PEMS: A Look at EPA's "Real World" Test Programs: Pilot Nonroad Equipment & HDDV "Drayage"

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1 PEMS: A Look at EPA's "Real World" Test Programs: Pilot Nonroad Equipment & HDDV "Drayage" Carl Fulper United States Environmental Protection Agency, OTAQ 1 PEMS Conference UC-CERT March 24, 2011

2 Research Areas 2 ASD s KC LDV/LDT PM testing program (Completed) Over 450 vehicles correlatedl w/ chassis dyno and real-world testing of vehicles using Semtech-G ASD s Pilot Nonroad test program (Completed) Tested nornoad construction equipment in EPA Region 7 using both PEMS (33) and PAMS (33) (CRADA w/ CRC) ASD s HDDV Drayage test program (Completed) Tested HDDVs that move containers to and from Houton s ports using PEMS (43) and PAMS (23) (CRADA w/ HGAC) ASD s LDV/LDT Evaporative test program (Ongoing) Test program in Denver, CO to look at separating evaporative from exhaust emissions (CRADA w/ CO HPDE) ASD s Pilot Tier 2 LDV/LDT test program(ongoing) Test program to look at sampling methods and driving routes to help with developing deterioration rates for Tier 2 vehicles (funding provided by CRC and DOE (NREL)

3 PEMS Program Objectives: Improved Methods and Techniques How to use equipment in field, safety, SOPs, etc Sample design and recruitment Sampling population: RSD, random sampling, $, etc. Improved regulations for PEMS usage Multiple rulemakings to improve & achieve consistent results reduce lab-to-lab variability (e.g. PM filter measurements) 40 CFR linking lab to real-world operations Harmonizing regulations with other countries Improved Equipment Develop or take advantage of advancements to measure emissions & activity 3

4 4 Test Programs

5 Nonroad Pilot Program Field-test the integration and application of portable instruments SEMTECH DS Micro-proportional sampler Gravimetric filters To measure exhaust emissions gaseous: continuous CO 2, CO, HC, NO x, particulate (aggregate) from heavy diesel equipment Used in construction (33 pieces) During normal operation within context of rigorous sample design four-stage County / establishment / site / piece Within EPA Region 7 (IA, KS, MO)

6 Measurement Equipment in Mounting Box Exhaust Flow Device MPS Unit Master Flow Controller Filter PM Unit 6 Semtech-DS CQCM Location

Portable PM Filter System Three Heated 47 mm PM filter Holders Heated Cyclone Portable PM Filter System tested in lab against two engine cell s particulate system units and CVS

7 Portable PM Filter System Three Heated 47 mm PM filter Holders Heated Cyclone Portable PM Filter System tested in lab against two engine cell s particulate system units and CVS system Both Steady-state and transient (nonroad) tests conducted. Results: No statistical difference between portable PM filter system and the two engine cell particulate system units. 7

8 Site Inventory: an example Site # Equipment Type Manufacturer Model MY HP lifetime usage Sampling Class 1 Crawler Tractor Komatsu Avance D65 EX UNK N 1 Crawler Tractor Caterpillar 963B LgLo 1 Crawler Tractor Caterpillar D8R ,034 LgHi 1 Crawler Tractor Caterpillar D6NXL ,062 LgHi 1 Crawler Tractor Komatsu D65EX UNK N 1 Excavator Komatsu PC300LC-7L UNK N 1 Grader Komatsu GD655-3C UNK N 1 Scraper Caterpillar 627G UNK N 1 Scraper Caterpillar 627G UNK N 1 Skid-steer loader Case 60XT UNK N 2 Compactor BOMAG BW145DM-3 UNK 75 UNK N 2 Crane/Lift Omniquip Skytrack UNK 110 UNK N 2 Crawler Loader Caterpillar 963C ,409 LgHi 2 Crawler Loader Takeuchi TL LgHi 2 Crawler Loader Takeuchi TL LgHi 2 Excavator Komatsu PC200LC-6LE UNK N 2 Excavator Komatsu PC138-USLC-2E LgHi 2 Excavator Komatsu PC40MR-2 UNK 39 UNK N 2 Generator AMIDA AL4060D4MH UNK UNK UNK N 2 Hydraulic Pump AIRMAN SCREW PBS1855 UNK UNK UNK N 2 Skid-steer loader Case 184SC LgLo

9 Gallery

10 Experience Construction operation is harsh environment; But we have successfully collected data Date Type Mfr Model CO 2 CO THC NO NO 2 NO x (kg/gal) (g/gal) (g/gal) (g/gal) (g/gal) (g/gal) 9/18/2007 Crawler Dozer Cat D4CXL /11/2007 Well Driller Cummins 4B /15/2007 Forklift Truck Cat TH /24/2007 Backhoe Case 570 LXT /27/2007 Crawler Dozer Deere 550H

11 Example: Emissions Measurement Type: Crawler Loader Mfr: Caterpillar Model: 953C Engine: 3126 MY: 2004 Rating: 120 hp (appr.) Hour-meter: 3,760 hrs Life-time activity: 1,250 hr/yr Sampling Class: LgHi

