Looking at Transportation in New Ways

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1 Looking at Transportation in New Ways Burkhard Huhnke VWGoA Electronics Research Lab, Palo Alto CA Hot Chips August 2010

2 Global research and development program

3 Global research and development program Worldwide collaboration Knowledge network Teamwork of experts worldwide Driving innovations Comparison of concepts Best solutions in car

4 4 The ERL is a Bridge

5 The ERL is a Bridge Silicon Valley Engineering Out-of-the-box thinking Rapid evolution of ideas Make do with minimal resources Borrow technology from other fields How can we make this work? 5

The ERL is a Bridge Silicon Valley Engineering Out-of-the-box thinking Rapid evolution of ideas Make do with minimal resources Borrow technology from other fields How can we make this work?

6 The ERL is a Bridge Silicon Valley Engineering Out-of-the-box thinking Rapid evolution of ideas Make do with minimal resources Borrow technology from other fields How can we make this work? 6 Automotive Engineering Focus on safety and manufacturability A century of in-vehicle experience Vast test and validation resources Trusted automotive technology Prove that it works in all situations

ERL Engineering New, bold ideas and technology Meeting rigorous automotive requirements Automotive Engineering Focus on

7 7 The ERL is a Bridge Silicon Valley Engineering Out-of-the-box thinking Rapid evolution of ideas Make do with minimal resources Borrow technology from other fields How can we make this work? ERL Engineering New, bold ideas and technology Meeting rigorous automotive requirements Automotive Engineering Focus on safety and manufacturability A century of in-vehicle experience Vast test and validation resources Trusted automotive technology Prove that it works in all situations

14 Lack of space... in Los Angeles poor or rich - both have to wait -... in Dhaka

15 Challenges for Society Decreasing energy resources at a rising cost Increasingly complex traffic situations Increasing need for safety

16 Challenges of the future Page 16

17 Increasing vehicle segments and different customer requirements

18 Electronics enables new functions but requires a novel interpretation of usability Page 18

19 VW Beetle in 1949: a historical E/E architecture Page 19

20 Soft- and hardware evolution Example: gearbox CPU Page 20

Safety: The Driver as Uncertainty Factor Causes of Fatal Accidents (84% misjudgement) % 25 20 Mental factors 38% Incorrect decisions 46% Unexpected behaviour 11% Technology 5% 15

24 Safety: The Driver as Uncertainty Factor Causes of Fatal Accidents (84% misjudgement) % Mental factors 38% Incorrect decisions 46% Unexpected behaviour 11% Technology 5% Sleep Distraction Medical reasons Car in front Vechicle dynamics Bet Lane-Keeping Parked car Pedestrians/ animals Accident Other Technology Quelle: GdV, VW Unfallforschung

Vehicle Safety Fatal accidents over time (Germany) Fatal accidents by months 800 700 600 500 400 300 Daten: Statistisches

25 Vehicle Safety Fatal accidents over time (Germany) Fatal accidents by months Daten: Statistisches Bundesamt 200 Jul 00 Jul 01 Jul 02 Jul 03 Jul 04 Jul 05 Jul 06 Jul 07 Jul 08 Jan 01 Jan 02 Jan 03 Jan 04 Jan 05 Jan 06 Jan 07 Jan 08 25

26 Road safety Fatal accidents over time in Germany Page 26

Vehicle Safety - Potential for Protection

27 Vehicle Safety - Potential for Protection Communicate See Feel ABS Airbags Rigid passenger compartment Crush zone Seat belt ESP Front Assist Side Assist HC ACC Parkassist BAS AFS adaptive passenger protection Car2x Active safety Passive safety Today Time

28 Effectivity of current assistance and saftey features Fatal accident 100% (year 2000) 50% EU-target today? Emergency medical response* *Quelle: VW Unfallforschung Beyond our control 0%

29 Effectivity of current assistance and saftey features Fatal accident 100% (year 2000) today 50% EU-target Szenario current safety standard *Quelle: VW Unfallforschung Beyond control 0% With a consequent market distribution of available passive safety technology (Golf platform) 29

