Emission factors used in the estimations of emissions from combustion

Transcription

1 Emission factors used in the estimations of emissions from combustion In the calculations the numbers are used with the highest available accuracy. In these tables though, they are only shown rounded off. In the tables, dotted cells indicate combinations of fuel and source without consumption. CO 2, SO 2 and heavy metals - Stationary and mobile combustion Table 1. General emission factors for CO 2, SO 2 and heavy metals CO 2 1 SO 2 Pb Cd Hg As Cr Cu / 2 2 g/ 2 g/ 2 g/ 2 g/ 2 g/ 2 g/ 2 Coal Coke Petrol coke Charcoal Motor , Aviation Kerosene (heating) Jet kerosene Auto , Marine oil/ Light s distillate Bio ethanol Bio Natural (1000 Sm 3 ) / LPG Refinery CO Fuel Landfill Bio Fuel wood pellets briquettes Black liquor Municipal Special Applies to 2017 for petroleum products; the factors change yearly, in accordance with changes in the sulphur content in the products. 2 For natural : 1000 Sm 3. 3 Exceptions: Direct-fired furnaces in cement production = 9.1 and small stoves in households = From considerably higher earlier years. Earlier used factors are not shown in this Appendix. 5 Bio ethanol and bio are established as separate products 6 Applies to road traffic. Weighted average of duty-free and dutiable auto. 7 Stationary combustion. 8 Respectively dry (domestic use) and rich (continental shelf). 9 The factor increases through the period, from in Exact figures can be given at request. 10 CO2 emission is set to 0 in calculations Numbers in italics have exceptions for some sectors, see table 2 and 5. Bold numbers are different for different years, see table B3, B4 and B5. Source: Rosland (1987), (Norwegian pollution control authority (1990), (Sandgren et al. (1996), Finstad et al. (2001) Finstad et al. (2002) and Finstad and Rypdal (2003). Table 2. Exceptions from the general emission factors for heavy metals: Solid fuels in small stoves (households) Pb Cd Hg As Cr Cu g/ g/ g/ g/ g/ g/ Coal Coke

2 Table 3. Years V11 Motor Time series for variable emission factors for SO 2 () V13 Kerosene (heating) V14 Jet kerosene General General General General M.1A3B.1 Passenger cars V15 Auto M.1A3B.2 Light duty vehicles M.1A3B.3 duty vehicles V17 Marine oil/ V18 Light s V19 distillate V20 (LS-oil) V20 (NS-oil) General General General General General Years V24 Bio General

3 Table 4. Time series for variable emission factors for heavy metals, stationary combustion. g/ Sector Source Fuel Pb Cd Hg Pb Cd Hg General S.03 V Table 5. Exceptions with time series for variable emission factors for natural combusted by oil exploration, CO 2/1000 Sm 3 natural Sector Source Fuel Component * S.02 V31 CO S.1B2C V31 CO *For the years after 2002 reported emissions are used

4 Aviation - CH 4, N 2O, NO X, NMVOC, CO, particles and PAH Table 6. General emission factors for aviation Source Fuel CH 4 M.1A3A.11 Jet/turboprop m M.1A3A.12 Jet/turboprop cruise M.1A3A.21 Helicopter m M.1A3A.22 Helicopter cruise M.1A3A.31 Small aircraft m M.1A3A.32 Small aircraft cruise M.1A3A.11 Jet/turboprop m M.1A3A.12 Jet/turboprop cruise M.1A3A.21 Helicopter m V14 Jet kerosene V14 Jet kerosene V14 Jet kerosene V14 Jet kerosene V14 Jet kerosene V14 Jet kerosene V12 Aviation V12 Aviation V12 Aviation N 2O NO X NMVOC CO NH 3 TSP, PM 10, PM 2.5 Dioxins μg I- TEQ/ M.1A3A.22 Helicopter cruise M.1A3A.31 Small aircraft m M.1A3A.32 Small aircraft cruise V12 Aviation V12 Aviation V12 Aviation Table 6 (cont.). General emission factors for aviation Source Fuel benzo(a)pyrene benzo(b)fluoranthene benzo(k)fluoranthene g/ g/ g/ M.1A3A.11 Jet/turboprop m M.1A3A.12 Jet/turboprop cruise M.1A3A.21 Helicopter m M.1A3A.22 Helicopter cruise V14 Jet kerosene V14 Jet kerosene V14 Jet kerosene V14 Jet kerosene indeno(1,2,3_cd)pyrene g/ M.1A3A.31 Small aircraft m M.1A3A.32 Small aircraft cruise V14 Jet kerosene V14 Jet kerosene

