A new experimental study of influence of fabric permeability, clothing sizes, openings and wind on regional ventilation rates

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1 Loughborough Unversty Insttutonal Repostory A new expermental study of nfluence of fabrc permeablty, clothng szes, openngs and wnd on regonal ventlaton rates Ths tem was submtted to Loughborough Unversty's Insttutonal Repostory by the/an author. Ctaton: KE, Y.... et al, A new expermental study of nfluence of fabrc permeablty, clothng szes, openngs and wnd on regonal ventlaton rates. Fbers and Polymers, 14 (11), pp Addtonal Informaton: Ths artcle was publshed n the journal Fbers and Polymers [ c Sprnger and the Korean Fber Socety]. The defntve verson s avalable at: Metadata Record: Verson: Accepted for publcaton Publsher: c Sprnger and the Korean Fber Socety Please cte the publshed verson.

Ths tem was submtted to Loughborough s Insttutonal Repostory (https://dspace

2 Ths tem was submtted to Loughborough s Insttutonal Repostory ( by the author and s made avalable under the followng Creatve Commons Lcence condtons. For the full text of ths lcence, please go to:

3 Ke Y, L J, L X, Haventh G Fbers and Polymers 14(11): DOI A New Expermental Study of Influence of Fabrc Permeablty, Clothng szes, Openngs and Wnd on Regonal Ventlaton Rates Yng Ke 1,2,3, George Haventh 4, Jun L 1,2,3*, Xaohu L 1,2,3 1 Fashon Insttute, Donghua Unversty, Shangha , Chna 2 Protectve Clothng Research Center, Donghua Unversty, Shangha , Chna 3 Key Laboratory of Clothng Desgn & Technology, Mnstry of Educaton, Shangha , Chna 4 Envronmental Ergonomcs Research Center, Loughborough Unversty, Loughborough LE113TU, UK Abstract: In ths study, a local ventlaton rates (VR) measurng system based on stead state method was developed. Ths system can measure the local VR of the rght arm, the left arm, the chest and the back locatons of the upper body garment smultaneously. The whole clothng VR can also be computed. To study the nfluence of fabrc permeablty, clothng szes, hem openng, and wnd on local VR of the rght arm, the chest and the back of the workng garments, 9 jackets wth dfferent szes and fabrc permeablty (permeable, sem permeable and mpermeable) were made. The results showed that the local VR for each garment locaton were sgnfcantly dfferent. The chest had the largest local VR. Clothng ventlaton rates were not lner wth garment szes. Closng garment bottom decreased more ar exchange for chest and back comparatvely. Wnd ncreased both local and whole VR sgnfcantly. But the mpacts were dfferent accordng to dfferent locatons.

4 Keywords: Fabrc permeablty, Clothng szes, Openngs, Wnd, Local ventlaton rates, Whole ventlaton rates. and error prone. Some other ventlaton measurng systems have been bult recently based on Introducton the two basc methods[7-11]. * Correspondng author: ljun@dhu.edu.cn Workng people sweat easly on perod. Many studes focused on the regonal body sweat mappng[7, 10, 12-16]. It has been proved that the sweat rates at dfferent locatons were dfferent[7, Clothng mcroclmate ventlaton s an effectve way to lose heat, especally for garments that have specal functons[1].it determnes human thermal comfort both n hot and cold envronments[2-4]. Two technques Crockford s 10, 12-16]. In addton, the local mcroclmate(ar gap thcknesses and mcroclmate volumes) of each garment locaton were also dfferent. Clothng mcroclmate s one of the man method (CR) and Lotens & Haventh s method (LH) based on the tracer gas dluton method factors that affects ventlaton rates[17]. Therefore the local ventlaton rates are also dfferent have been developed to measure whole garment at dfferent garment locatons. Thus t s of hgh ventlaton[1, 5, 6]. Haventh et al. compared the mportance to measure clothng local ventlaton. Two local ventlaton measurng systems have been developed recently. One was bult by two methods on reproducblty, valdty, senstvty and applcablty of them for the determnaton of mcroclmate ventlaton and vapor Satsumoto and Haventh (SH)[11]. And the other resstance and found that both methods worked was bult by Ueda et al. (UI)[10]. SH used well[4]. But the CR method needs to measure steady state method to evaluate four parts local the mcroclmate volume, whch s complcated ventlaton. But the method needed to control the nlet and outlet flow rate precsely the same. In