30 Effectivity of current assistance and saftey features Fatal accident 100% (year 2000) today 50% EU-target Szenario current safety standard Quelle: VW Unfallforschung Beyond control 0% Special effects through incentive programs 30

31 Effectivity of current assistance and saftey features Fatal accident 100% (year2000) Heute 50% EU-target Beyond control Secenario advanced driver assistance systems Szenario current safety standard Quelle: VW Unfallforschung 0% Additional theoretical potential by 20% - with a consequent market distribution of advanced driver assistance systems 31

32 Increasing need for safety Supporting the driver when he/she is in need of assistance Under-challenging the driver Simple, monotonous driving tasks E.g.long distance trips, traffic jams Over-challenging the driver Complex driving tasks E.g.entering a motorway, turning at intersections etc. How good/flawless is the driver? Complexitiy of driving task Need for support

Autopilot information warning assistance up to automatic accident

33 Customer Demands In critical situations the driver needs assistance: In annoying situations the driver wants assistance: Safety Angel Autopilot information warning assistance up to automatic accident avoidance under defined conditions specific situations selected road sections only

34 Sensors: Seeing like an Alert Person Rear camera Short-range radar Interior sensor Multibeam Laser Video camera Infrared camera Long-range radar Supersonic

35 Timeline of Driver Assistance

Building Block of Technologies Driving at the limits of physics

regulations Golf 53 Vehicle dynamics Track coordination Pikes

Junior Driving strategy Complex environment Drifting algortithm

36 Building Block of Technologies Driving at the limits of physics Driving in unknown terrain Driving according to traffic regulations Golf 53 Vehicle dynamics Track coordination Pikes Peak TTS Stanley Recognition of environment Locating Trajectory Junior Driving strategy Complex environment Drifting algortithm High speed Intelligent Intelligent Car Car to X Expanding the horizon Predict danger

37 Where is this project located The pikes peak TTS is a key project at the Volkswagen Automotive Innovation Lab (VAIL) located at Stanford University, an initiative dedicated to promote innovation into automotive technologies.

38 Driving at the limits of physics (2010) Pikes Peak TTS Drifting algortithm High speed

39 Valet Parking (2010) Driving according to traffic regulations Junior Driving strategy Complex environment

41 Car to car communication in the past

42 Potentials of car to car communications

43 Improving traffic safety

44 The intersection assistant

45 Car to x expanding the horizon Page 45

46 Market penetration is a key factor for car2x - technologies Page 46

47 Find your parking lot fast

48 The vision heterogeneous networks

49 The Connected Car in a Connected World

53 The Future of Human Machine Interfaces Page 53

54 Infotainment Evolution Page 54

55 Page 55

56 Integration of online internet services Page 56

57 Driver information with backend services Page 57

58 Harmonization of world wide ITS standards is mandatory Page 58

59 Only integrated systems will provide an acceptable solution Page 59

63 emobility 1973 VW electrical bus BEV Electric power 17 kw 1993 VW Golf City Stromer BEV Electric power 25 kw 1991 Study VW Chico Hybrid Electric power 25 kw + 7 kw 2007 Study VW Space Up! blue Fuel cell Electric power 45 kw Page 63 Copyright 2010 VWGoA Electronics Research Lab

64 Drive train and fuel strategy renewable electricity blue-e-motion e-tron twindrive SunFuel BlueMotion natural gas crude oil synthetic diesel gasoline DSG TSI/ TFSI TDI Page 64 Copyright 2010 VWGoA Electronics Research Lab

65 CO 2 - and energy efficiency (power train) (until 2020) Well-to-Wheel CO 2 (g/km) VW Golf Otto, diesel (2020) BEV 2020 wind energy FCEV 2020 hydrogen (wind energy) Fuel cell 2020 (FCEV) Electrical vehicle 2020 (BEV) energy mix 2020 Gasoline / diesel (today) B Well-to-Wheel Primärenergie (kwh/100 km) biofuel SunFuel, IOGEN E100 FCEV 2020 hydrogen from electrolysis (energy mix today) Electrical vehicles - highest potential concerning CO 2 - & energy efficiency depending on the energy generation process 65 Copyright 2010 VWGoA Electronics Research Lab

