JOINT CENTER FOR ENERGY STORAGE RESEARCH

Transcription

1 JOINT CENTER FOR ENERGY STORAGE RESEARCH The Future of Grid Storage Research and Development George Crabtree Director, JCESR Argonne National Laboratory University of Illinois at Chicago Outline Li-ion experience Electricity Grid Futures Beyond Li-ion Batteries Grid Storage: Rapidly Reframing Wholesale Markets Wisconsin Public Utility Institute University of Wisconsin Madison November 14, 2016

2 Further Reading Lithium-Sulfur electrolyte Review Article George Crabtree, Elizabeth Kocs and Lynn Trahey MRS Bulletin 40, (Dec 2015) MRS40_12%2FS a.pdf&code=9324c4d620e3 16a0e051a6bcc1b17fc3 Polymer Intrinsic Microporous (PIM) membrane Webpage Redox Active Polymer Flow

3 The Energy Storage Trajectory Personal Electronics Lithium-ion batteries enabled the personal electronics revolution ~ 2% of US energy Personal electronics Forever changed the way we interact with people and information 39% of US energy Electricity grid Transportation: $20K electric cars Diversity transportation fuels Lower carbon emissions Reduce energy use Lower operating costs Grid-scale electricity storage Widespread deployment of wind and solar Enhance reliability, flexibility, resilience Uncouple instantaneous generation from instantaneous demand 28% of US energy Transportation

4 Cost (US$/kW.h) Lessons from Lithium-ion Batteries Development of Lithium Batteries year incubation Ni-MH Ni-Cd Li-ion Li-ion Year Gravimetric Energy Density (W.h/kg) Long incubation period Lithium-ion battery of 1991 looked nothing like the 1970s vision Many (most) good ideas fail Multiple paths forward are critical 1971 Conceptualization 1991 Commercialization Crabtree, Kocs, Trahey, MRS Bulletin 40, 1067 (2015)

5 Electricity Grid Challenges Storage breaks the historic constraint of instantaneously balancing generation and demand Build for the peak demand ~ 40% greater than average demand 40% more infrastructure than we need Peak demand met with oldest, dirtiest, most expensive, least efficient generation used a small fraction of the time Storage matches disparate generation and demand time profiles Enables new functionality, new operating paradigms, new business plans

6 The Storage Horizon Generation Transmission Distribution Renewable Smoothing, Time Shifting, Backup Energy Market Arbitrage Frequency Regulation Spinning/Non-spinning Reserves Voltage Support Black Start Peak Efficiency Operation Congestion Relief Infrastructure Deferral and Avoidance Utility Infrastructure Deferral and Avoidance Demand Management High cost of storage stack the benefits Many stacking options which are most compelling? New paradigms for grid operation New regulatory structures New business plans Customer behind the meter Time of Use Demand Charge Demand Response PV Management Virtual Power Plants Back-up Power Customized Micro-grid Services

7 Energy Storage Values Vary Dramatically Across Leading Studies Energy Arbitrage Frequency Regulation Spin / Non-Spin Reserve Voltage Support Black Start Resource Adequacy Distribution Deferral Transmission Congestion Relief Transmission Deferral Time of Use Bill Management Demand Charge Reduction Increased PV Self- Consumption Backup Power Service Value [$/kw-year] Fitzgerald et al The Economics of Battery Energy Storage Rocky Mountain Institute (2015)

8 storage Three Emergent Transitions: Storage + Smart + Distributed Infrastructure deferral Demand response Market participatio n Renewable smoothing, time shifting, backup Time of day pricing Customized electricity service Macro-grid + smart distributed solar, storage and vehicle micro-grid Interlocking macromicro grids today smart Personalized electricity service The grid of the future will not look like the grid of the past