5 addton, SH system can only measure one part ventlaton once, whch wasted trace gas and Expermental extends testng tme. UI used unsteady state method to evaluate chest, back and upper arm Fabrcs and garments To study the effect of fabrc permeablty and ventlaton separately. And the clothng mcroclmate was approxmated usng a cylnder clothng szes on ventlaton rates, three 100% method[18]. cotton fabrcs dentcal n thckness but dfferent In ths study, a local ventlaton measurng n permeablty, named as mpermeable (IM), system based on LH method was developed. sem permeable (SM) and permeable (PM) Ths system can measure the local ventlaton were chosen. Tab.1 shows the basc propertes of rates of four garment locatons at the same tme. the fabrcs. For mpermeable fabrc, ths s Usng ths system, we studed the nfluence of the fabrc permeablty, clothng szes, openngs, and wnd on the local ventlaton rates (VR). In sem permeable fabrc lamnated wth an mpermeable thn coatng. 9 workng jackets, dentcal n desgn but dfferent n sze: S1, S2 and addton, ths system can also measure clothng S3, were made wth these fabrcs separately. whole ventlaton ndrectly. Whole ventlaton Detals of the 9 expermental jackets are shown of the nne workng jackets were also computed n Tab.2 and Fg.1. and compared. Tab. 1 Basc parameters of the fabrc samples Sam- Struc- Warp Weft Thck- Bendng rgdty Thermal Vapor Ar per- Weght ples ture den- den- Warp Weft ness Re- re- meablty

sty sty sstance sstance /nch /nch mm g/m 2 gf cm 2 /cm m 2 / W Pa m 2 / W mm/s IM Twll 101 56 0.48 248.90 0.0983 0.1433 0.0071 -- 0.00 SM Twll 101 56 0.48 233.14 0.0453 0.0667 0.0096 3.15 59.

2 Basc measurements of the expermental garments Garment sze Bust Wast Hp Neck lne Cuff around Bottom around Jacket length Sleeve length cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm S1 120 110 116 38 14 98 65 58 S2 124

6 sty sty sstance sstance /nch /nch mm g/m 2 gf cm 2 /cm m 2 / W Pa m 2 / W mm/s IM Twll SM Twll PM Twll Tab. 2 Basc measurements of the expermental garments Garment sze Bust Wast Hp Neck lne Cuff around Bottom around Jacket length Sleeve length cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm S S S Local ventlaton measurng system We dvded the upper body garment nto 4 parts: the chest, the back, the rght arm and the (a) (b) Fg. 1 Photograph of the expermental jacket and the shop mankn. (a) Front vew; (b) Back vew left arm. The upper body and the expermental garments have approxmately vertcal symmetry. Therefore, we hypothess that the ventlaton

rates of the rght arm equals the left arm s. Fg. 2 Schematc dagram of the local ventlaton A steady state tracer gas method was used for system for one locaton measurng mcroclmate ventlaton rates. Fg.2 N 2 was chosen as the tracer gas.

3 presents the photograph was controlled bellow 0.2l/mn, compared wth of the whole measurng system. N2 Analyzer Pump the man flow rate, about 2.2l/mn. The N 2 concentraton measurng system was a N 2 analyzer Controller (KN 99, Chna).

7 rates of the rght arm equals the left arm s. Fg. 2 Schematc dagram of the local ventlaton A steady state tracer gas method was used for system for one locaton measurng mcroclmate ventlaton rates. Fg.2 N 2 was chosen as the tracer gas. It was shows the schematc dagram of the ventlaton system for one part. Each system s separate pre mxed wth the mcroclmate ar before gong nto the garment. The flow rate of pure N 2 from others. And Fg. 3 presents the photograph was controlled bellow 0.2l/mn, compared wth of the whole measurng system. N2 Analyzer Pump the man flow rate, about 2.2l/mn. The N 2 concentraton measurng system was a N 2 analyzer Controller (KN 99, Chna). A 3 way valve was used to Pump r e t e m w o l F Controller change between the nlet and outlet N 2 concen- e t l F N2 r e t e m w o l F tratons analyzed by the N 2 analyzer. (a) (b)