5 M.1A3A.11 Jet/turboprop m M.1A3A.12 Jet/turboprop cruise M.1A3A.21 Helicopter m M.1A3A.22 Helicopter cruise M.1A3A.31 Small aircraft m M.1A3A.32 Small aircraft cruise V12 Aviation V12 Aviation V12 Aviation V12 Aviation V12 Aviation V12 Aviation Numbers in italics have exceptions for some sectors, see table 7, and bold numbers are different for different years, see table 8. In the estimation update for CH4, NOX, NMVOC, CO and particles, which was based on the new EEA (2013) factors, no distinction are made between flight phases in m altitude and m altitude. Furthermore, emission factors for jet/turboprop and small aircraft are weighted together. Source: Finstad et al. (2001), Finstad et al. (2002), EEA (2013). PAHs: Jet keorsone: EEA (2013), Aviation oiline: Aarhus University (2016) Table 7. Component Exceptions from the general factors for aviation Emission factor Fuel Source Sectors CH V14 Jet kerosene M1A3A NO X V14 Jet kerosene M1A3A NO X 11.7 V14 Jet kerosene M.1A3A NMVOC V14 Jet kerosene M1A3A NMVOC 4.3 V14 Jet kerosene M.1A3A CO V14 Jet kerosene M.1A3A CO V14 Jet kerosene M1A3A CO 20.9 V14 Jet kerosene M.1A3A CH 4 0 V14 Aviation, jet kerosene M.1A3A NO X V12, 14 Aviation, jet kerosene M.1A3A.12, M.1A3A NMVOC V12 Aviation, jet kerosene M1A3A CO V12 Aviation, jet kerosene M1A3A Table 8. Component Time series for variable emission factors for aviation. Year M.1A3A.11 (LTO m) General N M.1A3A.11 M.1A3A.12 M.1A3A.12 (LTO (cruise) (cruise) m) CH NO X

6 NMVOC CO TSP, PM 10, PM

7 Road traffic - CH 4, N 2O, NO X, NMVOC, CO, NH 3, particles and PAH Table 9. General emission factors for road traffic Source Fuel CH 4 N 2O NO X M.1A3B.1 V11 Passenger Motor car V15 Auto V23 Bio ethanol V24 Bio V31 Natural V32 LPG M.1A3B.2 Other light duty cars M.1A3B.3 duty vehicles M.1A3B.41 Moped V11 Motor V15 Auto V23 Bio ethanol V24 Bio V11 Motor V15 Auto V23 Bio etanol V24 Bio V31/V37 Natural / Bio V11 Motor V23 Bio ethanol M.1A3B.42 V11 Motorcycle Motor V23 Bio ethanol NMVOC CO NH 3 TSP, PM 10 PM 2.5 Dioxins μg I- TEQ/

8 Table 9 (cont.). General emission factors for road traffic Source Fuel benzo(a)pyrene g/ M.1A3B.1 Passenger car M.1A3B.2 Other light duty cars M.1A3B.3 duty vehicles M.1A3B.41 Moped M.1A3B.42 Motorcycle benzo(b)fluoranthene g/ benzo(k)fluoranthene g/ indeno(1,2,3_cd)pyrene g/ V11 Motor V15 Auto V23 Bio ethanol V24 Bio V31 Natural V32 LPG V11 Motor V15 Auto V23 Bio ethanol V24 Bio V11 Motor V15 Auto V23 Bio etanol V24 Bio diésel V31/V37 Natural / Bio V11 Motor NE NE V23 Bio ethanol NE NE V11 Motor NE NE V23 Bio ethanol NE NE Bold numbers are different for different years, but only the 2017 data are shown here, except for CH4 (table 10) and N2O (table 11). Source: Results from Statistiics Norway s use of HBEFA (INFRAS 2009), Finstad et al. (2001). PAH-profile: Aarhus University (2016)

