Application of Cost-Effective Grid-Scale Battery Storage as an Enabler of Network Integration of Renewable Energy

Transcription

1 2017 The 17th IERE General meeting and Canada Forum Application of Cost-Effective Grid-Scale Battery Storage as an Enabler of Network Integration of Renewable Energy by Inno Davidson, PhD, FIET, FSAIEE Professor of Electrical Engineering Durban University of Technology, Durban South Africa

2 Outline of Presentation Introduction Energy storage technologies Battery storage system Deployment of grid-scale battery storage devices Closing Remarks 2

3 1.0 Introduction Electric Power System Generation, transmission and distribution of electricity Generation Demand + Network losses System Requirements: Voltage ± 6% ; Frequency ± 1% NC kv Real time TOC S Regional Controls Reticulation Controls Detailed Operating Service kv kv 3 Power Station Controls P.S. Auxiliaries

4 Some Challenges in the Electricity Industry Electricity Production = Consumption + Network Losses (Instantaneously) Fossil-fuels and uranium are depletable sources Electricity production from conventional sources involves environmental pollution Intermittency in renewable sources (wind, solar-pv) Economic challenges (affordable electricity prices) Environmental challenges (reduction in GHG emissions) Regulatory challenges (government mandate on renewable energy) Changing public perception energy sustainability 4

5 Opportunities in the Electricity Industry Renewable energy (RE): RE (such as wind, solar) are non-depletable RE can enable energy resource sustainability RE can reduce GHG emissions and global warming Wind energy tends to be highest at night when load demand is often lowest. Large-scale solar is ineffective at night when there is no sunlight 5

6 Opportunities in the Electricity Industry Energy storage (ES): ES will enhance the use of RE and assist achieve emission targets Enable bulk storage of electrical energy for future dispatch Bulk storage can enable curtailment of intermittency Unlock a new market in RE with increased penetration in T&D networks Catalyze the rapid uptake of rooftop solar PV installations in households Demand-side management 6

7 Opportunities in the Electricity Industry Energy storage: Energy storage devises can be used supplement smart grid applications where PV, wind, biomass are integrated. Used to defer capital investment for augmentation Off-grid and isolated grid applications in islands or rural areas Provide peaking power and reduce the need for fossil-fuel peaking plant (gas turbines) Improvements in power quality and voltage stability and frequency regulation. There is a need for extensive practical experience in the implementation and monitoring of grid-scale energy storage devises in electric power grids worldwide. 7

8 2.0 Energy Storage Technologies Classification: Mechanical storage Potential energy - pumped hydro storage, compressed air Kinetic energy - flywheels Chemical storage hydrogen energy, thermo-chemical energy (solar cells, fuel cells) Electromagnetic energy storage Electrical capacitors and super-capacitors Magnetic superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) Thermal energy storage cold and heat storage Electrochemical energy storage batteries, flow batteries 8

9 Energy Storage Devices (ESD) Some key questions and requirements: Demonstrate that ESD increase value and provide grid support when required? Show that ESD can meet grid standards in terms of safety, quality and reliability. For a commercial perspective in deploying ESDs, what are the key drivers, applications and challenges? How will the regulatory framework be established? Who can own, operate, and maintain ESDs and define tariff structures? The introduction and application of cost-effective grid-scale battery storage will be a gamechanger for the distribution and control of electric power. 9

10 3.0 Battery Storage System Components: power conversion systems (bi-directional invertors), monitoring and control systems (charge controller, optimize performance) and battery unit. Grid-scale battery storage greater flexibility, control and utilization of electrical power 10

11 Battery Storage System Drivers and Applications Some key drivers and applications of grid-scale battery storage systems: Increased RE usage Increasing network costs and poor utilization of assets Increasing need for reliable backup power Peaking power Demand side management Tariff changes Arbitrage 11

12 Contd./ Power quality Off-grid or isolated grid applications Increased use of Electric vehicles (EVs) 12

13 Contd./ Smart Cities Intelligent Systems SMART Grids - Grid integration of RE using smart technologies/innovation for smart cities Smart Infrastructure, Smart Transportation Systems Smart Business Enterprises and Entrepreneurship Smart Buildings, Smart Health Care, Smart Water Smart Education and Smart Technologies

14 4.0 Deployment of Grid-scale Battery Storage Devices Some key challenges: High initial investment cost for battery storage system Safety concerns for batteries being used in large-scale Non-standardization Grid interconnection barriers and excess capacity Recycling and environmental issues Temperature of batteries in storage and weather extremes Lack of clear business case and value proposition low oil and gas prices and commodity cycles. Inadequate policies or incentives to promote wide-scale use. 14

15 Closing Remarks Grid-scale Energy Storage Systems: Enabler of the re-invention and modernization of the electric power grid Enable renewables and electric vehicles interact with the bulk electric systems Enable distributed energy sources (microgrids, demand response) Improve grid reliability Provide capital deferral in new investment

16 Thank you 16