24 Februry, 2006, smpling dte (Tble 1). Meyer exhibited greter rhizome survivl t -7º nd -9º C, nd hd more living nodes thn DALZ 0102 on this dte. Meyer exhibited some rhizome survivl to -17º C, wheres no survivl occurred beyond -13º C in DALZ Both cultivrs seemed to hve lost some hrdiness when smpled one week lter on 1 Mrch, 2006 (Tble 2). No regrowth occurred below -15º C in either cultivr. Meyer ws superior to DALZ 0102 for ll mesured vribles except root weight t -7º C; otherwise, cultivrs responded similrly. 65

66 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from On 7 December, 2006, DALZ 0102 hd more shoots nd greter biomss following freezing t tempertures -7º C, reflecting its fst growth nd recovery potentil (Tble 3). Cultivrs did not differ in freezing tolernce t lower evlution tempertures. On the 15 Februry, 2007, smpling dte, Meyer hd 47.5% living rhizomes t -19º C, while DALZ 0102 hd 12.5%. The number of shoots in Meyer ws nine times s much s in DALZ 0102 t -15º C; lef nd root dry weight were lso higher in Meyer thn in DALZ These dt re somewht suspect, for DALZ 0102 ws inferior to Meyer even t wrmer tempertures evluted. Preliminry results indicte tht DALZ 0102 indicte tht recovery from minor winter injury my be fster thn in Meyer. However, Meyer hs demonstrted tht it is, t the lest, slightly hrdier thn DALZ Should DALZ 0102 be relesed, these results, s well s field survivl in the winter, need to be considered in recommending its northernmost boundry of use in the United Sttes. 66

67 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Tble 1. Evlution of Meyer nd DALZ 0102 zoysigrss regrowth 8 weeks fter exposure to freezing tempertures on 24 Februry, Tretment Living Rhizomes Living Nodes Shoots Lef Weight Root Weight (mg/pot) Meyer (%) DALZ (%) Meyer DALZ (no./pot) Meyer DALZ (mg/pot) Meyer DALZ Meyer DALZ Control 62.5 * C C C b C b b C C C C C C C *Mens followed by the sme letter treted within the sme temperture re not significntly different t P

68 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Tble 2. Evlution of Meyer nd DALZ 0102 zoysigrss regrowth 8 weeks fter exposure to freezing tempertures on 1 Mrch, Tretment Living Rhizomes Living Nodes Shoots Lef Weight Root Weight (mg/pot) Meyer (%) DALZ (%) Meyer DALZ (no./pot) Meyer DALZ (mg/pot) Meyer DALZ Meyer DALZ Control 60.0 * C C C b b b b C C C b C C C C C *Mens followed by the sme letter treted within the sme temperture re not significntly different t P

69 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Tble 3. Evlution of Meyer nd DALZ 0102 zoysigrss regrowth 8 weeks fter exposure to freezing tempertures on 7 December, Tretment Living Rhizomes (%) Control C * C C C C C C C C 15.0 Living Nodes (%) Shoots (no./pot) Lef Weight (mg/pot) Root Weight (mg/pot) Meyer DALZ 50.0 Meyer 16.2 DALZ 22.5 Meyer 11.0 b DALZ 22.8 Meyer 56.1 b DALZ Meyer 21.2 DALZ b b b b b *Mens followed by the sme letter treted within the sme temperture re not significntly different t P

70 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Tble 3. Evlution of Meyer nd DALZ 0102 zoysigrss regrowth 8 weeks fter exposure to freezing tempertures on 15 Februry, Tretment Living Rhizomes (%) Living Nodes (%) Shoots (no./pot) Lef Weight (mg/pot) Root Weight (mg/pot) Meyer DALZ Meyer DALZ Meyer DALZ Meyer DALZ Meyer DALZ Control C * b b C b b C b b b C C b C b C b b b C b b b b b -19 C b b b *Mens followed by the sme letter treted within the sme temperture re not significntly different t P