9 Table 10. fuel Average CH 4 emission factors for road traffic including cold start emissions and evaporation, g CH 4/ kg Passenger car Other light duty cars V11 Motor duty vehicles Moped Motorcycle Passenger car V15 Auto Other light duty cars duty vehicles Source: Results from Statistics Norway s use of HBEFA (INFRAS 2009) Table 10. fuel Average CH 4 emission factors for road traffic including cold start emissions and evaporation, g CH 4/ kg Passenger car Other light duty cars V23 Bio ethanol duty vehicles Moped Motorcycle Passenger car V24 Bio ethanol Other light duty cars duty vehicles

10 Source: Results from Statistics Norway s use of HBEFA (INFRAS 2009) Table 11. fuel Average N 2O emission factors for road traffic including cold start emissions and evaporation, g N 2O/ kg Passenger car Other light duty cars V11 Motor duty vehicles Moped Motorcycle Passenger car V15 Auto Other light duty cars duty vehicles Source: Results from Statistics Norway s use of HBEFA (INFRAS 2009) Table 11. fuel Average N 2O emission factors for road traffic including cold start emissions and evaporation, g N 2O/ kg Passenger car Other light duty cars V23 Bio ethanol duty vehicles Moped Motorcycle Passenger car V24 Bio Other light duty cars

11 Navigation - CH 4, N 2O, NO X, NMVOC, CO, particles and POPs Table 12. V17 Marine oil/, V18 Light fuel oils V19 distillate, V20 V31 Natural (1000 Sm 3 ) General emission factors for navigation CH 4 N 2O NO X NMVOC CO NH 3 TSP, PM 10 PM 2.5 Dioxins μg I- TEQ/

12 Table 12 (cont.). General emission factors for navigation benzo(a)pyrene g/ benzo(b)fluoranthene g/ benzo(k)fluoranthene g/ indeno(1,2,3_cd)pyrene g/ V17 Marine oil/ V19 distillate V V31 Natural (1000 Sm 3 ) Numbers in italics have exceptions for some sectors, see table 13, and bold numbers are different for different years, see tables Source: Flugsrud and Rypdal (1996), Tornsjø (2001), Finstad et al. (2001), Finstad et al. (2002b), Finstad et al. (2003), Bremnes Nielsen and Stenersen (2010). PAHs: Aarhus University (2016) and EEA (2013). Table 13. Component Exceptions from the general factors for navigation Emission factor () Fuel Sector CH V17 Marine oil/ , CH V , N 2O 0.02 V17 Marine oil/ , NO X V17, 19, 20 Marine oil/, light s, heavy distillate, heavy N NO X 54 V17 Marine oil/, light s, heavy distillate, , NO X V17, 19, 20 Marine oil/, light s, heavy distillate, heavy NMVOC 1.4 V17, 18, 19, Marine oil/, light s, heavy distillate, heavy N 20 NMVOC 2.3 V17, 19, 20 Marine oil/, light s, heavy distillate, heavy NMVOC 5 V17 Marine oil/, light s , NMVOC 5 V19, 20 distillate, heavy , CO 7.9 V17, 18, 19, 20 Marine oil/, light s, heavy distillate, heavy N CO 7 V17, 19, 20 Marine oil/, light s, heavy distillate, heavy CO 2.3 V17, 19, 20 Marine oil/, light s, heavy distillate, heavy , Table 14. Sector Fuel Time series for variable emission factors for navigation. NO X General V General V N V17, 19, V17, 19, 20 Source: (Flugsrud et al. 2010)

13 Table 15. Time series for variable emission factors for navigation. CH 4 Sector Fuel General V Table 16. Time series for variable emission factors for navigation. NMVOC and CO Sector Fuel NMVOC CO General V N V V , V19, V Other mobile sources including railways - CH 4, N 2O, NO X, NMVOC, CO, NH 3, particles and POPs Table 17. M.1A3C Railway M.1A3E.21 Small boats 2 M.1A3E.22 Small boats 4 M.1A3E.31 Motorized equipment 2 M.1A3E.32 Motorized equipment 4t General emission factors for other mobile sources V01 Coal V15 Auto V11 Motor V23 Bio ethanol V11 Motor V15 Auto V23 Bio ethanol V11 Motor V23 Bio ethanol V11 Motor V15 Auto V18 Light s V23 Bio ethanol CH N 2O NO X 3 47 NMVOC CO 3 11 NH 3 Tonne TSP, PM / PM Dioxins μg I- TEQ/