8 Fg. 3 Photograph of the local ventlaton rates measurng system. (a) Front vew; (b) Back vew. upper garment, Computaton of the whole and local ventlaton C s the average Argon con- n centraton of the nflow (%), For each locaton, mcroclmate ventlaton C s the aver- out age Argon concentraton under mcroclmate (%), rate ( Vent )s[4, 19]: C s the average Argon concentraton of the ar C Vent = FR C - C n, out, - C out, ar, (1) Where stands for dfferent garment locatons, from 1 to 4, FR s the flow rate of local crculatng system (L/mn), C s N 2 concentraton of n the nlet flow (%), C s N 2 concentraton of out the outlet flow (%), C s the N ar, 2 concentraton of the atmosphere around the th body (%). clothed In addton, the system can also measure whole ventlaton ndrectly. That s: 4 Cn Cout Vent = C C = out ar ( Crculatng flow) 1 (2) ar around the clothed upper body (%). The effect of bottom open condtons To study the effect of close or open condtons of the garment bottom on clothng local ventlaton, we measured ventlaton rates at two bottom condtons: bottom open, bottom closed. As the tracer gas samplng and dstrbuton tubes passed the garment bottom, t was dffcult to close the bottom completely. Wnd effect To study the effect of head on wnd on clothng local ventlaton, a fan system was set about C C n out = = 4 ( Cn Crculatng flow) = ( Crculatng flow) = 1 ( Cout Crculatng flow) = 1 4 ( Crculatng flow) = 1 (4) (3) 1.5m ahead of the clothed shop mankn. Three wnd speeds were used, no wnd (ar speed < 0.1m/s), 0.6m/s and 0.9m/s. Expermental desgn Vent s the average ventlaton of the whole The experment was carred out n an ar con-

9 dtoned chamber at 20±2, 40±10% relatve Results and Dscusson humdty and ar flow < 0.1m/s. A standng up shop mankn was used to do testng for reducng Local VR of the rght arm, the chest and the the mpacts of human body shape. back After the crculaton pumps were swtched on, Fg. 4 shows the local VR of the rght arm, the the pure N 2 was pushed nto the man flow wth the flow rate controlled bellow 0.2l/mn. Then chest and the back for dfferent garments at dfferent wnd speeds, clothng szes and bottom the N 2 concentratons of the nlet and outlet flow condtons. The Group label means wnd of the three parts were montored by swtchng speed garment bottom condton. For example, on 3 way valves untl reachng a steady state. the 0.6 OPEN means the measurements were The crculatng flow rates of the three separate performed at 0.6 m/s wnd and garment bottom systems were controlled to almost the same, 2.2 open condtons. The X coordnates stands for l/mn. An O 2 analyzer (PGM 1600, USA) was used to montor the O 2 concentraton n the garment sze garment permeablty. For example, S1 PM means the permeable garment of chamber. Ths can tell us the N 2 concentraton sze S1. outsde the clothed mankn. Local VR of the rght arm 6 condtons (two bottom condtons, 3 wnd For S1 permeable garment, the VR ranges condtons) were tested for each of the nne from 7.74 to l/mn; For S1 jackets. At least four tmes were tested for each sem permeable garment, the VR ranges from specmen. The door of the chamber was opened every two hours to remove the addtonal N to l/mn; For S1 mpermeable garment, the VR ranges from 1.84 to 2.64 l/mn. For S2 permeable garment, the VR ranges from 8.78

10 to l/mn; For S2 sem permeable garment, to l/mn; For S1 mpermeable garment, the VR ranges from to l/mn. the VR ranges from to l/mn; For S2 For S2 permeable garment, the VR ranges from mpermeable garment, the VR ranges from to l/mn; For S2 sem permeable to 4.84 l/mn; For S3 permeable garment, the VR garment, the VR ranges from to ranges from to l/mn; For S3 l/mn; For S2 mpermeable garment, the VR sem permeable garment, the VR ranges from 9.89 to l/mn; For mpermeable garment, ranges from 9.72 to l/mn; For S3 permeable garment, the VR ranges from to39.52 the VR ranges from 1.96 to 5.32 l/mn. l/mn; For S3 sem permeable garment, the VR ranges from38.25 to l/mn; For mpermeable garment, the VR ranges from 9.69 to It was obvous that the VR of the S3 permeable garment was largest, and that of the S1 mpermeable garment was smallest. The permeable l/mn. garments had the largest VR, followed by the sem permeable garments. Wnd also ncreased chest ventlaton obvously. Chest ventlaton rates of mpermeable garments were smallest. Wnd ncreased ventlaton at all the condtons. The VR when closng garment bottom Local VR of the back were dfferent from those of when bottom open For S1 permeable garment, the VR ranges condtons. from11.77 to l/mn; For S1 Local VR of the chest sem permeable garment, the VR ranges from For S1 permeable garment, the VR ranges from to l/mn; For S to l/mn; For S1 mpermeable garment, the VR ranges from 7.05 to l/mn. sem permeable garment, the VR ranges from For S2 permeable garment, the VR ranges from to l/mn; For S2 sem permeable

