Real-life emission of automatically stoked biomass boilers
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1 Real-life emission of automatically stoked biomass boilers Christoph Schmidl Joachim Kelz, Franziska Klauser, Vijay Kumar- Verma, Manuel Schwabl, Markus Schwarz
2 Introduction: General Biomass combustion technology has improved tremendously: FJ-BLT Wieselburg type testing averages 215/16 (n=26): Efficiency = 96% Carbon monoxide = 5mg/m³ Organic gaseous carbon < 1mg/m³ Total suspended particles = 7mg/m³ EN33-5 testing constant load conditions Limited information about field performance Beside particulates (PM1/2.5) Benzo[a]pyrene (PAH) is critical (all emission results given at STP,13%O2)
3 Introduction: Particle size distribution of smallscale biomass combustion systems 2 PM [mg/nm³ / dlog (dp)] PE-m WC-m LW-m LW-o ST-m ST-o TST-m,1,1 1, 1, dp [µm ae.d.] Explanations: average particle size distribution of the BLPI measurements performed over the test runs; data related to dry flue gas at STP and 13 vol. % O2; PE-m modern pellet boiler; WC-m modern wood chip boiler; LW-m modern logwood boiler; LW-o old logwood boiler; ST-m modern stove; ST-o old stove; TST-m modern tiled stove
4 Objectives Evaluate emissions (and efficiency) of biomass boilers under laboratory conditions simulating real-life operation Investigate the operation performance of modern biomass boilers in real installations in the field Special focus particular Benzo[a]pyrene Emissions of modern biomass boilers Critical operation phases Technology influence Reduction measures
5 nominal boiler load [%] temperature [ C] circulation pump exhaust fan boiler 1% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % on off on off on off Methodologies Study 1 Laboratory: Full Load, Part Load and Load Cycle Test (8-hour Modulation) 55 C 45 C 75 C reference cycle flow temperature / T VL return temperature / T RL 8h measurements 55 C t t 1 t 2 t 3 t 4 t 5 time 8h 45 C GB: 3 Sites DE: 3 Sites AT: 9 Sites ES: 2 Sites GR: 1 Site Field Measurements (n=73): 18 Sites, 3 Building Types (new, refurbished, old) Continuous Efficiency Monitoring over up to 3 years Full Load Test in Field Real Life Operation: 24h Emission testing
6 boiler power [%] [%] Results Study 1: Field measurements What s the real boiler operation behavior? Boiler operation behavior depends on boiler type weather building user habits :: 6:: 12:: 18:: :: time AT3-3 AT3-4 AT7-2
7 oxygen [v%] PM [mg/m³] emissions [ppm] Example from 24h field emission measurement : 9: 1: 11: 12: 13: 14: 15: 16: 17: oxygen [v%] particulate matter [mg/m³] carbon monoxide [ppm] nitrogen oxides [ppm] organic compounds [ppm]
8 Overview: Field Performance of Pellet Boilers Emission factors of pellet boiler in modulating operation. All top feed burner Wide modulation range Avg. 417,7 [mg/m³ (STP)] CO Avg. 138,8 [mg/m³ (STP)] NOx Avg. 1, [mg/m³ (STP)] OGC Avg. 26,2 [mg/m³ (STP)] TSP Avg. 72,7 Avg. [%] 75,5 78, [%] Annual LOT15 LOT15.efficiency
9 total suspended particles mg/m³ total suspended particles mg/m³ Field performance: Pellet Boilers 1-26kW Older Boiler Model (1-26kW) New Boiler Model (1-26kW) avg: 21,3 mg/m³ n: 1 avg: 24,8 mg/m³ n: 11 avg: 32, mg/m³ n: avg: 13,2 mg/m³ n: 1 avg: 17,2 mg/m³ n: 1 avg: 18, mg/m³ n: 9 full load part load full day full load part load full day Improvement of boiler technology is evident Narrow distributions very stable performance even in full day measurements
10 total suspended particles mg/m³ total suspended particles mg/m³ Field performance: Pellet Boilers 6-12kW Small Boiler (6kW) Compact Boiler (12kW) avg: 29,8 mg/m³ n: 1 avg: 38,9 mg/m³ n: 1 avg: 39, mg/m³ n: avg: 22,5 mg/m³ n: 13 avg: 24,1 mg/m³ n: 12 avg: 24,8 mg/m³ n: 14 full load part load full day full load part load full day Mean/Median emissions quite satisfying, but higher variability of emissions compared to bigger boilers Part load operation (3%) difficult for small boiler (6kW)
11 Methodology Study 2: Dilution Sampling for TSP and BaP Sampling: Start/Stop/Nominal-/Part-Load Dilution method (ISO ) Dilution ratio: 1:1 Filter T <4 C Isokinetic sampling at steady state operation Storage/Transport: sealed filter or solution; T < C Analysis: Adapted to DIN EN 15549:28 and VDI 3874 Diluted in cyclohexane and dichlormethane Analysis with GC-MS (Quadrupole mass spectrometer)
12 Study 2: TSP/BaP Tested Technologies Power [kw] Fuel Principle of combustion A 15 topfed burner B 15 C 7 D 5 Spruce pellets A1 quality EN horizontally fed burner E 12 F 15 underfed burner G 5 Wood chips W2 horizontally fed burner
