EBSF_2 Energy Strategies and Auxiliaries

Transcription

1 EBSF_2 Energy Strategies and Auxiliaries EBSF_2 Lyon Demonstration Event Paris, June 14, 2016 Juhani Laurikko, VTT

2 Agenda Comparing Topologies for ICE and e-busses Energy Balance of an e-bus How to Save Energy? The Impact of HVAC Advanced Auxiliary Management Energy Strategies and Auxiliaries in EBSF_2 Summary

3 Topology of Busses ICE-BUS E-BUS On the outside, both ICE-driven and electric busses can be quite similar, but

4 COMPR1 PUMP Topology of an ICE Bus BUS CHASSIS GPS AC COMPR2 HEAT EXH WHEELS AUX1 DRIVER INTERFACE CAN BUS AUX2 24V BATTERY ALTERNATOR DIESEL ENGINE TRANS- MISSION CHASSIS EL WHEELS Auxiliaries are run by 24V or direct mechanical drive by the ICE Heating is applied by waste heat from the ICE

5 Topology of an ebus (Basic) All chassis auxiliaries are run by 24V electricity

6 Other charging losses (temp. contr., BMS, etc.); 11,6 % Battery losses (on charging); 3,0 % Distribution of Total Grid Energy (12.5 kwh) Braunschweig cycle, kg Rolling resistance; 26,2 % Charger losses; 11,0 % Battery losses (on cycle); 6,2 % Air drag; 7,8 % 24V auxiliaries; 1,2 % Mechanical brakes; 3,4 % Steering pump; 3,1 % Air compressor; 5,8 % Inverter, electric motor and driveline; 18,6 % Data from a non-commercial, light-weight prototype bus

7 Other charging losses (temp. contr., BMS, etc.); 11,6 % Battery losses (on charging); 3,0 % Distribution of Total Grid Energy (12.5 kwh) Braunschweig cycle, kg Rolling resistance; 26,2 % Charger losses; 11,0 % 32% 34% Battery losses (on cycle); 6,2 % Air drag; 7,8 % 24V auxiliaries; 1,2 % Mechanical brakes; 3,4 % Steering pump; 3,1 % Air compressor; 5,8 % 15% 19% Inverter, electric motor and driveline; 18,6 % Data from a non-commercial, light-weight prototype bus

8 Improving Energy Efficiency (1) Increase system & component efficiency of: Mechanical driveline Power electronics Charger(s) BMS

9 Improving Energy Efficiency (2) Decrease driving energy needs: Decrease vehicle mass (lightweight chassis) Decrease rolling resistance (tyres & bearings) Decrease on-board auxiliary energy needs Decrease need to use mechanical brakes by maximising regenerative braking >> Driver training also required! Decrease chassis auxiliary energy need & use, with intelligent management systems

10 Topology of an ebus (Advanced) Auxiliaries are run by 24V electricity or with high voltage All auxiliaries are run individually, according to the current need

11 Challenging Weather Conditions

12 Challenging Weather Conditions

13 We Need Lots of HVAC!

14 24V auxiliaries; 0,8 % Other charging losses (temp. contr., BMS, etc.); 8,0 % Battery losses (on charging); 2,1 % Charger losses; 7,6 % Battery losses (on cycle); 4,3 % Mechanical brakes; 2.3 % Steering pump; 2,2 % Air compressor; 4,1 % Distribution of Total Grid Energy (18 kwh) Braunschweig cycle, kg HVAC (10 kw); 32,2 % Adding a 10 kw HVAC device, adds power consumption by 44% Inverter, electric motor and driveline; 12,9 % Air drag; 5,4 % Rolling resistance; 18,2 % Data from a non-commercial, light-weight prototype bus