9 GRID TRANSPORTATION JCESR: Beyond Lithium-ion Batteries for Cars and the Grid $100/kWh 400 Wh/kg 400 Wh/L 800 W/kg 800 W/L 1000 cycles 80% DoD C/5 15 yr calendar life EUCAR $100/kWh 95% round-trip efficiency at C/5 rate 7000 cycles C/5 20 yr calendar life Safety equivalent to a natural gas turbine Vision Transform transportation and the electricity grid with high performance, low cost energy storage Mission Deliver electrical energy storage with five times the energy density and one-fifth the cost of today s commercial batteries within five years Legacies A library of the fundamental science of the materials and phenomena of energy storage at atomic and molecular levels Two prototypes, one for transportation and one for the electricity grid, that, when scaled up to manufacturing, have the potential to meet JCESR s transformative goals A new paradigm for battery R&D that integrates discovery science, battery design, research prototyping and manufacturing collaboration in a single highly interactive organization

10 CROSSCUTTING SCIENCE JCESR Creates a New Paradigm for Battery R&D MATERIALS PROJECT Sprints Multivalent Intercalation Chemical Transformation Non-Aqueous Redox Flow Systems Analysis and Translation Cell Design and Prototyping atch?v=wezskjwyjdq Commercial Deployment Discovery Science ++ Battery Design Research Prototyping Manufacturing Collaboration ELECTROCHEMICAL DISCOVERY LAB TECHNO-ECONOMIC MODELING Building battery systems on the computer A single highly interactive organization Focus exclusively on beyond lithium ion

11 JCESR Team 20 Institutional Partners, Researchers

12 JCESR s Beyond Lithium-ion Concepts e e Graphite anode Lithium-ion Rocking Chair Li + cycles between anode and cathode, storing and releasing energy Mg metal anode e Li + Liquid organic electrolyte Mg ++ Liquid organic electrolyte Multivalent Intercalation Metal oxide cathode Metal oxide cathode Replace monovalent Li+ with di- or tri-valent ions: Mg ++, Ca ++, Al +++,... Double or triple capacity Li metal anode Li + Liquid organic electrolyte Chemical Transformation Replace intercalation with high energy chemical reaction: Li-S, Li-O, Na-S,... Macromolecular Organic Redox Flow Sulfur cathode Redox Active Colloid Redox Active Polymer Redox Active Oligomer Redox Active Molecule Replace solid electrodes with liquid organic solutions or suspensions: lower cost, higher capacity, greater flexibility

13 Four Prototype Targets TE modeling Genome Air-Breathing Aqueous Li-S Flow Sulfur Organic Redox Flow Science-Driven Outcomes Grid Transportation Materials Components Integration Proof-ofconcept Prototypes Multivalent Mg++,... Synthesis EDL Li-O Li-Sulfur Stationary Science-Driven Outcomes Final Prototype Targets Selected Jan 2016

14 JCESR Spins Out Two Startups Sepion Blue Current Nitash Balsara, Alex Teran and Joe DeSimone (UNC) Inorganic-polymer hybrids for Li anode batteries Villaluenga et al, PNAS 113, 52, (2015) Robin Johnston, Michel Fouré, Brett Helms and Peter Frischmann Lightweight energy storage for the electrification of flight Li et al, Nano Lett. 15, 5724 (2015) Best All-around Team Bay Area I-Corps competition Engaging the private sector Training next generation entrepreneurs Building JCESR relationships

15 Further Reading Jonathan Walker and Charlie Johnson, Peak Car Ownership: The Market Opportunity of Electric Automated Mobility Services, Rocky Mountain Institute, 2016, Jeffery B. Greenblatt and Samveg Saxena, Autonomous taxis could greatly reduce greenhousegas emissions of US light-duty vehicles, Nature Climate Change 5, 860 (2015). Garrett Fitzgerald, James Mandel, Jesse Morris, Hervé Touati, The Economics of Battery Energy Storage, Rocky Mountain Institute, 2016 George Crabtree, Elizabeth Kocs and Lynn Trahey, The Storage Frontier: Lithium-ion Batteries and Beyond, MRS Bulletin 40, 1067 (2015). Why Energy Storage May Be the Most Important Technology in the World Right Now Forbes Apr 1, 2016 Frontiers of Energy Nature Energy Jan 11, 2016 Ten experts, including JCESR s George Crabtree, share their vision of coming energy challenges Perspective: The Energy Storage Revolution Nature Oct 28, 2015 How next-generation storage can change the car and the grid Why We Need A Revolution in Energy Storage PBS Jan 5, 2016 Lithium Batteries: To the Limits of Lithium Nature Oct 28, 2015