2011 Air Emissions Inventory

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1 SECTION 3 HARBOR CRAFT This section presents emissions estimates for the commercial harbor craft source category, including source description (3.1), geographical delineation (3.2), data and information acquisition (3.3), operational profiles (3.4), emissions estimation methodology (3.5), and the emission estimates (3.6). 3.1 Source Description The harbor craft emissions inventory consists of diesel fueled vessels for the following vessel types: Assist tugboats Crew boats Ferry vessels Excursion vessels Government vessels Harbor tugboats Ocean tugboats Work boats Assist tugboats Assist tugboats help ships maneuver in the harbor during arrival, departure, and shifts. In general, they escort the ships from the breakwater to the berth upon their arrival and are dismissed at the outer harbor after escorting the ships from berth to the breakwater upon departure. Crew boats Crew boats and supply boats are used for carrying personnel and supplies to and from off-shore and in-harbor locations. They may go to and from vessels at anchorage, construction sites, and offshore platforms. Port of Long Beach 74 July 2012

2 Ferry vessels Ferries transport people and property to the nearby islands. There are daily ferry trips from Long Beach to Santa Catalina Island that take approximately one hour and 30 minutes to transit one way. Excursion vessels Excursion vessels include harbor cruise and charter vessels for hire by the general public. Excursions in the Long Beach Harbor include daily 45-minute harbor cruises and seasonal whale watching cruises just outside the breakwater. Government vessels Harbor craft including two fireboats - the Liberty and the Challenger, are operated by the City of Long Beach Fire Department. In addition, although privately owned, two pilot boats operating at the Port are also included in this category. Harbor tugboats and Ocean tugboats Harbor tugboats primarily work within the harbor moving and positioning barges. Ocean or coastal tugboats, also called towboats, work mostly outside of the harbor to and from other ports. Port of Long Beach 75 July 2012

3 Recreational vessels are not considered to be commercial harbor craft; therefore their emissions are not included in this study. Vessels associated exclusively with the oil operations located at the Port are excluded from this inventory but are included in a separate study previously conducted to quantify oil-industry related emissions 24. Figure 3.1 presents the distribution of the 91 diesel fueled commercial harbor craft inventoried for the Port in Figure 3.1: 2011 Distribution Commercial Harbor Craft Work boat Ocean 6% tugboat 10% Government 7% Crew boat 20% Ferry 12% Harbor tugboat 15% Excursion 14% Assist tugboat 16% 3.2 Geographical Domain The geographical delineation for harbor craft is the same as that for ocean-going vessels, described in Section Data and Information Acquisition To collect data for the harbor craft inventory, vessel owners and operators were identified and contacted to obtain key operating parameters. The operating parameters of interest include the following: Vessel type Number, type and horsepower (or kilowatts) of main engine(s) Number, type and horsepower (or kilowatts) of auxiliary engine(s) Operating hours in 2011 Annual diesel fuel consumption 24 Long Beach Gas and Oil Air Emissions Inventory 2005, Prepared by Starcrest Consulting Group, LLC, October Port of Long Beach 76 July 2012

4 Qualitative information regarding how the vessels are used in service Engine model year Replaced engines The following companies were contacted to collect information on their fleet: Assist tugboats and harbor tugboats: Crowley Marine Services Foss Maritime Company Millennium Maritime Crew boat and work boats: American Marine Corporation Connolly-Pacific Marine Spill Response Corporation (MSRC) Pacific Tugboat Services Southern California Ship Services Ferry vessels: Catalina Channel Express Excursion vessels: Long Beach Sportfishing Rainbow Rocket Spirit Cruises Government vessels: Long Beach Fire Department Jacobsen Pilots (privately owned) Harbor tugboats and ocean tugboats: Crowley Petroleum Services Sause Brothers Ocean Towing Westoil Marine Services 3.4 Operational Profiles 2011 Air Emissions Inventory Tables 3.1 and 3.2 summarize operating parameters for main and auxiliary engines, respectively, for each vessel type based on the data collected from vessel operators. Averages of the model year, horsepower, or operating hours by vessel type presented in these tables have been used as default values for vessels for which information is unavailable. Operational hours for the vessels that were not at the Port the entire year reflect the partial time they operated at the Port during the 2011 calendar year. Port of Long Beach 77 July 2012