71 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from TITLE: OBJECTIVE: PERSONNEL: SPONSORS: Chnges in Membrne Lipids nd Abscisic Acid in Meyer nd Cvlier Zoysigrss during Cold Acclimtion Identify the differences in lipids nd ABA between Meyer nd Cvlier during cold cclimtion Qi Zhng, Jck Fry, Chnn Rjshekr, nd Xingqing Pn Knss Turfgrss Foundtion INTRODUCTION: We re interested in identifying new zoysigrss (Zoysi spp.) cultivrs with level of freezing tolernce comprble to Meyer (Zoysi jponic Steud.), but with better qulity chrcteristics. New progeny hve been generted from crosses between freezing-tolernt cultivrs nd high-qulity lines. Our gol is to identify some of the physiologicl contributors to freezing tolernce in zoysigrss. Membrne lipid species nd bscisic cid hve been reported to serve role in signling pthwys tht re importnt in the cclimtion process. The type of lipid in living membrnes influences how it responds to freezing tempertures. Membrnes tht contin more unsturted ftty cids (nlogous to cooking oil t home) re more flexible nd tolerte freezing stress better. Membrnes composed more of sturted ftted cids (nlogous to butter) re less flexible nd my sustin more freezing injury. Accumultion of bscisic cid helps enhnce freezing-dehydrtion cused by ice crystls. Chnges in lipid composition nd bscisic cid content in Meyer (cold tolernt) nd Cvlier (cold sensitive) (Z. mtrell) were evluted during cold cclimtion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Meyer (smpled from Rocky Ford Turfgrss Reserch Center) nd Cvlier (provided by Dr. Milt Engelke from Texs A & M) were propgted in cone continers (2-inch dimeter, 10 inches deep) in greenhouse in June 2005 nd Continers were moved into n 8-ft. dimeter storge tnk, with snd filled round the continers for nturl cold cclimtion. Continers were smpled monthly from October to Jnury. One set of the continers ws brought to greenhouse set t 70º to 80º F during the dy nd 60º to 70º F t night (control). Another set of continers ws exposed to cold tempertures in freezing chmber. Cvlier ws subjected to tempertures of -3º, -6º, -9º, nd -12º C. Meyer ws exposed to tempertures of -5º, -9º, -13º, nd -17º C. The experiment ws rrnged s rndomized complete-block design with four replictions. Plnt survivl ws estimted visully s percentge of regrowth 6 weeks fter the freezing tretment. The lethl temperture tht killed 50% of the grsses (LT50) ws clculted by using regression. The minimum freezing temperture from which ny shoot recovery occurred ws lso recorded (Tmin). In winter 2006, one more smpling dte ws dded for ech cultivr, 18 November for Cvlier nd 20 December for Meyer. Rhizomes were smpled from nother set of cclimted plnts removed from the field t the sme time other plnts were subjected to freezing tretments. Rhizomes were smpled from ~1 inch below the soil surfce, nd roots nd leves were excised from rhizomes. Rhizomes were then immersed in liquid nitrogen nd stored in -80º C freezer. A profile of the polr complex lipids (membrne lipids) ws generted by electrospry ioniztion tndem mss spectrometry (ESI-ES/MS) nd recorded s the percentge in the totl mount of the lipids. Ech of the entries in Tble 2 represents group of ftty cids rnging in number from 5 to 64. Abscisic cid ws nlyzed with high-performnce liquid chromtogrphy electrospry-ioniztion tndem mss spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). 71

72 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Dt were nlyzed with the PROC GLM procedure, nd mens were seprted with Fisher s protected LSD test. LT50 ws clculted with regression model. RESULTS: Freezing tolernce. Freezing tolernce incresed from October to December in both cultivrs (Tble 1 & 2). The LT50 nd Tmin were lower in Meyer thn in Cvlier in ll months. Cvlier reched its mximum cold tolernce in lte November (LT C), but recovery growth from Cvlier treted t -12º C ws still observed in December nd Jnury. The lowest LT50 in Meyer occurred in December, -15.9º C in 2005 nd -15.2º C in 2006, respectively, one month lter thn tht in Cvlier. Recovery growth from exposure to -17º C ws lso observed in December nd Jnury in Meyer. Chnges in membrne ftty cid species. Eleven lipid clsses hve been identified in zoysigrss rhizomes, including phosphtidylcholine (PC) nd phosphtidic cid (PA), which hve been reported to be relted to freezing stress in other plnts. Lipids in the PC group were highest in Cvlier nd Meyer when ech reched their pek hrdiness (November for Cvlier; December for Meyer) in winter 2005 (Figure 1). About 90% of the ftty cids in the PC group were unsturted ftty cids, indicting tht PC might serve to stbilize membrnes. Totl PA content incresed to much higher extent in Cvlier thn in Meyer in December when Cvlier, but not Meyer, ws severely dmged by freezing (Figure 2). However, similr trend ws not observed in winter 2006 (Tble 3). Chnges in bscisic cid content. ABA content in rhizomes ws negtively correlted to freezing tolernce in both cultivrs, i.e. s ABA content incresed, freezing tolernce improved (Tble 3). ABA hs been shown to reduce drought injury in turfgrsses nd my lso serve role in freezing tolernce. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: We pprecite the ssistnce of Dr. Ruth Welti, Richrd Jennotte, nd Mry Roth with the Knss Lipidomics Reserch Center. 72