14 Other mobile sources including railways - CH 4, N 2O, NO X, NMVOC, CO, NH 3, particles and POPs Table 17 (cont.). M.1A3C Railway M.1A3E.21 Small boats 2 M.1A3E.22 Small boats 4 M.1A3E.31 Motorized equipment 2 M.1A3E.32 Motorized equipment 4t General emission factors for other mobile sources V01 Coal V15 Auto V11 Motor V23 Bio ethanol V11 Motor V15 Auto V23 Bio ethanol V11 Motor V23 Bio ethanol V11 Motor V15 Auto V18 Light s V23 Bio ethanol benzo(a)pyrene g/ benzo(b)fluoranthene g/ benzo(k)fluoranthene g/ indeno(1,2,3_cd)pyrene g/ M.1A3E.1 Snow scooter has the same emission factors as M.1A3B.41 Moped, see table 9. Bold numbers are different for different years, but only 2016 figures are presented here. 1 Before 1995 the emission factor was 1.3. Numbers in italics have exceptions for some sectors, see tables Sources: Bang (1993), Bang et al. (1999), Finstad et al. (2001), Finstad et al. (2002b), Finstad et al. (2003), Winther and Nielsen (2006), EEA (2013). 0 Table 18. Component Exceptions from the general factors for greenhouse es and precursors for other mobile sources Emission factor () Fuel Source Sectors CH V11 Motor M.1A3E.31 Motorized equipment CH V11 Motor M.1A3E.32 Motorized equipment CH V11 Motor M.1A3E.31 Motorized equipment CH V11 Motor M.1A3E.31 Motorized equipment CH V11 Motor M.1A3E.32 Motorized equipment CH V15 Auto M.1A3E.32 Motorized equipment CH V23 Bio ethanol M.1A3E.31 Motorized equipment CH V23 Bio ethanol M.1A3E.32 Motorized equipment CH V23 Bio ethanol M.1A3E.31 Motorized equipment CH V23 Bio ethanol M.1A3E.31 Motorized equipment CH V23 Bio ethanol M.1A3E.32 Motorized equipment N 2O 0.08 V11 Motor M.1A3E.32 Motorized equipment N 2O V15 Auto M.1A3E.32 Motorized equipment N 2O 0,08 V23 Bio ethanol M.1A3E.32 Motorized equipment

15 NO X 13.6 V15 Auto M.1A3E.32 Motorized equipment NO X 54 V18 Light s M.1A3E.32 Motorized equipment NO X 52 V18 Light s M.1A3E.32 Motorized equipment NO X 47 V18 Light s M.1A3E.32 Motorized equipment , NO X 48 V18 Light s M.1A3E.32 Motorized equipment , NO X 46 V18 Light s M.1A3E.32 Motorized equipment NMVOC 1.7 V15 Auto M.1A3E.32 Motorized equipment NMVOC 7.2 V18 Light s M.1A3E.32 Motorized equipment NMVOC 5.7 V18 Light s M.1A3E.32 Motorized equipment NMVOC 4 V18 Light s M.1A3E.32 Motorized equipment , NMVOC 4.8 V18 Light s M.1A3E.32 Motorized equipment , NMVOC 3.8 V18 Light s M.1A3E.32 Motorized equipment CO 9.3 V15 Auto M.1A3E.32 Motorized equipment CO 25 V18 Light s M.1A3E.32 Motorized equipment CO 20 V18 Light s M.1A3E.32 Motorized equipment CO 11 V18 Light s M.1A3E.32 Motorized equipment , CO 17 V18 Light s M.1A3E.32 Motorized equipment CO 18 V18 Light s M.1A3E.32 Motorized equipment Bold numbers are different for different years, time series for NOx are presented in table 20. Table 19. Component Exceptions from the general factors for other pollutants for other mobile sources Emission factor () Fuel Source Sectors TSP, PM V15 Auto M.1A3E.32 Motorized equipment 4 TSP, PM V18 Light s M.1A3E.32 Motorized equipment 4 TSP, PM V18 Light s M.1A3E.32 Motorized equipment 4 TSP, PM V18 Light s M.1A3E.32 Motorized equipment 4 TSP, PM V18 Light s M.1A3E.32 Motorized equipment , PM V15 Auto M.1A3E.32 Motorized equipment 4 PM V18 Light s M.1A3E.32 Motorized equipment 4 PM V18 Light s M.1A3E.32 Motorized equipment 4 PM V18 Light s M.1A3E.32 Motorized equipment 4 PM V18 Light s M.1A3E.32 Motorized equipment 4 Bold numbers are different for different years, but only 2017 figures are presented here , Table 20. Time series for NO X emission factors for use of auto in motorized equipment 4t Sector General Sector General