5 Table 3.1: 2011 Main Engine Operating Parameters by Harbor Craft Type 2011 Air Emissions Inventory Harbor Vessel Engine Model year Horsepower Annual Hours Craft Type Count Count Minimum Maximum Average Minimum Maximum Average Minimum Maximum Average Assist tugboat ,500 2,540 2, ,669 1,522 Crew boat , , Excursion , , Ferry ,300 1,830 1,200 1,500 1,241 Government , Ocean tugboat ,850 2, , Harbor tugboat , Work boat , Total Port of Long Beach 78 July 2012

6 Table 3.2: 2011 Auxiliary Engine Operating Parameters by Harbor Craft Type 2011 Air Emissions Inventory Harbor Vessel Engine Model year Horsepower Annual Hours Craft Type Count Count Minimum Maximum Average Minimum Maximum Average Minimum Maximum Average Assist tugboat ,937 1,685 Crew boat , Excursion ,500 1,062 Ferry , Government , Ocean tugboat , Harbor tugboat Work boat Total Port of Long Beach 79 July 2012

7 Harbor craft propulsion and auxiliary engines with known model year and horsepower are categorized by EPA marine engine standards. Harbor craft engines for which model year and/or horsepower information are not available are classified as unknown. Data collected from harbor craft operators does not include EPA certification standards for specific engines. For the newer engines in the inventory, it has been assumed that all small 2009 and newer engines (25 to 120 hp rating) meet Tier 3 emission standards 25 since the EPA phase-in timeline starts in 2009 for the smaller engines. This assumption is consistent with CARB s harbor craft emission factors, which follow the same model year grouping as the EPA emissions standards for marine engines as shown below. Figure 3.2 provides the population distribution of all harbor craft propulsion and auxiliary engines inventoried for The engine Tier category assumptions for this figure, based on the certification standards, are as follows: Tier 0: 1999 and older model year engines Tier 1: Model years 2000 to 2003 for engines with less than or equal to 750 hp; model years 2000 to 2006 for engines with greater than 750 hp Tier 2: Model years for engines with less than or equal to 750 hp; model years for engines greater than 750 hp, with the exception for those that meet the Tier 3 criteria Tier 3: Model years for small engines with 25 to 120 hp rating or less than 0.9 liter engine displacement Unknown : Engines with missing model year, horsepower or both Figure 3.2: 2011 Distribution of Harbor Craft Engines by Engine Standards, % Tier 3 9% Unknown 6% Tier 0 28% Tier 2 42% Tier 1 15% 25 CFR (Code of Federal Regulation), 40 CFR, subpart 94.8 for Tier 1 and 2 and subpart for Tier 3. Port of Long Beach 80 July 2012

8 3.5 Emissions Estimation Methodology Harbor craft emissions are estimated for each engine individually, based on the engine s model year, power rating, and annual hours of operation. The Port s harbor craft emission calculation methodology is similar to the methodology used by the CARB inventory for commercial harbor craft emissions operating in California. 26 The basic equation used to estimate emissions from harbor craft engines is shown below in Equation 3.1. Equation 3.1 Where: = E = emissions, tons/year Power = rated power of the engine, hp or kw Activity = engine activity, hours/year LF = load factor (ratio of average power used during normal operations as compared to maximum rated power), dimensionless EF = emission factor, grams of pollutant per unit of work, g/hp-hr or g/kw-hr FCF = fuel correction factor to reflect changes in fuel properties that have occurred over time, dimensionless Load Factors An engine load factor represents the average percentage of full load applied to an engine or the percent of rated engine power that is applied during the engine s operation. Table 3.3 summarizes the average engine load factors used for harbor craft propulsion and auxiliary engines. The engine load factors are from CARB s emission estimation methodology report 27, except the 31% engine load factor for assist tugboats and harbor tugboats, which are based on actual engine load readings collected in the San Pedro Bay and published in the 2001 Port of Los Angeles EI report 28. All of the load factors by vessel type and engine type are the same as those in the previous inventory. 26 CARB, Commercial Harbor Craft Regulatory Activities, Appendix B: Emissions Estimation Methodology for Commercial Harbor Craft Operating in California. Viewed April CARB, Emissions Estimation Methodology for Commercial Harbor Craft Operating in California, Appendix B. 28 Port of Los Angeles, 2001 Baseline Air Emissions Inventory, Prepared by Starcrest Consulting Group, LLC, July Port of Long Beach 81 July 2012

