Lithium Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Needs for Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging. A review

Transcription

1 Lithium Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Needs for Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging A review Claus Daniel, PhD danielc@ornl.gov ORNL is managed by UT-Battelle for the US Department of Energy

2 David Howell, DOE, AMR Claus Daniel, Lithium Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Needs for Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging A review, APEC 2018

3 David Howell, DOE, AMR Claus Daniel, Lithium Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Needs for Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging A review, APEC 2018

4 Lithium ion progress in last few years David Howell, DOE, AMR Claus Daniel, Lithium Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Needs for Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging A review, APEC 2018

5 Lithium ion battery principle Cathode Anode Discharge reaction: Li + + e - + MeO 2 LiMeO 2 LiC 6 Li + + e - + C 6 5 Claus Daniel, Lithium Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Needs for Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging A review, APEC 2018

6 Discharge behavior greatly dependent on cathode material Layered oxides Spinel oxides Olivine phosphates Don Tuite, Understanding The Factors In The Lithium-Battery Equation, Electronic Design Jun. 22, Claus Daniel, Lithium Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Needs for Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging A review, APEC 2018

7 David Howell, DOE, AMR Claus Daniel, Lithium Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Needs for Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging A review, APEC 2018

8 David Howell, DOE, AMR Claus Daniel, Lithium Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Needs for Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging A review, APEC 2018

9 Fast charging technology gaps

10 Fast charge availability increases utilization of EVs Lutsey, N., S. Searle, S. Chambliss, and A. Bandivadekar, 2015, Assessment of Leading Electric, Vehicle Promotion activities in United States Cities, International Council for Clean Transportation, July McCarthy, Michael, 2017, California ZEV Policy Update, SAE 2017 Government/Industry Meeting, Society of Automotive Engineers, January 25, 2017, Walter E. Washington Convention Center, Washington, DC, conference presentation. 10 Claus Daniel, Lithium Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Needs for Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging A review, APEC 2018

11 Refueling time opportunity Ahmed et al., Journal of Power Sources 367 (2017) Claus Daniel, Lithium Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Needs for Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging A review, APEC 2018

12 Why fast charge? Meintz et al., Journal of Power Sources 367 (2017) Claus Daniel, Lithium Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Needs for Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging A review, APEC 2018

13 Barriers associated with fast charging Battery Energy density and cost Electrode thickness increases charge time Lithium plating Heat generation Vehicles Higher current increases power electronics cost Higher voltage designs BEV/EVSE interoperability Infrastructure Investment Stakeholder diversity Lack of codes and standards Demand charges Distributed energy resource question With input from Enabling Fast Charging: A Technology Gap Assessment, DOE, October 2017, INL/EXT Claus Daniel, Lithium Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Needs for Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging A review, APEC 2018

14 Fast charging limits available discharge capacity Ahmed et al., Journal of Power Sources 367 (2017) Claus Daniel, Lithium Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Needs for Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging A review, APEC 2018

15 Performance severely hampered by high current Ahmed et al., Journal of Power Sources 367 (2017) Claus Daniel, Lithium Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Needs for Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging A review, APEC 2018

16 Degradation mechanisms include lithium plating Ahmed et al., Journal of Power Sources 367 (2017) Claus Daniel, Lithium Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Needs for Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging A review, APEC 2018

17 Heat generation severely reduces the calendar life M. Keyser et al. / Journal of Power Sources 367 (2017) 228e Claus Daniel, Lithium Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Needs for Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging A review, APEC 2018

18 Acknowledgements Contributions from a team of 20+ researchers and financial support from This research at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, managed by UT Battelle, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE- AC05-00OR22725, was sponsored by the Vehicle Technologies Program for the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Parts of this research were performed at the High Temperature Materials Laboratory, a National User Facility sponsored by the same office and at the Shared Research Equipment Collaborative Research Center sponsored by the Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences Program. ORNL is managed by UT-Battelle for the US Department of Energy