13 Particle Emissions: Combustion Phases Log scale start stop part load full load n = start stop part load full load n =
14 Linear Scale BaP [ng/m3stp,dry 13% O2] Log Scale BaP [ng/m3stp,dry 13% O2] BaP Emissions Operation Phases start stop part.load full load start stop part.load full load n= n= The emissions during start and stop are 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than during continuous operation
15 CO [mg/m3stp,dry 13% O2] EC [µg/m3stp,dry 13% O2] Correlation other parameters (Examples) BaP - CO BaP EC (Elemental Carbon) BaP [ng/m3stp,dry 13% O2] BaP [ng/m3stp,dry 13% O2] Only useful correlation with EC
16 Linear Scale BaP [ng/m3stp,dry 13% O2] Log Scale BaP Emissions - Technology Impact Horizontally fed Horizontally fed Under -fed underfed topfed topfed Similar median values for different systems but... Lowest values observed for topfed systems Trend: higher risk of outliers with underfed systems
17 BaP [ng/m3stp,dry 13% O2] Comparison with Literature Best Best-case Case scenario operation Worst Case operation Automatic boilers modern Logwood heatings traditional 1x Start and Stop, 8 h full load Start-Stopoperation Primary and secondary air supply (Ozgen et al., 214) (Kelz et al., 212) (Kelz et al., 212) (Orasche et al., 212) best worst modern trad. LW LW
18 BaP [ng/m3stp,dry 13% O2] Comparison with Literature Best Best-case Case scenario operation Worst Case operation Automatic boilers modern Logwood stoves traditional 1x Start and Stop, 8 h full load Start-Stopoperation Primary and secondary air supply (Ozgen et al., 214) (Kelz et al., 212) (Kelz et al., 212) (Orasche et al., 212) best worst modern trad. stove stove n=
19 Summary In general the tested biomass boilers peformed widely well under field conditions Higher variability of particle emission from smaller boilers Load cycle test is suitable to predict real-life performance Instationary phases of combustion (start / stop) are critical in terms of particle and BaP emissions Underfed combustion technology seems to have higher risk of incomplete combustion in these phases BaP emissions are lower for boilers compared to stoves but not neglibile when start/stop phases occur frequently
20 Conclusions Difference between lab and field performance of biomass boilers is evident, but widely is in an acceptable range (for the tested technologies) Real-life oriented test methods could trigger further development of already mature technology Further reduction of particle emissions is possible: By appropriate design and control concept of the heating system to reduce start- / stop-phases Optimisation of combustion conditions in start- and stop-phases
21 Acknowledgements We would like to thank all company partners having contributed to the research for their valuable support. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/27-213) under Grant Agreement n and the Austrian COMET Research Programme.
22 Thank you for your kind attention! Christoph Schmidl BIOENERGY 22+ GmbH
23 Supplemental Material
24 Comparison Load Cycle Real Life Performance Pellet Boiler 1 Pellet Boiler 2 Pellet Boiler 3 Parameter Unit Load cycle Real life Load cycle Real life Load cycle Real life CO [mg/m3stp] NOx [mg/m3stp] OGC [mg/m3stp] Dust [mg/m3stp] Efficiency % 78, ,2 83,6 81,1 83,2 Annual Efficiency % - 72,4-78,8-81,4
25 Technology Influence Nominal/Part Load
26 Technology Influence Start/Stop Phases
27 annual annual boiler full operating load hours hours [h/a] [h/a] Boiler operation hours BW 1 BW 26 BW 1 EP BW 26 EP BW2 1 BW2 21 VW 6 IAT VW 6 V VW 12 DDA VW 12 H/P VW 12 H/P IAT EW 19
28 annual number of boiler starts [-] Boiler starts BW 1 BW 26 BW 1 EP BW 26 EP BW2 1 BW2 21 VW 6 IAT VW 6 V VW 12 DDA VW 12 H/P VW 12 H/P IAT EW 19
29 load [%], oxygen [v%] PM [mg/m³] emissions [ppm] Example: 24h Field emission measurement : 21: : 3: 6: 9: 12: 15: 18: boiler load [%] oxygen [v%] particulate matter [mg/m³] carbon monoxide [ppm] nitrogen oxides [ppm] organic compounds [ppm]
30 Methodology BaP: Sampling periods From: Until: Start: Start of the ignition system CO- & Temp- criteria are fulfilled (1ppm + Cofull load) & (9% from Tfull load) Stop Full load Partial load Decreasing fuel load indicated by increasing CO-conc start At least 1 hr at steady conditions Air fan (air supply) stops. At least 1 hr at steady conditions, 3 % of nominal load stop T (comb. Chamber) [ C] CO [ppm] Flow rate (flue gas) [m3/h] O2 [%] CO2 [%] T flue gas [ C] T (comb. Chamber) [ C] CO [ppm] Flow rate (prim. air) [m3/h] Flow rate (sec. air) [m3/h] CO2 [%] T flue gas [ C]
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