Nonroad Pilot Program in EPA Region 7 (E-70) MECA October 3, 2007

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Roy Atkins
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1 Nonroad Pilot Program in EPA Region 7 (E-7) MECA October 3, 27 Carl Fulper, James Warila, & Connie Hart USEPA National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory, Ann Arbor, Michigan Objectives 2 Methods and technology development Integrate portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) measure gaseous emissions, aggregate PM and continuous PM ruggedize instrumentation for offroad environment Test portable activity measurement systems (PAMS) Cover long time periods Resolve fine time scales Sample design and recruitment Apply rigorous sample design Emissions Inventory Development Populations, Activity, Emissions 1

2 Scope Study Area: EPA Region 7 (NE, IA, MO, KS) Field work in five pre-selected counties Population: Equipment used by Construction establishments Core Sample Target emissions measurement (25 pieces) activity measurement (25 pieces) 3 Project Underway 4 Contractors Prime contractor: Eastern Research Group Sub-contractors Desert Research Institute ETI Professionals NuStats Partners Sensors, Inc. Sierra Research, Inc. Southern Research Institute West Virginia University 2

3 Methods & Equipment Constituent Continuous CO 2, CO, Method PEMS (SEMTECH-DS) Measurement Period Appr. 8 hours HC, NO, NO 2 Aggregate PM Continuous PM Fuel Properties Gravimetric filter (47mm teflon) Carousel Quartz-Crystal Microbalance (CQCM) Sampling and Analysis Appr. 8 hours Appr. 8 hours Metals in Oil Sampling and Analysis Operating Parameters Engine speed (CAN if available) Appr. 8 hours 5 Usage/Activity On/Off + date/time Engine speed Appr. one month Progress to Date: first county Summarize recruitment process Statistics Equipment selection Stratification (and weighting) Example of inventory Instrumentation PAMS (instruments used) PEMS (final system) Review data Example: activity measurement Example: emissions measurement Next Steps Lessons learned 3

4 Recruitment Procedure Ownership Interview 1) Screening - Verify identity of firm - Verify business activity 2) Eligibility - Verify employer status - Verify Equipment Use - verify role as prime contractor $ incentive to half of respondents Equipment Inventory List available equipment on site - Type - Manufacturer - MY - usage patterns Equipment Selection Stratify by -Size - lifetime usage Instrumentation - PEMS: measure emissions over 8 hours AND/OR - PAMS: measure activity over one month - Collect fuel and oil samples 7 Recruitment Screening and Eligibility Out of 2,319 establishments contacted, 844 were successfully screened 1) identity confirmed 2) establishment in construction 3) establishment uses diesel equipment 4) has one or more employees 5) operates as prime contractor Screening rate = 36% Eligibility rate = 8.6% 74 establishments were eligible 4

5 Recruitment Participation among Eligible Establishments Out of 74 establishments contacted, Recruitment rate = 28.5% 21 agreed to instrumentation Response Rate = Screening rate x Recruitment rate = 36% x 28.5% = 1.2 % Equipment Selection In selecting equipment, we want to: (1) sample randomly, AND (2) favor large equipment that is used a lot Compromise solution: stratified sampling by size and usage Size: small = rated at 1 hp large = rated at >1 hp unknown Usage: low = 5 or fewer hr/yr (lifetime average) high = more than 5 hr/yr unknown Resulting combinations: LgHi, LgLo, SmHi, SmLo, and unknown In sampling, we assign relative weights to pieces by combination Size Large Small Unknown Usage High Low Unknown

6 Site Inventory: an example Site # Equipment Type Manufacturer Model MY HP lifetime Sampling usage Class 1 Crawler Tractor Komatsu Avance D65 EX UNK N 1 Crawler Tractor Caterpillar 963B LgLo 1 Crawler Tractor Caterpillar D8R ,34 LgHi 1 Crawler Tractor Caterpillar D6NXL ,62 LgHi 1 Crawler Tractor Komatsu D65EX UNK N 1 Excavator Komatsu PC3LC-7L UNK N 1 Grader Komatsu GD655-3C UNK N 1 Scraper Caterpillar 627G UNK N 1 Scraper Caterpillar 627G UNK N 1 Skid-steer loader Case 6XT UNK N 2 Compactor BOMAG BW145DM-3 UNK 75 UNK N 2 Crane/Lift Omniquip Skytrack 6365 UNK 11 UNK N 2 Crawler Loader Caterpillar 963C ,49 LgHi 2 Crawler Loader Takeuchi TL LgHi 2 Crawler Loader Takeuchi TL LgHi 2 Excavator Komatsu PC2LC-6LE UNK N 2 Excavator Komatsu PC138-USLC-2E LgHi 2 Excavator Komatsu PC4MR-2 UNK 39 UNK N 2 Generator AMIDA AL46D4MH UNK UNK UNK N 2 Hydraulic Pump AIRMAN SCREW PBS1855 UNK UNK UNK N 2 Skid-steer loader Case 184SC LgLo Instrumentation: PAMS Evaluations Have tested two different instruments: Corsa Isaac Have tested two engine-speed measurement devices: Magnetic Optical (Control Area Network also available on newer engines) 6