16 Source: Winther and Nielsen (2006). Data for 2005 and later are extrapolations. Table 21. Time series for variable emission factors for other mobile sources Fuel Component V11 Gasoline Dioxins

17 CH 4 - Stationary combustion Table 22. Source S.01 Directfired furnaces.. S.02 Gas turbines... S.03 Boilers... S.04 Small stoves... S.1B2C Flares... General emission factors, kg CH 4/ fuel V01 Coal V02 Coke V03 Petrol coke V41 Fuel wood V42 V43 Black liquor V44 pellets V45 briquettes V04 Charcoal V31 Natural (1 000 Sm 3 ) V33 Refinery S.01 Directfired furnaces S.02 Gas turbines S.03 Boilers S.04 Small stoves S.1B2C Flares V34 CO V36 Landfill V35 Fuel V13 V32 Kerosene LPG (heating) V17 Marine oil/ V18 Light s V19 distillate V20 V51 Municipal V52 Special Numbers in italics have exceptions for some sectors, see table 23. Source: IPCC (2006), Sandgren et al. (1996), Karlsvik (1995) and The Norwegian oil industry association (1994). Table 23. Emission factor Exceptions from the general factors for CH 4, stationary combustion (kg CH 4/ fuel) V13, V17, V18, V19 Fuel Source Sectors Kerosene (heating), marine ; light, heavy distillate S.01 Direct fired furnaces, S.03 Boilers V20 S.01 Direct fired furnaces, S.03 Boilers V32 LPG S.03 Boilers V31 Natural (1000 Sm 3 ) S.01 Direct fired furnaces. S.03 Boilers V31 Natural (1000 Sm3) S.01 Direct fired furnaces. S.03 Boilers , , V34 CO S.03 Boilers V36 Landfill S.02 Gas turbines, S.03 Boilers V42 S.03 Boilers V45 briquettes S.03 Boilers

18 N 2O - Stationary combustion Table 24. Source General emission factors. kg N 2O/ fuel V01 Coal V02 Coke V03 Petrol coke V41 Fuel wood V42 V43 Black liquor V44 V45 pellets briquettes V04 Charcoal V31 Natural (1000 Sm 3 ) V33 Refinery S.01 Directfired furnaces S.02 Gas turbines S.03 Boilers S.04 Small stoves S.1B2C Flares V34 Blast furnace V36 Landfill V35 Fuel V32 LPG V13 Kerosene (heating) V17 Marine oil/ V18 Light s V19 distillate V20 V51 Municipal V52 Special S.01 Directfired furnaces S.02 Gas turbines S.03 Boilers S.04 Small stoves S.1B2C Flares Numbers in italics have exceptions for some sectors, see table 25. Source: IPCC (2006), Sandgren et al. (1996) and The Norwegian oil industry association (1994). Table 25. Exceptions from the general factors for N 2O. Stationary combustion (kg N 2O/1000 Sm 3 natural ) Emission factor Fuel Source Sectors V31 Natural S.01 Direct-fired furnaces, S.02 Gas turbines, S.03 Boilers , ,234950

