Storage at the Threshold: Li-ion Batteries and Beyond

Transcription

1 Storage at the Threshold: Li-ion Batteries and Beyond George Crabtree Director, Joint Center for Energy Storage Research Argonne National Laboratory University of Illinois at Chicago Outline Li-ion Battery Trajectory Transportation and Grid Challenges How Much Better Can Batteries Be? BCI Convention and Power Mart Expo Jacksonville, FL April 30 - May 2, 2017

2 Further Reading Lithium-Sulfur electrolyte Review Article George Crabtree, Elizabeth Kocs and Lynn Trahey MRS Bulletin 40, (Dec 2015) %2FMRS40_12%2FS a.pdf&code=932 4c4d620e316a0e051a6bcc1b17fc3 Polymer Intrinsic Microporous (PIM) membrane Webpage Redox Active Polymer Flow

3 The Energy Storage Trajectory Personal Electronics Lithium-ion batteries enabled the personal electronics revolution Forever changed the way we interact with people and information ~ 2% of US energy Personal electronics Transportation: $20K electric cars Diversity transportation fuels Reduce energy use Lower operating costs Lower carbon emissions 28% of US energy Transportation 39% of US energy Electricity grid Grid-scale electricity storage Widespread deployment of wind and solar Enhance reliability, flexibility, resilience Uncouple instantaneous generation from instantaneous demand

4 Cost (US$/kW.h) Can Lithium-ion Batteries Conquer Transportation and the Grid? Ni-MH Ni-Cd Li-ion Lithium-ion Batteries Li-ion Gravimetric Energy Density (W.h/kg) Much higher safety, cost and performance targets than for personal electronics Recycling Li-ion batteries is crucial Discontinuous improvements in cost and performance may be needed Year Crabtree, Kocs, Trahey, MRS Bulletin 40, 1067 (2015)

5 Can Li-ion Transform Transportation? WHERE WE NEED TO BE Driving range: hundreds of miles instead of tens of miles Fast charging: minutes instead of hours Inexpensive: $20K instead of $80K Cycle life: 16 years instead of 8 years Temperature resilience: little range loss at -20 C Safe: routine and exceptional circumstances car crash in the rain? GM Bolt and Tesla Model 3 $35K / 200 miles good unchanged $35K but not $20K, few % of market unchanged unchanged unchanged Lithium-ion batteries may be competitive, but not transformative 5

6 Ride Sharing: Fewer Cars, More Mobility per Car Why do we like it? 3-5 minute wait (even in the rain!) Car and service personalized to traveler Private or shared Service anywhere Personal contract with driver I never realized this ridesharing thing would be so popular! GM s millennial-focused rideshare Maven is already oversubscribed TechRepublic, Jan 10, 2017 Rideshare Carpooling Could Completely Eliminate the Need For Taxis in New York City Gizmodo, Jan 2, 2017 Cab Rides Down 23 Percent In Chicago This Year dna info, Sep 30, 2016

7 US $ What About the Cost? Electric Vehicles Fewer Moving Parts Total Cost per Mile over Vehicle Life miles/year Denver CO Hundreds One 0.10 Low Maintenance Cost Electricity Is Cheaper 0 Honda Accord (gasoline) Toyota Prius (hybrid) Tesla Model S (EV) BYD e6 (EV) Chevy Bolt (EV) Tesla Model 3 (EV) Gasoline / mile Electricity / mile $0.08 -$0.12 $0.04 -$0.06 Vehicle Electrification Economics Rocky Mountain Institute 2015 Low Fuel Cost EVs are the economic choice for high mileage vehicles High battery cost is last remaining economic barrier for low mileage personal cars

8 Self-Driving Cars in New York City

9 The Mobility Transformation Autonomous Connected Cars Integrated Mobility as a Service Ride Sharing Electric Cars B A Mobility service not personal ownership Technology ready or imminent Economically cheaper Many combinations and permutations

10 Storage: Game Changer for the Electricity Grid Storage breaks the historic constraint of instantaneously balancing generation and demand Li-ion Battery Replaces Gas Peaker Plant Jan 2017 Aliso Canyon Mira Loma Storage time-shifts electricity generation and load Enables new functionality, new operating paradigms, new business plans

11 The Storage Horizon Generation Transmission Distribution Renewable Smoothing, Time Shifting, Backup Replace Gas Peaker Plants Energy Market Arbitrage Frequency Regulation Spinning/Non-spinning Reserves Voltage Support Black Start Peak Efficiency Operation Congestion Relief Infrastructure Deferral and Avoidance Utility Infrastructure Deferral and Avoidance Demand Management Managing Two-Way Current Flow Diverse uses for storage may require diverse batteries not just Li-ion High cost of storage stack the benefits Many stacking options which are most compelling? Need to analyze use cases Customer behind the meter Time of Use Demand Charge Demand Response PV Management Virtual Power Plants Back-up Power Customized Micro-grid Services

12 Little Consensus on the Value of Energy Storage Energy Arbitrage Frequency Regulation Spin / Non-Spin Reserve Voltage Support Black Start Resource Adequacy Distribution Deferral Transmission Congestion Relief Transmission Deferral Time of Use Bill Management Demand Charge Increased Reduction PV Self- Consumption Backup Power Service Value [$/kw-year] Fitzgerald et al The Economics of Battery Energy Storage Rocky Mountain Institute (2015) Varies by state for cost of electricity and regulatory environment Stacking benefits essential but depends on use cases and interaction

13 The Importance of Location and Externalities Minimum cost technology by county including externalities and a low price on CO 2 Source: UT Austin Energy Institute, New US Power costs by county with environmental externalities,

