Reliability Animal Detection System US Hwy 191 in Yellowstone NP, MT

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1 Reliability Animal Detection System US Hwy 191 in Yellowstone NP, MT Marcel Huijser, Whisper Camel & Amanda Hardy

2 Animal detection system and driver response

3 Operational animal detection system Non-operational operational animal detection system Planned animal detection system Dismantled animal detection system Location and status animal detection systems

4 This talk: Reliability Cost - benefit WTI-MSU WY WI PA OR AK CA IA IN KS MD NY NV NH MT ND Funding $1,65,

5 Reliability: Yellowstone NP, MT st warning sign for southbound traffic Creek E 4 Parking area for trailhead B 2 nd warning sign for southbound traffic C Black Butte Trailhead 8 Access road Black Butte Ranch nd warning sign for northbound traffic and master station Turnout D Longitude, degrees W 6 A Black Butte 5 Receivers Transmitters st warning sign for northbound traffic Latitude, degrees N

6 Problems and solutions Snow and ice Sleeves

7 Horse Test ST Problems and solutions Detector Level Noise Level Ch1 Detector Ch1 Baseline Ch1 Upper Ch1 Lower Ch1 Noise Time, seconds Source: STS Photo: Lloyd Salsman, STS

8 Landscape aesthetics Thompsontown,, PA, USA Yellowstone NP, MT, USA

9 Reliability Detection data patterns Snow tracking Compare detections snow tracking Test for blind spots

10 Interpretation animal crossings 28/11/4 2:11:58M7 9 5 A D 3 8 C B E /11/4 2:12:3M7 R R A D 3 8 C B E /11/4 2:13:5M7 9 5 A D 3 8 C B E /11/4 2:13:12M7 9 5 A D 3 8 C B E /11/4 2:24:M7 9 5 A D 3 8 C B E Photo: Lloyd Salsman, STS 28/11/4 2:24:7M7 R R R R R R R B E /11/4 2:25:47M7 9 5 A D 3 8 C B E /11/4 2:25:53M7 9 5 A D 3 8 C B E /11/4 21:25:16M7 R R A D 3 8 C B E /11/4 21:25:28M7 9 5 A D 3 8 C B E

11 Detection data patterns tr af f i c/ snowpl ow 9% error 5% tr ai l head % traffic BBR 14% ani mal 47% uncl ear 25% n = 1533

12 Detection data patterns 3 Crossing events (n) east-w est (n=144) w est-east (n=126) Hour of day

13 Duration warning signals Crossing events with continuously activated warning signs (n) Crossing events Cumulative % Cumulative % Warning period after last detection (min)

14 Detection interval Frequency (n) Median 47 detections/24 h = 1:13 h flashing/24 h Detection interval (min)

15 Snow tracking elk coyote wolf

16 Snow tracking 2 elk approaching the road Parallel movements in r-o-w elk

17 Comparison Detection data Snow tracking data E-4 B-7 C-7 P D-6 A North Detection zone South wolf coyote elk Crossing detections (n) E-4 B-7 C-7 P D-6 A North Detection zone South Animal crossings (n)

18 Comparison Species Snow track crossings (n) Detected (n) Detected (%) Elk Coyote Wolf 3

19 Blind spots Trigger system at 2 m intervals

20 Blind spots detected not detected East side road N Detection zone S Road detected not detected West side road E E E E B D D N Detection zone S

21 Blind spots Curves Slopes 12 Percentage blind spots of total length Proposed cut-off level for blind spot correction Current 8 D B 3 (south of BBR rd) Detection zones with blind spots 3 (north of BBR rd)

22 Cost-Benefit analyses Assumptions and estimates Property damage: deer 92%, elk 1%, moose 1% Vehicle repair costs: deer $2,, elk $3,, moose $4, Chance human injuries: deer 5%, elk 1%, moose 2% Costs associated with human injuries: $5, Chance human fatalities: deer.5%, elk.2%, moose.4% Costs associated with human fatality: $3,, Planning for ADS: $3, Purchase ADS for 1 mi: $65, Installation ADS: $3, Operation and maintenance: $2, / yr Life span ADS: 15 yrs Effectiveness: 8% reduction in collisions

23 Cost estimates Description Deer Elk Moose Vehicle repair costs / collision $1,84 $3, $4, Human injuries / collision $2,5 $5, $1, Human fatalities / collision $1,5 $6, $12, Monetary value animal / collision $2, $3, $2, Carcass removal and disposal / collision $5 $1 $1 Animal detection system costs / yr $28,333 $28,333 $28,333

24 Cost Benefit analyses deer elk Costs ($) Without ADS With ADS Costs ($) Without ADS With ADS Number of deer-vehicle collisions per mile per year Number of elk-vehicle collisions per mile per year moose Without ADS With ADS 5 deer / mi / yr Costs ($) elk / mi / yr moose / mi / yr Number of moose-vehicle collisions per mile per year

25 Conclusions System detects large animals reliably Benefits can outweigh costs quickly Careful design and site survey Test bed, Remaining questions: Reliability standards Additional system types and vendors Signing and liability Effectiveness Maintenance Less obtrusive equipment Lewistown, MT

26 Field visit Meet at 12:45 in lobby Bus leaves 1: pm 45 min drive ±1 1 hr at site Back at 3:3 pm Guides : Marcel Huijser (WTI-MSU) Lloyd Salsman (STS) Gerald Bilby (Vikon International)