Electrified Buses in Brussels: Design Considerations and Charging Strategy. Omar Hegazy & Thierry Coosemans VUB-MOBI
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1 Electrified Buses in Brussels: Design Considerations and Charging Strategy Omar Hegazy & Thierry Coosemans VUB-MOBI
2 BACKGROUND Electrification of Diesel Buses: WHY? To improve Air Quality by reducing emissions To reduce the noise of buses in cities To get more energy efficient technology Standard Bus:12m Articulated Bus:18m
3 Outline Use-Case Definition & Specifications Modeling Method & Bus Architecture Charging Scenarios & Battery Sizing Summary
4 Outline Use-Case Definition & Specifications Modeling Method & Bus Architecture Charging Scenarios & Battery Sizing Summary
5 Electric Bus: Design Considerations Road Characteristics Battery Chemistry Battery Aging Charging scenarios: Overnight or Opportunity Charging power Charging time Auxiliaries loads; incl. Air condition, etc. Bus schedule Bus autonomy and capacity
6 Bus Lines and Use-case Definition Bus Line 86: Feeder bus 12m Standard Bus Overnight Charging Bus Line 48: Trunk Line 18m Articulated Bus Opportunity Charging 12hr Autonomy Bus Line 17: Neighborhood bus 12m standard Bus Overnight Charging 12hr Autonomy
7 Bus Lines and Use-case Definition
8 Outline Use-Case Definition & Specifications Modeling Method & Bus Architectures Charging Scenarios & Battery Sizing Summary
9 Outline Use-Case Definition & Specifications Modeling Method & Bus Architecture Charging Scenarios & Battery Sizing Summary
10 E-Bus: Modeling Methodology Positive Power Flow Battery DC/DC Converter Motor Drive M D Backward approach Calculation Direction Positive Power Flow Battery DC/DC Converter Motor Drive M D Forward approach Calculation Direction
11 E-Bus: Architectures (1) High Voltage Battery High Voltage Battery V Energy Management Strategy - HV Battery Pack + EVSE UNIT Electric Flow Mechanical Flow Control Signal 700 V DC/AC Inverter Transmission EM DC/DC Converter Auxiliary Loads EVSE: Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment
12 E-Bus: Architectures (2) Low Voltage Battery+ DC/DC Converter Energy Management Strategy - LV Battery Pack + EVSE UNIT Electric Flow Mechanical Flow Control Signal DC/DC Converter 700 V DC/AC Inverter Transmission EM DC/DC Converter Auxiliary Loads
13 Use-case Specifications STIB/MVIB Input Bus Line Length (m) EMPTY (kg) Full Load (kg) L L L Different Battery Technologies for Electric Bus Lines Battery Type Capacity (Ah) Wh/kg W/kg Weight (kg) VUB Input LTO LFP NMC All battery models are validated via real measurements (MOBI database) incl. battery different temperatures & current rates
14 Outline Use-Case Definition & Specifications Modeling Method & Bus Architecture Charging Scenarios & Battery Sizing Summary
15 Charging Scenarios & Battery Sizing Bus Line 86 Measurements of L86 Diesel Bus Driving Cycle back-forth Diesel Fuel Consumption 8.02 Liter 59l/100km Back-Forth trips Average distance 13.6km
16 Charging Scenarios & Battery Sizing Electrified Bus Line 86 Back-Forth Driving Cycle Wheel Power (kw) & Battery power (kw) Auxiliaries power 3kW (Assumption) LFP battery (45 Ah)/700V
17 LFP battery 45Ah /700V Ebus Operation =12 hours Min. SoC ~ 10% Total Battery Energy= kwh Estimated Distance ~ 103 km
18 LFP battery (45Ah) High Voltage LFP Battery Pack: Energy (kwh)
19 Overnight Charging: L86 Battery Sizing Selection of Battery Energy 12hr Bus Operation Charging power Depot Charging time 4.25 hr (for LFP) Overnight Charging: Battery Sizing (kwh) LTO 60Ah NMC 20Ah LFP 45Ah LTO 60Ah NMC 20Ah LFP 45Ah
20 Consumption (%) Impact of Auxiliaries Energy Consumption 12hr Bus Operation Aux. Energy cons.(%) of Total Energy Auxiliaries POWER (kw) 6 7 Incl. 96% Efficiency for 48V DC/DC for Aux. loads
21 Charging Scenarios & Battery Sizing Electrified Bus Line 48 Back-Forth Driving Cycle (50.5 kwh) & 17km 2.97 kwh/km Wheel Power (kw) & Battery power (kw) Auxiliaries power 3kW (assumption) LTO battery (60 Ah)/600V
22 Opportunity Charging: L48 Battery Sizing L48- LTO (60Ah/600V) Energy: 28 kwh Charging at both terminals Charging power 200kW 7min
23 Consumption (%) Charging Scenarios & Battery Sizing Electrified Bus Line 48 Impact of Aux. Load consumption 25 18m Bus: Aux. Energy Cons. (%) of Total Energy Average Auxiliaries power (kw)
24 Charging Scenarios & Battery Sizing Electrified Bus Line 17 Back-Forth Driving Cycle Wheel Power (kw) Battery Power (kw) Auxiliaries power ( average) 3kW (assumption) NMC (20Ah)/700V
25 Overnight Charging: L17 Battery Sizing Total energy = 265 kwh & travelling distance 211 km 12hr Bus Operation Overnight Charging 60kW Charging time 4.5hr Travelling distance (Back-forth)= km ~1.3 kwh/km
26 Outline Use-Case Definition & Specifications Modeling Method & Bus Architecture Charging Scenarios & Battery Sizing Summary
27 Summary and Conclusions Bus Line Charging Scenario Charging time L kwh (LFP) OverNCharg: 40kW 4.25hr L 48 28kWh (LTO) OPPCharg.: 200 kw 7min L kwh OverNCharg:60 kw 4.5 hr NMC battery is not recommended for Opportunity charging due its limited charging rate Auxiliaries loads have a significant impact on Bus energy consumption.
28 WTW energy consumption [MJ/100km] Well-to-Wheel (WTW): Evaluation Energy Consumption Ebus is based on NMC 20Ah Average kg CO 2eq /kwh for Ebus WTT TTW Energy Consumption TTW WTT Diesel Elec (BE mix) Aver. kg CO 2eq /kwh = kg CO 2eq /kwh Overnight Charging (E) Aver. kg CO 2eq 0.00 Diesel Elec (BE mix) 180 kwh 33.12/One-time Charging TTW= Tank-to-Wheel WTT= Well-to-Tank
29 Contacts Omar Hegazy Thierry Cooesmans
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