7 Isaac Instrument Corsa Instrument Example: Activity Measurement Type: Skid-Steer Loader Mfr: Bobcat Model: T3 MY: 23 Rating: 81 hp Hour-meter: 3,5 hrs Life-time activity: 875 hr/yr Sampling Class: SmHi 7

8 Skid-steer loader: Operation by Day of Week Measurement Period: Monday June 11, 27 Monday, July 2, 27 Total operation: 16.6 hours Skid-steer loader: Operation by Hour of Day 8

9 Duration of Engine-On Periods Instrument captured 23 operating periods over three weeks Engine-speed Measurement Correlating Optical and Magnetic instruments 9

10 Thursday, June 14, 27 1: 11: am Non Activity Period Thursday, June 14, 27 3: 4: pm 1

11 Instrumentation: PEMS System in use SEMTECH DS Micro-proportional Sampling (MPS) 47-mm PM Filters Three filters per day Heated to 47 ± 5 C (per CFR 165) Access to Control Area Network Engine speed measurement Optical and Magnetic techniques Exhaust Flow Device Measurement Equipment in Mounting Box MPS Unit Master Flow Controller Semtech-DS Filter PM Unit CQCM Location 11

MPS Unit Measurement Equipment in Mounting Box

CVS system using Steady State and Transient Test

12 MPS Unit Measurement Equipment in Mounting Box Backup Battery Filter PM Unit Weather Probe Semtech-DS PM Filter System Three 47 mm Filters Heated System ~ 47 degree C Tested in lab against CVS system using Steady State and Transient Test (triplicates) Statistically no differences between lab and portable systems 12

13 Measurement System on Backhoe Example: Emissions Measurement Type: Crawler Loader Mfr: Caterpillar Model: 953C Engine: 3126 MY: 24 Rating: 12 hp (appr.) Hour-meter: 3,76 hrs Life-time activity: 1,25 hr/yr Sampling Class: LgHi 13

14 Time Series: Engine Parameters Exhaust Flow Temperature 6 ( C) Exhaust Mass Flow (SCFM) Engine Speed (RPM 5.1) , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, Elapsed Time (Sec) 7, 8, 9, 1, Time Series, Gaseous Emissions [O 2 ], (%) [CO 2 ], (%) 25 [CO], (% 1) 2 15 % 1 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, Elapsed Time, Seconds 8, 9, 1, 14

15 Time Series, Gaseous Emissions [NO 2 ], (ppm) 7 [THC], (wet ppm) [NO], (ppm) , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, Elapsed Time (Sec) 7, 8, 9, 1, Filter Switching 1 # min. #2 33 Min. #3 6 min. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, Elapsed Time, Seconds 8, 9, 1, 15

16 RPM 15 1 Filter 1 Time: 18.6 minutes Idle Time: 12.6 % Hp (estimated): 12 5 Total PM:.69 mg Estimated PM/Work:.193 g/bhp-hr Time (seconds) RPM 15 Filter 2 Time: 19.7 minutes 1 Idle Time: 14.8 % Hp (estimated): 12 5 Total PM: 1.25 mg Estimated PM/Work:.1164 g/bhp-hr Time (seconds) RPM 15 1 Filter 3 Time: 6 minutes Idle Time: 12.9 % 5 Hp (estimated): 12 Total PM: 2.261mg Estimated PM/Work:.1115 g/bhp-hr Time (seconds) 16

17 Exhaust Flow Sampling Proportionality y = x R 2 = MPS Sample flow, sccm RPM Exhaust Flowrate, kg/h Data Review and QA Separate Idle vs Work periods Expand time-series plots and standardize data review procedures Histograms? Averages? Others? Evaluate filter collection? Adjust measurement period to loading rates 17

18 Next Steps: Emissions Measurement Major bugs worked out in first county Incorporate software upgrade Improve calibration of proportional sample (primarily at low flow) Incorporate better mounting scheme Prevent forward/backward slide Dampen shock/vibration Attempt practice run on each installation Define expected range of exhaust flow Install evening before when possible Next Steps: Activity Measurement Purchase additional Isaacs Preferred instrument overall Emphasize optical technique for engine speed Magnetic technique as backup Evaluate additional instruments 18

Nonroad Pilot Program in EPA Region 7 CRC (E-70) Update for CRC Real-World Committee January 23, 2008

Nonroad Pilot Program in EPA Region 7 CRC (E-70) Update for CRC Real-World Committee January 23, 2008 Carl Fulper, James Warila, & Connie Hart USEPA National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory, Ann