Environmental performance evaluations in the Norwegian Defence by a database system

Transcription

1 Environmental performance evaluations in the Norwegian Defence by a database system Environment, Energy & sustainability Symposium & Exhibition May 4-7, 2009 Oddvar Myhre Hege Ringnes Trine Reistad Kjetil Longva

2 Kingdom of Norway Capital: Language: Area: Population: Population Density: Oslo Norwegian 385,155 km² 148,746 sq mi 4.75 millions 12/km² 31/sq mi Source: Source: Fjord Travels Norway

3 Norwegian Defence 2008 Ministry of Defence Defence Research Establishment Chief of Defence National Security Agency Defence Estates Agency Defence Logistics Organisation Joint Operational Headquarters Intelligence Services Approx man-labour years, Approx soldiers Branches The Norwegian Army Royal Norwegian Navy Royal Norwegian Airforce Home guard Armed Forces military organization

4 Armed Forces Military Organisation in 2008 Army Personnel (norm.) / (mob.) Equipment 52 Leopard 2 A4NO (120mm) 15 Leopard 1 A5NO (105mm) 104 CV M-113 (various versions) 75 SISU/PASI 36 artillery pieces, TOW, ERYX and M mortars, type 81 mm BK 31 Combat Engineer Vehicles 25 IVECO armoured vehicles Navy Personnel (norm.) / (mob.) Equipment 3 (5) Nansen class frigate 6 Ula Class submarines (5) Skjold Class MTB 3 Oksøy Class minehunters 3 Alta Class minesweeper 20 Combat boat 90 N 15 coast guard vessels Air Force Personnel (norm.) / (mob.) Equipment 57 F-16 combat aircraft 12 Sea King 6 P-3 Orion 6 C-130 Hercules (4 C- 130J) 6 Lynx helicopters 18 Bell 412 helicopters 3 DA-20 Jet Falcon 15 Saab Safari Home guard Personnel Peace-time forces: Rapid reaction forces: Follow-on forces: Reinforcement forces:

5 Norwegian Defence Environmental Management System (EMS) Timeline Environmental management 1992 First environmental action plan 1996/97 Sector-based national environmental policy 1998 Env. mgmt. system (EMS) based on ISO EMS implementation across sector at unit-level 1999 Env. mgmt. Information System (EMIS) Norwegian Defence Env. Database (NDED) 2003 Chief of Defence environmental policy Environmental action plan ( ) 2005 The env. impact of the Norwegian Armed Forces in 2004 (NDRE) 2006 The env. impact of the Norwegian Armed Forces in 2005 (NDRE) Environmental Report 2005 (MoD) 2007 The env. impact of the Norwegian Armed Forces in 2006 (NDRE) Environmental Report 2006 (MoD) 2008 The env. impact of the Norwegian Armed Forces in 2007 (NDRE) Environmental Report 2007 (MoD) EMS - Main objective: Systematically reducing environmental impact from military activities Minimizing the conflicts between environmental consideration and operational requirements Significant Environmental Aspects (MoD) Consumption of Energy Fuels Electricity Heating oils Use of ammunition and explosives Generation of solid waste Storage, use and disposal of chemicals Water usage Pollution incidents

6 Norwegian Defence Environmental Management Information System (EMIS) Objectives Environmental performance evaluations of military activities and operations Publish statistics on environmental performance relevant to stakeholders Tool: The Norwegian Defence Environmental Database (NDED) Collects data on consumption patterns and use of resources (environmental aspects) Relates resource-use to different activities; equipment; organizational units etc Calculates emissions, effluents and wastes (environmental impact) Continual improvement Management review Monitoring and correction Implement policy Planning Develop policy

7 Norwegian Defence Environmental Management Information System (EMIS) Implementation of Environmental Management and reporting of environmental aspects in to the NDED serves two main purposes: 1) Provide information and analytical capacity base-level EM 2) Cover the demand for information to environmental authorities and other stakeholders 3) Provides decision support for environmental efficiency evaluations at all levels (MoD unit)

8 Akkumulert kostnad (MNOK) Norwegian Defence Environmental Database (NDED) Evaluate measures 1 Identify aspects 6 Implement measures Emissions CO 2 SO 2 NO x NO x = - 30 % CO 2 = - 7 % Activity 2 $/kg Taxes 2 Collect data on aspects 5 Decision support 120 Akkumulerte kostnader Env. Database År 3 Calculate impact 4 Analyse data CO kg Luftfartøy CH 4 N 2 O 124 kg 43 kg Fartøy 81,6 % 16,1 % Andre 2,3 % Kjøretøy 1,8 % Oppvarming/ elektr. 0,2 % NO x kg Ukjent 0,3 %

9 Registration of fuel in the NDED Input Calculations Output Consumption Gasolin Diesel/F-34 Propane Jet fuel/f-34 Avgas Marine fuel Equipment Vehicles Aircrafts Vessel Generators Database Consumption registered on Military unit Material type Fuel type Activity General model for calculating release of air emissions. Input Air emissions Factors Output Vehicles, Frigates Exercise/training non-tactical Vehicles, Bell Support Operational 412 SP vessels military duties Engineer C-130, Coastal Transport Hercules ranger vehicles boats Light DA-20, Coast field guard Jet vehicles Falcon Heavy F-16, Minesweepers/hunters Fighting field vehicles Falcon Hours of operation Tracked F-5, MTBFreedom vehicles Fighter Armoured Lynx Submarines Sailing MK 46 days vehicles Snow P3, Other Orion scooter boats/vessels Private Sea King car MK 43 Fuel (amount) SO CO 2 factor CO 2 2 factor CO 2 CH CH 4 4 factor eqv. N N 2 O 2 O factor NOx factor CO NMVOC factor CO factor NOx TSP factor NMVOC PM 10 factor PM 2,5 factor SO PAH 2 factor Dioxin factor PAH PM10 PM2,5 SO 2 CO 2 CH 4 N 2 O NOx NMVOC CO TSP PM 10 PM 2,5 PAH Dioxin