19 NO X - Stationary combustion Table 26. Source General emission factors. kg NO X/ fuel V01 Coal V02 Coke V03 Petrol coke V41 Fuel wood V42 V43 Black liquor V44 pellets V45 briquettes V04 Charcoal V31 Natural (1000 Sm 3 ) V33 Refinery S.01 Directfired furnaces S.02 Gas turbines S.03 Boilers S.04 Small stoves S.1B2C Flares V34 Blast furnace V36 Landfill V35 Fuel V13 V32 Kerosene LPG (heating) V17 Marine oil/ V18 Light s V19 distillate V20 V51 Municipal V52 Special S.01 Directfired furnaces S.02 Gas turbines S.03 Boilers S.04 Small stoves S.1B2C Flares Numbers in italics have exceptions for some sectors, see table 27, and bold numbers are different for different years, see table 28. Source: Rosland (1987). Fuel wood factor based on data from annual surveys on use of fuel wood in households. Table 27. Emission factor Exceptions from the general factors for NO X. Stationary combustion. kg NO X / fuel Fuel Source Sectors 24 V19, 20, 52 distillate, heavy, special S.01 Direct-fired , furnaces V31 Natural (1000 Sm 3 ) S.01 Direct-fired furnaces 9.5 V19, 20 distillate, heavy S.01 Direct-fired furnaces V31 Natural (1000 Sm 3 ) S.02 Gas turbines ,4 V31 Natural (1000 Sm 3 ) S.1B2C Flares V17, 18, 19 Fuel oils S.03 Boilers V01 Coal S.03 Boilers V02 Coke S.03 Boilers V20, 52, special S.03 Boilers V35 Fuel S.03 Boilers , V34 CO S.03 Boilers V33 Refinery S.02 Gas turbines , V01, 02 Coal, coke S.04 Small stoves

20 Table 28. Time series for variable emission factors for NO X. Stationary combustion. kg NO X / fuel Sector Source Fuel General S.04 V Sector Source Fuel General S.04 V Sector Source Fuel S.02 V NMVOC - Stationary combustion Table 29. Source General emission factors. kg NMVOC/ fuel V01 Coal V02 Coke V03 Petrol coke V41 Fuel wood V42 V43 Black liquor V44 pellets V45 briquettes V04 Char coal V31 Natural (1000 Sm 3 ) V33 Re finery S.01 Direct-fired furnaces S.02 Gas turbines S.03 Boilers S.04 Small stoves S.1B2C Flares V34 CO V36 Landfill V35 Fuel V32 V13 LPG Kero sene (heating) V17 Marine oil/ V18 Light s V19 distillate V20 V51 Municipal V52 Special S.01 Direct-fired furnaces S.02 Gas turbines S.03 Boilers S.04 Small stoves S.1B2C Flares Numbers in italics have exceptions for some sectors, see table 30. Source: Rosland (1987) and Sandgren et al. (1996). Table 30. Emission factor Exceptions from the general factors for NMVOC. Stationary combustion. kg NMVOC/ fuel Fuel Source Sectors distillate, heavy, special S.01 Direct-fired 0 V 19, 20, 52 furnaces , S.01 Direct-fired 0.1 V34 CO furnaces S.01 Direct-fired V31 Natural (1000 Sm 3 ) furnaces S.01 Direct-fired 0.9 V19, 20 distillate, heavy furnaces V01 Coal S.03 Boilers V32, 34, 35, , , LPG, CO, fuel, wood S.03 Boilers , V17, 18, 19 Fuel oils S.03 Boilers V01 Coal S.04 Small stoves V13 Kerosene (heating) S.04 Small stoves

21 CO - Stationary combustion Table 31. Source General emission factors. kg CO/ fuel V01 Coal V02 Coke V03 Petrol coke V41 Fuel wood V42 V43 Black liquor V44 V45 pellets briquettes V04 Char coal V31 Natural (1000 Sm 3 ) V33 Re finery S.01 Directfired furnaces S.02 Gas turbines S.03 Boilers S.04 Small stoves S.1B2C Flares V34 CO V36 Landfill V35 Fuel V32 LPG V13 Kero sene (heating) V17 Marine oil/ V18 Light s V19 distillate V20 V51 Municipal V52 Special S.01 Directfired furnaces S.02 Gas turbines S.03 Boilers S.04 Small stoves S.1B2C Flares Numbers in italics have exceptions for some sectors, see table 32, and bold numbers are different for different years, see table 33. Table 32. Emission factor Exceptions from the general factors for CO. Stationary combustion. kg CO/ fuel Fuel Source Sectors 0 V 19, 20, distillate, heavy, special , , 52 S.01 Direct-fired furnaces V34 CO S.01 Direct-fired furnaces V17 Marine oil/ S.01 Direct-fired furnaces , V20. 52, special S.03 Boilers V32, 42 LPG, wood S.03 Boilers , V17, 18, 19 Fuel oils S.03 Boilers V01, 02 Coal, coke S.04 Small stoves V13 Kerosene (heating) S.04 Small stoves V31 Natural (1000 Sm 3 ) S.1B2C Flares Table 33. Sector Source Fuel Time series for variable emission factors for CO. Stationary combustion. kg CO/ fuel General S.04 V Sector Source Fuel General S.04 V