9 Table 3.3: Harbor Craft Engine Load Factors 2011 Air Emissions Inventory Harbor Auxiliary Main Craft Type Engines Engines Assist tug Crew boat Excursion Ferry Government Ocean tug Tugboat Work boat Emission Factors, Deterioration Rates, and Useful Life Emission factors, deterioration rates, and useful life for harbor craft are based on CARB s latest methodology, with the exception of greenhouse gas emission factors and the calculation of SO x emission factor, which are discussed below. The EF is a function of the zero hour (ZH) emission rate for the engine model year (in the absence of any malfunction or tampering of engine components that can change emissions), deterioration rate, and cumulative hours. The deterioration rate (DR) takes into account the change in the engine s base emissions (ZH emission rates) as the equipment is used, due to wear of various engine parts or reduced efficiency of emission control devices. The zero hour emission factors for commercial harbor craft, included in Appendix C of this report, were obtained from CARB 29. The cumulative hours reflect the engine s total operating hours. 29 CARB, Commercial Harbor Craft Regulatory Activities. Appendix B: Emissions Estimation Methodology for Commercial Harbor Craft Operating in California. Viewed April Port of Long Beach 82 July 2012

10 The emission factor is calculated as: Where: = + ( ) Equation 3.2 ZH = zero hour emission rate for a given horsepower category and model year when the engine is new and there is no component malfunctioning, g/hp-hr or g/kw-hr DR = deterioration rate (rate of change of emissions as a function of equipment age), g/hp-hr 2 or g/kw-hr 2 Cumulative hours = total number of hours the engine has been in use and calculated as annual operating hours times age of the engine, hours The equation for the deterioration rate is shown in Equation 3.3. Table 3.4 lists the engine deterioration factors for harbor craft diesel engines, and Table 3.5 lists the useful life of harbor craft in years. Equation 3.3 = ( ) / Where: DR = deterioration rate, g/hp-hr 2 or g/kw-hr 2 DF = deterioration factor; percent increase in emissions at the end of the useful life, % ZH = emission rate for a given engine size category and model year when the engine is new and there is no component malfunctioning, g/hp-hr or g/kw-hr Cumulative hours at the end of useful life = annual operating hours times useful life in years, hours Table 3.4: Engine Deterioration Factors for Harbor Craft Diesel Engines Horsepower Range PM NO x CO HC > Port of Long Beach 83 July 2012

11 CARB defines the useful life of harbor craft as the age at which 50% of the engines are retired from the fleet; 100% of the engines are assumed to be retired at the age of twice the useful life. Table 3.5: Useful Life by Vessel Type, years Harbor Auxiliary Main Craft Type Engines Engines Assist tug Crew boat Excursion Ferry Government Ocean tug Tugboat Work boat Harbor Craft Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors Greenhouse gas emissions factors for harbor craft are continuously evolving as more research is conducted and reviewed, so there is some variability in emission factors recommended and used by different groups; emissions factors for CO 2, CH 4, and N 2 O are sourced from the 2004 IVL study, and are listed in Appendix C. 30 The IVL study establishes the CH 4 emission factor as 2% of the hydrocarbon emission factor Harbor Craft SO x Emissions The SO x emissions are a function of sulfur content in the fuel. The SOx emission factors are developed to reflect the use of 15 ppm ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) using a mass balance approach, which assumes that all of the sulfur (S) in the fuel is converted to SO 2 and emitted during the combustion process. While the mass balance approach calculates SO 2 specifically, it is used as a reasonable approximation of SO x. The following example shows the calculation of the SO x emission factor. Equation 3.4 = Where: SO x EF = Emission factor for SO x, g/hp-hr ULSD S content = sulfur content of the ULSD fuel, 15 grams of S/1,000,000 g of fuel BSFC = Brake Specific Fuel Consumption, g/hp-hr 30 IVL, Methodology for Calculating Emissions from Ships: Update on Emission Factors, Prepared by IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute for the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. Port of Long Beach 84 July 2012