10 Environmental efficiency evaluations Situations where NDED can be used i evaluations of operational and environmental efficiency A Changes in operational concepts/training concepts Increased use satellite surveillance (reduced patrolling) Increased use of UAV & AUV Use of simulators in training B When equipment is ready for extensive maintenance procedures Changing engines/engine components Other fuel efficiency improving modification C Procurement of equipment, systems and platforms leading to/follows new operational concepts often long term perspective

11 Fuel consumption registered in the NDED - calculation of air emissions Energy consumption Non tactical vehicle Military vehicle Vessel Aircraft Heating Diesel liter Gasoline liter Propane liter Diesel liter Gasoline liter Marine fuel liter Jet fuel liter Avgas liter Electricity MWh Bioenergy kg Oil liter Diesel liter Propane kg Air emission calculating models Consumption linked to a specific model depending on fuel type and combustion engine Estimated air emissions CO 2 eqv tons NOx - 26 tons MNVOC - 8 tons SO 2-1 ton CO - 51 tons Dioxins - 0,0003 kg PAH - 11 kg PM kg PM2, kg CO 2 eqv tons NOx tons MNVOC - 54 tons SO 2-1 ton CO tons Dioxins - 0,0007 kg PAH - 26 kg PM kg PM2, kg CO 2 eqv tons NOx tons MNVOC - 79 tons SO 2-62 tons CO - 79 tons Dioxins - 0,1382 kg PAH - 55 kg PM kg PM2, kg CO 2 eqv tons NOx tons MNVOC tons SO 2-11 tons CO tons Dioxins - 0,0023 kg PAH - 11 kg PM kg PM2,5-264 kg CO 2 eqv tons NOx - 38 tons MNVOC - 7 tons SO 2-20 tons CO - 44 tons Dioxins - 0,0026 kg PM kg PM2, kg

12 Fuel consumption and air emissions Green taxes on emission of NOx were introduced January 1st $ per kg NOx Estimated emissions of NOx across MoD in metric tons (1.5% of national emissions) NDED was used to compare different sources of NOx Identify potential for implementing measures GHG emissions estimated to metric tons in 2007 (0.6% of national emissions) GHG emissions (CO 2 -eqv.) NOx emissions Aircrafts 38 % Heating 15 % Vessel 36 % Vehicles, military 7 % Vehicles, non-tactical 1 % Aircrafts 15 % Heating 1 % Vessel 76 % Vehicles, military 8 % Vehicles, non-tactical 3 %

13 Fuel efficiency: North Cape class The Norwegian Coast Guard was identified as a major source of NOx emissions Large activity 20+ vessels All vessels: Coast Guard vessels: Other vessels/boats 0 % MTB 6 % Coastal Ranger Boats 1 % Submarines 1 % Other Coast Guard Vessels 21 % KV Chieftain 10 % KV Eigun 5 % KV Harstad 12 % Mine sweeper/hunters 10 % KV Lafjord 4 % Support vessels 4 % Fregates 16 % Coast guard 62 % North Cape Class (3) 27 % KV Ålesund 5 % KV Svalbard 12 % KV Nornen 1 % KV Stålbas 3 % North Cape class engine was upgraded in 2008

14 Fuel efficiency: coast guard vessels North Cape class vessels Engine refit leads to reduced Maintenance Fuel consumption (900 metric ton/year) 5 % CO 2 emissions 30 % NOx emissions Increased operational range Investment 6,5 mill $ (4 vessels) Annual savings 1 mill $ (maintenance) 0.4 mill $ (NOx-taxes) Barents class vessels LNG driven, will replace older vessels More expensive Reduced air emissions - 24 % CO 2 emissions (930 metric ton/year) - 90 % NOx emissions (75 metric ton/year) Annual savings - NOx tax: 2,1 mill $

15 Fuel efficiency: CV90 CV90 assault armoured car Long periods without movement, engine idling to generate power for communication, ventilation etc Power efficiency of electricity production from engine idling is about 1-2% A test program with installation of an auxiliary power unit is initiated, using CV90 as a test platform Target specifications APU: Silent watch Volume <30L Weight <20kg Efficiency >30% improvement with reformed F-34 Temp. -30 to 40 C Integration with battery system Outcome Increased environmental efficiency Increased operational range (~1/30 of fuel consumption during idling) Reduced logistics and vulnerability: lowered noise and heat signature

16 Fuel efficiency: CO 2 and NOx emissions Airplanes CO 2 (kg)/hr of operation NOx (kg)/hr of operation Bell 412SP 815 3,03 C-130 Hercules ,42 F16 Fighting Falcon ,28 Fan Jet Falcon DA ,03 Lynx MK ,76 P-3 Orion ,57 SAAB Safari 5 0,005 Sea King MK ,94 Hercules C-130 was replaced by C-130J in meters longer Higher lifting capacity and cruising velocity C-130J 33% more efficient propeller 15% less fuel consumption 901 ton less CO 2 -eqv. Planned investments NH90 Helicopters F-35A Lightning II Hercules C-130J

17 Conclusions Measuring environmental performance is a prerequisite for reducing the impact from the defence sector Informed decisions yield cost-effective measures that ensure i. same or enhanced warfighting capability ii. reduced environmental impact NDED is a powerful tool for measuring environmental performance Provides decision support at all levels (MoD unit) Information source when reporting to environmental authorities or other stakeholder High spatial and temporal resolution of data Enhanced analysis better decisions