22 NH 3 - Stationary combustion Table 34. Source V01 Coal General emission factors. kg NH 3/ fuel V02 Coke V03 Petrol coke V41 Fuel wood V42 V43 Black liquor V44 pellets V45 briquettes V04 Charcoal V31 Natural (1000 Sm 3 ) V33 Refinery V34 V36 CO Landfill V35 Fuel V32 LPG V13 Kerosene (heating) V17 Marine oil/ V18 Light fuel oils V19 V20 V51 Municipal distillate V52 Special S.04 Small stoves All other sources Particulate matter - Stationary combustion Table 35. Component Source General emission factors. kg particle component/ fuel V01 Coal V02 Coke V03 Petrol coke V41 Fuel wood V42 V43 Black V44 liquor pellets V45 V04 Char briquettes coal V31 Natural (1000 Sm 3 ) V33 Refinery TSP...S.01 Direct-fired furnaces TSP...S.02 Gas turbines TSP...S.03 Boilers TSP...S.04 Small stoves TSP...S.1B2C Flares PM10...S.01 Direct-fired furnaces PM10...S.02 Gas turbines PM10...S.03 Boilers PM10...S.04 Small stoves PM10... S.1B2C Flares PM S.01 Direct-fired furnaces PM S.02 Gas turbines PM S.03 Boilers , PM S.04 Small stoves PM S.1B2C Flares V34 CO V36 Landfill V35 Fuel V32 LPG V13 V17 Kerosene Marine (heating) oil/ V18 Light fuel oils V19 distillate V20 V51 Municipal V52 Special TSP... S.01 Direct-fired furnaces * * TSP... S.02 Gas turbines TSP... S.03 Boilers * * TSP... S.04 Small stoves TSP... S.1B2C Flares PM10... S.01 Direct-fired furnaces * *. 4.87

23 PM10...S.02 Gas turbines PM10...S.03 Boilers * * PM10...S.04 Small stoves PM10...S.1B2C Flares PM2.5...S.01 Direct-fired furnaces * *. 3.2 PM2.5...S.02 Gas turbines PM2.5...S.03 Boilers * * PM2.5...S.04 Small stoves PM2.5...S.1B2C Flares Numbers in italics have exceptions for some sectors, see table 37, and bold numbers are different for different years, see table 38. * General emission factors for all sources for heavy distillate and heavy are given in table 36 for all years. Source: Finstad et al. (2003). Fuel wood factor based on data from annual surveys on use of fuel wood in households Table 36. General particle emission factors for heavy distillate and heavy for all sources. Factors dependent on sulphur content. kg particle component / fuel Fuel Com-ponent V19 TSP PM PM V20 TSP PM PM Source: Finstad et al. (2003). Table 37. Emission factor (kg TSP/) Exceptions from the general factors for particles. Stationary combustion Emission factor (kg PM 10/) Emission factor (kg PM 2.5/) Fuel Source Sectors V52 Special S.01 Direct-fired furnaces V01 Coal S.01 Direct-fired furnaces V01 Coal S.03 Boilers (V18) (V17, 18) V17, 18 Light s S.03 Boilers V52 Special S.03 Boilers V01 Coal S.03 Boilers V51 Municipal S.03 Boilers V13 Kerosene (heating) S.04 Small stoves Table 38. / fuel Component Sourc e Time series for variable emission factors for particles. Stationary combustion. kg particle component Fuel TSP... S.04 V PM S.04 V PM S.04 V TSP... S.04 V PM S.04 V PM S.04 V TSP S.04 V PM 10 S.04 V PM 2.5 S.04 V