11 garment, the VR ranges from to Wnd affected back ventlaton obvously. But l/mn; For S2 mpermeable garment, the VR the stuaton was very complex. For the same ranges from 7.28 to l/mn; For S3 permeable garment, the VR ranges from to garment sze, back VR of sem permeable garments were largest. l/mn; For S3 sem permeable garment, the VR For bottom closng condtons, wnd ncreased ventlaton except the S3 mpermeable garment. ranges from16.96 to l/mn; For mpermeable garment, the VR ranges from 6.32 to m/s wnd decreased ventlaton rates for l/mn. garment S1 PM, S2 SM, and S3 PM when For back, the ventlaton rates of S2 garments garment bottom was open. were largest, compared wth sze S1 and S3. Rght arm VI(l/mn) VI(0-OPEN) VI(0.6-OPEN) VI(0.9-OPEN) VI(0-CLOSE) VI(0.6 -CLOSE) VI(0.9 -CLOSE) Chest VI(l/mn) Back VI(l/mn) S1-PM S1-SM S1-IM S2-PM S2-SM S2-IM S3-PM S3-SM S3-IM Garment Fg.4 Clothng local ventlaton rates of the rght arm, the chest and the back at dfferent condtons.

12 The effects of ar permeablty on clothng Therefore, the effects of ar permeablty on local ventlaton local ventlaton of dfferent locatons were dfferent. Although the permeable garments have As shown n Fg. 4, ar permeablty of garment affected ventlaton obvously. The mpermeable garments had the smallest VR. more ar exchange through fabrc, the local ventlaton of chest and back were affected more by clothng mcroclmate condtons. For rght arm, the VR of S1 permeable garment were larger than VR of sem permeable garment except at 0.6 CLOSE condtons. For The effects of clothng szes on local ventlaton sze S2, the VR of the sem permeable garment Dfferent garment szes had dfferent local VR, were larger than permeable garment. And for as shown n Fg.4.Overall, the smaller of the sze S3, the VR of permeable garment was larger garment sze, the larger of the ventlaton rates. than sem permeable garment. Ths results were smlar to that of Haventh et al s [20]. After analyzng the effects of clothng szes on local VR at each condton one by one, we found that: the local VR dfferences between For chest, the VR of sem permeable garments were larger than permeable garments except for some stuatons of garment S1. The reason may be that the sem permeable fabrc was garment S2 or S3 and garment S1 were much stffer than the permeable fabrc. Ths caused the hgher than the local VR dfferences between bgger mcroclmate volume of sem permeable garmentss3 and S2. Ths was reasonable, as the garment compared wth permeable garment[19]. larger the garment, the better of the garment For back, the VR of sem permeable garments drapablty. And the mcroclmate dfference were all larger than the permeable garments. between garment S2 or S3 and garment S1 was

13 much hgher than that of the dfferences between can stll conclude that the ar exchanges of chest garments S2 and S3. and back through garment bottom were larger The effects of bottom open or close condtons on local ventlaton than that of the rght arm. And the man ar exchange way of clothng rght arm was not It can be found that the greater the head on through garment bottom. wnd speed, the bgger decrease of VR when closng garment bottom (Fg.4). Because the The effects of wnd on clothng local ventlaton total VR decreased % when closng garment bottom for no wnd condtons, % for It has been proved that wnd ncreased ventlaton[19,20]. The effects of wnd on clothng 0.6 m/s wnd condtons and % for 0.9 m/s local ventlaton were also proved n ths study, wnd condtons. as shown n Fg. 5. The effects of wnd on each The effects of bottom open or close condtons locaton were dfferent. 0.6 m/s wnd ncreased on local VR were dfferent accordng to dfferent rght arm ventlaton on average by 85%, chest locatons and fabrc permeablty. For rght arm, VR by 49%, back VR by 24%. 0.9 m/s wnd the VR ncreased when closng bottom compared ncreased rght arm VR by 136%, chest VR by wth the VR of bottom open condtons except 81% and back VR by 33%. for mpermeable garment at wnd condtons. For chest and back, the VR decreased when closng For rght arm, wnd ncreased more ar exchange when bottom closng for permeable and bottom compared wth when bottom open for all sem permeable garments. The reason may be garments and condtons. that the mcroclmate condtons of the garment Although the garment bottom closng method were changed when the bottom was closed. n ths study changed clothng mcroclmate, we Therefore, for arm VR of permeable or