15 Other charging losses (temp. contr., BMS, etc.); 8,0 % Battery losses (on charging); 2,1 % Charger losses; 7,6 % Distribution of Total Grid Energy (18 kwh) Braunschweig cycle, kg HVAC (10 kw); 32,2 % Battery losses (on cycle); 4,3 % 24V auxiliaries; 0,8 % Mechanical brakes; 2.3 % Steering pump; 2,2 % 9% 22% 32% Air compressor; 4,1 % 13% 23% Inverter, electric motor and driveline; 12,9 % Air drag; 5,4 % Rolling resistance; 18,2 % Data from a non-commercial, light-weight prototype bus

16 Decrease HVAC Energy Needs Decrease HVAC needs by: Using heat pump technology to enhance HVAC Improving system efficiency of HVAC Decreasing radiation influx by shades/tinting Increasing air circulation in cabin Decreasing air exhange while boarding/alighting ( air scarf or cabin-type of bus stops with HVAC)

17 Advanced AUX Management Auxiliaries are controlled with a dedicated AUX ECU AUX ECU can have a forward looking type of logic BUS CHASSIS HVAC HVAC WHEELS GPS DRIVER INTERFACE CAN BUS COMPR PUMP AUX2 AUX 1 DC/AC INVERTER TRANS FORM CHASSIS EL BATTERY BMS AUX ECU POWER ELECTRONICS emotor WHEELS Second HVAC unit run directly from the regenerative power to avoid battery in/out -losses

18 Energy Strategies and Auxiliaries in EBSF_2

19 OBJECTIVES AND RESULTS Strategies and solutions for energy management to: improve energy and thermal management of buses, by improving the efficiency of the auxiliaries and sub-systems on-board lower the energy needed for passenger cabin heating, ventilation and cooling (HVAC) Guidelines for including energy efficiency in procurement material, in order to help procurement on: how to address energy efficiency when tendering new vehicles or services, how to assess and improve energy efficiency of the existing fleet or operations. EBSF_2 Kick-Off June 10,

20 Energy and Photovoltaic Thermal control solutions tested in the panels roof Integrated EBSF_2 Demonstrations thermal energy storages or heat sinks Insulated and/or tinted windows Improved efficiency of HVAC devices Less glass surface versus good visibility and appealing exterior Controlled door opening vs. easy access Improved door sealing Auxiliaries, design & control Thermal management, active Thermal management, passive Improved low floor isolation 20 Optimised control for auxiliaries, including full electrification Improved temperature distribution & air circulation, human experience of climate UITP

21 Energy and Thermal control solutions tested in the EBSF_2 Demonstrations - THE DOMAINS ICE vs. Electric Active Energy of Auxiliaries Passive New bus vs. retrofit Strategy vs. component Active Thermal Control Passive EBSF_2 Kick-Off June 10,

22 INNOVATIONS per Demo Site DEMO SITE Barcelona Gothenburg Helsinki Lyon Stuttgart DESCRIPTION Intelligent Energy Management Thermal management (improved HVAC device) New solution for heating Intelligent Energy Management for Auxiliaries Innovative eco-driving application ZEV mode extension on hybrid bus Improvement of auxiliaries management Innovative HVAC for battery-only buses TRA1 - Energy 22

23 Energy Strategy and Auxiliaries - SUMMARY EBSF_2 will test different energy management strategies, especially for the operation of the on-board auxiliaries and HVAC, with different levels of readiness, based on measurements of the contribution of auxiliaries to emissions in real driving Together the solutions are addressing all current vehicle architectures (ICE, ICE-hybrid, electric-only) The results will be used to develop guidelines and industry-wide recommendations in energy management The demonstrations will also lead to a clear plan for wider implementation of the solutions, showing a scale-up effect and more substantial impact for making PT more energy efficient and comfortable EBSF_2 Kick-Off June 10,

24 SMART ENERGY MANAGEMENT IS ESSENTIAL FOR e-busses! Limited battery capacity (or high price & weight) is a great challenge to e-bus autonomy & energy balance Addressing all energy consuming systems is necessary Improvements can come either by using more efficient systems, or by Decrease the need to use energy, and especially by Employing an intelligent energy management system

25 Thank you!