Supercaps Fields of Application and Limits
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1 Supercaps Fields of Application and Limits Dietmar Rahner TU Dresden Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie D Dresden Steffen Rahner Battery-Lab Rahner GmbH Dresden D Dresden 1
2 1. Why Supercaps? 2. Comparison of a battery and a capacitor 3. Mode of action of electrochemical systems 4. Examples 5. Trends 2
3 Battery Change of the oxidation state of two Redox Systems Faraday-currents + mass transport long times short diffusion paths desired Host 1 D Li < cm 2 s -1 Host 2 charge Li + Li + discharge LiCoO 2 (+) Graphite (-) 3
4 Li + (hostlattice 2) Li+ (hostlattice1) M.Winter, J.-O. Besenhard, Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999) 4
5 Capacitor Change of the charge condition of surfaces capacitive currents short times, low energy large surfaces necessary C DL ~ µf/cm 2 For 1000F we need ~10 4 m 2 5
6 Comparison: Capacitor - Battery Battery 12 V/44 Ah Ultracap 3600 F/2,5 V Energy density 40 Wh/kg 4,5 Wh/kg Power density 300 W/kg 5000 W/kg over 1s charge discharge slow fast 6
7 Einsatzbereiche der Speichertechnologien MW Hydro and large compressed air 10 MW Energy batteries 1 MW Power batteries 100 kw 10 kw 1-second storage Batteries for portable applications Redox-flow and reversible fuel cells 1 kw 100 W 1-minute storage 1-hour storage 1-day storage 1-week storage 1-month storage Supercapacitors SMES Flywheels Wh kwh MWh Compressed air Institut für Solare Energieversorgungstechnik Verein an der Universität Gesamthochschule Kassel Quelle: EU 2001
8 Electrochemical storage systems (selection) Battery /Accumulator Primary Secondary Hydrogen fuel cell Metal/air Zn/MnO2 Ni/MH H2/O2 Zn/O2 Li/FeS2 Ni/Cd Li/MnO2 Pb/PbO2 Li ion 8
9 Battery size and application fields Battery type Button cells Mobile communication Home use Automotive Traction Stationary Load levelling Energy [Wh] Examples Clocks, computers, heat cost devices Mobile phones, laptops Mobile devices, camcorders Starter batteries, traction Electric vehicles Stand-by batteries, UPS Peak load compensation, reserves 9
10 Example :Ultracap 10
11 Example: Activated carbon 1,5 V 11
12 Materials for Supercaps Electrodes Activated carbon and pyrolysis products Ceramics and redox systems may be added Electrolyte Organic solvents adapted from the Li-Battery technology Quaternary salts with high solubility and stability Current collector mostly Aluminum 12
13 Construction in thin layer technics with high active surface I II III IV V d1 d2 d3 d4 d µm 13
14 Why these Materials for Supercaps? Activated carbon very high surface, cheap, common technology Organic Electrolyte The energy W is a function of the voltage of the capacitor with the capacitance C: W = C 2 U Aqueous system: U ~ 1.2 V Organic system: U ~ 2.3.2,5V
15 Experimental: UltraCap 100F/2.3 V UltraCap 100F/2.3V 135 2,5 300 capacitance C [F] charge discharge U [ V ] 2,0 1,5 1,0 0, C D [ F ] cycle # Epcos-100F.opj 0, t [min] EPCOS-2700F.opj Differential capacitance C D : C D = I 1 du dt 15
16 16
17 17
18 Experimental: UltraCap 2700F/2.3 V UltraCap 2700F/2.3 V charge discharge capacitance C [F] U [ V ] C D [F] cycle # Epcos-2700F.opj t [h] EPCOS-2700F.opj Differential capacitance C D : C D = I 1 du dt 18
19 19
20 Specific Energy and Power Density of Rechargeable Battery Systems Li-Metall Polymer Specific Energy [Wh kg -1 ] Ragone-Batterien.opj Li-Ion, Li-Ion Polymer Ni - Metallhydrid Ni-Zn RAM Pb Ni - Cd SuperCaps Power density [Wh L -1 ] 20
21 Applications for Supercaps Automotive Traction Industrial Renewable Energy 21
22 Trends Nano-Nano Systems Smaller particles, larger surfaces Improvement and optimization of known systems Technology Flexible construction 22
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