14 VR ncreased obvously for bottom open condtons. But the back VR decreased when garment sem permeable garment, most of the ar exchange s not through garment bottom. For mpermeable garment, rght arm VR ncreased bottom was closed. Therefore, for mpermeable when havng head on wnd for both bottom garment, the man ar exchange way for back close and open condtons. VR decreased on was through garment bottom. average by about 10 % when closng bottom. For Overall, the effects of wnd on clothng local VR were very much complcated. Wnd not only chest, wnd ncreased much more VR for mpermeable garment compared wth permeable ncreased the ar exchange through fabrc, but and sem permeable garment. The head on wnd also changed the mcroclmate condtons of changed the chest mcroclmate and forced the ar n chest gong nto other body parts. For back, wnd ncreased VR obvously for sem clothng. But we can stll conclude that for mpermeable garment, wnd ncreased the ar exchange through garment bottom for chest and permeable garments. For mpermeable garment, back. Locaton and garment Back (Total) Back (IM) Back (SM) Back (PM) -- Chest (Total) Chest (IM) Chest (SM) Chest (PM) -- Rght arm (Total) Rght arm (IM) Rght arm (SM) Rght arm (PM) -- VI (0.9-CLOSE) VI (0.6-CLOSE) VI (0-CLOSE) VI (0.9-OPEN) VI (0.6-OPEN) VI (0-OPEN) Local ventlaton (l/mn) Fg.5 Sum of the local ventlaton rates of garments wth dentcal sze

15 The comparsons between dfferent garment whole VR happened at no wnd &bottom open parts condtons) to l/mn (Ths largest whole The VR of rght arm, chest and back were sgnfcantly dfferent from each other. Whle the VR happened at 0.9 m/s & bottom closed condtons). The whole VR of S1 SM ranges from condtons between bottom open and closed (no wnd &bottom closed) to (0.6 were dfferent. For bottom open condtons, the m/s wnd & bottom closed) l/mn. The whole VR chest had the largest VR, followed by back. of S1 IM ranges from (no wnd &bottom Whle for bottom closed condtons, the chest closed) to (0.9 m/s &bottom open). The stll had the largest VR, but followed by the rght whole VR of S2 PM ranges from (no arm. Therefore, t can be conclude that for the wnd &bottom closed) to m/s (0.9 m/s expermental garment n ths study, the back ar &bottom open). The whole VR of S2 SM ranges exchange through garment bottom was larger from (no wnd &bottom open) to m/s (0.9 m/s &bottom open). The whole VR of than the rght arm and chest. The chest ventlaton contrbuted most to the whole ventlaton. S2 IM ranges from (no wnd &bottom open) to l/mn(0.9 m/s & bottom open). Whole VR of the expermental jackets at dfferent wnd condtons The whole VR of S3 PM ranges from 27.25(no wnd &bottom closed) to l/mn (0.9 m/s &bottom open). The whole VR of S3 SM ranges Fg.6 shows the whole ventlaton of the expermental garments at dfferent condtons. Only the whole VR when the garment bottom was from (no wnd &bottom closed) to open were computed and compared. The whole l/mn (0.9 m/s &bottom open). The whole VR of VR of S1 PM ranges from (Ths smallest the S3 IM ranges from (no wnd) to 31.23

16 l/mn (0.9 m/s &bottom open). The mpermeable garments always had the smallest whole VR. S1 sze garments had the garments. Wnd ncreased whole VR sgnfcantly both at bottom open and closed condtons. smallest whole VR. The dfference between sze For whole clothng VR, the effects of fabrc S1 and S2 or S3 was much hgher than that of permeablty, clothng szes and wnd were also between sze S2 and S3. It was nterestng that obvously. But the stuatons were dfferent from the sem permeable garments had the largest those of local VR. Thus the results demonstrated whole VR. Ths may be caused by the propertes that t was necessary to both study the whole VR of the fabrcs, whch mpacted the shape of the and local VR. 260 Whole ventlaton (l/mn) VI (0-O PE N ) VI (0.6-OPEN) VI (0.9-OPEN) VI (0-CL OSE ) VI (0.6-CL OSE VI (0.9-CL OSE 20 0 S1-PM S1-SM S1-IM S2-PM S2-SM Garment S2-IM S3-PM S3-SM S3-IM Fg.6 Whole ventlaton of dfferent garments at dfferent condtons Concluson In ths paper, a clothng local ventlaton system was set based on the steady state method[6,