12 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 Time Series: Engine Parameters Exhaust Flow Temperature 600 ( C) Exhaust Mass Flow (SCFM) Engine Speed (RPM ) Elapsed Time (Sec)

13 MPS Sample Flow, sccm Proportional exhaust sampling: Example: (Dozer, Deere 550H) 2,000 1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200 1, y = x R 2 = Exhaust Flow (kg/hr)

14 g/kw-hr Brake-specific NO x Emissions: Excavators T2 NMHC+NOx 6.6 g/kw-hr same engine: 4.32 almost no idle over 50% idle T3 NMHC+NOx 4.0 g/kw-hr 4.36 about 50% idle Non Road PEMS Study 2003, 190 kw (255 hp) 2003, 190 kw (255 hp) 2006, 260 kw (350 hp) 30

15 Example: Portable Activity Measurement System (PAMS) Type: Skid-Steer Loader Mfr: Bobcat Model: T300 MY: 2003 Rating: 81 hp Hour-meter: 3,500 hrs Life-time activity: 875 hr/yr Sampling Class: SmHi

16 Skid-steer loader: Operation by Day of Week Measurement Period: Monday June 11, 2007 Monday, July 2, 2007 Total operation: 16.6 hours

17 Skid-steer loader: Operation by Hour of Day

18 Houston Port Study - Objectives 18 Characterize activity and emissions of HD drayage trucks in Houston Improve Houston inventory/transportation modeling Currently Drayage vehicles are part of MOVES as part of source types: short/long haul single/combo trucks Texas wanted to study the activity around the Ports to characterize the activity/emissions in and around the Ports EPA wants to use data to understand the real world activity/emissions from such trucks for future updates to MOVES Pilot project for users to expand MOVES by creating new source type

Measured at entry gate of Barbour s Cut port Matched license

19 RSD Equipment 19 Conducted by University of Denver (two weeks in July 2009) Gaseous pollutants (CO2, CO, THC & NOx) Measured at entry gate of Barbour s Cut port Matched license plates to TX DOT database RSD readings: 4,032 Unique vehicles: 1,877

47 C Portable Activity Isaac data loggers GPS and RPM (older vehicles) GPS & engine

20 PEMS Vehicle Example MY 1994 Freightliner Portable Emissions - SEMTECH DS Gaseous pollutants (CO2, CO, THC, NO & NO2), with exhaust flow Teflon membrane filters 47 C Portable Activity Isaac data loggers GPS and RPM (older vehicles) GPS & engine parameters (J1708 & J1939) PM Filters Semtech_DS PM Proportional Sampler System Exhaust System 20

21 21

22 Port vs. Non-Port (Onroad) Activity & Emissions For All Vehicles CO (kg) Nox (kg) HC (kg) time (hrs) Idle % Distance Number (miles) of Vehs OTHER PORT Note: Most time spent on idle and low speeds where emissions are higher 22

23 PEMS NOx as a function of VSP (fuel specific) 2001 Freightliner 23 RSD NOx shown by *

24 Conclusions Areas can take advantage of MOVES flexibility using available local data and targeted field work RSD screening very useful for improving sampling in portable emissions/activity measurement studies Preliminary data shows that in-port emissions are important to quantify State, Local and Federal collaboration is key for comprehensive field studies 24

25 PEMS Next Steps: Experience is key in using PEMS equipment in real world Improve in-field Methods and Techniques Installation in field, safety, SOPs, etc Lower cost (time & $) to use equipment Reduce burden to Vehicle Owner Improve sample design and recruitment methods Equipment needs to be: More reliable (increase mean-time failure rate); Smaller in size, weight, & power consumption; 25 Repairable in field

26 Acknowledgements EPA Office of Transportation & Air Quality: Robert Caldwell, Ethan Schaer, Brian Ratkos, Craig Swan, Charles Schenk, Michael Christiansen, Prashanth Gururaja, David Choi, Dr. Robert Giannelli, Constance Hart, James Warila Eastern Research Group: Gopi Manne, Rick Baker, Diane Preusse, Scott Fincher Coordinating Research Council (E-70) Sensors: Christopher Darby, Louis Moret Houston-Galveston Area Council (HGAC): Shelly Whitworth, Patricia Franco Texas Commission of Environmental Quality (TCEQ): Donna Huff, Mary McGarry-Barber, Amy Muttoni, David Brymer Port of Houston Authority: Dana Blume, Ken Gathright EPA Region 6: Sandra Rennie, Carl Young

27 27 Questions?

28 Recruitment Procedure Ownership Interview 1) Screening - Verify identity of firm - Verify business activity 2) Eligibility - Verify employer status - Verify Equipment Use - verify role as prime contractor $ incentive to half of respondents Equipment Inventory List available equipment on site - Type - Manufacturer - MY - usage patterns Equipment Selection Stratify by - Size - lifetime usage 28 Instrumentation - PEMS: measure emissions over 8 hours AND/OR - PAMS: measure activity over one month - Collect fuel and oil samples

Nonroad Pilot Program in EPA Region 7 (E-70) MECA October 3, 2007

Nonroad Pilot Program in EPA Region 7 (E-7) MECA October 3, 27 Carl Fulper, James Warila, & Connie Hart USEPA National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory, Ann Arbor, Michigan Objectives 2 Methods and