PEMS Sampling for Victoria
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1 PEMS Sampling for Victoria Jarett Spinhirne Cyril Durrenberger Elena McDonald-Buller David Allen The University of Texas at Austin
2 Background Emission inventory development and refinement is a critical component for photochemical modeling studies. Emissions from non-road vehicles calculated with the EPA s NONROAD model. Emissions are based on generic data for vehicle populations, load factors, activity factors and emissions factors. Emissions estimates in Victoria can be refined with local data.
3 1999 Victoria Area Emissions, tons/day Area NOx Non-Road NOx On-Road NOx Point NOx Total NOx Area VOC Non-Road VOC On-Road VOC Point VOC Total VOC 1999
4 PEMS Sampling A portable emissions monitoring system (PEMS) can be used to measure emissions from a variety of mobile sources while being operated under normal conditions. UT has a state-of-the-science PEMS made by Sensors Inc. The PEMS sampling process involves the following measurements while the vehicle is being operated: Exhaust flow rate Pollutant concentrations in the exhaust emissions Vehicle engine parameters
5 PEMS Measurements Exhaust Pollutants measured: NO NO2 CO CO2 Total hydrocarbons Engine Parameters measured: Engine speed (RPM) Torque Fuel usage
6 Key Components for PEMS Sampling Flow Meter attached to exhaust pipe Exhaust sample collected from flow meter PEMS monitor to measure exhaust pollutant concentrations Temperature/humidity probe GPS Engine parameter interface Generator to supply power
7 Pre and Post Sampling Operations System set up prior to sampling operations Mount equipment Leak check Zero/span check Check vehicle interface System removal after sampling operations completed Zero/Span Purge flow meter Remove equipment Restore exhaust pipe if necessary
8 Sampling Operations Begin Sampling prior to vehicle start up to sample cold start Sample while vehicle is performing normal activities Accompany vehicle in chase vehicle during sampling operations Collect activity data while the vehicle is being sampled Continuously monitor PEMS instrument operation and sampling results Archive sampling data Document sampling and vehicle operations with photographs If possible resolve instrument malfunctions. During sampling operations Refuel generator Refuel FID hydrogen Replace clogged filters
9 Vehicles Sampled in Victoria in 2008 Garbage truck Knuckle boom recycling truck Dump truck Backhoe/loader 4-wheel drive backhoe/loader Gradall (bucket excavator)
10 Exhaust Sampling on Garbage Truck
11 PEMS Mounted on Garbage Truck Seat
12 PEMS Sampling Garbage Truck Operations
13 PEMS and Generator Mounted on Knuckle Boom Recycling Truck
14 PEMS Sampling Knuckle Boom Recycling Truck while in Operation
15 Dump Truck with PEMS Mounted
16 Backhoe/Loader with PEMS Sampling Equipment Installed
17 PEMS Sampling Backhoe/Loader Operations
18 PEMS Sampling Backhoe/Loader Operations
19 PEMS Mounted on Gradall
20 PEMS Sampling Gradall Operations
21 Engine Data Collected Garbage truck complete data set Knuckle boom truck partial data 2 backhoes partial data Gradall excavator no data Dump truck no data
22 Vehicle Specific Activities Monitored Garbage truck and knuckle boom recycling truck Idle while not working Travel to collection sites Collection Highway travel to landfill Backhoe/Loader Idle while not working Digging Travel to work site and moving/dumping
23 Vehicle Specific Activities Monitored Gradall excavator Idle while not working Digging and dumping Dump truck Idle while not working Travel
24 Travel modes Idle Acceleration Deceleration Low cruise speed (less than 30 mph) Medium cruise speed (30 mph to 45 mph) High cruse speed (greater than 45 mph) Working
25 Calculations Garbage truck, Knuckle boom recycling truck and backhoe/loader For each travel mode in each activity Load factor (amount of available power used) Emission rate for CO, CO2, NOx and THC (g/hp-hr) Gradall excavator and Dump truck Emission rate for CO, CO2, NOx and THC (g/kg fuel used) Measured load factors and emissions rates were compared to values in EPA NONROAD model.
26 Emissions Calculations Emissions = LF x HP x T x ER Where LF is load factor HP is rated horse power for the vehicle (hp) T is the number of hours working (hr) ER is emissions rate (g/hp-hr)
27 Emissions Calculations Top down calculations Use average emissions and load factor and number of hours operated to calculate daily emissions Bottom up calculations For the time spent in each activity and travel mode, use the activity and travel mode specific load factor and emission rate to calculate emissions Sum emissions from all activities to obtain daily emissions.
28 Load Factors for Diesel Equipment Sampled with PEMS in Victoria, Texas in garbage truck knuckle boom truck backhoe/loader 4 wh dr backhoe observed NONROAD
29 THC CO Nox THC CO NOx THC CO NOx THC CO NOx THC CO NOx THC CO NOx g/d Top Down Total Emissions for Diesel Equipment Sampled with PEMS in Victoria, Texas in Meaured NONROAD GarbageKnuckle truck Boom truck backhoe loader 4 wh dr backhoe Gradall excav Dump truck
30 THC CO NOx THC CO NOx THC CO NOx THC CO NOx g/d Total Emissions for Diesel Equipment Sampled with PEMS in Victoria, Texas in 2008 Bottom UP Approch compared to Top Down Approach bottom up top down Garbage truck Knuckle Boom truck backhoe loader 4 wh dr backhoe
31 Vehicles Sampled in Victoria in 2009 Switching Locomotive at Coleto Creek Power Plant LeTourneau Dozer at Coleto Creek Power Plant Caterpillar Dozer at Coleto Creek Power Plant Gradall (bucket excavator) Victoria County Maintainer (Motor grader) Victoria County Garbage truck (New version for City of Victoria)
32 PEMS Sampling Switching Locomotive at Coleto Creek Power Plant
33 PEMS Mounted on LeTourneau Dozer at Coleto Creek Power Plant
34 PEMS Mounted on Caterpillar Dozer at Coleto Creek Power Plant
35 PEMS Sampling LeTourneau Dozer Operations at Coleto Creek Power Plant
36 PEMS Sampling Gradall Operations
37 PEMS Sampling Maintainer Operations
38 PEMS Exhaust Sampling on New Garbage Truck
39 Future Work Analyze data from 2009 sampling and compare to 2008 results and NONROAD model Collect activity data for a number of different pieces of diesel equipment in the Victoria area Calculate actual emissions from diesel equipment in the Victoria area using measured emission rates, measured load factors and activity data.
40 Questions?
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