Electrification drivers, challenges and lessons to be learned from electrification of public transport

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1 VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND LTD Electrification drivers, challenges and lessons to be learned from electrification of public transport Electrification in ports and vessels Tekes Arctic seas workshop Helsinki, Scandic Grand Marina Mikko Pihlatie, VTT

2 Motivation why are electric/hybrid vehicles attractive? Needs / drivers Low noise and emissions vs. regulations Competetiveness for fleet operators Passenger comfort Opportunities Electricity: lower energy costs (but higher capital sot) High utilisation rate (for commercial vehicles) Value proposition City buses are the ideal case for e-mobility: Route, schedule, range Hybrid vehicles main benefits: Fuel savings (~30%), downsize main engine, lower emissions, longer lifetime, higher availability Reduced total cost of ownership under which conditions? 16/11/2015 2

3 Ship electrification motivation To help reduce emission Current Emission Control Area (ECA) in Europe the Baltic Sea area and the North Sea area To improve ship overall energy efficiency under different operation conditions EEDI [g.co2/te.nm] Cut-off limit Capacity [DWT or GT] 16/11/ Fig. 1: An EEDI reference figure of new-building ships enforced by IMO.

4 The context of Electric Commercial Vehicles (ECV) in Tekes EVE programme Transport and mobility are undergoing a transformation towards electrification ECV was set up to support the development of the innovation chain Finland has significant industry in the entire value chain of electric commercial vehicles and machinery Comprehensive R&D network and development platforms ECV s mission From research to business together with companies Produce research that is useful for industry Finding new businesses / business models Enforce networking and national synergies 16/11/2015 4

5 Comprehensive steps into electrifying the bus system Vehicles (ebus) Components Vehicular technology Single vehicles System (ebussystem echarge) Systemic view Charging technology Operation concepts A few vehicles Pre-commercial pilot (epeli) Market dialogue: building the business ecosystem Pre-commercial pilot with operators Innovation platform Small fleet & charging infrastructure Commercial electric bus operation Normal commercial procurement Value chains and service providers established Several bus operators active Charging infrastructure available HRT timeline: /11/2015 5

6 TCO of electric buses Espoo case (note: the results do not apply generally) Expensive: Large battery, depot charging TCO-competitive: Small battery, opportunity charging 16/11/ Ref: M. Pihlatie et al, Fully electric city buses the viable option, IEEE IEVC 2014, Florence December, DOI: /IEVC

7 Transport system analysis and concepts System requirements and analysis Vehicle/ship duty cycle, time table, mileage Concepts of operation Characteristic load profile in the use case Topography (peaks in consumption /regeneration) Power grid and refuelling infrastructure Challenges: reliability, availability, productivity, lifetime Requirements for the use case Technology solutions and choices System engineering and optimisation Automated charging system Available range/battery SoC Charging Bus stops Time Discharging (driving) Automated charging system Charging Residual range providing fault tolerance 16/11/2015 7

8 Ports Operating environment and equipment Harbor layouts differ from each other Environment is salty, watery, dusty, sandy, etc. Operation must be fast due to high value of goods Ship-to-shore cranes (STS) and Automatic Stacking Cranes (ASC) already operate on electricity Study focuses on ship-to-yard machinery Shuttle/straddle carriers, AGVs, and terminal tractors [1] [2] [3] [4] 16/11/2015 8

9 Ports charging concepts Charging concept Opportunity Depot Charging Every break Once per day Battery size (type) Charging power requirement Small (LTO) High Large (LFP) Low The opportunity charging concept utilizes waiting periods between each work cycle to charge the battery. Operating breaks Short or none Long Operating range Short Long Other Charging duration depends on layout Easy relocationing, battery swap [6] 16/11/2015 9

10 Ports TCO calculations and sensitivity analyses for opportunity charging concept Assumptions* Values Avg power 40 kw Usage per day 16h Battery 40 kwh Fleet size 5 *Comparison of only costs of charger, battery, and electricity to the cost of using diesel machinery Assumes that a dieselhybrid model is modified to a fully electric model) Battery unit price (LTO) 1000 /kwh Charger price Battery and charger lifetime Electricity price System efficiency Residual value 10 years 0,10 /kwh 75% 0e Potential savings of around 50% compared to similar diesel machinery Investment payback time 1,6 years Discount rate 10% Costs 14 % 11 % 75 % Total cost 6,11 Electricity (4,57 ) Charger (0,86 ) Battery (0,68 ) Sensitivity analysis suggests, that a change in usage hours, fleet size, and electricity price are most sensitive (affect total cost the most)! High charger price together with small fleet size raises the cost significantly 16/11/

11 Electrification of ships 11

12 Ship electrification feasibility Ships are rarely operated under design conditions Ship electrification benefits the most for ships under changing operation conditions All electrical scenarios suitable for ships with very-short-leg on-off operation profiles Hybrid scenarios suitable for ships with variable operation profiles and longer-leg on-off operation profiles 16/11/

13 Ship electrification application example (Norled) ZeroCat an all-electric ferry to float probably on the water this spring 16/11/

14 Ship electrification global potential Finland Land of waters and islands (good pilot sites) Strong maritime players, electric powertrains Study the most viable use cases and operations Charging and energy management Utilisation rate as high as possible, commercial operation Ecosystem creation and build-up of pilots: industries with R&D All-electrical short-distance ferries Hybrid ships running at sea/lakes Hybrid icebreakers, better under transient-state operating conditions What about a fully electric ferry in inner Helsinki (Kruunuvuori)? 16/11/ Source:

15 Summary and conclusions Fully electric vehicles and systems are fast emerging Electric city buses are heavy duty sweet spot in road transport, other use cases and applications will follow Hybrid working machines and vehicles demonstrate fuel and related emission savings up to % Design and optimisation requires systemic approach Value proposition: lower system-level TCO What about electric&hybrid ships and marine vessels? Finnish and international business? Components, powertrain/propulsion systems? Yes / emerging. Industrial players in the value chain? Yes. R&D competences and facilities to support? Yes. Should we find the sweet spots and go for it!? 16/11/

16 TECHNOLOGY FOR BUSINESS