24 POPs (Persistent Organic Pollutants) - Stationary combustion Table 39. Component Source General emission factors for PAH V01 Coal V02 Coke V03 Petrol coke V41 Fuel wood V42 V43 Black liquor V44 pellets V45 briquettes V04 Charcoal V31 Natural (1000 Sm 3 ) V33 Refinery benzo(a) S.01 pyrene Directfired g/.. furnaces benzo(a) S.02 pyrene Gas g/.. turbines benzo(a) pyrene S.03 g/.. Boilers benzo(a) S.04 pyrene Small g/.. stoves benzo(b) S.01 fluoranth Directfired ene g/.. furnaces benzo(b) fluoranth S.02 ene Gas g/.. turbines benzo(b) fluoranth ene S.03 g/.. Boilers benzo(b) fluoranth S.04 ene Small g/.. stoves benzo(k) S.01 fluoranth Directfired ene g/.. furnaces benzo(k) fluoranth S.02 ene Gas g/.. turbines benzo(k) fluoranth ene S.03 g/.. Boilers benzo(k) fluoranth S.04 ene Small g/.. stoves indeno(1 S.01,2,3_cd) pyrene Directfired g/.. furnaces indeno(1,2,3_cd) pyrene S.02 Gas g/.. turbines indeno(1,2,3_cd) pyrene S.03 g/.. Boilers indeno(1,2,3_cd) pyrene S.04 Small stoves

25 g/..

26 Table 39 (cont.). General emission factors for PAH Component Source V34 Blast furnace V36 Landfill V35 V32 LPG V13 Fuel Kerosene (heating) V17 Marine oil/ V18 Light s V19 distillate V20 V51 Municipal 1 V52 Special benzo(a) pyrene S.01 Directfired g/.. furnaces NE. NE NE benzo(a) pyrene S.02 Gas g/.. turbines NE..... benzo(a) pyrene S.03 g/.. Boilers E NE NE NE benzo(a) pyrene S.04 Small g/.. stoves E benzo(b)f S.01 luoranthe Directfired ne g/.. furnaces benzo(b)f luoranthe S.02 ne Gas g/.. turbines benzo(b)f luoranthe ne S.03 g/.. Boilers E benzo(b)f luoranthe S.04 ne Small g/.. stoves E benzo(k)f S.01 luoranthe Directfired ne g/.. furnaces benzo(k)f luoranthe S.02 ne Gas g/.. turbines benzo(k)f luoranthe ne S.03 g/.. Boilers E benzo(k)f luoranthe S.04 ne Small g/.. stoves E indeno(1, S.01 2,3_cd)p yrene Directfired g/.. furnaces indeno(1, 2,3_cd)p yrene S.02 Gas g/.. turbines indeno(1, 2,3_cd)p yrene S.03 g/.. Boilers E indeno(1, 2,3_cd)p yrene S.04 Small g/.. stoves E Bold numbers are different for different years, see table 40. NE = Not estimated. 1 Emission factor used for the years after Emission factors for the years 1990 to 1994 can be given on request.

27 Source: Finstad et al. (2001). Fuel wood factor based on data from annual surveys on use of fuel wood in households. EEA (2013), EEA (2016),. Allerup et. al (2015) Table 40. Component Time series for variable emission factors for PAH 1. Stationary combustion (g component / fuel) Sou rce Fuel benzo(a)pyr ene S.04 V benzo(b)fluo ranthene S.04 V benzo(k)fluo ranthene S.04 V indeno(1,2,3 _cd)pyrene S.04 V benzo(a)pyr ene S.04 V benzo(b)fluo ranthene S.04 V benzo(k)fluo 0 ranthene S.04 V indeno(1,2,3 _cd)pyrene S.04 V benzo(a)pyr ene S.04 V benzo(b)fluo ranthene S.04 V benzo(k)fluo ranthene S.04 V indeno(1,2,3 _cd)pyrene S.04 V Source: Emission factor: Finstad et al. (2001). PAH-profile: EEA (2013)