73 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Tble 1. Recovery growth (%), LT 50, nd T min of Meyer nd Cvlier zoysigrss six weeks fter exposure to freezing tempertures from October to December October 5 November 2 December Cvlier Meyer Cvlier Meyer Cvlier Meyer Control -3 C * 50.0 b b C C 0.0 c C 0.0 c 0.0 b 37.5 b b -12 C 0.0 c c C b b b -17 C b c c LT 50 (C) N/A T min (C) *Mens with the sme letter in ech column re not significntly different t P Mens represent the verge of four replictions. LT 50, lethl temperture tht results in 50% or less recovery growth; T min, the lowest freezing temperture t which ny recovery growth ws observed. Dshed lines indicte tht this freezing temperture not tested. N/A, no LT50 ws clculted becuse recovery growth ws out of rnge. 73

74 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Tble 2. Recovery growth (%), LT 50, nd T min of Meyer nd Cvlier zoysigrss six weeks fter exposure to freezing tempertures from October 2006 to Jnury Tretment 2 October 7 November 18 November 1 December 20 December 9 Jnury Cvlier Meyer Cvlier Meyer Cvlier Meyer Cvlier Meyer Cvlier Meyer Cvlier Meyer Control * b b C 80.0 b b b C b b -6 C 5.0 c b b C 0.0 c 0.0 b 65.0 b b bc b 77.5 b -12 C 0.0 c c b c b C b b b c -17 C b c b c d LT 50 (C) N/A T min (C) *Mens with the sme letter in ech column re not significntly different t P Mens represent the verge of four replictions. LT 50, lethl temperture tht results in 50% or less recovery growth; T min, the lowest freezing temperture t which ny recovery growth ws observed. Dshed lines indicte tht this freezing temperture or dte not tested. N/A, no LT50 ws clculted becuse recovery growth ws out of rnge. 74

75 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Tble 3. Correltion between freezing tolernce (LT 50 nd T min ) in Cvlier nd Meyer rhizomes nd chnges in phosphtidylcholine (PC), phosphtidic cid (PA), nd bscisic cid content (ABA) in the winter of 2005 nd Cvlier Meyer Cvlier Meyer LT 50 T min LT 50 T min LT 50 T min LT 50 T min PC r = 0.19 r = 0.74 r = 0.54 r = 0.54 r = r = r = r = P = 0.55 P < 0.01 P = 0.07 P = 0.07 P = 0.28 P < 0.01 P = 0.16 P < 0.01 PA r = r = r = r = r = 0.43 r = 0.72 r = r = 0.13 P = 0.41 P < 0.01 P < 0.01 P < 0.01 P = 0.06 P <0.01 P =0.90 P = 0.61 ABA r = r = r = r = r = r = r = r = P < 0.01 P = 0.54 P = 0.08 P = 0.08 P < 0.01 P = 0.17 P < 0.01 P = 0.17 LT 50, lethl temperture tht results in 50% or less recovery growth; T min, the lowest freezing temperture t which ny recovery growth ws observed. Mesurements were tken monthly from October to December 2005 nd from October 2006 to Jnury

76 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Cvlier Meyer * * PC Content (%) Oct 4 Nov 5 Dec Figure 1. Chnges in the totl mount of phosphtidylcholine (PC) in winter *Denotes significnt differences between Cvlier nd Meyer t P

77 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from 30 Cvlier Meyer * 25 PA Content (%) Oct 4 Nov 5 Dec Figure 2. Chnges in the totl mount of phosphtidic cid (PA) in the winter, *Denotes significnt differences between Cvlier nd Meyer t P

78 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Abscisic cid (ng/g weight) Cvlier 4 Oct. 5 Nov. 2 Dec Meyer * * * Figure 3. Chnges in bscisic cid content in winter *Denotes significnt differences between Cvlier nd Meyer t P

79 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Cvlier Meyer * * Abscisic cid (ng/g weight) Oct. 7 Nov. 18 Nov. 1 Dec. 20 Dec. 9 Jn Figure 4. Chnges in the bscisic cid content in winter *Denotes significnt differences between Cvlier nd Meyer t P