12 In the calculation above, the ULSD sulfur content is shown as 15 grams per sulfur per million grams of fuel. Two grams of SO 2 is emitted for each gram of sulfur in the fuel because the atomic weight of sulfur is 32 while the molecular weight of SO 2 is 64, meaning that the mass of SO 2 is two times that of sulfur. According to CARB s methodology for estimating emissions from commercial harbor craft, a break specific fuel consumption rate of 184 gram per break horsepower-hour is assumed Fuel Correction Factors Fuel correction factors are applied to adjust the estimated emissions for changes in fuel properties because the emissions factors for commercial harbor craft were developed assuming engines use diesel fuel with higher sulfur content. Fuel correction factors reflect the use of ULSD by all harbor craft operating at the Port. Fuel correction factors used for NO x, HC, and PM reflect the differences in the properties of CARB certified diesel fuel compared to previously dispensed diesel fuel. The fuel correction factors are summarized in Table 3.6 by equipment model year (MY). The fuel correction factor for SO x reflects the change from diesel fuel with an average sulfur content of 350 parts per million (ppm) to ULSD (15 ppm). There is no available data that reflects the effect of different fuels on N 2 O and CH 4 emissions, so it has been assumed that the fuel correction factor for NO x is also applicable to N 2 O emissions and the fuel correction factor for HC is also applicable to CH 4 emissions, since N 2 O is an oxide of nitrogen and CH 4 is a component of hydrocarbons. Table 3.6: Fuel Correction Factors for ULSD Equipment MY PM NO x SO x CO HC CO 2 N 2 O CH and older to and newer Improvements to Methodology from Previous Years The emission calculation methodology used to estimate emissions from commercial harbor craft operating at the Port in 2011 is similar to the methodology used in the Port s 2010 emissions inventory. For a comparison of 2011 emissions to 2005 emissions, refer to section CARB, Commercial Harbor Craft Regulatory Activities. Appendix B: Emissions Estimation Methodology for Commercial Harbor Craft Operating in California. Port of Long Beach 85 July 2012

13 3.6 Emission Estimates Tables 3.7 and 3.8 summarize the estimated harbor craft vessels emissions by vessel type and engine type. The emissions in Table 3.7 are in tons per year while the GHG emissions in Table 3.8 are in tonnes per year. The harbor craft inventory list can be found in Appendix C. Table 3.7: 2011 Harbor Craft Emissions by Engine Type, tpy Harbor Craft Engine Type PM 10 PM 2.5 DPM NO x SO x CO HC Assist tugboat Auxiliary Propulsion Assist tugboat Total Crew Boat Auxiliary Propulsion Crew boat Total Excursion Auxiliary Propulsion Excursion Total Ferry Auxiliary Propulsion Ferry Total Government Auxiliary Propulsion Government Total Ocean tugboat Total Auxiliary Propulsion Ocean tugboat Total Harbor tugboat Auxiliary Propulsion Harbor tugboat Total Work boat Auxiliary Propulsion Work boat Total Harbor Craft Total Port of Long Beach 86 July 2012

14 Table 3.8: 2011 Harbor Craft GHG Emissions by Engine Type, tonnes Harbor Craft Engine Type CO 2 E CO 2 N 2 O CH 4 Assist tugboat Auxiliary 1,992 1, Propulsion 15,921 15, Assist tugboat Total 17,913 17, Crew Boat Auxiliary Propulsion 3,444 3, Crew boat Total 3,580 3, Excursion Auxiliary Propulsion 2,437 2, Excursion Total 2,621 2, Ferry Auxiliary Propulsion 10,096 9, Ferry Total 10,221 10, Government Auxiliary Propulsion 1,813 1, Government Total 1,871 1, Ocean tugboat Total Auxiliary Propulsion 7,804 7, Ocean tugboat Total 8,122 8, Harbor tugboat Auxiliary Propulsion 1,535 1, Harbor tugboat Total 1,598 1, Work boat Auxiliary Propulsion Work boat Total Harbor Craft Total 46,741 46, Port of Long Beach 87 July 2012

15 Figure 3.3 shows that approximately 29 to 40% of the Port s total harbor craft emissions are attributed to assist tugs, while 16 to 22% of the total harbor craft emissions are attributed to ferries, 17 to 26% to ocean tugs, 8% to crew boats, 6 to 11% to excursion vessels, 3 to 6% to government vessels, 2 to 4% to harbor tugboats, and 3% to work boats. Figure 3.3: 2011 Harbor Craft Emissions by Harbor Craft Type, % Port of Long Beach 88 July 2012

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