17 20]. Ths system can measure the rght arm, the but also to garment drapablty property. left arm, the chest and the back ventlaton rates Local VR were also affected by the garment at the same tme. The system can also measure bottom open or close condtons. The nfluence the whole garment ventlaton rates ndrectly. To of bottom close on local VR was more obvous for chest and back comparatvely. It can demonstrate that there s more ar exchange through study the nfluence of the clothng szes, openngs, fabrc permeablty and wnd on local ventlaton rates, 9 jackets wth dfferent szes and garment bottom for chest and back. permeablty were made. Both local VR and whole VR were computed and analyzed. Wnd ncreased local VR of all the three locatons obvously. Wnd ncreased the rght arm The results showed that the local ventlaton ventlaton most. Ths may be related to the expermental garment structure. Because the sleeve rates for dfferent garment locatons were dfferent. The mpermeable garments had the had a vent on t, the wnd ncreased more ar smallest local and whole VR. It was nterestng exchange between the sleeve and outsde ar through the vent. that the sem permeable garments had the largest ventlaton rates. The man reason was the permeablty dfferences between garments were Ths study ndcates that the fabrc permeablty, clothng szes, bottom openng condtons and wnd affect both clothng whole and local not bg enough. And the fabrc propertes mpacted ventlaton rates more comparatvely. VR obvously. And these factors nteract wth Clothng szes also mpacted local and whole each other. Ths study also ndcates that when VR sgnfcantly. But the ventlaton rates were evaluatng work wear, t s necessary to measure not lner wth the clothng szes. As the clothng both clothng whole and local ventlaton. And t mcroclmate was not related to garment sze, s also necessary to measure clothng ventlaton

18 at dfferent condtons. 1. R.R. Brnbaum, G.W. Crockford, Appl. Ergon, 9, 194 (1978). 2. G. Haventh, Ann. Occup. Hyg., 43, 289 (1999). 3. G. Haventh, Exoge. Derma., 1, 221 (2002). 4. G. Haventh, P. Zhang, K. Hatcher, H. Daanen, Ergon., 53, 548 (2010). 5. G. W. Crockford, M. Crowder M, S.P. Prestdg, Brt. J. Ind. Med., 29, 378 (1972). 6. W. A. Lotens, G. Haventh, Envr. Ergon., 34, Acknowledgement 162 (1988) 7. G. Haventh, U. Hroyuk, S. Hayet, I. Yoshmtsu, Proc. 2nd Euro. Conf. Prot. Cloth., We thank the staff of Envronmental Ergonomcs Research Center of Loughborough Unversty for ther help to ths study. We gve Swtzerland, 21 (2003). 8. H. Ueda, G. Haventh, Envr. Ergon, 343 thanks to the part fnancal support of the Natonal Natural Scence Foundaton ( ), (2005). 9. H. Ueda, Y. Inoue, G. Haventh, 11th Inter. Innovaton Program of Shangha Muncpal Educaton Commsson (12ZZ068, Shangha Conf. Envr. Ergon., Sweden, 411 (2005). Pujang Program), and Natonal Socal Scence 10. H. Ueda, Y. Inoue, M. Matsudara, T. Arak, Foundaton (12DG36). G. Haventh, Inter. J. Cloth. Sc. and Tech., 18, References 225 (2006). 11. Y. Satsumoto, G. Haventh, Tex. Res. J., 80, 1859 (2010). 12. J. Cotter, M. Patterson, n. Taylor, Eur. J. App. Physol. Occup. Physol., 71, 549 (1995). 13. G. Haventh G, A. Fogarty, R. Bartlett, C. Smth, V. Ventenat, Euro. J. Appl. Physol., 104, 245 (2008). 14. C. Smth, G. Haventh, Euro. J. Appl. Physol., 111, 1391 (2011).

19 18. W. A. Lotens, G. Haventh, Ergon., 34, C. Smth, G. Haventh, Med. Sc. Sports Exercse, 44, 2350 (2012). (1991). 16. N. Taylor, F. Caldwell, I. Mekjavc, Ava. 19. G. Haventh, R. Heus, W. A. Lotens, Ergon., Space Envr. Med., 77, 1020 (2006). 33, 67 (1990). 17. S.H. Lumley, D.L. Story, N.T. Thomas, Appl. 20. G.Haventh, R. Heus, W. A. Lotens, Ergon. Ergon., 22, 390 (1991). 33, 989 (1990).

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