80 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from TITLE: OBJECTIVES: AUTHOR: SPONSORS: Emissions of Nitrous Oxide from Three Different Turfgrss Species nd from Perennil Ryegrss under Different Irrigtion Regimes Investigte: (1). the sesonl mgnitude nd ptterns of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) fluxes in one cool seson nd two wrm seson turfgrsses; nd (2). effects of irrigtion on N 2 O emissions from perennil ryegrss Json Lewis nd Dle Bremer Knss Turfgrss Foundtion (KTF) INTRODUCTION: Different species of turfgrsses (for exmple, wrm- nd cool-seson turfgrsses) my be fertilized with nitrogen (N) t different rtes nd frequencies, nd irrigted with different mounts of wter, ll of which my ffect N 2 O emissions. The selection of different species of turfgrsses my be useful mngement tool in mitigting N 2 O emissions from turfgrss ecosystems. Irrigtion my lso significntly impct N 2 O emissions from turfgrss. Therefore, this study investigted (1) N 2 O emissions from three species of turfgrsses during 5-month period (i.e., June through October) of the 2006 growing seson; nd (2) the effects of irrigtion on N 2 O emissions in turfgrss during 2-month period in the summer of METHODS: Study 1: Species effects. Eighteen plots, or six plots per species, were rrnged nd estblished in repeted Ltin squre design (Fig. 1). The species investigted included one cool-seson (perennil ryegrss, Lolium perenne L.) nd two wrm-seson turfgrsses (bermudgrss [Cynodon dctylon] nd zoysigrss [Zoysi jponic]). Ure N fertilizer ws pplied to turfgrsses ccording to the schedule presented in Tble 1. Soil fluxes of N 2 O were mesured weekly to biweekly from 6 June to 25 October, 2006, using sttic surfce chmbers nd nlyzing N 2 O by gs chromtogrphy. Turfgrss irrigtion requirements were determined with the Penmn-Monteith eqution (FAO-56), nd ll plots were irrigted one or two times weekly s needed, by hnd to ensure uniformity. Plots were mowed t 7.62 cm twice week with wlk-behind rotry mower. Study 2: Irrigtion effects. Eighteen plots were rrnged in previously estblished swrd of perennil ryegrss. Three tretments were pplied to the plots in rndomized block design. Irrigtion mounts included (1) 100% evpotrnspirtion (ET) replcement; (2) 80% ET replcement; nd (3) no irrigtion. To determine irrigtion requirements, evpotrnspirtion (ET) ws clculted by using the Penmn- Monteith eqution (FAO, 1998) nd climtologicl dt obtined t wether sttion locted t Rocky Ford Turfgrss Reserch Center. Wter ws pplied twice weekly s needed through fn spry nozzle ttched to hose; meter ws ttched to ensure proper ppliction rte. Soil fluxes of N 2 O were mesured weekly to biweekly using the sme technique s described bove from 22 June to 17 August, Plots were mowed t 7.62 cm twice week with wlk-behind rotry mower. RESULTS: Study 1: Species effects. Dily fluxes of N 2 O rnged from 8 µg N 2 O-N m 2 h 1 on 25 October to 1709 µg N 2 O-N m 2 h 1 fter N fertiliztion on 11 July (Fig. 2). Nitrogen fertiliztion incresed N 2 O emissions by up to 45 times within one dy, lthough the mount of increse differed fter ech fertiliztion. Cumultive emissions of N 2 O-N during the study differed slightly mong species (Fig. 3). Cumultive fluxes were 2.60 kg h 1 in bermudgrss, 2.31 kg h 1 in perennil ryegrss, nd 2.63 kg h 1 in zoysigrss. Thus, cumultive N 2 O emissions were very similr between the two wrm seson turfgrsses (i.e., bermudgrss nd zoysigrss), nd cumultive N 2 O emissions verged 13% higher in 80

81 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from the wrm-seson species thn in the cool-seson turfgrss species. However, becuse perennil ryegrss ws ctively growing erlier in the spring thn wrm-seson grsses (e.g., during Mrch, April, nd My), before mesurements were collected in this study, N 2 O emissions my hve been greter from perennil ryegrss during tht period. Therefore, dt collected during this 5-month period likely do not represent cumultive fluxes from the entire seson from Mrch through November. Study 2: Irrigtion effects. Significnt precipittion during much of the study period muted the effects of reduced nd no irrigtion on N 2 O emissions (Fig. 4). Cumultive N 2 O fluxes during the study period decresed by bout 8% when irrigtion ws reduced to 80% ET nd when irrigtion ws withheld, compred with well-wtered plots (100% ET). No difference in N 2 O emissions ws observed between 80% nd no irrigtion tretments. Note: These dt re preliminry nd therefore, not conclusive becuse the study ws still underwy t the writing of this report. Results from the completed study will be presented in the 2008 K-Stte Turfgrss Reserch Report. Tble 1. Fertiliztion schedule for bermudgrss, perennil ryegrss, nd zoysigrss. Bermudgrss Perennil Ryegrss Zoysigrss... lbs N 1000 ft My June July August September

82 This publiction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs been rchived. Current informtion is vilble from Figure 1. Plots of perennil ryegrss, zoysigrss, nd bermud grss were estblished in 2005 nd rrnged in Ltin squre design. Photo ws tken in mid-november 2005, when zoysi nd bermud were dormnt Vlues for 11-Jul Bermud 1518 Ryegrss 1151 Zoysi 1709 Bermud Ryegrss Zoysi N 2 O_N Flux µg m h) Fertilizer Dtes 0 D te, 2006 Figure 2. Ptterns mong turfgrss species of nitrous oxide nitrogen fluxes (µg N 2 O_N m 2 h 1 ) from 6 June to 25 October, Verticl dshed lines represent N-fertiliztion dtes. 82