14 storage Three Interacting Transitions: Storage + Smart + Distributed tomorrow today smart Main grid + smart distributed solar, storage, electric vehicle and neighborhood grid Personalized electricity service Fully integrated storage, smart and distributed resources The grid of the future will not look like the grid of the past

15 How Much Better Can Li-ion Get? Graphite anode Li + Li + Continuous improvement of Li-ion battery Si in graphite anode Underway now in commercial cells Li + Li + Electrolyte Li + Metal oxide cathode LITHIUM-ION ROCKING CHAIR Discontinuous improvement Li metal anode metal oxide cathode Li metal anode - Sulfur cathode Commercialization 5-10 years after laboratory proof of principle 15

16 For the Grid: Vanadium and Organic Flow Batteries Scalable to any capacity Power and energy separately controllable Organic liquid anode Organic liquid cathode Replace solid electrodes with liquid solutions Vanadium expensive transition metal V 2+ inflexible design NON-AQUEOUS REDOX FLOW Organics inexpensive environmentally benign recyclable flexible design Colloid Polymer Oligomer Within reach of $100/kWh Necessary to compete with gas peaker plants Molecule

17 GRID TRANSPORTATION JCESR: Beyond Lithium-ion Batteries for Cars and the Grid $100/kWh 400 Wh/kg 400 Wh/L 800 W/kg 800 W/L 1000 cycles 80% DoD C/5 15 yr calendar life EUCAR $100/kWh 95% round-trip efficiency at C/5 rate 7000 cycles C/5 20 yr calendar life Safety equivalent to a natural gas turbine Vision Transform transportation and the electricity grid with high performance, low cost energy storage Mission Deliver electrical energy storage with five times the energy density and one-fifth the cost of (today s*) commercial batteries within five years These are aggressive targets and galvanizing forces Legacies A library of the fundamental science of the materials and phenomena of energy storage at atomic and molecular levels Two prototypes, one for transportation and one for the electricity grid, that, when scaled up to manufacturing, have the potential to meet JCESR s transformative goals A new paradigm for battery R&D that integrates discovery science, battery design, research prototyping and manufacturing collaboration in a single highly interactive organization * 2011 Nissan Leaf 17

18 JCESR s Approach and Progress Sprints Materials Project ch?v=wezskjwyjdq Organic Redox Flow Electrolyte Genome Electrochemical Discovery Lab Air-Breathing Aqueous Sulfur (from Dec 2015) Multivalent Mg++ Materials Components Integration TWO PROOF- OF-CONCEPT PROTOTYPES Techno-Economic Modeling Li-O 2 (to May 2014) Li-Sulfur End-to-end Integration and Communication Focus only on Beyond Lithium-ion 18

19 JCESR Spins Out Two Startups Nitash Balsara, Alex Teran and Joe DeSimone (UNC) Brett Helms, Kenneth Boblak, Peter Frischmann, and Jon-Michael Alessandro Polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIM) blocks Li polysulfides and redox active organic oligomers Li-S battery with novel polymer-inorganic solid state electrolyte developed in JCESR Inorganic-polymer hybrid for Li anode batteries Villaluenga et al, PNAS 113, 52, (2015) R&D100 Award 2016 Best All-around Team Bay Area I-Corps competition 2016 Polysulfide-Blocking Microporous Polymer Membrane Tailored for Hybrid Li-Sulfur Flow Batteries, Li et al, Nano Lett. 15, 5724 (2015) Moving JCESR Innovations to Commercialization May contain trade secrets or commercial or financial information that is privileged or confidential and exempt from public disclosure. 19

20 The Energy Storage Ecosystem Science, Technology, Business and Society Transformational Societal Impact Personalized Electricity Service Smart Distributed Energy Behind the Meter Aggregation Electricity Grid Economic and Job Growth New Domestic and Export Markets Military Surveillance and Fighting Drones Self-sufficient Forward Bases Storage-empowered Soldiers Transportation Personalized Mobility Service Ride-Sharing Charging station infrastructure Connected vehicles Manufacturing Battery Gigafactories Smart Electric Vehicles Domestic Grid of the Future Personal Electronics Artificial Intelligence Virtual Reality Augmented Reality Disruptive Innovation and Global Competiveness

21 Further Reading Jonathan Walker and Charlie Johnson, Peak Car Ownership: The Market Opportunity of Electric Automated Mobility Services, Rocky Mountain Institute (2016) Jeffery B. Greenblatt and Samveg Saxena, Autonomous taxis could greatly reduce greenhousegas emissions of US light-duty vehicles, Nature Climate Change 5, 860 (2015). Garrett Fitzgerald, James Mandel, Jesse Morris, Hervé Touati, The Economics of Battery Energy Storage, Rocky Mountain Institute (2016) George Crabtree, Elizabeth Kocs and Lynn Trahey, The Storage Frontier: Lithium-ion Batteries and Beyond, MRS Bulletin 40, 1067 (2015). Why Energy Storage May Be the Most Important Technology in the World Right Now Forbes Apr 1, 2016 Frontiers of Energy Nature Energy Jan 11, 2016 Ten experts, including JCESR s George Crabtree, share their vision of coming energy challenges Why We Need A Revolution in Energy Storage PBS Jan 5, 2016 Lithium Batteries: To the Limits of Lithium Nature Oct 28, 2015 Search for Super Battery NOVA Feb 1, h?v=jpclwf4hask Perspective: The Energy Storage Revolution Nature Oct 28, 2015 How next-generation storage can change the car and the grid