66 Energy Cost Energy cost fossil / renewable 2007/ fossil renewable cost [ cent/kwh] State of the art 2007 max State of the art 2007 min Forecast 2020 max Forecast 2020 min - 33% Natural gas coil nuclear bio Wind onshore Wind offshore water max. 88 photovoltaic Quelle: Joint Research Centre (EU-Kommission) 2008 Copyright 2010 VWGoA Electronics Research Lab

67 electrification Combustion engine Mild hybrid Full hybrid Plug-in hybrid 1.2 l 77 kw TSI start/stop system Touareg Hybrid Golf twindrive recuperation Electrical vehicle Up! Page 67 Copyright 2010 VWGoA Electronics Research Lab

68 Energy storage: technologies and requirements Energy storage Electric power capacity voltage durability Combustion engine Start engine Mild Hybrid start-stop recuperation (boost) Full Hybrid start-stop recuperation (boost) (e-drive, 2 km) Plug-in Hybrid start-stop recuperation (boost) e-drive, 20 km ~ 2 kw ~ 6 kw ~ 15 kw ~ 30 kw ~80 kw < 1kWh 1 2 kwh kwh >25 kwh 12 V < 60 V > 60 V >> 60 V 5 years 8-10 years >10 years Electrical vehicle e - range > 100 km Technology Lead acid Nickel metal hydride Lithium-Ion Page 71 Copyright 2010 VWGoA Electronics Research Lab

69 Cell format + Hybrid High power 100-m High specific power low specific energy Small cells, thin, porous electrode + High energy density marathon Plug-In Hybrid, electrical vehicles High specific energy Low specific power big cells, thick, dense electrode capacity: mass/vol: energy: spec. power: 5 Ah 0.25 kg, 125 cm³ 18 Wh (80 Wh/kg) 500 W (> W/kg) capacity: mass/vol: energy: spec. power: 50 Ah 1.2 kg / 750 cm³ 180 Wh (150 Wh/kg) 800 W (700 W/kg) Page 72 Copyright 2010 VWGoA Electronics Research Lab

71 Volkswagen Group is evaluating several battery concepts Cells Large Cylindrical Cells Large Prismatic Cells Performance Vehicles High-volume Production Vehicles Large Pouch Cells New City Vehicles 74 Copyright 2010 VWGoA Electronics Research Lab

72 market and cost li Ion cells status consumer cell today mass production 2007: 2,6 Mrd. cells 13 GWh Li-Ion forecast automotive cells series production 2010, mass production 2015 Cost Euro / kwh NiMH NiCd /kwh Li-Ion NiMH Hybrid 300 $/kwh / 190 /kwh for consumer cells Exchange rate 1,50 USD = 1 Quellen: METI-Roadmap, AABC, 75 Copyright 2010 VWGoA Electronics Research Lab

73 Challenge: charging time Gasoline Pump nozzle: kw (~ 50 l/min) vs. electricity Three-phase: 10 kw 1 minute = 1000 km driving range 1 minute charging = 1 km driving range 76 Copyright 2010 VWGoA Electronics Research Lab

74 concept Golf! Vehicle weight Dimensions L/ B/ H Gearbox Vehicle data * 205 kg more than Golf Blue Motion TDI with DSG 1545 kg* 4199/ 1786/ 1480 mm EQ 210 (1-Gang-Getriebe) Maximum speed Acceleration (0-100) elektr. Driving range 135 km/h 11,8 s up to 150 kilometer E-motor battery voltage torque Power train 85 kw / 115 PS 26,5 kwh (Li-Ion) 324 V 270 Nm 77 Copyright 2010 VWGoA Electronics Research Lab

75 Thank you for your attention! Pikes Peak TTS: Autonomous Hill Climbing

Energy-efficient Mobility: Challenging Technologies

Energy-efficient Mobility: Challenging Technologies for Tomorrow s Transportation Systems Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Steiger Volkswagen AG, Group External Affairs Chairman ETP ERTRAC 16.02.2009 EIT Sustainable